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1952 Winter Olympics

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The 1952 Winter Olympics, officially known as the VI Olympic Winter Games, was a winter multi-sport event celebrated in 1952 in Oslo, Norway. This celebration of the Games was held from 14 February to 25 February 1952. Discussions about Oslo hosting a Winter Olympic Games started in 1935. A target was set for Oslo to host the 1948 Games, but after World War II this was deemed unfeasible. Instead Oslo was awarded the right to host the 1952 Games when it beat out Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, and Lake Placid, United States. The city of Oslo bore the financial burden of hosting the Games. Most of the venues were in the Oslo metropolitan area with the exception of the alpine skiing events, which were held at Norefjell; a 113 km (70 mi) drive from the captial. A new hotel was built for the press and traveling dignitaries, and three buildings were converted into quarters for athletes and coaches.

Thirty countries and 693 athletes participated in six sports and twenty-two events. After significant debate, Japan and Germany made their return to Olympic competition after being forced to miss the 1948 Games due to their involvement in World War II. Germany was represented only by West German athletes due to the fact that East Germany had declined to compete with West Germany as a unified team. Portugal and New Zealand made their Winter Olympic debut. King George VI of Great Britain, who passed away eight days prior to the start of the Games, was honoured during the opening ceremonies.

Norwegian truck driver Hjalmar Andersen won three out of four speed skating events. His three gold medals were the largest total for an athlete at the Games. Germany regained its former bobsleigh glory with wins in both the four and two-man events. Dick Button, of the United States, performed the first triple jump in international competition to claim his second consecutive men's figure skating Olympic title. Women were allowed to compete in cross-country skiing for the first time. The 1952 Games also featured one demonstration sport, bandy, but only the three Scandanavian countries competed in the tournament. Norway dominated the medal count with sixteen medals, seven of which were gold. The Games were closed with the presentation of a flag that would be passed from one Winter Olympics host city to the next. The flag, which became known as the "Oslo flag", has been preserved and continues to travel from host city to host city where it is displayed during the Games.

Host city selection

A map of Norway with Oslo marked in the south east of the country.
A map of Norway with Oslo marked in the south east of the country.
Oslo
class=notpageimage|
Location of Oslo in Norway

Oslo is the capital city of Norway. Oslo had originally petitioned the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to host the 1936 Winter Olympics[1] This was denied due to the tradition of allowing the host nation of the Summer Olympics to also host the Winter Games.[1] World War II put the Olympics on hiatus until 1948, when the Games were held in St. Moritz, Switzerland.[2] London, host of the 1948 Summer Olympics recommended Oslo host the 1948 Winter Games, but Oslo demurred citing a desire to focus their resources on rebuilding after the war.[1] Support for hosting a Winter Olympics in Norway was mixed.[3] Despite Norwegian success at previous Games, cultural sentiment ran against competitive winter sports, especially competitive skiing.[4] Despite this resistence the organisers saw the 1952 Games as a chance to promote national unity, and to showcase to the world that Norway had recovered from the recent war.[5] The IOC voted to award the 1952 Winter Games to Oslo on 1 June, 1947 at the 40th IOC Session in Stockholm, Sweden.[6] The 1952 Winter Olympics marked the first time that a nation's capital had ever hosted a Winter Games.[7] It was also the first time that the Winter Games were hosted in a Scandanavian country.[1]

1952 Winter Olympics Bidding Results[8]
City NOC Name Round 1
Oslo  Norway 18
Cortina d'Ampezzo  Italy 9
Lake Placid, New York  United States 1

