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List of galaxies

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The Hubble Ultra Deep Field shows over 10,000 galaxies in a mere 0.000024% of the sky

This is a list of notable galaxies.

List

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

List of galaxies

Galaxy Notes
M87 This is the central galaxy of the Virgo Cluster, the central cluster of the Local Supercluster.[1]
M102 This galaxy cannot be definitively identified, with the most likely candidate being NGC 5866, and a good chance of it being a misidentification of M101. Other candidates have also been suggested.
NGC 3314
NGC 3314a
NGC 3314b
 This is a pair of spiral galaxies, one superimposed on another, at two separate and distinct ranges, and unrelated to each other. It is a rare chance visual alignment.
ESO 137-001 Lying in the galaxy cluster Abell 3627, this galaxy is being stripped of its gas by the pressure of the intracluster medium (ICM), due to its high speed traversal through the cluster, and is leaving a high density tail with large amounts of star formation. The tail features the largest amount of star formation outside of a galaxy seen so far. The galaxy has the appearance of a comet, with the head being the galaxy, and a tail of gas and stars.[2][3][4][5]
Comet Galaxy Lying in galaxy cluster Abell 2667, this spiral galaxy is being tidally stripped of stars and gas through its high speed traversal through the cluster, having the appearance of a comet.
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

List of named galaxies

This is a list of galaxies that are well known by something other than an entry in a catalog or list, or a set of coordinates, or a systematic designation.

Galaxy Origin of name Notes
Milky Way Galaxy This is our galaxy, it is named after the nebulosity in the night sky that marks the densest concentration of stars of our galaxy in the sky, which appears to blur together into a faint glow, called the Milky Way.
Andromeda Commonly just Andromeda, this, called the Andromeda Galaxy, Andromeda Nebula, Great Andromeda Nebula, Andromeda Spiral Nebula, and such, has been traditionally called Andromeda, after the constellation in which it lies.
Cartwheel Galaxy This galaxy is named after a cartwheel, because its visual appearance is similar to that of a spoked cartwheel.
Comet Galaxy This galaxy is named after its unusual appearance, looking like a comet. The comet effect is caused by tidal stripping by its galaxy cluster, Abell 2667.
Hoag's Object This is named after Art Hoag, who discovered this ring galaxy. It is of the subtype Hoag-type galaxy, and may in fact be a polar-ring galaxy with the ring in the plane of rotation of the central object.
Large Magellanic Cloud This is named after Ferdinand Magellan This is the fourth largest galaxy in the Local Group, and forms a pair with the SMC, and from recent research, may not be part of the Milky Way system of satellites at all.
Small Magellanic Cloud This is named after Ferdinand Magellan This forms a pair with the LMC, and from recent research, may not be part of the Milky Way system of satellites at all.
Mayall's Object This is named after Nicholas U. Mayall, of the Lick Observatory, who discovered it.[6][7][8] Also called VV 32 and Arp 148, this is a very peculiar looking object, and is likely to be not one galaxy, but two galaxies undergoing a collision. Event in images is a spindle shape and a ring shape.
Pinwheel Galaxy
Sombrero Galaxy This is named after the sombrero hat, as it looks like one.
Sunflower Galaxy
Tadpole Galaxy The name comes from the resemblance of the galaxy to a tadpole. The appearance resulted from tidal interaction that drew out a long tidal tail.
Whirlpool Galaxy

List of naked-eye galaxies

This is a list of galaxies that are visible to the naked-eye, for at the very least, keen-eyed observers in a very dark-sky environment that is high in altitude, during clear and stable weather.

Naked-eye Galaxies
Galaxy Apparent Magnitude Distance Notes
Milky Way Galaxy -26.74 (the Sun) 0 This is our galaxy, most things visible to the naked-eye in the sky are part of it, including the Milky Way composing the zone of avoidance. [9]
Large Magellanic Cloud 0.9 160 kly (50kpc) Visible only from the southern hemisphere. It is also the brightest patch of nebulosity in the sky.[9][10][11]
Small Magellanic Cloud (NGC292) 2.7 200 kly (60kpc) Visible only from the southern hemisphere.[9][12]
Andromeda Galaxy (M31 , NGC224) 3.4 2.5 Mly (780kpc) Once called the Great Andromeda Nebula, it is situated in the Andromeda constellation.[9][13]
Omega Centauri (NGC5139) 3.7 18 kly (5.5kpc) Omega Centauri is not currently considered a galaxy, per se, it is considered a former galaxy, and all that remains of one that was cannibalized by the Milky Way.[14]
Triangulum Galaxy (M33 , NGC598) 5.7 2.9 Mly (900 kpc) It is difficult to observe using the unaided eye.[15][16][17]
Bode's Galaxy (M81 , NGC3031) 6.9 12 Mly (3.6Mpc) [16][18]

