Fingal
Template:Infobox Irish Place Fingal (from Irish Fine Gall 'foreign tribe') is a county in Ireland, one of the three counties formed from County Dublin in 1994. With its county seat located in Swords, it has a population of a nearly quarter of a million.
Etymology
The Vikings referred to the hinterland of Dublin as Dyflinarskiri.[1]. The original name, however, derived from the old Gaelic Fionn Gall, meaning fair(-haired) strangers[2], denoting the Norse, whereas south county Dublin was called Dubh Gall, meaning dark(-haired) strangers, denoting the occupying Danes [3]. Early Anglo-Norman versions of the name include the similar Fiehengall, Fynnegal, Fyngal, and Finegal, which led to the mis-identification with Fine Gall[4].
Fingalian is an extinct language, a hybrid of Old and Middle English and Old Norse, with Gaelic influences, which was spoken by the people of Fingal until the mid-1800s.
History
Early Gaelic history
In the 2nd century AD, Ptolemy identified Eblana (Dublin) as the capital of a people called the Eblani. In later centuries the territory north of the river Liffey {{citation}}
: Empty citation (help) was known as Mide or Midhe, i.e. "the Kingdom of Meath" (that to the south was known as Coigh Cuolan or Cualan). The west of this area was known as Teffia, and the east as Bregia (latinized from gaelic Magh Breagh, "the great plain of Meath"). Bregia comprised five gaelic triocha-cheds (equivalent to cantreds) or the later baronies, and was ruled by the king at Tara[5]. These princes, and various Gaelic chieftains, held sway over the area until the coming of the Vikings in the 8th century.
Vikings and Hiberno-Norse
By 841 AD, a Scandinavian settlement was established at Dublin, abandoned in 902, re-established in 917, and developed thereafter. It was so established by the 11th century that it was regarded even amongst the surrounding native Gaelic population as a minor kingdom[6]ruled by Hiberno-Norse kings. The Norse Kingdom of Dublin stretched, at its greatest, from Drogheda to Arklow, and while mostly a thin strip of coastal land, from the Irish Sea westwards as far as Leixlip in the central part. During this time, the area north of Dublin became known to the native Gaelic population as Fionn-gall (later Fyngal/Finegal, "land of the fair-haired foreigners" – Norse). It anciently covered the area between the rivers Liffey {{citation}}
: Empty citation (help) on the south and Delvin on the north. The people predominant in the area to the south of the River Liffey were known as Dubh-gall (Dubh Ghaill, "the dark-haired foreigners", Danes).
One of the Kings of Dublin, Sitric, made a pilgrimage to Rome in 1028, accompanied by Flannacan Ua Cellaig, King of Bregia (Fingal), a year after Mael Ruanaid Ua Mael Doraid, King of the Cenel Conaill (of Tyrconnell), had visited Rome, and died there in 1027 (the same Ua Mael Doraid was the one who submitted in 1011 to High King Brian Boru[7] from whom he then received a large stipend at Kincora, just before the Battle of Clontarf in 1014).
Some kilometres west of Clontarf, also on the north bank of the Liffey, and outside Dublin’s early stockade, lies Oxmantown.[8] Oxmantown Green (beside the former Collins Barracks) was once a wooded area, from which King William Rufus (II) of England, by license of King Murchard, in 1098 AD imported the timbers that made the roof of Westminster Hall, where “no English spider webbeth or breedeth to this day” according to a certain Dr. Hanmer[9].
After the Battle of Clontarf, when High King Brian Boru curtailed the power of the Vikings in Ireland, the Norse-Irish Kingdom of Dublin continued, with its own bishop, part of the Westminster hierarchy rather than the Irish, though it gradually came under the influence of the Kings of Leinster. Diarmuid MacMurrough established himself there before his explusion by the High King in 1166, a series of events which led to the area being invaded in the late 12th century, by the Cambro-Normans. This was to form part of the heartland of the area known as The Pale during the successive periods of Anglo-Norman and English rule.