Organisation

The responsibility of organising the 1952 Games was assigned to a special organising committee consisting of four Norwegian sports officials and four representatives from the municipality of Oslo, including the mayor Brynjulf Bull.[6] The committee was in place by December 1947.[9] Funding for the organisation of the Games came entirely from the city of Oslo in exchange for all revenues generated during the Games.[10] In order to accommodate the influx of athletes and coaches it was decided that quarters designated for competitors and support staff would be constructed. Three new facilities (forerunners to the athlete's villages of later Games) were built and housed all of the athletes and coaches.[11] The city of Oslo undertook the construction of a new hotel, the Viking Hotel, which was used for IOC delegates and out-of-town dignitaries.[12] The hotel also became the communication hub of a significantly expanded telecommunications network.[13] A new indoor ice hockey arena, a first for the Games, was constructed and hosted the eight-team tournament.[14][15] Since Oslo already had a central arena, Bislett stadion, there was no need to construct a new venue to host the opening and closing ceremonies and speed skating events. Improvements to Bislett stadion included an overhaul of the lighting and sound system, a remodel of the club house and press rooms, and the addition of a medical office, which acted as the center for all medical work done in Oslo during the Games.[16]

Politics

Anti-German sentiment was prevalent during the discussions on whether or not to allow Germany to participate in the 1952 Winter Games.[17] In 1950 the IOC recognised the West German Olympic Committee and invited West Germany to compete at the 1952 Winter Games.[18] East Germany was also invited to participate with West Germany as a unified team, but they declined the invitation.[19] Norway was especially reticent to welcome Nazi sympathizers back into the Olympic fold.[17] For example, Norwegian speed skater Finn Hodt was not allowed a spot on the Norwegian speed skating team due to the fact that he had been a Nazi collaborator during the war.[17] Despite its recognition of the West German Olympic Committee, the IOC recommended that Germany not be invited to the 1952 Winter Games due to a fear that their presence would spark political boycotts.[20] Norway insisted though, and both Japan and Germany (represented only by West German athletes), were invited.[17] The Soviet Union was also on the fringe of Olympic competition, having also been recognised by the IOC.[21] There was heavy speculation that the Soviets would send a hockey team but their application to join the International Ice Hockey Federation was received late and they were denied admittance in time for the Games.[22]

Events

Opening ceremonies

The opening ceremonies were held in Bislett stadion and took place on 15 February.[14] King George VI of Great Britain died on 6 February 1952, eight days before the start of the Games.[23] As a result all national flags were flown at half-mast, and Princess Ragnhild performed the honour of opening the Games in place of her father, King Hákon VII, who was in London attending the funeral.[24] This was the first time an Olympic Games had been declared open by a woman.[7] The parade of nations was held according to tradition with Greece first, the rest of the nations proceeding by Norwegian alphabetical order, and Norway last.[25] Due to the death of their monarch, the British, Australian, Canadian and New Zealand teams all wore black arm bands at the opening ceremonies.[26] After the parade of nations the Olympic flame was lit.[14] The Olympic torch had been lit in the hearth of the Morgedal House, birthplace of skiing pioneer Sondre Norheim.[7] The first Winter Olympic torch relay lasted two days and took place entirely on skis.[25][7] The final torch bearer, Eigil Nansen, received the Olympic flame and skied to a set of stairs where he removed his skis, ascended the stairs, and ignited the flame.[27]

Due to scheduling conflicts, bobsleigh and alpine skiing events were held on 14 February.[28] The competitors in these events were unable to attend the formal opening ceremonies in Oslo, consequently simple opening ceremonies were held at Frognerseteren, site of the bobsleigh events, and Norefjell, site of the alpine skiing events.[29] Princess Ragnhild participated in the opening ceremonies in Norefjell.[29]

Bobsleigh

Main article: Bobsleigh at the 1952 Winter Olympics

After a 16-year hiatus from Olympic competition, Germany made a triumphant return to the bobsleigh competition, winning both the 2-man and 4-man events.[30] The results for both bobsleigh events were the same, with the United States and Switzerland taking silver and bronze respectively.[30] Fritz Feierabend from Switzerland participated in both the two and four-man competitions. His two bronze medals were the culmination of an Olympic career that spanned sixteen years, three Olympics, and five medals.[31] There were no weight restrictions on the bobsleigh athletes, consequently the average weight for each member of the winning German four-man team was 117 kg (258 lb), which was more than the Olympic heavyweight boxing champion in 1952.[30] Seeing the undo advantage overweight athletes brought to their teams, the International Federation for Bobsleigh and Toboganning instituted a weight limit for future Olympics.[32]