Firsts

Galactic Firsts
First Galaxy Date Notes
First galaxy Milky Way Galaxy & Andromeda Galaxy 1923 Edwin Hubble determined the distance to the Andromeda Nebula, and found that it could not be part of the Milky Way, so defining that Milky Way was not the entire universe, and making the two separate objects, and two galaxies. However, the first galaxies seen would be all of the naked-eye galaxies, but they were not identified as such until the 20th century.
First radio galaxy Cygnus A 1952 Of several items, then called radio stars, Cygnus A was identified with a distant galaxy, being the first of many radio stars to become a radio galaxy.[19]
First quasar 3C273
3C48 		1962
1960 		3C273 was the first quasar with its redshift determined, and by some considered the first quasar. 3C48 was the first "radio-star" with an unreadable spectrum, and by others considered the first quasar.
First Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068 (M77) 1908 The characteristics of Seyfert galaxies were first observed in M77 in 1908, however, Seyferts were defined as a class in 1943.[20]
Prototypical BL Lac object BL Lacertae (BL Lac) This AGN was originally catalogued as a variable star, and "stars" of its type are considered BL Lac objects.
First discovered object, later identified to be a cannibalized galaxy Omega Centauri Omega Centauri is considered the core of a disrupted dwarf spheroidal galaxy cannibalized by the Milky Way, and was originally catalogued in 1677 as a nebula. It is currently catalogued as a globular cluster.
First superluminal galactic jet 3C279 1971 The jet is emitted by a quasar
First superluminal jet from a Seyfert III Zw 2 2000 [21]
First spiral galaxy Whirlpool Galaxy 1845 Lord William Parsons, Earl of Rosse discovered the first spiral nebula from observing the M51 white nebula.[22]

Extremes

Title Galaxy Data Notes
Least separation between binary central black holes 4C 37.11 24 ly (7.3pc) OJ 287 has an inferred pair with a 12 year orbital period, and thus would be much closer than 4C 37.11's pair.

Distances

Title Galaxy Distance Notes
Closest neighbouring galaxy Canis Major Dwarf 0.025 Mly Discovered in 2003, a satellite of the Milky Way, slowing being cannibalized by it.
Most distant galaxy IOK-1 z=6.96 Discovered in 2006, it is the most distant commonly accepted galaxy, and has had its redshift spectroscopically determined.
Closest quasar 3C 273 z=0.158 First identified quasar, this is the most commonly accepted nearest quasar.
Most distant quasar CFHQS J2329-0301 z=6.43 Discovered in 2007.
Closest radio galaxy Centaurus A (NGC 5128 , PKS 1322-427) 13.7 Mly [23]
Most distant radio galaxy TN J0924-2201 z=5.2
Closest Seyfert galaxy Circinus Galaxy 13 Mly This is also the closest Seyfert 2 galaxy. The closest Seyfert 1 galaxy is NGC 4151.
Most distant Seyfert galaxy z=
Closest blazar Markarian 421 (Mrk 421, Mkn 421, PKS 1101+384, LEDA 33452) z=0.030 This is a BL Lac object.[24][25]
Most distant blazar Q0906+6930 z=5.47 This is a flat spectrum radio-loud quasar type blazar.[26][27]
Closest BL Lac object Markarian 421 (Mkn 421, Mrk 421, PKS 1101+384, LEDA 33452) z=0.030 [24][25]
Most distant BL Lac object z=
Closest LINER
Most distant LINER z=
Closest LIRG
Most distant LIRG z=
Closest ULIRG IC 1127 (Arp 220 , APG 220) z=0.018 [28]
Most distant ULIRG z=
Closest starburst galaxy Cigar Galaxy (M82 , Arp 337/APG 337 , 3C 231 , Ursa Major A) 3.2Mpc [29][30]
Most distant starburst galaxy z=

Brightness and power

Title Galaxy Data Notes
Apparently brightest galaxy Baby Boom Galaxy [verification needed] Starburst galaxy located in the very distant universe.
Apparently faintest galaxy Apparent magnitude
Intrinsically brightest galaxy Absolute magnitude Markarian 231 is the most luminous nearby galaxy.
Intrinsically faintest galaxy Boötes Dwarf Galaxy (Boo dSph) Absolute magnitude -6.75 This does not include dark galaxies.
Highest surface brightness galaxy
Lowest surface brightness galaxy Andromeda IX
Visually brightest galaxy Large Magellanic Cloud Apparent magnitude 0.6 This galaxy has high surface brightness combined with high apparent brightness.
Visually faintest galaxy This galaxy has low surface brightness combined with low apparent brightness.

