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Mykolaiv

Coordinates: 46°58′N 32°0′E / 46.967°N 32.000°E / 46.967; 32.000
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This article is about the shipbuilding port in southern Ukraine. For other towns and villages in Ukraine, see Mykolaiv (disambiguation).
For other uses, see Nikolayev.

46°58′N 32°0′E / 46.967°N 32.000°E / 46.967; 32.000

Mykolaiv (Миколаїв)
City Council in Mykolaiv.
City Council in Mykolaiv.
Flag of Mykolaiv (Миколаїв)
Flag
Coat of arms of Mykolaiv (Миколаїв)
Coat of arms
Nickname: 
City of shipbuilders
Map of Ukraine with Mykolaiv highlighted
Map of Ukraine with Mykolaiv highlighted
Country
Oblast
Raion		Ukraine
Mykolaiv Oblast
Mykolaiv City Municipality
Founded1789
City rights1789
Government
 • MayorYuriy Hranaturov[1]
Area
 • Total260 km2 (100 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total498,748
 • Density1,918/km2 (4,970/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
54000
Area code+380 512
Licence plateBE
Websitegorsovet.mk.ua

Mykolaiv (Ukrainian: Миколаїв Ukrainian pronunciation: [mɪkoˈɫɑjiw])), is a city in southern Ukraine, the administrative center of the Mykolaiv Oblast. Mykolaiv is arguably the main ship building center of the Black Sea. Aside from its three shipyards within the city, there are located a number of research centers specializing in shipbuilding such as the State Research and Design Shipbuilding Center, Zoria-Mashproekt and others.

The city is an important transportation junction of Ukraine (sea port, commercial port, river port, highway and railway junction, airport).

Mykolaiv's orderly layout reflects the fact that its development has been well planned from the founding of the city. Its main streets, including the three main East-West Avenues, (including Lenin Prospect shown in the photo on the right) are very wide and tree lined. A significant part of Mykolaiv's land area consists of beautiful parks. Park Peremohy (Victory) is a large park on the peninsula just north of the city center of Mykolaiv, on the North side of the Inhul river.

Mykolaiv has a population of about 500,000.

Name of city

There are several variations of the city's name. In the Ukrainian the city is named Микола́їв, for which the transliteration is Mykolaiv, or officially, Mykolayiv. The Russian name is Никола́ев, which transliterates as Nikolaev or Nikolayev.

During the first year of the construction of the wharf at the mouth of the Inhul river, the settlement that had grown next to it did not have a definite name. In correspondence among Prince Grigory Potemkin, Mikhail Faleev, and other people, the wharf was variously called the Ingul Wharf, the Wharf on the Ingul, the Mouth of the Ingul, and other names. The name Nikolaev is known from the legal order (writ) Number 1065 by Prince Potemkin to Mikhail Faleev on the 27th of August (corresponding to 7 September on the new calendar) cf.,[2] 1789 when the city was named after Saint Nicholas, the patron of sailors and fishermen.[3]

In 1920, after the installation of Soviet governance, the Odessan provincial council (of laborers and peasants' deputies) petitioned the then-Soviet Ukrainian government—the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee (VUTSIK)—to rename the City of Nikolaev to Vernoleninsk. As the City of Nikolaev was the district center of the Odessan province, presumably, the petition would have been initiated by the Odessan city council, but documentary evidence of this so far has not been identified. On April 15, 1924, at the Plenum of the Central Administrative-Territorial Commission of VUTSIK, the petition of the Odessan executive committee was considered and rejected. Perhaps the members of the Soviet-Ukraine government thought that the name sounded too obsequious.[4]

Information regarding the alleged renaming of Nikolaev was disseminated by German maps of the 1920s-30s, as well as in German encyclopedic publications in 1927 and 1932, which show Vernoleninsk on the USSR part of the European maps. The city was designated as Nikolaev in publications of the same map in other languages.[4]

To distinguish Mykolaiv from the much smaller western city of Mykolaiv in Lviv Oblast, the latter is sometimes called “Mykolaiv on Dniester” after the major river it situated on, while the former is located on the Southern Buh, another major river, and may be called “Mykolaiv on Buh” as well.

