Modern art
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Modern Art is a term that refers to artistic works produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s through the 1970s, and denotes the style and philosophy of the art produced during that era.[1] The term is usually associated with art in which the traditions of the past have been thrown aside in a spirit of experimentation.[2] Modern artists experimented with new ways of seeing, and with fresh ideas about the nature of materials and functions of art. A tendency toward abstraction is characteristic of much modern art. More recent artistic production is often called Contemporary art or Postmodern art.
The notion of modern art is closely related to Modernism.[3]
History of Modern art
Roots in the 19th century
Although modern sculpture and architecture are reckoned to have emerged at the end of the nineteenth century, the beginnings of modern painting can be located earlier.[4] The date perhaps most commonly identified as marking the birth of modern art is 1863,[5] the year that Édouard Manet exhibited his painting Le déjeuner sur l'herbe in the Salon des Refusés in Paris. Earlier dates have also been proposed, among them 1855 (the year Gustave Courbet exhibited The Artist's Studio) and 1784 (the year Jacques-Louis David completed his painting The Oath of the Horatii).[5] In the words of art historian H. Harvard Arnason: "Each of these dates has significance for the development of modern art, but none categorically marks a completely new beginning ... A gradual metamorphosis took place in the course of a hundred years."[5]
The strands of thought that eventually led to modern art can be traced back to the Enlightenment, and even to the seventeenth century.[6] The important modern art critic Clement Greenberg, for instance, called Immanual Kant "the first real Modernist" but also drew a distinction: "The Enlightenment criticized from the outside ... Modernism criticizes from the inside."[7] The French Revolution of 1789 uprooted assumptions and institutions that had for centuries been accepted with little question, and accustomed the public to vigorous political and social debate. This gave rise to what art historian Ernst Gombrich called a "self-consciousness that made people select the style of their building as one selects the pattern of a wallpaper."[8]
The pioneers of modern art were Romantics, Realists and Impressionists.[9] By the late 19th century, additional movements which were to be influential in modern art had begun to emerge: post-Impressionism, as well as Symbolism.
Influences upon these movements were varied: from exposure to Eastern decorative arts, particularly Japanese printmaking, to the colouristic innovations of Turner and Delacroix, to a search for more realism in the depiction of common life, as found in the work of painters such as Jean-François Millet. The advocates of realism stood against the idealism of the tradition-bound academic art that enjoyed public and official favor.[10] The most successful painters of the day worked either through commissions, or through large public exhibitions of their own work. There were official, government-sponsored painters' unions, while governments regularly held public exhibitions of new fine and decorative arts.
The Impressionists argued that people do not see objects, but only the light which they reflect, and therefore painters should paint in natural light rather than in studios, and should capture the effects of light in their work.[11] Impressionist artists formed a group, Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs ("Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers") which, despite internal tensions, mounted a series of independent exhibitions.[12] The style was adopted by artists in different nations, in preference to a "national" style. These factors established the view that it was a "movement". These traits—establishment of a working method integral to the art, establishment of a movement or visible active core of support, and international adoption—would be repeated by artistic movements in the Modern period in art.
Early 20th Century
Among the movements which flowered in the first decade of the 20th century were Fauvism, Cubism, Expressionism, and Futurism.
World War I brought an end to this phase, but indicated the beginning of a number of anti-art movements, such as Dada and the work of Marcel Duchamp, and of Surrealism. Artist groups like de Stijl and Bauhaus developed new ideas about the interrelation of the arts, architecture, design and art education.
Modern art was introduced to the United States with the Armory Show in 1913, and through European artists who moved to the U.S. during World War I.
After World War II
It was only after World War II, though, that the U.S. became the focal point of new artistic movements.[citation needed] The 1950s and 1960s saw the emergence of Abstract Expressionism, Color field painting, Pop art, Op art, Hard-edge painting, Minimal art, Lyrical Abstraction, Postminimalism, Photorealism and various other movements. In the late 1960s and the 1970s, Land art, Performance art, Conceptual art, and other new art forms had attracted the attention of curators and critics, at the expense of more traditional media.[13] Larger installations and performances became widespread.