Mass

Title Galaxy Mass Notes
Least massive galaxy
Most massive galaxy Messier 87 (M87, NGC 4486, Virgo A) [31]
Most massive spiral galaxy ISOHDFS 27 The preceding most massive spiral was UGC 12591[32]
Least massive galaxy with globular cluster(s) Andromeda I [33]

Closest galaxies

See also: List of nearest galaxies
5 Closest Galaxies
Rank Galaxy Distance Notes
1 Milky Way Galaxy 0 This is our galaxy, as such, we are part of it.
  Omega Centauri 0.0183 Mly Omega Centauri is not currently considered a galaxy, per se, it is considered a former galaxy, and all that remains of one that was cannibalized by the Milky Way.[14]
2 Canis Major Dwarf 0.025 Mly
3 Virgo Stellar Stream 0.030 Mly
4 Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy 0.081 Mly
5 Large Magellanic Cloud 0.163 Mly

  • Mly represents millions of light-years, a measure of distance.
  • Distances are measured from Earth, with Earth being at zero.

Nearest Galaxies by Type
Title Galaxy Date Distance Notes
Nearest galaxy Milky Way always 0 This is our galaxy
Nearest galaxy to our own Canis Major Dwarf 2003 0.025 Mly
Nearest dwarf galaxy Canis Major Dwarf 2003 0.025 Mly
Nearest large galaxy to our own Andromeda Galaxy always 2.54 Mly First identified as a separate galaxy in 1923
Nearest giant galaxy Centaurus A 13.7 Mly
Nearest Neighbouring Galaxy Title-holder
Galaxy Date Distance Notes
Canis Major Dwarf 2003 - 0.025 Mly
Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy 1994 − 2003 0.081 Mly
Large Magellanic Cloud antiquity − 1994 0.163 Mly This is the upper bound, as it is nearest galaxy observable with the naked-eye.
Small Magellanic Cloud 1913 - 1914 This was the first intergalactic distance measured. In 1913, Ejnar Hertzsprung measures the distance to SMC using Cepheid variables. In 1914, he did it for LMC.
Andromeda Galaxy 1923 This was the first galaxy determined to be not part of the Milky Way.

  • Mly represents millions of light-years, a measure of distance.
  • Distances are measured from Earth, with Earth being at zero.

  • Omega Centauri does not appear on this list because is not currently considered a galaxy, per se, it is considered a former galaxy, and all that remains of one that was cannibalized by the Milky Way.

Farthest galaxies

Most Remote Galaxies by Type
Title Galaxy Date Distance Notes
Most remote galaxy IOK-1 2006 z=6.96 This is the most remote undisputed galaxy
Most remote normal galaxy IOK-1 2006 z=6.96 This is the most remote undisputed normal galaxy
Most remote quasar CFHQS J2329-0301 2007 z=6.43 This is the undisputed most remote quasar of any type
Further information: List of quasars
Most distant non-quasar SMG Baby Boom Galaxy (EQ J100054+023435) 2008 z=4.547 [34]

  • z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion

Most Remote Galaxy Record-holders
Galaxy Date Distance Notes
IOK-1 2006 - z=6.96 This was the remotest object known at time of discovery.[35][36]
SDF J132522.3+273520 2005 − 2006 z=6.597 This was the remotest object known at time of discovery.[37][36]
SDF J132418.3+271455 2003 − 2005 z=6.578 This was the remotest object known at time of discovery.[38][39][40][37]
HCM 6A 2002 − 2003 z=6.56 This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. The galaxy is lensed by galaxy cluster Abell 370. This was the first galaxy, as opposed to quasar, found to exceed redshift 6. It exceeded the redshift of quasar SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 of z=6.28[38][41][42][43][44][39]
SSA22−HCM1 1999 − 2002 z=5.74 This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. In 2000, the quasar SDSSp J104433.04-012502.2 was discovered at z=5.82, becoming the most remote object in the universe known. This was followed by another quasar, SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 in 2001, the first object exceeding redshift 6, at z=6.28[45][46]
HDF 4-473.0 1998 − 1999 z=5.60 This was the remotest object known at the time of discovery.[46]
RD1 (0140+326 RD1) 1998 z=5.34 This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. This was the first object found beyond redshift 5.[47][48][49][50][46]
CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G2 1997 − 1998 z=4.92 These were the remotest objects known at the time of discovery. The pair of galaxies were found lensed by galaxy cluster CL1358+62 (z=0.33). This was the first time since 1964 that something other than a quasar held the record for being the most distant object in the universe. It exceeded the mark set by quasar PC 1247-3406 at z=4.897[48][51][52][49][53][46]

From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe were held by a succession of quasars.[53] That list is available at list of quasars.