After the Anglo-Norman invasion
Early Anglo-Norman grants
With the arrival of the Anglo/Cambro-Normans in 1169[10], the territory of the old Gaelic kingdom of Meath was granted in around 1172 to Hugh de Lacy by Henry II, King of England. Meath at that time included much of the northern part of the later county Dublin (including as far as Clontarf {{citation}}
: Empty citation (help), Santry, and Castleknock), part of the later county Kildare, and Delvin (in later Westmeath); Fingal was therefore implicitly included in the grant of "Meath" either as part of Meath proper or under the additional element of that grant[11] “and for increase to the gift, all fees which he has or shall acquire about Dublin”. This element of the grant related to his role as Bailiff[12] and was copied into the Gormanston Register[13].
Strongbow was probably also assigned some fees within the royal demesne of Dublin[14], as in the case of Hugh de Lacy’s custodianship of Dublin, in payment of his services. This appears evidenced by several grants which he made in his own name within the city to St. Mary's Abbey, and his foundation of a hospital of St. John of Jerusalem at Kilmainham. Therefore both Strongbow and Hugh de Lacy exercised lordships within the royal demesne of Dublin.
In addition to Dublin city, the royal demesne itself also consisted of the royal manors of Crumlin, Esker, Newcastle, and Saggart, in the south-west of the county, and the royal demesnes of O Thee (O'Teig), O Brun (O'Broin), and O Kelly (O'Ceallaigh) in the south-east of the county, which were rented from the Crown by Irish-speaking tenants[15]. Over half of the land in the county of Dublin was granted to religious houses and priories, as well as archbishops and monasteries, and minor lay lords. In such way too, an estate was given to the Irish chieftain MacGillamocholmog, who held sway over the territory of Cualann (Wicklow) when the Anglo-Normans arrived[16].
In the whole of Meath, Hugh de Lacy had therefore enormous possessions – all the present county of Meath, Delvin in Westmeath, a portion of Dublin, as far as Castleknock and even to Santry and Clontarf[17]. De Lacy parceled out most of this land to his vassals, who were to hold these lands from him, as he had held all Meath from King Henry, by military tenure. D'Alton also provides reference to the enumeration of these grants given in Hibernica, by Harris (pp. 42-43). Hugh de Lacy was appointed Viceroy in 1178, and again in 1181 after a brief period of royal disfavour.
By virtue of his grant of Meath, Hugh de Lacy was appointed a Palatine Count in that territory[18] and divided it amongst his various vassals who were commonly called “De Lacy's Barons”. These were: Hugh[19]Tyrell, Baron of Castleknock; Jocelin de Nangle, Baron of Navan and Ardbrecan; De Misset, Baron of Lune; Phepoe [or Feypou], Baron of Skrine[20]; Fitz-Thomas, Baron of Kells; Hussey, Baron of Galtrim; Richard de Fleming, Baron of Slane; Adam Dullard or Dollard, of Dullenvarty; Gilbert de Nugent, Baron of Devlin and later Earl of Westmeath; Richard Tuite, Baron of Moyashell; Robert de Lacy’s descendants, Barons of Rathwire; De Constantine, Baron of Kilbixey[21] Petit, Baron of Mullingar; Meyler FitzHenry of Maghernan, Rathkenin,and Ardnocker. As Burke points out, to some of these there descended the De Genevilles, Lords of Meath; Mortimer, Earl of March (and later Lord of Trim, from De Geneville); the Plunkets, of Danish descent, Barons of Dunsany and of Killeen, and later Earls of Louth (and later of Fingall, by letters patent); the Prestons, Viscounts Gormanston and Viscounts Tara, the Barnewalls, Barons of Trimleston and Viscounts Kingsland; the Nettervilles, Barons of Dowth; the Bellews, Barons of Duleek; the Darcys of Platten, Barons of Navan; the Cusacks, Barons of Culmullin; the FitzEustaces, Barons of Portlester. Some of these again were succeeded by the De Baths of Athcarn, the Dowdalls of Athlumny, the Cruises, the Drakes of Drake Rath, and others. These details are given in Burke’s Vicissitudes of Families, in the chapter on the O’Melaghlins, Kings of Meath.
John of England
In 1184 Prince John, then Lord of Ireland and Earl of Mortain[22]gave half the tithes of Fingal to the episcopal see of Dublin, which grant was confirmed in 1337 by King Edward, and in 1395 by King Richard II when in Dublin[23].