Administrative status

Mykolaiv is the administrative center of the Mykolaiv Oblast (province), as well as that of both the Mykolaivskyi and Zhovtnevyi raions (districts) within the oblast. However, Mykolaiv is also a city of oblast subordinance, and is thus subject directly to the oblast authorities rather to the raion administration housed in the city itself.

Geographic characteristics

Bird's-eye view on the city.

Mykolaiv is located on a peninsula in Ukraine's steppe region 65 kilometers (40 mi) from the Black Sea along the estuary of the Southern Bug river (where it meets the Inhul River).[5]

Both the Inhul River and the Southern Bug river follow very winding courses just before they join at the north east corner of Mykolaiv. This has created several long and narrow peninsulas just north of Mykolaiv, and the main part of Mykolaiv is itself on a peninsula at a 180 degree bend in the Southern Bug River.

Mykolaiv is in a primarily flat terrain area (the steppe grain producing region of southern Ukraine). The nearest mountains to Mykolaiv are 300 kilometres (186 miles) south, at the Southern end of the Crimean Peninsula. The lack of any mountain barriers north of Mykolaiv means that very cold Arctic winds can blow South, unimpeded by any terrain elevation, to Mykolaiv in Winter.

The area of the city is 260 square kilometres (100 sq mi).[6]

Mykolaiv is in the second time zone (Eastern European Time).

Ecology

Mykolaiv’s environmental issues are typical for many cities in Ukraine: pollution of water, the air, and groundwater; drinking water quality, noise, waste management, and conservation of biological diversity in the city.[7] One of Mykolaiv’s most urgent problems is the disposal of solid household waste.[8]

The city has 18 preserved sites, totaling about 12 square kilometres (5 sq mi):[9]

  • The Mykolaiv Zoo (considered one of the best zoos in Ukraine);
  • The monuments of landscape art: Park Peremohy, Petrovsky park, 68 Paratroopers Park, Square, The Sivašskij, The Boulevard Bunker, Linea (Line) Park, Pioneer Parque; Lenin Komsomol (Communist Youth League);
  • The Botanical Natural Monument Memory Square;
  • The Dubki Reserved Nature boundary;
  • The Balabanovka Forest Reserve;
  • The October Reservoir Hydrological Reserve;
  • The Turkish Fountain Hydrological Natural Monument;
  • The Dubka (oak) 4 Botanical Nature Monument.

Climate

The city's climate is moderately continental with mild winters and hot summers.[5][10] Mykolaiv’s average temperature is 10 °C (50 °F). The lowest average temperature is in January −3.1 °C (26 °F), the highest in July 22.3 °C (72 °F).[10]

Mykolaiv has an average of 472 mm (19 in) of precipitation per year, with the lowest precipitation in October, and the most in July. Mykolaiv has snow cover every year, but its height is low.[10]

Average relative humidity is 73% for the year; the lowest humidity is in August (60%); the highest in December (86%).[10] The lowest cloud are seen in August; the highest are in December.[10]

The prevailing winds come from the North, the least frequent source of wind is the Southeast. The maximum wind speed is in February, the lowest is from July through September. In January, the average wind speed is 4.1 m/s (meters per second); in July, the average is 3.1 m/s.[10]