8C 1435+63 1994 − 1997 z=4.25 This is a radio galaxy. At the time of its discovery, quasar PC 1247-3406 at z=4.73, discovered in 1991 was the most remote object known. This was the last radio galaxy to hold the title of most distant galaxy. This was the first galaxy, as opposed to quasar, that was found beyond redshift 4.[54][55][46][56]
4C 41.17 1990 − 1994 z=3.792 This is a radio galaxy. At the time of its discovery, quasar PC 1158+4635, discovered in 1989, was the most remote object known, at z=4.73 In 1991, quasar PC 1247-3406, became the most remote object known, at z=4.897[57][58][54][46][56]
1 Jy 0902+343 (GB6 B0902+3419 , B2 0902+34) 1988 − 1990 z=3.395 This is a radio galaxy. At the time of discovery, quasar Q0051-279 at z=4.43, discovered in 1987, was the most remote object known. In 1989, quasar PC 1158+4635 was discovered at z=4.73, making it the most remote object known. This was the first galaxy discovered above redshift 3. It was also the first galaxy found above redshift 2.[59][58][60][46][61]
3C 256 1984 − 1988 z=1.819 This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar PKS 2000-330, at z=3.78, found in 1982.[46][62]
3C 241 1984 z=1.617 This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar PKS 2000-330, at z=3.78, found in 1982.[63][64]
3C 324 1983 − 1984 z=1.206 This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar PKS 2000-330, at z=3.78, found in 1982.[65][63][46]
3C 65 1982 − 1983 z=1.176 This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974. In 1982, quasar PKS 2000-330 at z=3.78 became the most remote object.
3C 368 1982 z=1.132 This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.[46]
3C 252 1981 − 1982 z=1.105 This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.
3C 6.1 1979 - z=0.840 This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.[46][66]
3C 318 1976 - 0.752 This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.[46]
3C 411 1975 - 0.469 This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.[46]

From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe were held by a succession of quasars.[53] That list is available at list of quasars.

3C 295 1960 - z=0.461 This is a radio galaxy. This was the remotest object known at time of discovery of its redshift. This was the last non-quasar to hold the title of most distant object known until 1997. In 1964, quasar 3C 147 became the most distant object in the universe known.[53][67][68][46][69]
LEDA 25177 (MCG+01-23-008) 1951 − 1960 z=0.2
(V=61000km/s) 		This galaxy lies in the Hydra Supercluster. It is located at B1950.0 08h 55m 4s +03° 21′ and is the BCG of the fainter Hydra Cluster Cl 0855+0321 (ACO 732).[70][71][72][73][46][74][69]
LEDA 51975 (MCG+05-34-069) 1936 - z=0.13
(V=39000km/s) 		The brightest cluster galaxy of the Bootes cluster (ACO 1930), an elliptical galaxy at B1950.0 14h 30m 6s +31° 46′ apparent magnitude 17.8, was found by Milton L. Humason in 1936 to have a 40,000 km/s recessional redshift velocity.[75][76][73]
LEDA 20221 (MCG+06-16-021) 1932 - z=0.075
(V=23000km/s) 		This is the BCG of the Gemini Cluster (ACO 568) and was located at B1950.0 07h 05m 0s +35° 04′[77][75]
BCG of WMH Christie's Leo Cluster 1931 − 1932 z=
(V=19700km/s) 		[78][79][80][77]
BCG of Baede's Ursa Major Cluster 1930 − 1931 z=
(V=11700km/s) 		[80][81]
NGC 4860 1929 − 1930 z=0.026
(V=7800km/s) 		[82][83][81]
NGC 7619 1929 z=0.012
(V=3779km/s) 		Using redshift measurments, NGC 7619 was the highest at the time of measurement. At the time of announcement, it was not yet accepted as a general guide to distance, however, later in the year, Edwin Hubble described redshift in relation to distance, leading to a seachange, and having this being accepted as an inferred distance.[84][85][82]
NGC 584 (Dreyer nebula 584) 1921 − 1929 z=0.006
(V=1800km/s) 		At the time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. However, in 1923, galaxies were generally recognized as external to the Milky Way.[84][82][86][87][88][89][73]
M104 (NGC 4594) 1913 − 1921 z=0.004
(V=1180km/s) 		This was the second galaxy whose redshift was determined; the first being Andromeda - which is approaching us and thus cannot have its redshift used to infer distance. Both were measured by Vesto Melvin Slipher. At this time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. NGC 4594 was originally measured as 1000 km/s, then refined to 1100, and then to 1180 in 1916.[82][86][89]
M81 antiquity - 20th century
antiquity - 1913 (based on redshift)
antiquity - 1930 (based on Cepheids)
 11.8 Mly (z=-0.10) This is the lower bound, as it is remotest galaxy observable with the naked-eye. It is 12 million light-years away. Redshift cannot be used to infer distance, because it's moving toward us faster than cosmological expansion.
Messier 101 1930 - Using the pre-1950's Cepheid measurements, M101 was one of the most distant so measured.
Triangulum Galaxy 1924 - 1930 In 1924, Edwin Hubble announced the distance to M33 Triangulum.
Andromeda Galaxy 1923 - 1924 In 1923, Edwin Hubble measured the distance to Andromeda, and settled the question whether there were galaxies, or was everything in the Milky Way.
Small Magellanic Cloud 1913 - 1923 This was the first intergalactic distance measured. In 1913, Ejnar Hertzsprung measures the distance to SMC using Cepheid variables.