This John was none other than the same who featured so prominently in the tales of Robin Hood during the reign of King Richard I, the Lionheart (Coeur de Lion) absent on the Crusades. In 1189, on the breaking up of Robin Hood’s company, Robin Hood’s great companion Little John, is said to have exhibited his feats of archery on Oxmanstown Green in Dublin, until having been detected in a robbery, he was hanged on Arbour Hill nearby[24]. Another Robin Hood-type, known as McIerlagh Gedy, is recorded as a notorious felon responsible for many thefts and incendiary acts in Meath, Leinster, and Fingal, and was taken prisoner, brought to Trim Castle, and hanged[25].
Walter de Lacy, son of Hugh[26], gained seisin of the lordship of Meath by charter in 1194 during Richard I’s exercise of the lordship of Ireland, having previously been a minor when his father Hugh de Lacy died in 1186 [27]. Walter succeeded to all Hugh’s lordships, including of Fingal, which by grant of King John in 1208 was subsequently confirmed in perpetuity under the same terms as the palatine lordship of Meath, and no longer limited by the original conditions linked to service as bailiff of Dublin.
Feudal administration
Prescriptive Barony, 1208
The first known administrative provision related to the original name was a palatine grant of the Paramount Lordship of Fingal, a Prescriptive Barony, confirmed by letters patent from King John[28] to Walter de Lacy and his heirs in perpetuity in 1208, and based on Hugh de Lacy, the latter's father, having held the same on a basis of grand serjeanty for his services as bailiff to the King[29]. The grant describes the scope of administrative responsibility, and the limits of powers delegated. The gist of the grant is recounted as follows:
Grant and confirmation to Walter de Lascy, on his petition, of his land of Meath; to hold of the King in fee by the service of 50 knights; and of his fees of Fingal, in the vale of Dublin; to hold in fee by the service of 7 knights; saving to the King pleas of the Crown, appeals of the peace, & c., and crociae, and the dignities thereto belonging; the King’s writs to run throughout Walter’s land. Further grant to Walter of the custody of his fees, although the lords thereof hold elsewhere in capite; saving to the King the marriages of the heirs of those fees. [30].
Other derivative or related grants and titles
As mentioned above, by the time King John granted Finegal as part of his inheritance to Walter, Walter’s father Hugh had already sub-infeudated parts thereof to his vassals (e.g. the Castleknock barony, granted by Hugh de Lacy to Hugh Tyrell, etc.). Therefore, Finegal was already a superior lordship (or paramount barony) when originally granted, consisting of lesser baronies (and their several manors), even though some of these may have been granted by Hugh in his capacities as Bailiff or as Viceroy, and later confirmed as held of the Crown in capite, and in perpetuity. The lordship of Fingal was therefore a paramount superiority over several sub-infeudated smaller baronies (such as Castleknock, Santry, Balrothery)[31], and thus eventually accrued vicecomital attributes.
In addition, several other baronies existed as feudal holdings or were created within geographical territory of Fingal (such as Finglas[32]; Swerdes Swords [33]; Santry, Feltrim[34]), and in other parts of Dublin: Howth[35] and Senkylle (Shankill in southern Dublin)[36].
A later, related, development was the granting of the first viscountcy in Ireland in 1478 to a Preston, Lord Gormanston, the Premier Viscount of Ireland, who at the time was a major landowner in the Fingal area, and a direct descendant of Walter de Lacy[37]. That viscountcy was called after Gormanston as the latter was the principal seat and Manor of the Prestons at the time, having been acquired upon their relinquishment of occupancy of the Manor of Fyngallestoun[38]. The Viscounts Gormanston continued to retain the Lordship of the latter under reversion.[39], and the prescriptive barony of Fingal was also retained by the Viscount Gormanston as an incorporeal hereditament in gross, until passed to the late Patrick Denis O'Donnell[40].
Medieval taxation, and the Pale
Geographically, Fingal became a core area of the Pale, and that part of Ireland most intensively settled by the Normans and in due course the English. Records during the period 1285-92, of rolls of receipts for taxes to the King indicate Fingal as a distinct area, listed along with the baronies or lordships of Duleek, Kells, and Loxuedy, as well as Valley (Liffey), and sometimes under, sometimes separate from Dublin[41]. Later records of rolls of receipts e.g. “granted to the King in Ireland of the term of Trinity a.r.21 (1293)” for the period 1293-1301[42]also include references to Fingal listed as a lordship, again along with the baronies of Duleek and Kells, and Dublin City, and Valley, all listed under Dublin County. Several other references also exist in the chancery records of the 14th century[43].
