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List of Russian inventions

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"List of Russian Inventions" redirects here. For the timeline of Russian Inventions, see Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records.

Ancient inventions

Inventions which originated on the territory of the Russian Plain, Northern Russia, North Caucasus and Siberia from Mesolithic to the Bronze Age.

  • ...
  • Oldest preserved:

Agriculture and biotechnology

External image
image icon Rabbage, the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through the crossbreeding.
File:Blinov.jpg
The draft of Fyodor Blinov's steam-powered continuous track vehicle.
Drum machine.

Arts and music

Chemistry

Communications

External image
image icon Kupriyanovich's 1958 pocket phone. More info (in Russian).

Computing and information technology

Cuisine

  • Soups
Botvinya 1 · Kalya 2 · Malosol 3 · Okroshka · Rassolnik · Shchi · Solyanka · Tyurya 4 · Ukha
  • Meat, fish, dairy products
Aibat-nyarhul 5 · Balyk · Chopsy Shomoh 6 · Khinkal 7 · Smetana · Stroganina 8
  • Pies, wraps, pancakes
Blini · Khingalsh 9 · Khychin 10 · Kulebyaka · Litsuklibzhe 11 · Ochpochmak · Peremech 12 · Pirog · Pirozhki · Qabartma 13 · Qistibi · Syrniki · Vatrushka
  • Drinks, alcoholic beverages
Baked milk [13] · Kefir · Kissel · Kvas [14][N 2] · Mors 14 · Medovukha · Russian vodka · Sbiten
  • Snacks
Chakchak · Kozuli 15 · Tetyory 16 · Tula gingerbread · Urbech 17
  • Other
Borodinsky (bread) · Khrenovina (sauce) · Pelmeni (dumpling) · Vareniki (dumpling)


Russian wikipedia articles:
1 - Ботвинья　2 - Калья　4 - Тюря　7 - Хинкал　8 - Строганина　10 - Хычин　12 - Перемяч　14 - Морс　15 - Козули　16 - Тетёры　17 - Урбеч　

Culture-specific inventions

Art

Multi-domed church with kokoshniki arches.
Rozhoks from the Russian ethnographic museum.

Architecture

Music

Clothing

Earth studies

Energy

Oil and gas

Nuclear energy

Everyday life

Light-emitting diode.

Food preparation, kitchenware

Housing and structural engineering

Mechanical engineering

Manual metal arc.

Medicine

Metallurgy

Military

File:Felix Dzerzhinsky 1919.jpg
Peaked cap. Pictured: Feliks Dzierżyński.

Major innovations that became standard means of modern warfare are in bold.

Air Force

Artillery

Cold weaponry

Firearms

Gear

Rocketry

Military vehicles

Navy

Nanotechnology

Physics

Recording

Stereo camera, another Russian invention.

Audio

Photography

Video

Space exploration

File:2000px-Space elevator structural diagram--corrected for scale+CM+etc.TIF
The idea of the space elevator appeared in 1895 when Konstantin Tsiolkovsky envisioned a tower that would reach all the way into space, built from the ground up to an altitude of 35,790 kilometers above sea level (geostationary orbit). In 1959 Yuri Artsutanov suggested a more feasible proposal. He proposed using a geostationary satellite as the base from which to deploy the structure downward. By using a counterweight, a cable would be lowered from GSO to the surface of Earth, while the counterweight was extended from the satellite away from Earth, keeping the center of gravity of the cable motionless relative to Earth.

Dates in green - inventions made before Space Era.

Sports and games

Transportation

File:Elmanov.gif
The drawing of the structure of Elmanov's monorail.

Maritime

Rail transport

Aviation

Other

Inventions by Russian emigrants

File:Igor Sikorsky and Orville Wright by Sikorsky XR-4 1942 USAF.JPG
Igor Sikorsky (left), the designer of standard-scheme helicopter and world's first airliner and bomber.