  • z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion
  • quasars and other AGN are not included on this list, since they are only galactic cores, unless the host galaxy was observed when it was most distant

[46]

  • A1689-zD1, discovered in 2008, with z=7.6, does not appear on this list because it has not been confirmed with a spectroscopic redshift.
  • IOK4 and IOK5, discovered in 2007, with z=7, do not appear on this list because they have not been confirmed with a spectroscopic redshift.
  • Abell 1835 IR1916, discovered in 2004, with z=10.0, does not appear on this list because its claimed redshift is disputed. Some follow-up observations have failed to find the object at all.
  • STIS 123627+621755, discovered in 1999, with z=6.68, does not appear on this list because its redshift was based on an erroneous interpretation of an oxygen emission line as a hydrogen emission line.[91][92][93]
  • BR1202-0725 LAE, discovered in 1998 at z=5.64 does not appear on the list because it was not definitively pinned. BR1202-0725 (QSO 1202-07) refers to a quasar that the Lyman alpha emitting galaxy is near. The quasar itself lies at z=4.6947[47][50]
  • BR2237-0607 LA1 and BR2237-0607 LA2 were found at z=4.55 while investigating around the quasar BR2237-0607 in 1996. Neither of these appear on the list because they were not definitively pinned down at the time. The quasar itself lies at z=4.558[94][95]
  • Two absorption dropouts in the spectrum of quasar BR 1202-07 (QSO 1202-0725, BRI 1202-0725, BRI1202-07) were found, one in early 1996, another later in 1996. Neither of these appear on the list because they were not definitively pinned down at the time. The early one was at z=4.38, the later one at z=4.687, the quasar itself lies at z=4.695[46][96][97][98][99]
  • In 1986, a gravitationally lensed galaxy forming a blue arc was found lensed by galaxy cluster CL 2224-02 (C12224 in some references). However, its redshift was only determined in 1991, at z=2.237, by which time, it would no longer be the most distant galaxy.[100][101]
  • An absorption drop was discovered in 1985 in the light spectrum of quasar PKS 1614+051 at z=3.21 This does not appear on the list because it was not definitively fixed down. At the time, it was claimed to be the first non-QSO galaxy found beyond redshift 3. The quasar itself is at z=3.197[46][102]
  • In 1975, 3C 123 was incorrectly determined to lie at z=0.637 (actually z=0.218)[103][104]
  • From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe were held by a succession of quasars.[53] That list is available at list of quasars.
  • In 1958, cluster Cl 0024+1654 and Cl 1447+2619 were estimated to have redshifts of z=0.29 and z=0.35 respectively. However, no galaxy was spectroscopically determined.[69]

Interacting galaxies

List of galaxies in tidal interaction
Galaxies Data Notes
The Magellanic Clouds are being tidally disrupted by the Milky Way Galaxy, resulting in the Magellanic Stream drawing a tidal tail away from the LMC and SMC, and the Magellanic Bridge drawing material from the clouds to our galaxy.
The smaller galaxy NGC 5195 is tidally interacting with the larger Whirlpool Galaxy, creating its grand design spiral galaxy architecture.
These three galaxies interact with each other and draw out tidal tails, which are dense enough to form star clusters. The bridge of gas between these galaxies is known as Arp's Loop.[105]
NGC 6872 is a barred spiral galaxy with a grand design spiral nucleus, and distinct well-formed outer barred-spiral architecture, caused by tidal interaction with satellite galaxy IC 4970.
Tadpole Galaxy The Tadpole Galaxy tidally interacted with another galaxy in a close encounter, and remains slightly disrupted, with a long tidal tail.
List of galaxies in non-merger significant collision
Galaxies Data Notes
Arp 299 (NGC 3690 & IC 694) These two galaxies have recently collided and are now both barred irregular galaxies.
List of galaxies disrupted post significant non-merger collisions
Galaxies Data Notes
Mayall's Object This is a pair of galaxies, one which punched through the other, resulting in a ring galaxy.