Abolition of feudal system
The feudal system was finally completely abolished in the Republic of Ireland under the Land and Conveyancing Law Reform Act (No. 27 of 2009) passed by the Oireachtas on 21 July 2009[2]. The Act accordingly abolished feudal tenure, but preserved estates in land, including customary rights and incorporeal hereditaments.
Earldom of Fingall
A peerage title as Earl of Fingall was created in 1628, by King Charles I of England, and granted to Lucas Plunkett, Baron Killeen, whose first wife, Elizabeth O'Donnell of Tyrconnell thus became 1st Countess of Fingall[44]. The Plunketts also intermarried with the Prestons, Viscounts Gormanston. The Fingall Estate Papers, acquired by the Fingal County Archives, do not however relate to any properties in Fingal, but rather to lands in Meath. That Fingall title became extinct upon the death of the 12th and last Earl in 1984, along with a peerage barony of the same name, not to be confused with the titular prescriptive barony of Fingal previously mentioned.
County status
1210-1994
In the 1208 grant, the bulk of Fingal, considered to be "in the vale of Dublin", was part of the County Dublin, when the latter was established as one of the first twelve counties created by King John during his visit to Ireland in 1210[45]. Its history forms part of that of Co. Dublin for the following eight centuries.
Administrative Baronies
The part of Fingal within Co. Dublin was in later centuries subdivided into the following administrative baronies: Balrothery (West and East), Nethercross, Castleknock, and Coolock.
1994-present
Following the abolition of County Dublin, a county called Fingal was created, taking in that part of the area anciently known as Fingal, which lay within the former County Dublin, excluding the areas north of the Tolka but within city boundaries. The area was raised to county status on 1 January 1994, through the Local Government (Dublin) Act, 1993 with the division of old County Dublin into three new counties. Further provisions came in the Local Government Act, 2001, under which Fingal is determined and listed as a county.[46]
Extent
Historic
Historically, Fingal, though not a county, was sometimes recognised as a major subdivision of Leinster, in one case perhaps as the greatest[47], followed by Meath - it was described as in “first place” per Jansson’s map of 1647. Fyngal is also marked prominently as a large territory on Baptista Boazio’s 1609 map of Ireland (as Fingall) and in John Speed’s 1610 map of Leinster (as Fyngall).
Current
Today, Fingal covers the coastal area north of the city of Dublin along the Irish Sea and south of the River Delvin to the River Liffey, and is bordered by County Meath, County Kildare and South Dublin County. Fingal is the fifth largest local government area in Ireland by population. The largest urban centre in Fingal is Blanchardstown, and the second largest Swords, the county seat, with other important centres of population at Balbriggan, Castleknock, Howth, Malahide, and other Dublin residential suburbs[3]. Small rural settlements exist in the northern and western parts of the county.
Crest
The heraldic crest for Fingal reads "Flúirse Talaimh is Mara" meaning "Abundance of Land and Water". The motto reflects the strong farming and fishing ties historically associated with the area. It also features a Viking longboat, which represents the arrival of the Norse in Fingal, where they became integrated with the existing Irish.
Economy
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/DublinAirportSign.jpg/220px-DublinAirportSign.jpg)
Fingal is Ireland’s primary horticultural region, producing 50% of the national vegetable output and 75% of all glasshouse crops grown in the country. However, the areas of production are coming under severe pressure from other development and the rural towns are increasingly becoming dormitories for the City. Howth harbour is the biggest fishing harbour on the east coast, and the fifth largest in the country[4].
Dublin International Airport is located within the county[5], along with the headquarters of Aer Lingus and Ryanair.[48][49]
In 2006 Fingal County Council was lauded by prominent Irish construction industry figures, politicians and EU Energy Commissioner Andris Piebalgs for becoming the first local authority in Ireland to introduce mandatory sustainable building requirements.[50][51] The policy, which relates to all construction in 8 parts of the county—including roughly 13,000 new homes—stipulates that the amount of energy and CO2 emissions associated with the heating and hot water of all buildings must be reduced by at least 60% compared to Irish Building Regulations, with at least 30% of the energy used for heating and hot water coming from renewable sources such as solar, geothermal or biomass[6].