Climate data for Mykolaiv
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −1
(30) 		0
(32) 		5
(41) 		14
(57) 		21
(70) 		25
(77) 		27
(81) 		26
(79) 		20
(68) 		14
(57) 		8
(46) 		2
(36) 		14
(57)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.1
(26.4) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		2.6
(36.7) 		10.2
(50.4) 		16.5
(61.7) 		20.4
(68.7) 		22.3
(72.1) 		21.8
(71.2) 		16.9
(62.4) 		10.3
(50.5) 		4.4
(39.9) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		10.0
(50.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −6
(21) 		−5
(23) 		0
(32) 		6
(43) 		11
(52) 		15
(59) 		17
(63) 		16
(61) 		11
(52) 		6
(43) 		0
(32) 		−2
(28) 		6
(43)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 35.7
(1.41) 		35.4
(1.39) 		29.0
(1.14) 		32.3
(1.27) 		43.5
(1.71) 		54.2
(2.13) 		56.2
(2.21) 		41.0
(1.61) 		39.5
(1.56) 		21.5
(0.85) 		36.4
(1.43) 		42.6
(1.68) 		467.3
(18.39)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6.4 6.1 5.5 5.5 6.5 6.5 5.1 4.1 4.3 3.3 5.9 7.4 66.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 68.2 73.5 120.9 180.0 263.5 288.0 306.9 294.5 231.0 167.4 69.0 52.7 2,115.6
Source 1: Meteoprog.ua[10]
Source 2: Hong Kong Observatory .[11]

History

"View of the City of Nikolaev", painting by Fedor Alexeev, 1799.

The history of the city has always been closely connected to ship building.[12] The town was founded in 1789 by the Russian Governor General of Novorossiya, Prince Grigory Potemkin, initially as a shipyard called simply a New Shipyard on the Ingul river. Prince Potemkin signed an order to construct a shipyard on August 27, 1789, which is considered to be the city's birth date. [citation needed] The shipyard was to undertake the repair of naval ships in the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792). Later Potemkin ordered the shipyard to be named Nikolaev to commemorate the date when Ochakov fell to the Russian troops under his command on December 6, 1788, the feast day of Saint Nicholas (Nikolai) on the Russian Orthodox Church calendar. [citation needed]

The Russian Empire's Black Sea Navy Headquarters was in Mykolaiv for more than 100 years until the Russian Navy moved it to Sevastopol, near the Southern tip of Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula. During the Crimean War Mykolaiv became the main rear base to support Russia’s efforts in the war. Most businesses that were created in the city belonged to the military industrial complex, and, in this regard, Mykolaiv, was closed to foreign visitors for many decades.[13]

In March 1816, Admiral Aleksey Greig was appointed to the post of Governor of the city. While in that post until 1833, he did much for Mykolaiv. Port facilities were built. A credit society (cooperative) was established, and Mykolaiv increased its seaborne trade. [citation needed] Morskoii (Marine) Boulevard was built in the city, along with sidewalks. In addition, open men's and women's colleges were, built, as was a shelter. In 1820, Admiral Greig founded the Marine Astronomical Observatory in Mykolaiv. In 1826, he, for the first time in the history of the Russian Navy, set up the Russian Naval headquarters in Mykolaiv. The headquarters included fleet combat training during peacetime and the development of plans for military operations during wartime. [citation needed]

From 1860 to 1871, the military Governor of Mykolaiv was Bogdan von Glazenap. His highest command in the town was in 1862. He encouraged foreign vessels to call at the commercial port and encouraged foreigners to come to Mykolaiv to live. Therefore foreign governments established foreign consulates in Mykolaiv. This led to the transformation of Mykolaiv into a large commercial port. [citation needed]

Shipyard in Mykolaiv circa 1900.

By the late 19th century, Mykolaiv’s port ranked third in the Russian Empire, after Saint Petersburg and Odessa, in terms of trade with foreign countries. In addition, grain export suppliers of the steppe region (of Ukraine and Southern Russia) were first in the Russian Empire. Mykolaiv had become a great industrial center in the South of Ukraine.[13]

Mykolaiv was major Jewish centre of Russian Empire in the 19th century. [citation needed] In the 19th century, the Czarist governments had largely banned Russian Empire Jews from living East of the Dnieper River. Mykolaiv is in the area west of the Dnieper, which was were Jews were legally allowed to reside (the legal area of Jewish residence was known as the Pale of Settlement). The Lubavitcher Rebbe, Menachem Mendel Schneerson (the seventh leader in the Chabad-Lubavitch dynasty) was born in Mykolaiv on April 18, 1902.