: Modern helicopter

: Tandem rotor helicopter (first to fly freely)

: Croix Sonore

: Continuous-wave-operating diode laser (with Zhores Alfyorov)

: Kinescope · Iconoscope (with Semyon Katayev)

: Electrical filament · Incandescent light bulb

: Modern ship hull design

: Saccharin

: Finite element method

: Graphene (with Andrei Geim)

: Three-phase electric power

: Ionocraft · Gyroscopically stabilized bombsight

Russian discoveries

Technology records

Soyuz, the most successful means of space transportation.

— Tsar Bell (the largest and heaviest bell in the world)
— Trans-Siberian Railway (the longest railway in the world)
— Moscow Metro (the world's most heavily used single operator metro system)
— Leningrad Metro (the deepest subway in the world)
— Druzhba pipeline (the longest oil pipeline system in the world)
— Proton rocket (the most used heavy lift launch system)
— Soyuz rocket (the most frequently used and most reliable launch vehicle in the world) [48]
— The Motherland Calls (the largest complex sculpture)
— Lunokhod 2 (longest distance of surface travel of any extraterrestrial vehicle) [49]
— Arktika class icebreaker (the world's most powerful nuclear icebreaker; the first surface ship to reach the North Pole)
— MIR submersible (the first to reach the seabed under the North Pole; developed in cooperation with Finland)
— RD-170 rocket engine (the world's most powerful liquid-fuel rocket engine)
— An-225 (the largest fixed-wing aircraft)
— Kola Superdeep Borehole (the deepest borehole)
— Mirny Mine (the largest diamond mine in the world and the second largest human-made excavation)
— NS 50 Years Since Victory (the world's largest nuclear powered icebreaker, and the largest icebreaker in general)
— Nord Stream (the longest offshore pipeline)
— Russky Island Bridge (the longest cable-stayed bridge)
— SP-117 (allegedly the most potent truth drug)

Weaponry records

— Great Abatis Line (the largest fortification line of abatis type)
— Tsar Cannon (the largest-calibre bombard)
— Three-line rifle (the most produced rifle of the era)
— Polikarpov Po-2 (world's most produced biplane)
— Ilyushin Il-2 (world's most produced combat aircraft)
— T-34 (the most successful tank design of World War II) [50]
— T-54/55 (world's most produced tank)
— MiG-15 (world's most produced jet aircraft)
— AK-47 (world's most produced assault rifle; more AK-type rifles have been produced than all other assault rifles combined)
— MiG-21 (world's most produced supersonic aircraft)
— S-75 Dvina (the most widely-deployed and -used air defense missile in history)
— RPG-7 (world's most used anti-tank weapon)
— Mil Mi-8 (world's most-produced helicopter)
— Tsar Bomb (the most powerful weapon ever tested)
— TKB-022PM (best barrel length to overall length ratio)
— KM "Caspian Monster" (the largest ekranoplan and the second largest fixed-wing aircraft (Russian wikipedia article))
— Mil Mi-12 (the largest helicopter ever built)
— Kirov class battlecruiser (the largest and heaviest surface combatant warships currently in active operation in the world)
— R-36M (ICBM with the heaviest throw-weight)
— Typhoon class submarine (the largest submarine ever built)
— Tupolev Tu-160 (the world's largest combat, supersonic, and variable-sweep aircraft built; the heaviest takeoff weight of any combat aircraft)
— Novichok agent (allegedly the most deadly nerve agents ever made) [51]
— Beriev A-40 (the largest amphibious flying boat) [52]
— Zubr class LCAC (world's largest hovercraft) [53]
— Don-2N (the most powerful early-warning radar (Russian wikipedia article))
— Aviation Thermobaric Bomb of Increased Power (the most powerful non-nuclear weapon in the world)