Galaxy mergers

List of galaxies undergoing near-equal merger
Galaxies Data Notes
Antennae Galaxies (Ringtail Galaxy, NGC 4038 & NGC 4039, Arp 244) 2 galaxies Two spiral galaxies currently starting a collision, tidally interacting, and in the process of merger.
Butterfly Galaxies (Siamese Twins Galaxies, NGC 4567 & NGC 4568) 2 galaxies Two spiral galaxies in the process of starting to merge.
Mice Galaxies (NGC 4676, NGC 4676A & NGC 4676B, IC 819 & IC 820, Arp 242) 2 galaxies Two spiral galaxies currently tidally interacting and in the process of merger.
NGC 520 2 galaxies Two spiral galaxies undergoing collision, in the process of merger.
NGC 2207 and IC 2163 (NGC 2207 & IC 2163) 2 galaxies These are two spiral galaxies starting to collide, in the process of merger.
NGC 5090 and NGC 5091 (NGC 5090 & NGC 5091) 2 galaxies These two galaxies are in the process of colliding and merging.
NGC 7318 (Arp 319, NGC 7318A & NGC 7318B) 2 galaxies These are two starting to collide
Four galaxies in CL0958+4702 4 galaxies These four near-equals at the core of galaxy cluster CL 0958+4702 are in the process of merging.[106]
Galaxy protocluster LBG-2377 z=3.03 This was announced as the most distant galaxy merger ever discovered. It is expected that this proto-cluster of galaxies will merge together to form a brightest cluster galaxy, and become the core of a larger galaxy cluster.[107][108]
List of recently merged galaxies of near-equals
Galaxy Data Notes
Starfish Galaxy (NGC 6240, IC 4625) This recently coalesced galaxy still has two prominent nuclei.
List of galaxies undergoing disintegration by cannibalization
Disintegrating Galaxy Consuming Galaxy Notes
Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy Milky Way Galaxy The Monoceros Ring is thought to be the tidal tail of the disrupted CMa dg.
Virgo Stellar Stream Milky Way Galaxy This is thought to be a completely disrupted dwarf galaxy.
Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy Milky Way Galaxy M54 is thought to the be core of this dwarf galaxy.
List of objects considered destroyed galaxies
Defunct Galaxy Galaxy Notes
Omega Centauri Milky Way Galaxy This is now categorized a globular cluster of the Milky Way. However, it is considered the core of a dwarf galaxy that the Milky Way cannibalized.[14]
Mayall II Andromeda Galaxy This is now categorized a globular cluster of Andromeda. However, it is considered the core of a dwarf galaxy that Andromeda cannibalized.

List of objects mistakenly identified as galaxies

"Galaxy" Object Data Notes
G350.1-0.3 Supernova remnant Due to its unusual shape, it was originally identified as a galaxy, but further observations found it to be a supernova remnant.