Demographics
According to the Irish National Census returns for 2006, published by the Government's Central Statistics Office, Fingal is the youngest and fastest growing county in Ireland, with the most economically active population, thus in the fastest growing economy in the European Union.[52]
Education
The Institute of Technology, Blanchardstown is the largest third-level education facility in Fingal.
Sport
Fingal is home to Morton Stadium [7], Ireland's national athletics stadium and 2003 Special Olympics venue.
Hosted at Morton Stadium is League of Ireland soccer team Sporting Fingal FC, 2009 FAI Cup champions and UEFA Europa League participants.[53] [54]
The county has many GAA teams, including Fingal GAA, who play in division 3B of the Allianz National Hurling League and in the Keogh Cup.
Towns and villages
Fingal varies enormously in character, from densely-populated suburban areas of the contiguous Dublin metropolitan to remote rural villages and almost-unpopulated agricultural townlands.
- Balbriggan, Baldoyle, Ballyboughal, Bayside, Blanchardstown
- Castleknock, Clonee, Clonsilla, Corduff
- Donabate
- Garristown
- Hollystown
- Howth
- Lusk
- Malahide, Mulhuddart
- Naul
- Oldtown, Ongar
- Portmarnock, Portrane
- Rush
- Rolestown (Rowlestown)
- Skerries, Swords, Sutton
- Tyrrelstown
Fingal County Council is also responsible for the northern-most parts of Ballymun, Santry and Finglas. The part of Kilbarrack now known as Bayside, along with Sutton and Howth (the peninsula was historically distinct from the plains of Fingal), were transferred from the city of Dublin in a somewhat controversial move[citation needed]. Clonee, a former rural area of Meath now with a heavily built-up hinterland, crosses the boundary between the old County of Dublin and County Meath, while Ongar is an adjacent newly-created residential development in western Clonsilla seeking to develop a "village" amenity.
Government
Fingal County Council, the local government authority, has its head office in Swords, with other major offices split between Swords and Blanchardstown. The county administration is headed by a County Manager, leading a team of functional heads and directors of services.[55]
Balbriggan has a Town Council, with some local governance, but the County Council has overall authority over the town.
County councillors
Fingal County Council has 24 directly elected members. The current Council Chair (Mayor) is Ciaran Byrne[56]. The members since the local election in 2009 are (with their electoral wards):[57]
Labour: 9 (up 3)
- Tom Kelleher* (Swords)
- Gerry McGuire* (Swords)
- Michael O'Donovan* (Mulhuddart)
- Peter Coyle* (Howth-Malahide)
- Peggy Hamill* (Castleknock)
- Ciaran Byrne* (Balbriggan)
- Patrick Nulty (Mulhuddart)
- Cian O'Callaghan (Howth-Malahide)
- Ken Farrell (Balbriggan)
Fine Gael: 6 (up 1)
- Anne Devitt* (Swords)
- Alan Farrell* (Howth-Malahide)
- Joan Maher* (Howth-Malahide)
- Eithne Loftus* (Castleknock)
- Kieran Dennison (Mulhuddart)
- Tom O'Leary (Balbriggan)
Fianna Fáil: 4 (down 1)
- Eoghan O'Brien* (Howth-Malahide)
- Darragh Butler* (Swords)
- Mags Murray* (Castleknock)
- David McGuinness (Mulhuddart)
Socialist Party: 3 (up 1)
- Clare Daly* (Swords)
- Ruth Coppinger* (Mulhuddart)
- Matt Waine (Castleknock) (replacing Joe Higgins MEP)
Independent: 2
- David O’Connor*
- May McKeon* (IFF)
(*) denotes councillors who were re-elected at the 2009 local elections
The names of the electoral wards are not exhaustive - the largest urban area, Blanchardstown, is not named, for example - but are assigned by central government simply for identification.