See also

Notes

Footnotes
  1. ^ It is unclear yet whether the discovery was a bridge or a docking pier.
  2. ^ First mentioned in the Primary Chronicle. By the XVth century Russians already knew more than 500 variations of the recipe.
  3. ^ First mentioned in the Tale of Igor's Campaign. However, according to the Kitab al-I'tibar, carrying a concealed knife in a boot was done around the same time in the Middle East.
  4. ^ Cei-Rigotti was the first automatic battle rifle for standard infantry ammunition. Fedorov Avtomat was specifically designed for a lower-energy ammunition. Vladimir Fyodorov was first to reach conclusion that battle rifles must have full auto capability and cartridge of lower energy and caliber. Sturmgewehrs were first assault rifles of modern type.
  5. ^ BMP-1 was the first purpose-designed infantry fighting vehicle. The preceding Schützenpanzer 12-3 is classified as an IFV in Western sources but does not meet Russian standards for such a vehicle.
Citations
  1. ^ Омельницкий, Пётр. "Чудеса России: Мост возле Закубежья". ОАО "Известия", ГТК «Телеканал «Россия». Template:Ru icon
  2. ^ Понизовкин, Андрей (2003). "Куда шагал Шигирский идол?" (20–848). Published at Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |paper= ignored (help) Template:Ru icon
  3. ^ Шульгин, И. А. (1969–1978). "Светокультура". Большая советская энциклопедия (3 ed.). М.: Советская энциклопедия.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date format (link) Template:Ru icon
  4. ^ Кряженков, Анатолий (2003). "Сметливые на все руки". Подъем. No. 6. Template:Ru icon
  5. ^ a b Crom, Theodore (2001). "The Bronnikov Dynasty". Watch & Clock Bulletin. Vol. 43/6, no. 335. National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors. pp. 746–754. ISSN 1527-1609. {{cite magazine}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ^ http://watchismo.blogspot.com/2007/03/watch-built-from-bone-wood-you-believe.html
  7. ^ Федорова, Наталья (2008). "Традиции народного искусства Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа". Наше Наследие. No. 87. Template:Ru icon
  8. ^ Фокина, Т. А. "Часы вятских умельцев Бронниковых". Polytechnical Museum. Retrieved 1-Nov-2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Template:Ru icon
  9. ^ Смирнов, Александр (10 августа 1995). "Егор Григорьевич Кузнецов (Жепинский) (1725-1805 гг.)". {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |paper= ignored (help) Template:Ru icon
  10. ^ Эрлихман, Вадим (2006). "Сварено с огоньком". Энергия промышленного роста. No. 1-2 [3]. Retrieved 6-Apr-2010. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Template:Icon ru
  11. ^ Vonderheid, Erica (6-May-2005). "Early Radio Transmission Recognized as Milestone". IEEE. Archived from the original on 16-Jan-2008. Retrieved 16-Jul-2006 (original). {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date=, and |archivedate= (help); Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Альманах "Великая Россия. Личности. Год 2003-й.". Vol. 2. М.: АСМО-пресс. 2004. Template:Icon ru
  13. ^ Mack, Glenn; Surina, Asele (2005). Food Culture In Russia And Central Asia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 22. ISBN 0-313-32773-4.
  14. ^ Балязин, Вольдемар (2006). Восточные славяне и нашествие Батыя. Неофициальная история России. М.: ОЛМА-Пресс. p. 21. ISBN 978-5-373-00671-2. Template:Icon ru
  15. ^ Слёзкин, А. В. (2008). "Церковь Покрова в Пархомовке и ее влияние на храмостроение неорусского стиля". Архитектурное наследство. 49. Научно-исследовательский институт теории и истории архитектуры и градостроительства Российской академии архитектуры и строительных наук: 274–290. Retrieved 17-Nov-2011. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Template:Icon ru
  16. ^ Khan-Magomedov, Selim. Architecture of Dagestan. Vol. 1–6. Moscow: Lad'ya, Arkhitektura-S. ISBN 5-7068-0105-3. Template:Icon ru