Around that period, a number of artists and architects started rejecting the idea of "the modern" and created typically Postmodern works.[citation needed]
By the end of the 1970s, when cultural critics began speaking of "The End of Painting" (the title of a provocative essay written in 1981 by Douglas Crimp), new media art had become a category in itself, with a growing number of artists experimenting with technological means such as video art.[14] Painting assumed renewed importance in the 1980s and 1990s, as evidenced by the rise of neo-expressionism and the revival of figurative painting.[15]
Art movements and artist groups
(Roughly chronological with representative artists listed.)
Modern art
19th century
- Romanticism the Romantic movement - Francisco de Goya, J. M. W. Turner, Eugène Delacroix
- Realism - Gustave Courbet, Camille Corot, Jean-François Millet
- Impressionism - Edgar Degas, Édouard Manet, Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Alfred Sisley
- Post-impressionism - Georges Seurat, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri Rousseau
- Symbolism - Gustave Moreau, Odilon Redon, James Ensor
- Les Nabis - Pierre Bonnard, Edouard Vuillard, Félix Vallotton
- pre-Modernist Sculptors - Aristide Maillol, Auguste Rodin
Early 20th century (before WWI)
- Art Nouveau & variants - Jugendstil, Modern Style, Modernisme - Aubrey Beardsley, Alphonse Mucha, Gustav Klimt,
- Art Nouveau Architecture & Design - Antoni Gaudí, Otto Wagner, Wiener Werkstätte, Josef Hoffmann, Adolf Loos, Koloman Moser
- Fauvism - André Derain, Henri Matisse, Maurice de Vlaminck
- Expressionism - Egon Schiele, Oskar Kokoschka, Edvard Munch, Emil Nolde
- Die Brücke - Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
- Der Blaue Reiter - Wassily Kandinsky, Franz Marc
- Cubism - Georges Braque, Pablo Picasso
- Orphism - Robert Delaunay, Jacques Villon
- Synchromism - Stanton MacDonald-Wright, Morgan Russell
- Pre-Surrealism - Giorgio de Chirico, Marc Chagall
- Futurism - Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà
- Vorticism - Wyndham Lewis
- Russian avant-garde - Kasimir Malevich, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov
- Sculpture - Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Constantin Brancusi
- Photography - Pictorialism, Straight photography
WWI to WWII
- Dada - Jean Arp, Marcel Duchamp, Max Ernst, Francis Picabia, Kurt Schwitters
- Synthetic Cubism - Georges Braque, Juan Gris, Fernand Léger, Pablo Picasso
- Pittura Metafisica - Giorgio de Chirico, Carlo Carrà
- De Stijl - Theo van Doesburg, Piet Mondrian
- Expressionism - Egon Schiele, Amedeo Modigliani, and Chaim Soutine
- New Objectivity - Max Beckmann, Otto Dix, George Grosz
- Figurative painting - Henri Matisse, Pierre Bonnard
- Constructivism - Naum Gabo, László Moholy-Nagy, El Lissitzky, Kasimir Malevich, Alexander Rodchenko, Vladimir Tatlin
- Surrealism - Jean Arp, Salvador Dalí, Max Ernst, René Magritte, André Masson, Joan Miró, Marc Chagall
- Bauhaus - Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Josef Albers
- Sculpture - Alexander Calder, Alberto Giacometti, René Iché, Gaston Lachaise, Henry Moore, Pablo Picasso, Julio Gonzalez
- Scottish Colourists - Francis Cadell, Samuel Peploe, Leslie Hunter, John Duncan Fergusson
- Suprematism - Kazimir Malevich, Aleksandra Ekster, Olga Rozanova, Nadezhda Udaltsova, Anna Kagan, Ivan Kliun, Lyubov Popova, Nikolai Suetin, Ilya Chashnik, Lazar Khidekel, Nina Genke-Meller, Ivan Puni, Ksenia Boguslavskaya
After WWII
- Figuratifs - Bernard Buffet, Jean Carzou, Yves Brayer, Maurice Boitel, Pierre-Henry, Daniel du Janerand, Jean Monneret, Gaston Sébire, Louis Vuillermoz, Claude-Max Lochu