Ice hockey

Main article: Ice hockey at the 1952 Winter Olympics
The jersey of Canada's Edmonton Mercurys, the ice hockey gold medal winners

A majority of the ice hockey tournament took place at Jordal Amfi, a new hockey stadium built for the Games.[33] The rest of the games were played at the following stadiums: Kadettangen, Dælenenga idrettspark, Lillestrøm stadion and Marienlyst Stadion.[34] Eight teams played in the tournament and Canada repeated as gold medal champions.[35] Canada had won all but one Olympic hockey tournament held thus far. 1952 would mark the end of the Canadian hockey hegemony at the Olympics though, as the Soviet Union would emerge as the dominant force in international hockey at the 1956 Games.[36] The gold medal game was played to a 3–3 tie, which, based on international rules at the time, gave the gold to Canada and the silver to the United States. It also forced Sweden and Czechoslovakia to play for the bronze medal, which went to Sweden.[35] This result was decried by the Soviet press who accused the Canadian and United States teams of conspiring to reach a tie to ensure a favorable outcome for the North American teams.[37] The teams from Canada and the United States were also castigated for their rough play.[37][35] While body checking was legal, it was not often used by European teams, though frequently employed by their North American counterparts. Their opponents and spectators took a dim view to this style of play.[37][35]

Speed skating

Main article: Speed skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics

All of the speed skating events were held at Bislett stadion, which held 29,000 spectators, far more than any previous Winter Games.[38] Norwegian truck driver Hjalmar Andersen electrified the partisan crowd by winning three out of the four events.[38][39] His margins of victory in the 5,000 and 10,000 meter events were the largest in Olympic history.[7] Dutch skaters Wim van der Voort and Kees Broekman placed second to Anderson in every race.[38] They won the first Olympic medals for Holland in speed skating.[38] Absent from the competition was former world champion Kornél Pajor. The Hungarian-born speed skater had won both long distances at the World Championships held in Oslo in 1949 and then defected to Sweden.[38] He was unable to gain Swedish citizenship in time to compete in 1952.[38]

Alpine skiing

Main article: Alpine skiing at the 1952 Winter Olympics

There were three events on the Olympic programme for alpine skiing; the slalom, giant slalom and downhill. Both men and women competed in all three events. Norfjell and Rødkleiva were the sites of the apline events.[40] Austrian skiers dominated the competition winning seven out of a possible eighteen medals. Othmar Schneider won gold and silver in the men's slalom and downhill, while Norwegian Stein Eriksen won gold in the men's giant slalom and silver in the slalom.[40] Greek slalom skier Antoin Miliordos became infamous when he fell eighteen times on his run and crossed the finish line backwards.[41] American skier Andrea Mead-Lawrence was the only double gold medallist when she won both the giant slalom and the slalom. She was the first skier from the United States to ever win two alpine skiing gold medals.[42]

Cross-country skiing

Main article: Cross-country skiing at the 1952 Winter Olympics
A man skiing with wooden skis and poles
Nils Karlsson skiing at the 1952 Winter Games