In 1918, Mykolaiv survived its first occupation by foreign troops. In 1920, Soviet power was established there.[13]

With the beginning of World War II Mykolaiv was occupied on August 16, 1941. In September, German forces massacred over 35,000 non-combatants, many of them Jews, in the city and its region. During the occupation, an underground partisan sabotage group, the Mykolaiv Center conducted guerilla activities. On March 28, 1944 the city was liberated, in part because of Soviet Senior Lieutenant Konstantin F. Olshansky's paratroopers and their daring raid, during which the majority of his troops were killed.

In the post-war period Mykolaiv became one of shipbuilding centers of the USSR, with three shipyards: Black Sea, 61 Kommunara, and Okean.

The asteroid 8141 Nikolaev was discovered in 1982 by N. S. Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory and was named in honor of the city.

Soviet-era apartment blocks in the Namyv neighborhood of Mykolaiv.

In March 2012, Mykolaiv gained international notoriety for lawlessness and police corruption following the rape and murder of Oksana Makar.[14] Her three attackers were apprehended, but two were released because of family connections to local government officials. After a media outcry and public protests, all three attackers were charged with her murder.

Awards

The Soviet Government awarded Mykolaiv the Order of the Red Banner of Labour on the 31st of December, 1970, for successfully fulfilling its assignments for the development of industrial production, in the USSR's five-year economic plan.

Administrative districts

Mykolaiv is divided into four districts:

The Central District is located in the northwest of the city. It includes the historic center of Mykolaiv, Rocket tract, Temvod, Salt, Northern, Ternovka (in Ternovca also acts village council), Matveevka, Varvarovka.

The Zavodskiy District is located in the west of the city. In this area, many industrial enterprises are concentrated. It also includes neighborhoods Lescaut and Alluviation, as well as towns of Velykaya Koreniha and Malaya Koreniha.

The Leninskiy District is located in the east of Mykolaiv. Among other things, it includes the new Horticulture, YUTZ, New Watering, Old Watering. The district has a zoo, bus and railway stations.

The Korabelniy District is located in the south of the city. It includes a broad beam, Zhovtneve, Balabanovka, Kulbakino.

Official symbols

Mykolaiv adopted its current coat of arms on September 26, 1997. Mykolaiv had adopted its previous coat of arms in 1883. In creating its modern coat of arms, the city removed the coat of arms of neighboring Kherson Governorate.

Mykolaiv adopted its current flag on July 2, 1999. It is a white flag with the city’s coat of arms and two wavy horizontal bars.

Mykolaiv adopted its anthem on September 11, 2004.

Economy

Shipbuilding

61 Kommunara shipyard

Today Mykolaiv is a major shipbuilding center of Ukraine (as, earlier, of the whole Soviet Union) and an important river port. The city has three major shipyards one of which is capable of building large navy ships. Other important industries are mechanical engineering, power engineering, metallurgy and last 10 years - food industry.

Mykolaiv was closed to foreign visitors until the late 1980s because of many clandestine Soviet Navy projects (as well as the Mykolaiv Air Force base, turbine factory and military port). The majority of the Soviet Navy's surface ships including its only aircraft carrier, the Kuznetzov were built in Mykolaiv.

In May 2011, Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych visited Mykolaiv and said that Ukraine is serious about reviving and further developing of its shipbuilding industry in the Mykolaiv region.[15]

Other industries

Modern-built shopping mall in the Mykolaiv city center.

Electronic industries are located in the city. The enterprise “Zoriya - Mashproekt” manufactures equipment used in ships and products used for transportation of natural gas and generation of electricity. [citation needed]

One of the largest enterprises in the city is Mykolaiv Aluminia Factory, which produces aluminia, raw material for the production of aluminum.