Lists of galaxies

References

  1. ^ Hayden Planetarium, Local Large-Scale Structure
  2. ^ Sky and Telescope, New Stars in a Galaxy's Wake, 28 September 2007
  3. ^ NASA, 'Orphan' Stars Found in Long Galaxy Tail, 09.20.07
  4. ^ arXiv, H-alpha tail, intracluster HII regions and star-formation: ESO137-001 in Abell 3627, Fri, 8 June 2007 17:50:48 GMT
  5. ^ Universe Today, Galaxy Leaves New Stars Behind in its Death Plunge ; September 20th, 2007
  6. ^ Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 53, No. 313, p.187 ; The Radial Velocity of a Peculiar Nebula ; 1941PASP...53..187S
  7. ^ Astrophysical Journal, vol. 140, p.1617 ; The Strange Extragalactic Systems: Mayall's Object and IC 883 ; 1964ApJ...140.1617B
  8. ^ Astrophysical Journal, vol. 119, p.215 ; On the Indentification of Radio Sources ; 01/1954 ; 1954ApJ...119..215B
  9. ^ a b c d Karen Masters (December 2003). "Curious About Astronomy: Can any galaxies be seen with the naked eye?". Curious.astro.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
  10. ^ Astronomy Knowledge Base, Magellanic Cloud, UOttawa
  11. ^ SEDS, The Large Magellanic Cloud, LMC
  12. ^ SEDS, The Small Magellanic Cloud, SMC
  13. ^ SEDS, Messier 31
  14. ^ a b c UPI, Black hole found in Omega Centauri ,April 10, 2008 at 2:07 PM
  15. ^ Dave Snyder (February, 2000). "University Lowbrow Astronomers Naked Eye Observer's Guide". Umich.edu. Retrieved 2008-11-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ a b "Farthest Naked Eye Object". Uitti.net. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
  17. ^ SEDS, Messier 33
  18. ^ SEDS, Messier 81
  19. ^ Astrophysical Journal, Centennial Issue, Vol. 525C, p. 569 ; Baade & Minkowski's Identification of Radio Sources ; 1999ApJ...525C.569B
  20. ^ SEDS, Seyfert Galaxies
  21. ^ Astronomy and Astrophysics, v.357, p.L45-L48 (2000) III Zw 2, the first superluminal jet in a Seyfert galaxy ; 2000A&A...357L..45B
  22. ^ SEDS, Lord Rosse's drawings of M51, his "Question Mark" "Spiral Nebula"
  23. ^ Sub-parsec-scale structure and evolution in Centaurus AIntroduction ; Tue November 26 15:27:29 PST 1996
  24. ^ a b The 2006 Giant Flare in PKS 2155-304 and Unidentified TeV Sources
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  26. ^ bNet, Ablaze from afar: astronomers may have identified the most distant "blazar" yet, Sept, 2004
  27. ^ arXiv, Q0906+6930: The Highest-Redshift Blazar, 9 June 2004
  28. ^ Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 384, Issue 3, pp. 875-885 ; Optical spectroscopy of Arp220: the star formation history of the closest ULIRG ; 03/2008 ; 2008MNRAS.384..875R
  29. ^ Chandra Proposal ID #01700041 ; ACIS Imaging of the Starburst Galaxy M82 ; 09/1999 ; 1999cxo..prop..362M
  30. ^ Starburst Galaxies: Proceedings of a Workshop (page 27) ; 2001 ; ISBN 354041472X
  31. ^ The Independent, Science & technology: WHAT ON EARTH?, 28 February 2004
  32. ^ ESO Press Release 25/00 , Most Massive Spiral Galaxy Known in the Universe , 8 December 2000
  33. ^ arXiv, Star Clusters in Local Group Galaxies, 28 December 1999
  34. ^ arXiv, Spectroscopic Confirmation Of An Extreme Starburst At Redshift 4.547, Tue, 3 June 2008 22:59:35 GMT; doi:10.1086/590555 Bibcode:2008ApJ...681L..53C
  35. ^ Nature 443, 186-188 (14 September 2006), A galaxy at a redshift z = 6.96, doi:10.1038/nature05104;
  36. ^ a b arXiv, Star Forming Galaxies at z > 5 , Fri, 4 April 2008
  37. ^ a b PASJ: Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 57, 165-182, February 25, 2005; The SUBARU Deep Field Project: Lymanα Emitters at a Redshift of 6.6
  38. ^ a b BBC News, Most distant galaxy detected, Tuesday, 25 March, 2003, 14:28 GMT
  39. ^ a b SpaceRef, Subaru Telescope Detects the Most Distant Galaxy Yet and Expects Many More, Monday, March 24, 2003
  40. ^ arXiv, The Discovery of Two Lyman$\alpha$ Emitters Beyond Redshift 6 in the Subaru Deep Field, 28 February 2003
  41. ^ New Scientist, New record for Universe's most distant object, 17:19 14 March 2002
  42. ^ BBC News, Far away stars light early cosmos, Thursday, 14 March, 2002, 11:38 GMT
  43. ^ The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 568:L75–L79, April 1, 2002 ; A Redshift z = 6.56 Galaxy behind the Cluster Abell 370 ; DOI: 10.1086/340424
  44. ^ K2.1 HCM 6A — Discovery of a redshift z = 6.56 galaxy lying behind the cluster Abell 370
  45. ^ The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 522:L9–L12, September 1, 1999, An Extremely Luminous Galaxy at z = 5.74
  46. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 111: 1475-1502, 1999 December; SEARCH TECHNIQUES FOR DISTANT GALAXIES; INTRODUCTION