References
- ^ F.H.A. Allen and Kevin Whelan (editors), “Dublin City and County – From Prehistory to Present”, Geography Publications Dublin, 1992; p. 89 [ISBN 0-906602-19-X]
- ^ An Introduction to the Architectural Heritage of Fingal, published by Duchas - The Heritage Service, department of the Environment & Local Government, Dublin, 2002 [ISBN 0-7557-1256-0]
- ^ The original etymology of Fingal is well-explained in Charles Haliday, The Scandinavian Kingdom of Dublin, edited by John P. Prendergast, published by Alex. Thom & Co., Printers and Publishers, Dublin, 1881; pp. 1, 18 and 20. [1]
- ^ Robert Walsh,Fingal and its Churches – a Historical Sketch, Dublin and London, 1888; page 2
- ^ See Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland, by the Four Masters (written 1632-1636 by a team of Franciscan scholars, led by Br. Michael O’Clery, hereditary historian to the O’Donnell Kings and Princes of Tyrconnell, and based on records surviving from the earliest times; translated by John O’Donovan, ed., 1856, reprinted by De Burca Publishers, Dublin, 1998)
- ^ Irish Society, Anglo-Norman Settlers, Angevin Kingship, by Marie Therese Flanagan, Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1989, ed. 1998, p. 9)
- ^ Op. cit. Flanagan (page 179) also relates how High-King of Ireland, Brian Boru, used the title Imperator Scottorum (Emperor of the Irish) in 1005 (Scot originally meant Irish).
- ^ "Oxmantown" comes from the Ostmen or Norse who settled there, and gives its name to the Barony of the same name held by the heir apparent to the Earldom of Rosse
- ^ This story is taken from the History of the County of Dublin by John D’Alton, Esq. , M.R.I.A., Barrister-at-Law, Hodges and Smith, Dublin, 1838
- ^ For an account describing the religious undercurrents of this invasion, described as a “crusade” see “When the Normans came to Ireland” by Maurice Sheehy (former Professor of Palaeography and late Latin at University College, Dublin), published by Mercier Press, 1975 & 1998.
- ^ Note: A royal grant creates a tenant-in-chief, who could then also make a feudal grant by sub-infeudation that would create a lordship or seigneury of the grantor, still held by him in reversion.
- ^ The original is quoted: “et de incremento illi dono omnia feoda que prebuit vel que prebebit circa Duveliniam dum ballivus meus est ad faciendum mihi servicium apud civitatem meam Duveliniae”
- ^ Calendar of the Gormanston Register circa 1175-1397, being an extra volume of the Royal Society of the Antiquaries of Ireland, prepared and edited by James Mills, and M. J. McEnery, University Press, Dublin, 1916. See folio 5 of the Register; transliterated on page 6 of the Calendar
- ^ Irish Society, Anglo-Norman Settlers, Angevin Kingship, by Marie Therese Flanagan, Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1989, ed. 1998 (page 294)
- ^ Dublin, City and County from Prehistory to Present, edited by F.H.A. Allen and Kevin Whelan, Geography Publications, Dublin, 1992, page 91 and elsewhere for details of ancient manors and lordships
- ^ The Environs of Dublin, by Francis Elrington Ball, M.R.I.A, in volume I of his History of the County of Dublin, (1902)
- ^ History of Ireland by John D'Alton, 1910 (page 258)
- ^ Vicissitudes of Families by Sir Bernard Burke, Ulster King of Arms, Longman Green Longman and Roberts, Paternoster Row, London, 1861 (pages 363-364)
- ^ First names of grantees taken from corroborating text on page 259 of D'Alton's History of Ireland (1910)
- ^ Skrine is Skreen, or Skryne. The ancient parish from which it stems was called Scrinium Sancti Columbae and was derived from a shrine to St. Columba (ColmCille of the Cenel Conaill, proto-O'Donnells), brought over from Britain in 875, and held in a monastery there. Adam de Feypou erected a castle there, and his family founded a friary of eremites of the order of St. Augustine
- ^ Kilbixey lies today in County Westmeath. A Richard Costentyn also held the manor of Balrothery in Fingal in 1343 (see Close Rolls, in Rotulorum Cancellariae Hiberniae Calendarium, Tresham 1828)
- ^ King Henry II had sought a crown from the papacy for John’s use as King of Ireland. The crown was delivered at Christmas, 1185, but never used. After Henry’s death, King Richard I of England created John Count (Earl) of Mortain in 1189.
