2012
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2012 (MMXII) will be a leap year starting on Sunday. In the Gregorian calendar, it will be the 2,012th year of the Common Era, or of Anno Domini; the 12th year of the 3rd millennium and of the 21st century; and the 3rd of the 2010s decade.
It has been designated Alan Turing Year, commemorating the mathematician, computer pioneer, and code-breaker on the centennial of Turing's birth.[1]
There are a variety of popular beliefs about the year 2012. These beliefs range from the spiritually transformative to the apocalyptic, and center upon various interpretations of the Mesoamerican Long Count calendar. Contemporary scientists have disputed the apocalyptic versions.[2]
Predicted and scheduled events
January
- January 13–22 – The first Winter Youth Olympics will be held in Innsbruck, Austria.
- January 31 – 433 Eros, the second-largest Near Earth Object on record (size 13×13×33 km) will pass Earth at 0.1790 astronomical units (26,778,019 kilometres; 16,639,090 miles). NASA studied Eros with the NEAR Shoemaker probe launched on February 17, 1996.[3]
February
- February 6 – Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II marking the 60th anniversary of her accession to the Thrones of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia & New Zealand (as well as the 60th anniversary of her becoming Head of the Commonwealth).
March
- March 22 – Unless the European Council votes to extend current copyright law, The Beatles' debut album, Please Please Me, will fall out of copyright.[4]
April
- April 17 – The United States will cede wartime control of the military of the Republic of Korea after 50 years and dissolve the Combined Forces Command. Two distinct military commands (South Korea and the United States) will operate in Korea during wartime, rather than one unified command under the Combined Forces Command.[citation needed]
May
- May 20 - Annular solar eclipse. Path of annularity runs through the Pacific Ocean from northern China to California.
June
- June 6 – The second and last solar transit of Venus of the century. The next pair is predicted to occur in 2117 and 2125.
- June 9 – July 1 – The UEFA Euro 2012 will be played in Poland and Ukraine.
- June 18 – June 23 – Turing Centenary Conference at the University of Cambridge, in honor of the mathematician, computer scientist, and cryptographer Alan Turing, the last day of the conference being the hundredth anniversary of his birth. [1]
- June 4 - partial lunar eclipse
July
- July 18–21 – The 2012 World Rowing Championships will be held at Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
- July 27 – Opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics begins in London at 7:30 pm UTC, 8:30pm BST.[5]
August
- August 12 – Closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, a Sunday.
- August 29 – Start of the 2012 Summer Paralympics.
November
- November 6 - United States presidential election, 2012
- November 13 - Total solar eclipse (visible in northern Australia and the South Pacific).
- November 28 - Penumbral lunar eclipse.
December
- December 3 – Jupiter in opposition.
- December 17 – Members of the Electoral College meet in each U.S. state.
- December 21 – 11:11 UTC. Winter Solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, Summer Solstice in the Southern Hemisphere.[6]
- December 21 – The Mesoamerican Long Count calendar, notably used by the pre-Columbian Maya civilization among others, completes a "great cycle" of thirteen b'ak'tuns (periods of 144,000 days each) since the mythical creation date of the calendar's current era.[7] On this day the Long Count date at creation—written 13.0.0.0.0 in modern notation, equivalent to August 11, 3114 BC in the proleptic Gregorian calendar—is repeated for the first time in a span of a little over 5,125 solar years.[8] The completion of this cycle and the repetition of the previous Creation's Long Count ending date have been central to the 2012 phenomenon. Academic researchers have not concluded that the ancient Maya themselves attached similar significance to this point in time.[9]
- December 23 – An alternative date for the completion of the thirteenth B'ak'tun in the Long Count calendar, calculated using another version of the GMT correlation[10] which is supported by a few Mayanist researchers.[11]
- December 31 – The Kyoto Protocol will expire.
Unknown dates
- Ireland will cease analog television broadcasts.
- China will launch the Kuafu spacecraft.
- Pleiades, a proposed super computer built by Intel and SGI for NASA's Ames Research Center, will be completed, reaching a peak performance of 10 Petaflops (10 quadrillion floating point operations per second).[12]
- Sequoia, a proposed super computer built by IBM for the National Nuclear Security Administration will be completed, reaching a peak performance of 20 Petaflops.[13]
- Start of the commercial operation of the first unit from the Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant II.
- The 108 ft (33 m) Elwha Dam and 210 ft (64 m) Glines Canyon Dam will be removed from the Elwha River in Washington state, marking the largest dam removal project in history.
- The Canberra class light aircraft carriers/large amphibious ships, the largest ships ever to be operated by the Royal Australian Navy, will be in service.