All of the cross-country events were held adjacent to the ski jump hill. As had been the case in 1948 there were three events, 18 kilometers, 50 kilometers, and a relay.[43] Added to the Olympic programme for the first time was a 10 kilometer race for women.[44] Finnish skier Lydia Wideman became the first female Olympic champion in cross-country skiing.[43] Her teammates Mirja Hietamies and Siiri Rantanen won silver and bronze.[43] All the cross-country medals were won by Scandanavians; with skiers from Finland taking eight out of the twelve possible medals.[43] Veikko Hakulinen won the 50 kilometer race to inaugurate an Olympic career that would garner seven medals, three of them gold.[44] Hallgeir Brenden won the 18 kilometer race and helped Norway take the silver in the 4x10 kilometer relay. Brenden would go on to win another gold in the men's 15 kilometer race in 1956, and a silver in the relay in 1960.[45]

Nordic combined

Main article: Nordic combined at the 1952 Winter Olympics

The nordic combined event at the 1952 Games was held at the cross-country and ski jump venues. The event started with an 18 kilometer cross-country race, the next day the competitors would take three jumps from the Holmenkollbakken. The best two marks would count, along with the results of the cross-country race, to determine a winner.[46] Norway dominated the event when Simon Slåttvik took gold and his teammate, Sverre Stenersen won the bronze.[47] Stenersen would go on to win the gold at the 1956 Games in the same event.[48] Heikki Hasu from Finland won the silver to prevent a Norwegian sweep of the medals.[47]

Ski jumping

Main article: Ski jumping at the 1952 Winter Olympics

Crowds in excess of 100,000 greeted ski jumpers as they competed at the Holmenkollbakken.[49] In 1952 there was only one competition, the men's normal hill, which was held on 24 February.[50] The king, Crown Prince Harald, and Princess Ragnhild were in attendance.[49] The Norwegian athletes did not disappoint the crowd, Arnfinn Bergmann and Torbjørn Falkanger placed first and second with Swedish jumper Karl Holmström taking the bronze.[51] Norwegian athletes won the aki jumping gold medal in each Olympics from 1924 to 1952. The sport would leave them behind after 1952 until their reemergence at the 1964 Winter Olympics.[52]

Figure skating

Main article: Figure skating at the 1952 Winter Olympics
A gold disk with the words "Jeux Olympique citius altius fortius Olympia" along with a torch and the five interlocking rings symbolic of the Olympic Games
Dick Button's gold medal from the 1952 Winter Olympics

There were three events in the Olympic figure skating competition; men's singles, women's singles and mixed pairs. The competition was held at the Bislett stadion in a rink constructed on the inside of the speed skating track.[53] Computers were first used in the 1952 Olympic figure skating competition to tabulate scores instantly.[7] A slowly emerging trend in the judging of the figure skating competition was coalitions of judges colluding to influence results. In the three years prior to the 1952 Games the International Skating Union had banned five judges for attempting to fix scores.[53] This trend would increase with the inclusion of the Soviet Union and Communist bloc countries.[53] The men's competition was won by Dick Button of the United States. Helmut Seibt of Austria took silver and James Grogan of the United States won the bronze.[54] Dick Button became the first person ever to land a triple jump in competition when he performed the triple loop in the men's free skate.[55][56] British skater Jeannette Altwegg became the women's figure skating champion. The silver was awarded to American Tenley Albright, who would go on to win gold at the 1956 Winter Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo.[57] Jacqueline du Bief of France won the bronze.[58] The German husband and wife pair of Ria and Paul Falk won the mixed pairs competition.[59] They defeated Karol and Peter Kennedy, brother and sister from the United States, who placed second.[60] The bronze medal was won by Hungarian siblings Marianna and László Nagy.[61]

Bandy

Main article: Bandy at the 1952 Winter Olympics

Bandy is a game played by teams of eleven on a sheet of ice the size of a soccer field. The aim is to get a ball the size of a tennis ball into the opposing team's net using sticks that are about 1.2 m (3.9 ft) long.[62] The IOC lobbied the organising committee to host either military patrol or curling as a demonstration sport.[22] The organising committee rejected this proposal and instead selected bandy as the demonstration sport.[63] As a demonstration sport the participants were not eligible to receive medals. Three teams participated, Finland, Norway and Sweden.[64] All three teams won one game and lost one game, so the final outcome, determined by goals scored, was Sweden in first place, Norway in second and Finland placed third.[65] Two of the games were played at Dæhlenenga stadion and one was played at Bislett.[65]