  47. ^ a b New York Times, Peering Back in Time, Astronomers Glimpse Galaxies Aborning, October 20, 1998
  48. ^ a b Astronomy Picture of the Day, A Baby Galaxy, March 24, 1998
  49. ^ a b arXiv, Template:PDFlink, 11 March 1998
  50. ^ a b A New Most Distant Object: z = 5.34
  51. ^ Astronomy Picture of the Day, Behind CL1358+62: A New Farthest Object, July 31, 1997
  52. ^ Astrophysical Journal Letters v.486, p.L75 ; 09/1997, A Pair of Lensed Galaxies at z=4.92 in the Field of CL 1358+62 ; 1997ApJ...486L..75F ; 10.1086/310844
  53. ^ a b c d e "Astrophysics and Space Science" 1999, 269/270, 165-181 ; GALAXIES AT HIGH REDSHIFT - 8. Z > 5 GALAXIES ; Garth Illingworth
  54. ^ a b The Astrosynthetic Journal, 999:L1-L4, February 31, 1994 ; Template:PDFlink
  55. ^ arXiv, Ultra-Steep Spectrum Radio Galaxies at Hy Redshifts, 18 October 1999
  56. ^ a b New Scientist, Galaxy hunters close to the edge, 5 November 1994
  57. ^ Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X), vol. 401, no. 2, p. L69-L73 ; Hubble Space Telescope imaging of distant galaxies - 4C 41.17 at Z = 3.8 ; 1992ApJ...401L..69M
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  59. ^ Science News, Farthest galaxy is cosmic question - 0902+34 April 23, 1988
  60. ^ Science News, Two distant galaxies provide new puzzles - 4c 41.17, B2 09021+34, November 14, 1992
  61. ^ arXiv, Template:PDFlink, 21 September 1995
  62. ^ Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X), vol. 324, January 1, 1988, p. L1-L3. Peculiar morphology of the high-redshift radio galaxies 3C 13 and 3C 256 in subarcsecond seeing ; 1988ApJ...324L...1L
  63. ^ a b Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices (ISSN 0035-8711), vol. 211, December 15, 1984, p. 833-855 ; Stellar populations in distant radio galaxies ; 1984MNRAS.211..833L
  64. ^ Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol.94, no.3, p.97-103 ; The Most Distant Galaxies ; 1984JBAA...94...97L
  65. ^ SKY AND TELESCOPE V. 65, P. 321, 1983 ; 3C324 - Most Distant Galaxy ; 1983S&T....65..321S
  66. ^ Astrophysical Journal, Part 1, vol. 231, July 15, 1979, p. 307-311 ; Spectrophotometry of three high-redshift radio galaxies - 3C 6.1, 3C 265, and 3C 352 ; 07/1979 ; 1979ApJ...231..307S ; doi 10.1086/157194
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  68. ^ Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics Vol. 31: 639-688 (September 1993) ; High Redshift Radio Galaxies ; (doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.003231)
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  72. ^ Astron. J., 61, 97-162 (1956) ; Redshifts and magnitudes of extragalactic nebulae ; 1956AJ.....61...97H
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  88. ^ New York Times, DREYER NEBULA NO. 584 INCONCEIVABLY DISTANT; Dr. Slipher Says the Celestial Speed Champion Is 'Many Millions of Light Years' Away. ; January 19, 1921, Wednesday
  89. ^ a b New York Times, NEBULA DREYER BREAKS ALL SKY SPEED RECORDS; Portion of the Constellation of Cetus Is Rushing Along at Rate of 1,240 Miles a Second. ; January 18, 1921, Tuesday
  90. ^ New Scientist, Baby galaxies sighted at dawn of universe, 22:34 10 July 2007
  91. ^ Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Lab scientists revoke status of space object
  92. ^ arXiv, The Unusual Spectral Energy Distribution of a Galaxy Previously Reported to be at Redshift 6.68, 30 November 2000
  93. ^ BBC News, Hubble spies most distant object, Thursday, April 15, 1999
  94. ^ arXiv, Detection of Lyman-alpha Emitting Galaxies at Redshift z=4.55, 21 June 1996
  95. ^ 31/01/02 ; Template:PDFlink ; DAZLE-IoA-Doc-0002
  96. ^ ESO Press Release 11/95, ESO Astronomers Detect a Galaxy at the Edge of the Universe, 15 September 1995
  97. ^ New Scientist, Trouble at the edge of time, 21 October 1995
  98. ^ Astronomy and Astrophysics, v.316, p.33-42, High resolution observations of the QSO BR 1202-0725: deuterium and ionic abundances at redshifts above z=4, 1996A&A...316...33W
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  101. ^ Gravitational Lenses II: Galaxy Clusters as Lenses
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  103. ^ NED, Searching NED for object "3C 123"
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  105. ^ Sky and Telescope, Stars in the Middle of Nowhere, 10 January 2008
  106. ^ Sky and Telescope, Galaxy Monster Mash, 9 August 2007
  107. ^ ABC News, Found! Oldest galaxy pile-up, Wednesday, 9 April 2008
  108. ^ The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 681:L57–L60, July 10, 2008 ; A Candidate Brightest Protocluster Galaxy at z = 3.03

See also

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