In addition to heavy industry, the city has a developed food processing industry, including a juice maker, Sandora, a dairy products maker, Laktalis-Mykolaiv, and a brewery, Yantar. The enterprise Nibulon is one of the leaders in the Ukrainian agrarian market.

Ukrainian military presence

Mykolaiv, being an important strategic city in southern Ukraine has a significant Ukrainian military presence, including the shipyards that build Ukraine's surface navy ships, the Mykolaiv Ukrainian Navy base, the “MARP” aircraft repair factory (Mykolaiv), and the Kulbakino army base (in the Mykolaiv Oblast, outside of the city of Mykolaiv).[citation needed]

Previously for many years after World War II the city had been home to the 92nd Guards Motor Rifle Division, the former 92nd Guards Rifle Division.

Transportation

Mykolaiv is one of Ukraine's most important transportation junctions. It is a major commercial river and sea port, and a major highway and rail junction.[16] Mykolaiv also has a dual-function passenger and freight airport, but passenger service at the airport is not significant, compared to Ukraine's major airports. In addition to the airport and sea and river port, Mykolaiv has two train stations, and an intercity bus station.

Air

Mykolaiv Airport (IATA code NLV), one of the largest and most technically well-equipped airports in the South of Ukraine[citation needed], serves the city. The airport, located South East of Mykolaiv, is mainly used for air freight and only has limited passenger service. Russian airline UTAir Aviation offers flights from Mykolaiv to Moscow (Vnukovo - VKO airport). In addition, there are one-hour passenger flights from Odessa (the nearest major airport) to Mykolaiv. Almost all airline passenger service in the South West of Ukraine (where Mykolaiv is located) is through Odessa International Airport: to reach Mykolaiv by airplane, tourists generally reach Odessa by plane, and then take a bus, taxi or train, for approximately 2 hours, to Mykolaiv. Odessa, the largest city in South West Ukraine, is 132 km (82 miles) from Mykolaiv.[17]

Bus travel long distance

Mykolaiv is an 8.5 hour bus ride from Kiev's main bus station.[18] Ukrainian private national bus companies Gyunsel and Avtoluks operate overnight buses from Kiev to Mykolaiv seven nights per week. The bus station in Mykolaiv is located at Prospekt (Avenue) Oktyabrskii 21 (Prospekt Zhovtevny 21 in Ukrainian).

Roads

The main north-south highway that passes through Mykolaiv is H (or M)-14.

The main East-West Highway that passes through Mykolaiv is E-58 M-14 (West and then South to Odessa), and South East to Kherson, a major port on the Dneper River, just before it flows into the Black Sea. The E-58 M-14 then continues East to the major industrial city and port in South Eastern Ukraine, Mariupol'.

The main highways to and from Mykolaiv are from Kherson (65 km (40 mi)), Odessa (120 km (75 mi)), Uman (320 km (199 mi)), Chişinău (Kishniev), Moldova (325 km (202 mi)), the Crimean Peninsula (350 km (217 mi), Kiev (500 km (311 mi), Kharkiv (520 km (323 mi), Lviv (350 km (217 mi) (Western Ukraine). Ukraine's roads, including those leading from Mykolaiv, tend to be poorly maintained and can be very dangerous.

Bridges

Mykolaiv, being located at the confluence of two major rivers, has two main bridges.

Varvarivskyi Bridge.

The Varvarivskyi Bridge over Southern Bug is a swing bridge with Europe's largest span (134 m).[19] It is also the southernmost bridge over the Southern Bug. The bridge connects the North coast of Mykolaiv to its Tsentralnyi Raion, located on the West Bank of the river. The Odeske Highway crosses the bridge and then continues south-west to Odessa.

Another major bridge is the Inhul Bridge crossing the Inhul river. The bridge leads from the North coast of Mykolaiv, and goes North-North East to the peninsula on the North side of the Inhul, just north of Mykolaiv. On the North Side of the Inhul river, the Heroyiv Stalingrada Highway crosses the bridge, streaming into the Pushkinska Street on the other side.

