Ski jumping
This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2008) |
![]() Vikersundbakken in Modum, Norway is the world's largest ski jumping hill. (Picture taken before it was redesigned in 2010/2011) | |
Highest governing body | International Ski Federation |
---|---|
First played | 1808 Eidsberg, Norway |
Characteristics | |
Team members | Individual or groups |
Presence | |
Olympic | Since the first ever Winter Olympics in 1924 |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Trampolino_pragelato.jpg/238px-Trampolino_pragelato.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Matti_Nykasen_maki_in_Jyvaskyla_2007-06-14.jpg/238px-Matti_Nykasen_maki_in_Jyvaskyla_2007-06-14.jpg)
Ski jumping is a form of nordic skiing in which athletes descend a take-off ramp, called an inrun, jump, and fly as far as possible. Points are awarded for distance and style. Competition is sanctioned by the International Ski Federation (FIS). Skis are wide and long (260 to 275 centimetres (102 to 108 in)). Ski jumping is predominantly a winter sport, and has been part of the Winter Olympic Games since their inception in 1924.[1] It can also be performed in summer on artificial surfaces.
Ski jumping, with cross-country skiing is one of the two sports in Nordic combined.
History
Ski jumping as a sport originated in Norway. Norwegian lieutenant Olaf Rye was the first known ski jumper.[2] In 1809, he launched himself 9.5 meters in the air as a show of courage to his fellow soldiers. By 1862, ski jumpers were facing much larger jumps and traveling longer. The very first recorded public competition was held at Trysil, Norway, on 22 January 1862. At this first competition, judges already awarded points for style ("elegance and smoothness"), participants had to complete three jumps without falling and rules were agreed upon in advance.[3] It is clear from the news report published in Morgenbladet that the ski jumping in Trysild was entertainment, but also a national, competitive sports event. The first known female ski jumper participated at the Trysil competition in 1863.[4] Norway's Sondre Norheim jumped 30 meters without the benefit of poles.[2] In 1866, the first skiing event held in Christiania near Old Aker Church was a combined cross-country, slalom and jumping competition, and attracted an audience of some 2,000 people. Sondre Norheim won his first competition in Christiania in 1868.[4] The first widely known ski jumping competition was the Husebyrennene, held in Oslo in 1879, with Olaf Haugann of Norway setting the first world record for the longest ski jump at 20 meters.[5] Explorer Fridtjof Nansen was a skilled skier and was number 7 in the 1881 competition at Huseby.[4] Until 1884–1886 jumping and cross-country was a single integrated competition: In 1886 at Huseby cross-country and jumping were held on separate days, and final results were calculated from the combined achievements (similar to present nordic combined).[4] The annual event was moved to Holmenkollen from 1892, and Holmenkollen has remained the pinnacle of ski jumping venues. To distinguish ski jumping competition only from Nordic combined, it is still referred to as "spesielt hopprenn" in Norwegian (ski jumping only).
In 1929, Norwegian instructors arrived in Sapporo to train the Japanese in ski jumping.[3]
The Large Hill competition was included on the Olympic programme for the 1964 Olympic Games in Innsbruck.
Competition
The FIS Ski Jumping World Cup,which includes the Four Hills Tournament, is contested on three types of hills:
- Normal hill competitions: the calculation line is found at approximately 80–100 metres (260–330 ft). Distances over 110 metres (360 ft) can be reached.
- Large hill competitions: the calculation line is found at approximately 120–130 metres (390–430 ft). Distances of over 145 metres (476 ft) can be obtained on the larger hills. Both individual and team competitions are run on these hills.
- Ski-flying competitions: the calculation line is found at 185 metres (607 ft).
Amateur and junior competitions are held on smaller hills. The second level of competition is the FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup.
Individual ski jumping at the Winter Olympics consists of a training jump and two scored jumps. The team event consists of four members of the same nation, who each jump twice.
Summer jumping
Ski jumping can also be performed in the summer on a porcelain track and plastic grass combined with water. There are also many competitions during the summer, including the FIS Grand Prix Ski Jumping.
Women's ski jumping
Women competed at the 2009 Nordic World Ski Championships followed by a women's team event at the 2011 world championships.
In 2006 the FIS proposed that women to compete at the 2010 Winter Olympics.[6] but it was rejected by the IOC, because of the low number of athletes and participating countries.[7]
A group of 15 competitive female ski jumpers filed a suit against the Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games on the grounds that it the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms since men were competing.[8][9] The suit failed, with the judge ruling that the situation was not governed by the charter. Virginia Madsen told the story in the film called Fighting Gravity (2009).
Women's ski jumping was part of the 2014 Winter Olympics.
Because they are lighter than men, female athletes need a longer inrun and reach a higher landing speed. Injuries have affected a number of female athletes including Lisa Demetz,[10] Daniela Iraschko,[11] Anja Tepeš,[12] Caroline Espiau,[13] Alexandra Pretorius,[14] Sarah Hendrickson,[15] Jacqueline Seifriedsberger,[16] and Svenja Würth,[17] Ema Klinec,[18] Ramona Straub,[19] Anja Tepeš,[20] Daniela Iraschko-Stolz,[21] Bigna Windmüller,[22] Lindsey Van,[23] Carina Vogt,[24] Manuela Malsiner,[25] and Elena Runggaldier.[26]
Mixed
A number of events took place in 2012:
- The first mixed pairs event was held at Mostec, Slovenia.[27][28] ski jumping complex located in Šiška District, Ljubljana. On four different hills of size HS14, HS23, HS38 and HS62 mixed teams competed with each other by rules of elimination system. Slovenians Maja Vtič and Tomaž Naglič won.[29]
- Mixed jumping at the FIS Grand Prix Ski Jumping event and first ever on plastic was held in Courchevel, France. Competition was held on normal La Praz olympic HS96 hill. The first full four member Mixed Team and first ever Grand Prix mixed team winner in history was team of Japan.