Closing ceremonies

White flag hanging from the ceiling with the five interlocking rings symbolic of the Olympic Games. The rings are each a different color with blue, yellow, black, green, and red.
The "Oslo flag" used during the closing ceremonies of the 1952 Winter Games

At every Winter Games until 1952, the closing ceremonies were appended to the final event on the Olympic programme. This changed in 1952 and the closing ceremonies were given a unique listing on the programme with special tickets sold for the event.[66] The closing ceremonies took place on Monday evening, 25 February, in Bislett stadion.[67] Flag bearers for all the nations marched into the stadium in the order in which they arrived at the opening of the Games. Four medal ceremonies were held to honour the winners of the ladies' cross-country race, the men's cross-country relay, the ski jumping competition, and the ice hockey tournament.[67]

A new tradition was started at the closing ceremonies. The Summer Olympics had a flag, the "Antwerp flag", that was passed from host city to host city.[68] The Oslo organising committee indicated that should the city of Oslo provide a similar flag that it would likely establish the same tradition for the Winter Games. The suggestion was approved by the city council and a flag was created for this purpose.[68] Brynjulf Bull, the mayor of Oslo, passed the Olympic flag to the president of the IOC, Sigfrid Edström. Upon receipt of the flag, Edström declared that this particular flag would be used to officially pass the Games from one Winter Olympic host city to the next. The flag used for this ceremony, known as the "Oslo flag", has since been preserved and a replica is now used in its place. The Oslo flag resides in a display case that also carries the names of each Winter Olympics host city engraved on brass plaques. The flag travels from one Winter Olympics host city to the next and is displayed during the Games.[69]

After the flag ceremony the Olympic flame was extinguished and a special speed skating race was held. The figure skating competitors then took to the ice for an exhibition.[70] This was followed by forty children in national costumes who performed an ice dance.[71] For a finale the lights were extinguished and a twenty-minute fireworks display lit up the night sky.[70]

Calendar

The official opening ceremonies were held on 15 February, though two smaller ceremonies were held on 14 February to conform with competition schedules.[72] From 15 February until 25 February, the day of the closing ceremonies, at least one event final was held each day.[73]

 ●  Opening ceremonies     Event competitions  ●  Event finals  ●  Closing ceremonies
February 1952[73] 14
Thu 		15
Fri 		16
Sat 		17
Sun 		18
Mon 		19
Tue 		20
Wed 		21
Thu 		22
Fri 		23
Sat 		24
Sun 		25
Mon 		Gold
medals
Ceremonies ● ●
Bobsleigh   ●   ● 2
Ice hockey                     ● 1
Figure skating       ● ● ● 3
Speed skating ● ● ● ● 4
Alpine skiing ● ● ● ● ● ● 6
Cross-country skiing ● ● ●● 4
Nordic combined   ● 1
Ski jumping ● 1
Bandy†      
Total gold medals 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 22
Cumulative Total 1 3 5 7 10 12 15 16 18 20 21 22 22

† Bandy was a demonstration sport at the 1952 Winter Games. Therefore no medals were awarded.

Venues

Gate into Bislett Stadion, above is the symbol of the Olympics, five interlocking rings
An entry gate to Bislett stadion

The Bislett stadion was the centrepiece of the Games. It hosted the opening and closing ceremonies, all of the speed skating events, and the figure skating competition. With a capacity of roughly 29,000 spectators, Bislett was large enough to contain a 400 m (1,300 ft) speed skating track.[74] Within the track there was a 30 m (98 ft) x 60 m (200 ft) rink used for figure skating. The track and the rink were speparated by snow banks.[74] Because it was an outdoor arena, a secondary location had to be designated should the weather not allow athletic competition. Tryvann and Hamar stadions were selected as replacement venues.[34] Hamar would host the speed skating events at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer.[7]