Rail

Overnight train travel in sleeper-berth passenger trains is a very common way to travel long distances in Ukraine, cheaper, more comfortable and faster than buses - and more environment-friendly, for the matter. There are nightly trains from Kiev's main passenger train station to Mykolaiv.[20]

In addition to Kiev, trains from Mykolaiv regularly run to the two closest major cities to Mykolaiv: Odessa (south west of Mykolaiv); and Kherson (south of Mykolaiv).[21] Direct trains to Moscow (26 hours), Kiev (8-10), Lviv (18), Odesa (5), the Crimea (8 hours) depart every day. Train departures timetable. All trains have coach cars.

Mykolaiv's passenger train station is called Mykolaiv - Passenger (in Russian: Николаев-пассажирский). It at the intersection of Mira Avenue and Prospekt (Avenue) Novzavodskaya 5 (in Ukraine and Russia, street address numbers are placed after the street name).[21] From the city square outside the railway station, buses depart to all other parts of Mykolaiv.

Mykolaiv's freight train station is called Mykolaiv-Gruzovoi (Freight) (in Russian: "Николаев-грузовой"). It is located at Privokzalnaya Ploschad' (Square).[21]

Water-borne travel

Though a major Ukrainian commercial sea port, Mykolaiv has no regular passenger water-borne service. Large ocean-going ships can reach Mykolaiv year round, via the Southern Buh River. The Southern Buh River, which flows into the Black Sea 65 kilometres (40 miles) south of Mykolaiv, is 1.5 km (0.9 miles) wide in Mykolaiv. Mykolaiv's passenger river port is at Varvarovskii Spusk (Descent) 5 (In Russian: Варваровский спуск, 5).[21]

Local transportation

Tram in Mykolaiv.

The main forms of city transport are fixed-route marshrutkas, buses, trolley buses, and trams.

Education

Admiral Makarov National University of Shipbuilding

There are several universities in Mykolaiv. The main universities are: Admiral Makarov National University of Shipbuilding (leading shipbuilding university in Ukraine), Petro Mohyla Black Sea State University, Sukhomlinsky National University of Mykolaiv and Mykolaiv State Agrarian University.

There are 10 higher education institutions in Mykolaiv of level III or IV accreditation. 65 general education schools, lycees, gymnasium schools, 3 evening schools, and 12 private learning institutions are in the city.

Society

Religion

Mykolaiv is the headquarters of the Mykolaiv Episcopate of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate), which has 18 churches (temples) in the city.

Mykolaiv is also the headquarters of the Mykolaiv Episcopate of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate.

Religious organizations and other faiths are broadly represented in the city.

Culture

There are three performing arts theaters in Mykolaiv: the Academic Ukrainian Theater of Drama and Musical Comedy, the Mykolaiv State Puppet Theater, and the Mykolaiv Academic Art Russian Drama Theater. In addition, the Mykolaiv Oblast Philharmonic performs in the city.

Mykolaiv has the following museums: Mykolayiv Regional Museum of Local History, The Museum of Shipbuilding and Fleet, the Museum of the World War II Partisan Movement, the V. V. Vereshchagin Art Museum.

Four movie theaters operate in Mykolaiv: Yunost' (Youth), Rodina (Motherland), Pioneer, Multiplex. Movies shown include the latest Hollywood films dubbed into Ukrainian and modern Russian films.

Media

Popular publications include “Vecherniy Nikolayev" (Evening Mykolaiv), "Nikolaevsckie Novosti" (Mykolaiv News), and "Yuzhnaya Pravda" (Southern Truth). Many publications have an Internet version, but exist in an independent Internet publication.