- Abstract art -
- Sculpture - Henry Moore, David Smith, Tony Smith, Alexander Calder, Isamu Noguchi, Alberto Giacometti, Sir Anthony Caro, Jean Dubuffet, Isaac Witkin, René Iché, Marino Marini, Louise Nevelson
- Abstract expressionism - Willem de Kooning, Jackson Pollock, Hans Hofmann, Franz Kline, Robert Motherwell, Clyfford Still, Emilio Scanavino, Hans Hartung
- American Abstract Artists - Lee Krasner, Ibram Lassaw, Ad Reinhardt, Joseph Albers, Burgoyne Diller
- Art Brut - Adolf Wölfli, August Natterer, Ferdinand Cheval, Madge Gill, Paul Salvator Goldengreen
- Arte Povera - Jannis Kounellis, Luciano Fabro, Mario Merz, Piero Manzoni, Alighiero Boetti
- Color field painting - Barnett Newman, Mark Rothko, Sam Francis, Morris Louis, Helen Frankenthaler
- Tachisme - Jean Dubuffet, Pierre Soulages, Hans Hartung, Ludwig Merwart
- COBRA - Pierre Alechinsky, Karel Appel, Asger Jorn
- Dau-al-Set - founded in Barcelona by poet/artist Joan Brossa, - Antoni Tàpies, Enrique Tábara, Antonio Saura
- Geometric abstraction - Wassily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Nadir Afonso, Manlio Rho, Mario Radice
- Hard-edge painting - Ellsworth Kelly, Al Held, Ronald Davis
- Kinetic art - George Rickey, Alberto Biasi, Getulio Alviani
- Land art - Christo, Richard Long, Robert Smithson
- Les Automatistes - Claude Gauvreau, Jean-Paul Riopelle, Pierre Gauvreau, Fernand Leduc, Jean-Paul Mousseau, Marcelle Ferron
- Minimal art - Agnes Martin, Dan Flavin, Donald Judd, Sol LeWitt, Richard Serra
- Postminimalism - Eva Hesse, Bruce Nauman, Hannah Wilke, Lynda Benglis
- Lyrical Abstraction - Ronnie Landfield, Sam Gilliam, Larry Zox, Dan Christensen
- Neo-figurative art - Fernando Botero, Antonio Berni
- Neo-expressionism - Georg Baselitz, Anselm Kiefer, Francesco Clemente, Jean-Michel Basquiat
- New realism - Christo, Yves Klein, Pierre Restany
- Op art - Victor Vasarely, Bridget Riley, Richard Anuszkiewicz
- Outsider art - Howard Finster, Grandma Moses, Bob Justin
- Photorealism - Audrey Flack, Chuck Close, Duane Hanson, Richard Estes, Malcolm Morley
- Pop art - Richard Hamilton, Keith Haring, David Hockney, Robert Indiana, Jasper Johns, Roy Lichtenstein, Robert Rauschenberg, Andy Warhol, Ed Ruscha
- Postwar European figurative painting - Lucien Freud, Francis Bacon, Frank Auerbach
- Shaped canvas - Frank Stella, Kenneth Noland, Robert Mangold, Enrico Castellani, Agostino Bonalumi.
- Soviet art - Alexander Deineka, Alexander Gerasimov, Ilya Kabakov, Komar & Melamid, Alexandr Zhdanov, Leonid Sokov
- Spatialism - Lucio Fontana, Roberto Crippa, Mario Deluigi
- Visionary art - Michael Bowen, John Almond
Important Modern art exhibitions and museums
- For a comprehensive list see Museums of modern art.
Belgium
Ecuador
Finland
France
Germany
- documenta, Kassel (Germany), a five-yearly exhibition of modern and contemporary art
- Museum Ludwig, Cologne
- Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich
Italy
Mexico
Netherlands
Spain
Sweden
U.K.
U.S.A.
- High Museum, Atlanta, Georgia
- Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA
- Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY
- Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago
- Walker Art Center, Minneapolis
- Museum of Modern Art, New York
- Guggenheim Museum, New York & Venice, Italy; more recent filiations in Berlin (Germany), Bilbao (Spain) & Las Vegas, Nevada
- Whitney Museum of American Art, New York
- San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco
See also
- Modernism
- List of modern artists
- Contemporary art
- Postmodern art
- Art periods
- Modern architecture
- Art manifesto
- History of painting
- Western painting
Notes
- ^ Atkins 1990, p. 102.