At the demands of the International Ice Hockey Federation, an artificial ice hockey rink was constructed and became the first Olympic ice hockey tournament on artificial ice.[14] The stadium was called Jordal Amfi, and was built in a residential part of eastern Oslo.[75] The rink accommodated 10,000 spectators situated in stands that rose steeply from the ice surface.[76] Four other arenas hosted hockey games during the Olympics but of the thirty-six matches in the tournament, twenty-three were played at Jordal Amfi.[34] The remaining matches were played at the following arenas: Kadettangen, Dælenenga idrettspark, Lillestrøm stadion and Marienlyst Stadion.[34]

A view of a ski jump hill with crowds surrounding the landing area
The Holmenkollbakken two weeks after the Games

The Holmenkollen hosted the ski jump and cross-country races. The Holmenkollbakken was located roughly 8 km (5.0 mi) from the centre of Oslo.[77] It was built in 1892 and consequently was in need of upgrades to meet international standards. Originally built of wood, the structure was replaced with a concrete tower and jump run.[78] Stands were erected to seat 13,000 people. Capacity for an additional 130,000 standing spectators was created at the base of the hill.[79] Traffic was a considerable concern given the expected crowds, consequently a new road was constructed and the existing thoroughfare was significantly widened.[80]

All of the cross-country and nordic combined races started and ended at the base of the ski jump hill.[80] The surrounding hills met the competitive demands for an elite cross-country ski event.[80] A switch board was posted at the start and finish lines to help spectators monitor the progress of the competitors during the races.[81] Most of the stands built for the ski jump competition had to be removed for the cross-country races. As a result there was little room for spectators to sit and watch the cross-country events. Spectators were therefore allowed to walk within the course to cheer on the competitors.[80]

The alpine skiing events were split between Norefjell and Rødkleiva. Downhill and giant slalom, which was making it's Olympic debut, were at Norefjell, while Rødkleiva hosted the slalom events.[82] Rødkleiva was located on the same hill as Holmenkollen, the Frognerseter hill. The elevation difference between the start and finish was 200 m (660 ft) and the length of the course was 480 m (1,570 ft).[82] A tow rope was also installed to facilitate transporting competitors from the bottom to the top of the hill. The rest of the alpine events were at Norefjell, which was 113 km (70 mi) from Oslo, and the only venue located away from the capital city.[13] Considerable work was done to make the area suitable for Olympic competition. A bridge across Lake Krøderen was built to help with transportation concerns. A new hotel, two ski lifts, and a new road were also constructed.[82]

There was no permanent bobsleigh run in the Oslo or in Norway as there was very little interest in the sport.[83] As a result the organisers decided to build a temporary course out of snow.[17] The Frognerseter hill was selected as the site for the bobsleigh events. The length of the course was 1,508 m (4,948 ft) and had thirteen turns.[84] The run was built and tested in 1951. It was then rebuilt in 1952 in time for the Games.[17]

Participating nations

A total of 30 nations sent athletes to compete at these Games, which was the highest number to that date.[14] New Zealand and Portugal participated at the Winter Olympic Games for the first time. Australia, Germany, and Japan returned, after having missed the 1948 Winter Olympics. South Korea, Liechtenstein, and Turkey did not participate in 1952, after having competed in 1948.