- On the sun, the solar maximum of Solar Cycle 24 in the 11-year sunspot cycle is forecast to occur. Solar Cycle 24 is regarded to have commenced January 2008, and on average will reach its peak of maximal sunspot activity around 2012. The period between successive solar maxima averages 11 years (the Schwabe cycle), and the previous solar maximum of Solar Cycle 23 occurred in 2000–2002.[14] During the solar maximum the sun's magnetic poles will reverse.[15]
- The United Kingdom will complete a 5-year process to cease analogue television broadcasts region-by-region, with Meridian Broadcasting, ITV London, Tyne Tees Television and UTV being the last areas to switch off analogue.[16]
- Portugal will also cease their analogue television broadcasts, after a 4-year simulcast with digital ones. After that, DVB broadcasts will be the only system to be used in television (DVB-C for cable, DVB-T for terrestrial and DVB-S for satellite). The five free-to-air channels on terrestrial network will also start broadcasting in high-definition 24-hours a day.[citation needed]
- The Ryungyong Hotel in Pyongyang is said to be finally finished.[17]
2012 in fiction
Major religious holidays
- January 7 – Christmas Day by Julian Calendar (Celebrated by Eastern Orthodox Christians)
- February 1 – Imbolc, a Cross-quarter day (Celebrated on February 2 in some places)
- February 5 – Mawlid an Nabi – Islam
- February 22 - Ash Wednesday - Western Christianity
- March 8 – Purim – Judaism
- March 8 – Holi – Hinduism
- March 20 – Spring Equinox, Persian New Year (Nouruz), also known as Ostara
- April 1 – Ramanavami – Hinduism
- April 6 – Hanuman Jayanti – Hinduism
- April 7 – Passover – Judaism
- April 8 – Easter – Western Christianity
- April 15 – Easter – Eastern Christianity
- May 1 – Beltane, a Cross-quarter day
- May 27 – Shavuot – Judaism
- June 17 – Lailat al Miraj – Islam
- June 20 – Summer solstice, also known as Midsummer
- July 20 – Ramadan Begins – Islam
- August 1 – Lammas, a Cross-quarter day
- August 2 – Raksha Bandhan – Hinduism
- August 10 – Janmashtami – Hinduism
- August 19 – Eid al Fitr – Islam
- September 17 – Rosh Hashanah – Judaism
- September 21 – Fall Equinox, also known as Mabon
- October 1 – Sukkot – Judaism
- October 2 – Mehregan – Zoroastrianism and Persian Culture
- October 24 – Vijaya Dashami/Dusshera – Hinduism
- October 26 – Eid al-Adha, a religious festival in Islam
- November 1 – Samhain, a Cross-quarter day, Neopagan new year and Christian All Saints' Day
- November 13 – Diwali – Hinduism
- November 15 – Islamic New Year
- December 9 – Hanukkah – Judaism
- December 21 – Winter solstice, also known as Yule
- December 25 – Christmas – Western Christianity
Notes
- ^ http://www.turingcentenary.eu
- ^ "2012: Beginning of the End or Why the World Won't End?". NASA.
- ^ Near Earth Object Fact Sheet
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8014734.stm
- ^ Homepage - London 2012
- ^ United States Naval Observatory (2007-01-28). "Earth's Seasons: Equinoxes, Solstices, Perihelion, and Aphelion, 2000-2020".
- ^ Calculated using a version of the Goodman-Martinez-Thompson (GMT) correlation between the Long Count and Western calendars, in which this mythical Creation date corresponds with a Julian Day Number (JDN) = 584283. Since its refinement in the 1930s the GMT correlation has become the one favoured by most Mayanist scholars. See Houston et al. (2001, p.234)
- ^ See Finley (2002), Houston (1989, pp.49–51), Miller and Taube (1993, pp.50–52), Voss (2006, p.138), Wagner (2006, pp.281–283). Note that Houston 1989 mistakenly has "3113 BC", instead of either "3114 BC" or "-3113" (astronomical year numbering). Miller and Taube 1993's mention of "2 August" is a (presumed) erratum.
- ^ Schele & Freidel (1990)
- ^ In this version, known variously as the GMT+2, Thompson, astronomical, or Lounsbury correlation, the Long Count's zero or base date is set at JDN = 584285.
- ^ After a modified proposal championed by Floyd Lounsbury; sources that have used this correlation include Houston (1989, p.51), and in particular Schele & Freidel (1990, pp.430 et seq.).
- ^ NASA, Intel, SGI Plan to 'Soup Up' Supercomputer
- ^ IBM Tapped For 20-Petaflop Government Supercomputer
- ^ Phillips, Tony (10 January 2008). "Solar Cycle 24 Begins". Science@NASA. NASA. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ "The Sun Does a Flip". Science@NASA. NASA. 15 February 2001. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ When is the Digital TV Switchover? The different regions and dates
- ^ "North Korea in the midst of mysterious building boom". Los Angeles Times. 2008-09-27. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
References
- Finley, Michael (2002). "The Correlation Question". The Real Maya Prophecies: Astronomy in the Inscriptions and Codices. Maya Astronomy. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
- Houston, Stephen D. (1989). Reading the Past: Maya Glyphs. London: British Museum Publications. ISBN 0-7141-8069-6. OCLC 18814390.
- Houston, Stephen D. (2001). The Decipherment of Ancient Maya Writing. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3204-3. OCLC 44133070.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Miller, Mary (1993). The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05068-6. OCLC 27667317.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Schele, Linda (1990). A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-07456-1. OCLC 21295769.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Voss, Alexander (2006). "Astronomy and Mathematics". In Nikolai Grube (ed.) (ed.). Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest. Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel (assistant eds.). Cologne: Könemann. pp. 130–143. ISBN 3-8331-1957-8. OCLC 71165439.
{{cite book}}:|editor=has generic name (help) - Wagner, Elizabeth (2006). "Maya Creation Myths and Cosmography". In Nikolai Grube (ed.) (ed.). Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest. Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel (Assistant eds.). Cologne: Könemann. pp. 280–293. ISBN 3-8331-1957-8. OCLC 71165439.
{{cite book}}:|editor=has generic name (help)