Coriander
- "Chinese parsley" redirects here. This can also refer to the unrelated Heliotropium curassavicum.
| Coriander | |
|---|---|
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| (unranked): | |
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| Order: | |
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| Genus: | Coriandrum
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| Species: | C. sativum
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| Binomial name | |
| Coriandrum sativum | |
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 95 kJ (23 kcal) |
4 g | |
| Dietary fiber | 3 g |
0.5 g | |
2 g | |
| Vitamins | Quantity %DV† |
| Vitamin A equiv. | 37% 337 μg |
| Vitamin C | 30% 27 mg |
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[1] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[2] | |
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) is an annual herb in the family Apiaceae. It is also known as cilantro, particularly in the USA. Coriander is native to southwestern Asia west to north Africa. It is a soft, hairless plant growing to 50 cm [20 in.] tall. The leaves are variable in shape, broadly lobed at the base of the plant, and slender and feathery higher on the flowering stems. The flowers are borne in small umbels, white or very pale pink, asymmetrical, with the petals pointing away from the centre of the umbel longer (5-6 mm) than those pointing to the middle of the umbel (only 1-3 mm long). The fruit is a globular dry schizocarp 3-5 mm diameter.
The name coriander derives from French coriandre through Latin “coriandrum” in turn from Greek “κορίαννον”.[3] John Chadwick notes the Mycenaean Greek form of the word, koriadnon "has a pattern curiously similar to the name of Minos' daughter Ariadne, and it is plain how this might be corrupted later to koriannon or koriandron."[4]
Uses
All parts of the plant are edible, but the fresh leaves and the dried seeds are the most commonly used in cooking. Coriander is commonly used in Middle Eastern, Mediterranean, Indian, South Asian, Latin American, Chinese, African and Southeast Asian cuisine.
Leaves
The leaves are variously referred to as coriander leaves, cilantro (in the United States, from the Spanish name for the plant), dhania (in the Indian subcontinent, and increasingly in Britain), Kothimbir (कोथिंबीर) in Marathi, Kothimir(a) in Telugu, Kothambari in Kannada, Kothamalli in Tamil, Ketoembar in Malayan, kindza in Georgia (Sakartvelo), xiang cai (香菜) in Mandarin, heung choy (香菜) in Cantonese, Chinese parsley or Mexican parsley in North America, coriandolo in Italian. The leaves have a very different taste from the seeds, with citrus-like overtones. Some people perceive an unpleasant "soapy" taste or a rank smell and avoid eating the leaves. Popular belief that this is genetically determined may arise from the known genetic variation in taste perception of the synthetic chemical phenylthiocarbamide; however, no specific link has yet been established between cilantro and a bitter taste perception gene.[5]
The fresh leaves are an essential ingredient in many South Asian foods (particularly chutneys), in Chinese dishes and in Mexican salsas and guacamole. Chopped coriander leaves are also used as a garnish on cooked dishes such as dal and many curries. As heat diminishes their flavour quickly, coriander leaves are often used raw or added to the dish right before serving. In some Indian and Central Asian recipes, coriander leaves are used in large amounts and cooked until the flavour diminishes.[2]) The leaves also spoil quickly when removed from the plant, and lose their aroma when dried or frozen.
Coriander leaves were formerly common in European cuisine but nearly disappeared before the modern period. Today western Europeans usually eat coriander leaves only in dishes that originated in foreign cuisines, except in southern Portugal, where they are still an essential ingredient in many traditional dishes.
Fruit
The dry fruits are known as coriander seeds or coriandi seeds. In some regions, the use of the word coriander in food preparation always refers to these seeds (as a spice), rather than to the plant itself. The seeds have a lemony citrus flavour when crushed, due to the presence of the terpenes linalool and pinene. It is also described as warm, nutty, spicy, and orange-flavoured. They are usually dried but can be eaten green.
It is commonly found both as whole dried seeds and in ground form. Seeds can be roasted or heated on a dry pan briefly before grinding to enhance and alter the aroma. Like most spices, ground coriander seed loses its flavour quickly in storage and is best when ground as needed. For optimum flavour, whole coriander seed should be stored in a tightly sealed container away from sunlight and heat.
Coriander seed is a key spice (Hindi name: धनिया dhania) in garam masala and Indian curries, which often employ the ground fruits in generous amounts together with cumin. It also acts as a thickener. Roasted coriander seeds, called dhana dal, are also eaten as a snack. It is also the main ingredient of the two south Indian gravies: sambhar and rasam.
Outside of Asia, coriander seed is an important spice for pickling vegetables, and making sausages in Germany and South Africa (see boerewors). In Russia and Central Europe coriander seed is an occasional ingredient in rye bread as an alternative to caraway. Apart from the uses just noted, coriander seeds are uncommonly used in European cuisine today, though they were more important in former centuries.