- ^ Gombrich 1958, p. 419.
- ^ "One way of understanding the relation of the terms 'modern,' 'modernity,' and 'modernism' is that aesthetic modernism is a form of art characteristic of high or actualized late modernity, that is, of that period in which social, economic, and cultural life in the widest sense were revolutionized by modernity ... [this means] that modernist art is scarcely thinkable outside the context of the modernized society of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Social modernity is the home of modernist art, even where that art rebels against it." Cahoone 1996, p. 13.
- ^ Arnason 1998, p. 10.
- ^ a b c Arnason 1998, p. 17.
- ^ "In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries momentum began to gather behind a new view of the world, which would eventually create a new world, the modern world". Cahoone 1996, p. 27.
- ^ Frascina and Harrison 1982, p. 5.
- ^ Gombrich 1958, pp. 358-359.
- ^ Arnason 1998, p. 22.
- ^ Corinth, Schuster, Brauner, Vitali, and Butts 1996, p.25.
- ^ Cogniat 1975, p. 61.
- ^ Cogniat 1975, pp. 43–49.
- ^ Mullins 2006, p. 14.
- ^ Mullins 2006, p. 9.
- ^ Mullins 2006, pp. 14–15.
References
- Arnason, H. Harvard. 1998. History of Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Photography. Fourth Edition, rev. by Marla F. Prather, after the third edition, revised by Daniel Wheeler. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN 0-8109-3439-6; Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0131833138; London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0500237573 [Fifth edition, revised by Peter Kalb, Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall; London: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2004. ISBN 013184069X]
- Atkins, Robert. 1990. Artspeak: A Guide to Contemporary Ideas, Movements, and Buzzwords. New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 1558591273
- Cahoone, Lawrence E. 1996. From Modernism to Postmodernism: An Anthology. Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell. ISBN 1557866031
- Cogniat, Raymond. 1975. Pissarro. New York: Crown. ISBN 0517524775.
- Corinth, Lovis, Peter-Klaus Schuster, Lothar Brauner, Christoph Vitali, and Barbara Butts. 1996. Lovis Corinth. Munich and New York: Prestel. ISBN 3791316826
- Frascina, Francis, and Charles Harrison (eds.) 1982. Modern Art and Modernism: A Critical Anthology. Published in association with The Open University. London: Harper and Row, Ltd. Reprinted, London: Paul Chapman Publishing, Ltd.
- Frazier, Nancy. 2001. The Penguin Concise Dictionary of Art History. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0140514201
- Gombrich, E. H. 1958. The Story of Art. London: Phaidon. OCLC 220078463
- Mullins, Charlotte. 2006. Painting People: Figure Painting Today. New York: D.A.P. ISBN 978-1-933045-38-2
Further reading
- Adams, Hugh. 1979. Modern Painting. [Oxford]: Phaidon Press. ISBN 0-7148-1984-0 (cloth) ISBN 0-7148-1920-4 (pbk)
- Childs, Peter. 2000. Modernism. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-19647-7 (cloth) ISBN 0-415-19648-5 (pbk)
- Crouch, Christopher. 2000. Modernism in Art Design and Architecture. New York: St. Martins Press. ISBN 0312218303 (cloth) ISBN 031221832X (pbk)
- Dempsey, Amy. 2002. Art in the Modern Era: A Guide to Schools and Movements. New York: Harry A. Abrams. ISBN 0810941724
- Hunter, Sam, John Jacobus, and Daniel Wheeler. 2004. Modern Art. Revised and Updated 3rd Edition. New York: The Vendome Press [Pearson/Prentice Hall]. ISBN 0-13-189565-6 (cloth) 0-13-150519-X (pbk)
- Kolocotroni, Vassiliki, Jane Goldman, and Olga Taxidou (eds.). 1998. Modernism: An Anthology of Sources and Documents. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-45073-2 (cloth) ISBN 0-226-45074-0 (pbk)
- Ozenfant, Amédée. 1952. Foundations of Modern Art. New York: Dover Publications. OCLC 536109
External links
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