Television programs that are broadcast in Mykolaiv include movies, news, dramas (some of which originated in other countries, such as Mexico and the USA and are dubbed into Russian), (some of which also originate in other countries and are dubbed into Russian) cartoons, and professional sporting events such as Ukrainian football (soccer)> Mykolaiv has the following TV channels: 1+1; 2+2; 5 Kanal; ICTV; Inter; Real Estate TV; Tonis: K1: Kanal Ukraina; Kultura (Ukraina); CTB; TV: TET; and TRK. http://www.vipiko.tv/cgi-bin/html.cgi?id_paket=697.

Sports

Mykolaiv is represented within Ukrainian Bandy and Rink-bandy Federation.[22]

MFC Mykolaiv (Municipal Football Club "Mykolaiv", Ukrainian: Муніципальний футбольний клуб "Миколаїв") is a Ukrainian football club. The club has been demoted three times from the Ukrainian Premier League. MFС Mykolaiv's best achievement in the Ukrainian Premier League was 13th place (in 1994–95). MFC Mykolaiv reached 1st place in Druha Liha group A in 2010-11 season and was promoted to Persha Liha. Mykolaiv's main football stadium is at the west end of Lenin Prospekt, near the west end of the peninsula that Mykolaiv is on. [citation needed]

Mykolaiv's professional basketball team is MBC Mykolaiv. The team has won or finished second or third in several international tournaments since 1988, and won the Ukrainian Championship in 1992. MBC Mykolaiv is part of the Ukrainian Basketball SuperLeague, which is the top professional basketball league in Ukraine. [citation needed]

International relations

Mykolaiv is part of the International Black Sea Club, The World Council of Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI), and the International Assembly of Capitals and Major Cities of the CIS (certain countries that were part of the former Soviet Union) countries.

Mykolaiv’s 10 sister cities:[23]

Notable residents

Solomon Rufus Davis (Desyatnik) 1916-2006 - political scientist in Australia, born in Nikolayev

See also

References

Notes
  1. ^ http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/acting-mayors-of-mykolaiv-and-kherson-win-mayoral-elections-in-cities-349790.html
  2. ^ https://sites.google.com/site/phoenixlibr/dokumenty/ordera-potemkina-faleevu
  3. ^ Official city's website (history section)
  4. ^ a b http://history.mk.ua/vernoleninsk-wernoleninsk-vernoleninsk.htm
  5. ^ a b Благоустройство города, gorsovet.mk.ua
  6. ^ Mykolayiv City Council: Nikolaev. Socio-economic characteristics
  7. ^ Состояние окружающей природной среды, gorsovet.mk.ua
  8. ^ Обращение с отходами, gorsovet.mk.ua
  9. ^ Объекты природно-заповедного фонда, gorsovet.mk.ua
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Климат Николаева (meteoprog.ua)
  11. ^ Climatological Information for Mykolaiv, Ukraine, Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
  12. ^ "BBC Sport - Olga Kharlan's school - School No 4, Mykolaiv, Ukraine". BBC News. 2010-09-10. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  13. ^ a b c History of the city, gorsovet.mk.ua
  14. ^ http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/teen-dies-after-horror-gang-rape/story-e6frf7jx-1226314071818
  15. ^ "Marine Log: Yanukovych seeks shipbuilding revival". Kyivpost.com. 2011-05-18. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  16. ^ "Nikolaev Ukraine city overview, history, attractions, photos". Ukrainetrek.com. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  17. ^ Ukraine travel guide
  18. ^ "Расписание автобусов - НИКОЛАЕВ". Transport.turne.com.ua. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  19. ^ "History". Kyivdiprotrans Institute. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  20. ^ Заказ гостиниц. "Расписание поездов: Николаев - Киев, стоимость билета, заказ железнодорожных билетов на поезд. Купить жд билеты Николаев - Киев". Tutu.ru. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  21. ^ a b c d "Вокзалы Николаева". Rtpp.com.ua. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  22. ^ "Google Translate". Translate.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  23. ^ International Cooperation, gorsovet.mk.ua
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