Medal count

Main article: 1952 Winter Olympics medal table

These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1952 Winter Games.[14]

1  Norway (host nation) 7 3 6 16
2  United States 4 6 1 11
3  Finland 3 4 2 9
4  Germany 3 2 2 7
5  Austria 2 4 2 8
6  Canada 1 0 1 2
 Italy 1 0 1 2
8  Great Britain 1 0 0 1
9  Netherlands 0 3 0 3
10  Sweden 0 0 4 4

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Findling and Pelle (1996), p. 252
  2. ^ "St. Moritz, 1948". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
  3. ^ Klausen (1999), p. 28
  4. ^ Klausen (1999), pp. 28–29
  5. ^ Klausen (1999), p. 29
  6. ^ a b Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 20
  7. ^ a b c d e f g "Oslo 1952". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
  8. ^ "Past Olympic Host City Election Results". Gamesbids.com. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
  9. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 21
  10. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 57
  11. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 23
  12. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 42–43
  13. ^ a b Ringstad, J. "Telecommunications for the VI Olympic Winter Games, Oslo 1952" (pdf). Telenore.com. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  14. ^ a b c d e f "1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
  15. ^ Findling and Pelle (1996), p. 256
  16. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 29–30
  17. ^ a b c d e f Findling and Pelle (1996), p. 254
  18. ^ Hill (1992), p. 34
  19. ^ Hill (1992), p. 35
  20. ^ Espy (1981), p. 32
  21. ^ Findling and Pelle (1996), pp. 254–255
  22. ^ a b Findling and Pelle (1996), p. 255
  23. ^ "1952: King George VI dies in his sleep". BBC. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
  24. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 175
  25. ^ a b Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 176
  26. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 178
  27. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 177
  28. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 172
  29. ^ a b Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 180
  30. ^ a b c "Bobsleigh at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  31. ^ "Fritz Feierabend". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
  32. ^ Findling and Pelle (1996), pp. 255–256
  33. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 41
  34. ^ a b c d Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 31-32
  35. ^ a b c d "Ice Hockey at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sport Reference LLC. Retrieved 2010-08-32. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  36. ^ "1952-Winter Olympics VI (Oslo, Norway)". The Sports Network. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  37. ^ a b c Findling and Pelle (1996), p. 256
  38. ^ a b c d e f "Speed Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  39. ^ "Speed Skating History". National Speed Skating Museum. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  40. ^ a b "Alpine Skiing at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  41. ^ "A Record Unlikely Ever to be Broken". CBS News. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
  42. ^ Heinemann (1996), p. 281
  43. ^ a b c d "Cross Country Skiing at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  44. ^ a b Judd (2008), p. 27
  45. ^ "Hallgeir Brenden". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2010-09-08.
  46. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 203
  47. ^ a b "Nordic Combined at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  48. ^ "Sverre Stenersen". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  49. ^ a b Organising committee for VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 207
  50. ^ Organising committee for VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 206
  51. ^ "Ski Jumping at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  52. ^ Judd (2008), p. 230
  53. ^ a b c "Figure Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  54. ^ "Figure Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games-Men's Singles". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  55. ^ "Oslo 1952-Overview". ESPN. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  56. ^ Judd (2008), p. 95
  57. ^ Zillgitt, Jeff (2006-02-24). "Skating Great Albright steps back". USA Today. USAToday.com. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
  58. ^ "Figure Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games-Women's Singles". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  59. ^ "Germany Figure Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  60. ^ "United States Figure Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  61. ^ "Hungary Figure Skating at the 1952 Oslo Winter Games". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2010-08-31.
  62. ^ "What is Bandy". American Bandy Association. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
  63. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 215
  64. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 147
  65. ^ a b Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p.216
  66. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 182
  67. ^ a b Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 183
  68. ^ a b Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 187
  69. ^ "The Olympic Flag and Emblem". The Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
  70. ^ a b Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 184
  71. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 185
  72. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 180-181
  73. ^ a b Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 75
  74. ^ a b Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 28
  75. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 30
  76. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 31
  77. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 32
  78. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 32–33
  79. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games(1952), p. 33
  80. ^ a b c d Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 34
  81. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 35
  82. ^ a b c Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), pp. 35–36
  83. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 38
  84. ^ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952), p. 39

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1952 Winter Olympics.
Preceded by Winter Olympics
Oslo
IV Olympic Winter Games (1952) 		Succeeded by
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