Coriander seeds are also used in brewing certain styles of beer, particularly some Belgian wheat beers. The coriander seeds are typically used in conjunction with orange peel to add a citrus character to these styles of beer.
Roots
Coriander roots have a deeper, more intense flavour than the leaves.[6] They are used in a variety of Asian cuisines. They are commonly used in Thai dishes, including soups and curry pastes.
History
Coriander grows wild over a wide area of the Near East and southern Europe, which forced Zohary and Hopf to admit that "it is hard to define exactly where this plant is wild and where it only recently established itself."[7] Fifteen desiccated mericarps were found in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B level of the Nahal Hemel Cave in Israel, which may be the oldest archeological find of coriander. About half a litre of coriander mericarps were recovered from the tomb of Tutankhamun, and because this plant does not grow wild in Egypt, Zohary and Hopf interpret this find as proof that coriander was cultivated by the ancient Egyptians.[8] The Bible mentions coriander in Exodus 16:31: "And the house of Israel began to call its name Manna: and it was round like coriander seed, and its taste was like that of flat cakes made with honey."
Coriander seems to have been cultivated in Greece since at least the second millennium BC. One of the Linear B tablets recovered from Pylos refers to the species as being cultivated for the manufacture of perfumes, and it appears that it was used in two forms: as a spice for its seeds and as a herb for the flavour of its leaves.[9] This appears to be confirmed by archaeological evidence from the same period: the large quantities of the species retrieved from an Early Bronze Age layer at Sitagroi in Macedonia could point to cultivation of the species at that time [10]. Coriander is thought to have been introduced to Britain by the Romans as a meat preserver.[citation needed]
Coriander seed and leaf was very widely used in medieval European cuisine, due to its ability to make spoiled meats palatable by "masking" rotten flavours. Even today, coriander seed is an important ingredient in many sausage products.
Coriander was brought to the British colonies in North America in 1670 and was one of the first spices cultivated by early settlers.
Similar plants
- Eryngium foetidum has a very similar taste to coriander and is also known as culantro.
- Vietnamese coriander leaves have a similar odour and flavour to coriander.
- Bolivian Coriander, or quillquiña, has been described as "somewhere between arugula, cilantro and rue".
Potential medical uses
Coriander has been used as a folk medicine for the relief of anxiety and insomnia in Iranian folk medicine. Experiments in mice support its use as an anxiolytic.[11] Coriander seeds are also used in traditional Indian medicine as a diuretic by boiling equal amounts of coriander seeds and cumin seeds, then cooling and consuming the resulting liquid.[12] In holistic and some traditional medicine, it is used as a carminative and for general digestive aid.[13][14]
Additionally, coriander juice (mixed with either turmeric powder or mint juice) is used by some as a treatment for acne, applied to the face like toner.
Coriander can also produce an allergic reaction in some people.[15]
References
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
- ^ "Coriander", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition, 1989. Oxford University Press.
- ^ John Chadwick, The Mycenaean World (Cambridge: University Press, 1976), p. 119
- ^ Wooding S (2006). "Phenylthiocarbamide: A 75-Year Adventure in Genetics and Natural Selection". Genetics. 172 (4): 2015–2023.[1]
- ^ http://everything2.com/e2node/coriander
- ^ Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, Domestication of plants in the Old World, third edition (Oxford: University Press, 2000), p. 206
- ^ Zohary and Hopf, Domestication, p. 205
- ^ Chadwick, Mycenaean World, p. 119
- ^ Fragiska, M. (2005). Wild and Cultivated Vegetables, Herbs and Spices in Greek Antiquity. Environmental Archaeology 10 (1): 73-82
- ^ Emamghoreishi M, Khasaki M, Aazam MF (2005). "Coriandrum sativum: evaluation of its anxiolytic effect in the elevated plus-maze". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 96 (3): 365–370. PMID 15619553.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Dawakhana, H (2007). "Coriander: Cure from the Kitchen". hashmi.com. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
- ^ "Coriander". PDRHealth. Retrieved 07-18-07.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ "Herbs for the Prairies:Coriander". Saskatchewan Herb and Spice Association. Retrieved 07-18-07.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ EBO DG, BRIDTS CH, MERTENS MH, STEVENS WJ (2006). "Coriander anaphylaxis in A spice grinder with undetected occupational allergy". Acta Clinica Belgica. 61 (3): 152–156. Retrieved 2008-07-11.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Additional reading
- Katzer, Gernot Coriander Seeds and Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum)
- Noxon, Heather and Meyer, Alex (2004). Genetic Analysis of PTC and Cilantro Taste Preferences. MindExpo 2004
- Supporting the Fight Against Cilantro!