  17. ^ Ренкель, Алексей (2008). "Всё могут короли. Изобретатель Пётр Великий". Изобретатель и рационализатор. Vol. 9, no. 705. {{cite magazine}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Template:Ru icon
  18. ^ http://www.industring.ru/mountain/mountain3.html Template:Ru icon
  19. ^ "Nikolai Antonovich Dollezhal: Brief History". N. A. Dollezhal Research and Development Institute of Power Engineering. Retrieved 11-May-2008. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Template:Ru icon
  20. ^ Aaland, Mikkel (1998). "The Russian Bania. History of the Great Russian Bath". Cyber-Bohemia. Retrieved 20-May-2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  21. ^ Пенообразователи из нефтяных кислот Template:Ru icon
  22. ^ Спасский, И. Г. (1949). Васильев, В.Н (ed.). Изобретатель Неведомский. К двухсотдвадцатипятилетию Монетного двора. Л.: Издательство Государственного Эрмитажа. Template:Icon ru
  23. ^ Соколов, А. А. "Русские пионеры терапевтического гемафереза и экстракорпоральной гемокоррекции". Российское общество гемафереза и очищения крови. Клинический Центр экстракорпоральной детоксикации, Военно-медицинская академия им. С. М. Кирова. Retrieved 15-Sep-2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Template:Ru icon
  24. ^ Ramakrishnan, P. (1983). "History of powder metallurgy" (PDF). Indian Journal of History Science. 18 (1): 109–114.
  25. ^ Лебедев, П. Н. (2011) [1857]. Применение железных дорог к защите материка. Сочинение инженер-подполковника П. Лебедева. С-Пб.: Типография Императорской Академии наук. ISBN 978-5-458-11821-7. Template:Ru icon
  26. ^ Денисов, А. П.; Перечнев, Ю. Г. (1956). "Глава 4. Береговая артиллерия в Крымской войне 1853–1856 годов". Русская береговая артиллерия. М.: Воениздат. pp. 81–82. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help) Template:Ru icon
  27. ^ Немировский, Евгений (1985). Чеканов, Андрей (ed.). Иван Федоров, около 1510-1583. Научно-биографическая литература. М.: Наука. Template:Ru icon
  28. ^ Кирпичников, Анатолий (1966–1971). Каргер, Михаил (ed.). Древнерусское оружие (PDF). Vol. 2. М.-Л.: Наука. pp. 10, 16.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date format (link) Template:Ru icon
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  30. ^ Soviet Union Patent Application No. 57109
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  42. ^ Конарев, Николай, ed. (1994). Железнодорожный транспорт. М.: Большая Российская энциклопедия. ISBN 5-85270-115-7. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) Template:Icon ru
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  45. ^ Гуриков, Владимир. ""Шлифовальных и оптических дел мастер" Иван Петрович Кулибин". Институт истории естествознания и техники Российской академии наук. Template:Ru icon
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  47. ^ Ford, Bruce (July 2006). "Russian Smokejumpers: The Pre-War Years". Smokejumper Magazine. National Smokejumper Association (USA). Retrieved 22-Nov-2011. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  48. ^ "Soyuz launch vehicle: The most reliable means of space travel". ESA.
  49. ^ "Tank on the Moon". The Nature of Things with David Suzuki. 6-Dec-2007. CBC-TV. {{cite episode}}: Check date values in: |airdate= (help); Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)
  50. ^ Parada, George. "Panzerkampfwagen T-34(r)". Achtung Panzer!. Retrieved 17-Nov-2008. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  51. ^ Tucker, Jonathan. War of Nerves: Chemical Warfare from World War I to al-Qaeda. Anchor Books. ISBN 978-1400032334.
  52. ^ "Бериев А-40 Альбатрос". Уголок неба - Большая авиационная энциклопедия. Retrieved 6-Nov-2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Template:Ru icon
  53. ^ "Hellenic Command Amphibious Forces: Ships". Hellenic Navy. 2008. Retrieved 18-Apr-2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)



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