- ^ The History of the County of Dublin, by John D’Alton, Esq., M.R.I.A., Barrister-at-Law, Hodges and Smith, Dublin, 1838
- ^ D’Alton, op. cit. page 517
- ^ A tale also told in D’Alton, and recorded in the Rotulus Clausus (de anno 46 Edward III, para.22, page 100) in the Rotulorum Cancellariae Hiberniae Calendarium (Tresham, 1828)
- ^ Hugh de Lacy was killed in 1186 at Durrow. See Flanagan’s “Irish Society, etc.” op.cit., for an account of the intermediate period thereafter when his son Walter was still too young to assume his father’s mantle, and when Prince John administered grants until such time as King Richard assumed the Lordship of Ireland in 1194
- ^ Flanagan, op. cit., page 282
- ^ John, previously Prince, Lord of Ireland and Earl of Mortain, was crowned King of England in 1199: “Rex Angliae, Dominus Hiberniae, Dux Normanniae et Aquitanniae, et Comes Andegaviae, coronatus fuit in festo ascensionis Dominicae, A.D. 1199”
- ^ Thomas Duffus Hardy (editor), Rotuli Chartarum in Turri Londinensi Asservati, published in 1837; page 178, volume 1, part 1 (available in the Tower of London with copy in the Guildhall Library, London, containing the original text of the Grant of Fingal by King John, 1208)
- ^ See transliteration on page 178 (anno 9-10 Johann – AD 1208) of Vol.1, Part 1, of the Rotuli Chartarum in Turri Londinensi asservati - ab anno MCXCIX ad annum MCCXVI (Thoma Duffus Hardy, published in 1837 in reign of King William IV)
- ^ John D’Alton, “History of Ireland”, published by the author in Dublin, 1845; Volume I, page 259
- ^ Finglas once consisted of two parts: a western portion centred on the village of Finglas, and an eastern portion centered on Artane; see Sir William Petty’s map of County Dublin
- ^ Senkylle (p. 162) and Swerdes (p.134) , as well as “Fynglas” (p.134 and 162) are mentioned as baronies in the documents relating to the administration of the Earl of Ormond as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1420-1421)
- ^ O’Fagans were feudal Barons of Feltrim
- ^ The St.Lawrence family were originally feudal Barons of Howth
- ^ Senkylle (p. 162) and Swerdes (p.134) , as well as “Fynglas” (p.134 and 162) are mentioned as baronies in the documents relating to the administration of the Earl of Ormond as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1420-1421)
- ^ Charles Kidd and David Williamson (editors), ”Debrett’s Peerage and Baronetage 1995”, published by Debrett’s Peerage Limited, Macmillan, London, 1995 [ISBN UK: 0-333-41776-3; 0-333-62956-6; US: 0-312-12557-7], pages 534-535
- ^ James Mills and M.J. McEnery (editors), The Calendar of the Gormanston Register, Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, University Press, Dublin, 1916. The Gormanston Register is a collection of ancient manuscripts going back to the 12th century, belonging to the Viscounts Gormanston, and now lodged in the National Library of Ireland, in Dublin
- ^ ”The Calendar of the Gormanston Register”, page 2
- ^ Charles Mosley, Blood Royal - From the time of Alexander the Great to Queen Elizabeth II, published for Ruvigny Ltd, London, 2002 (O'Donnell listed as Baron of Fyngal, page v) [ISBN 0-9524229-9-9]
- ^ See Calendar of Documents Relating to Ireland, Volume 3, (1879 edition)
- ^ Calendar, op. cit., volume 4, (1881), paras. 48, 90, 113, 160, 208, 222, 261, 282, 301, 332, 364, 390, 443, 507, 528, 586
- ^ Rotulorum Cancellariae Hiberniae Calendarium in the National Library of Ireland (reference RR 941, li), pages/paragraphs 100/22, 136/191, 166/250
- ^ Mary Rose Carty, History of Killeen Castle, by published by Carty / Lynch, Dunsany, County Meath, Ireland, April 1991 [ISBN 0-9517382-0-8]. This includes a history of the Earls of Fingall - page 18 refers to Lucas Plunkett, the 1st Earl of Fingall, and identifies his first wife as Elizabeth O'Donnell of Tyrconnell, daughter of Rory O’Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell
- ^ A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland, Volume I, by Samuel Lewis, Published by S. Lewis & Co., London, 1837 (page 522)
- ^ Local Government Act, 2001 Part one, schedule five, pp195.
- ^ See Jan Jansson’s map of Ireland Hibernia Regnum Vulgo Ireland in “Het Koninckrijck Yrlandt” (Amsterdam, 1647) and related text: “In dese worden begrepen het grootste deel van Lagenia [Leinster], ende Media [Meath], ende’t ghedeelte van Ultonia [Ulster] , ‘twelck men Vrilia heedt, doch het voornaemste deel van Lagenia, met namen Fingalia [denoted as Fyngal on the accompanying map], naest aen Dublijn [Dublin] in’t noorden ghelegen/meriteert de eerste plaetse/ende Media de tweede.”
- ^ "compreg.pdf." Ryanair. Retrieved on 25 May 2009.
- ^ "Contact Us." Aer Lingus. Retrieved on 25 May 2009.
- ^ Fingal Commits - Local Authority adopts Radical Planning Requirements -:- Construct Ireland
- ^ EU Energy Commissioner on Ireland's Energy Future -:- Construct Ireland
- ^ Fingal - Economic Profile
- ^ "Sligo Rovers 1-2 Sporting Fingal". RTE Sport. 2009-11-22. Retrieved 2009-11-22.
- ^ "Late surge gives Sporting a year to remember". Irish Times. 2009-11-23. Retrieved 2009-11-26.
- ^ Fingal County Council Management Team, on official website retrieved 17 Dec. 2009
- ^ Fingal County Council - Mayor and Deputy Mayor - official website retrieved 17 Dec. 2009
- ^ Fingal County Council - Councillors - official website retrieved 17 Dec. 2009, this page and click-throughs on map
Bibliography
- Fingal and its Churches - A Historical Sketch, by Robert Walsh, M. A., Dublin and London, 1888.
- Rotuli Chartarum in Turri Londinensi Asservati, edited by Thomas Duffus Hardy, published in 1837. (Available in the Tower of London and in the Guildhall Library, London, it contains original text of the Grant of Fingal by King John in 1208).
- The Calendar of the Gormanston Register, Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, edited by James Mills and M.J. McEnery, University Press, Dublin, 1916. The Gormanston Register is a collection of ancient manuscripts going back to the 12th century, belonging to the Viscounts Gormanston, and now lodged in the National Library of Ireland, in Dublin.
- History of Killeen Castle, by Mary Rose Carty, published by Carty / Lynch, Dunsany, County Meath, Ireland, April 1991 (ISBN 0-9517382-0-8). This includes a history of the Earls of Fingall - page 18 refers to Lucas Plunkett, the 1st Earl of Fingall, whose first wife was Elizabeth O'Donnell of Tyrconnell, 1st Countess of Fingall.
- Blood Royal - From the time of Alexander the Great to Queen Elizabeth II, by Charles Mosley (genealogist), published for Ruvigny Ltd, London, 2002 (O'Donnell listed as Baron of Fyngal, page v) ISBN 0-9524229-9-9
- History of the County of Dublin, by Francis Elrington Ball, Dublin, 1902.
- History of the County of Dublin, by John D'Alton, Esq., M.R.I.A. Hodges and Smith, Dublin, 1838.
- Dublin City and County: From Prehistory to Present, edited by F.H.A. Aalen and Kevin Whelan, Geography Publications, Dublin, 1992 [ISBN 0-906602-19-X].
- Seventy Years Young, Memoirs of Elizabeth, Countess of Fingall, by Elizabeth Burke Plunkett, Lady Fingall. First published by Collins of London in 1937; 1991 edition published by The Lilliput Press, Dublin 7, Ireland [ISBN 0 946640 74 2]. This Elizabeth was a Burke from Moycullen in County Galway, who married the 11th Earl of Fingall, and should not be confused with Elizabeth O'Donnell, 1st Countess of Fingal.
- The Scandinavian Kingdom of Dublin, by Charles Haliday, edited by John P. Prendergast, published by Alex. Thom & Co., Printers and Publishers, Dublin, 1881.
- Debrett’s Peerage and Baronetage 1995, edited by Charles Kidd and David Williamson, published by Debrett’s Peerage Limited, Macmillan, London, 1995 [ISBN UK: 0-333-41776-3; 0-333-62956-6; US: 0-312-12557-7]