- The first FIS World Cup Mixed Team event took place in Lillehammer, Norway. Competition was held on normal Lysgårdsbakken olympic HS100 hill. Each national mixed team consisted of four ski jumpers, two men and two women. The first World Cup mixed team winner was team of Norway.
Scoring and rules
Ski jumpers below the minimum safe body mass index are penalized with a shorter maximum ski length, reducing the aerodynamic lift they can achieve. These rules have been credited with stopping the most severe cases of underweight athletes, but some competitors still lose weight to maximize the distance they can jump.[30]
The winner is decided on a scoring system based on distance, style, inrun length and wind conditions.
Aerodynamics has become a factor of increasing importance in modern ski jumping, with recent rules addressing the regulation of ski jumping suits. This follows a period when loopholes in the rules seemed to favour skinny jumpers in stiff, air foil-like suits.
Each hill has a target called the calculation point (or K point or "critical point") which is a par distance to aim for. It is also the place where many jumpers land, in the middle of the landing area. This point is marked by the K line on the landing strip. For K-90 and K-120 competitions, the K line is at 90 metres (300 ft) and 120 metres (390 ft) respectively. Skiers are awarded 60 points if they land on the K Line. Skiers earn extra points for flying beyond the K Line, or lose points for every meter(~3 ft) they land short of the mark. The typical meter value is 2 points in small hills, 1.8 points in large hills and 1.2 points in ski-flying hills. Thus, it is possible for a jumper to get a negative score if the jump is way short of the K line with poor style marks (typically a fall). The value of a meter is determined from the size of the hill. The K point is the point on the hill where the slope begins to flatten as measured from the take off.
In addition, five judges are based in a tower to the side of the expected landing point. They can award up to 20 points each for style based on keeping the skis steady during flight, balance, good body position, and landing. The highest and lowest style scores are disregarded, with the remaining three scores added to the distance score. Thus, a perfectly scored K-120 jump – with at least four of the judges awarding 20 points each – and the jumper landing on the K-point, is awarded a total of 120 points.
In January 2010, a new scoring factor was introduced to compensate for variable outdoor conditions. Aerodynamics and take-off speed are important variables that determine the value of a jump, and if weather conditions change during a competition, the conditions will not be equal for everyone, which is unfair. The jumper will now receive or lose points if the inrun length is adjusted to provide optimal takeoff speed. An advanced calculation also determines plus/minus points for the actual wind conditions at the time of the jump. These points are added or withdrawn from the original scores from the jump itself.
In the individual event, the scores from each skier's two competition jumps are combined to determine the winner.
Technique
The ski jump is divided into four parts: in-run, take-off (jump), flight and landing. In each part the athlete is required to pay attention to and practice a particular technique in order to maximize the outcome of ultimate length and style marks.
Using the V-technique, popularised in late 1980s by Jan Boklöv from Sweden and Jiří Malec from Czechoslovakia, skiers are able to exceed the distance of the take-off hill by about 10% compared to the previous technique with parallel skis. Previous techniques first included the Kongsberger technique, the Daescher technique and the Windisch technique.[31] Until the mid-1970s, the ski jumper came down the in-run of the hill with both arms pointing forwards. This changed when the former East German Ski jumper Jochen Danneberg introduced the new in-run technique of directing the arms backwards in a more aerodynamic position.
The landing requires the skiers to touch the ground in the Telemark landing style. This involves the jumper landing with one foot in front of the other, mimicking the style of the Norwegian inventors of Telemark skiing. Failure to comply with this regulation leads to the deduction of style marks (points).
Ski flying
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2014) |
Ski Flying is an extension of ski jumping. The events take place on hills with a K-point of at least 185 metres (607 ft).[32]
The first ski flying hill was built in Planica in Slovenia. In 1936, the FIS started to regulate the construction of the jumping hills and issued international standards for their construction and maintenance. Back then, it was forbidden to build a ski jumping hill which made it possible to make jumps longer than 80 meters. Nevertheless the first-ever ski flying hill was built in Planica, Slovenia. It took several more years before competitions on this hill were approved by FIS.[citation needed] The "father" of ski flying is Janez Gorišek, an engineer, sportsman and enthusiastic sport-promoter who designed the Planica ski-jump.
There are five active ski flying hills, all in Europe. The biggest is Vikersundbakken in Vikersund, Norway. Others are Oberstdorf, Germany; Kulm Austria; Letalnica, Planica, Slovenia; and Harrachov, Czech Republic. The only hill outside of Europe is Copper Peak in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. It is not active but there are plans to rebuild it to FIS standards.[33]
Jumps of more than 200 metres (660 ft) have occurred at all ski flying hills. The current World Record is 246.5 metres (809 ft), set by Norwegian Johan Remen Evensen at Vikersund in 2011.
The Fédération Internationale de Ski (FIS) Ski flying World Championships started in 1972 and occur biennially. The 2010 FIS World Championships in ski flying were organised in Planica, and in 2012 the FIS World Championships took place in Vikersund, Norway.
1992, 1994, 1996, 1998 Ski flying World Championships individual day event wins in two series also counted as an individual World Cup win.
List of ski flying hills
Hill name[34] | Location | Opened | K-point | Hill size | Hill record |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Vikersund, Norway | 1936 | K-195 | HS 225 | 246.5 metres (809 ft) |
![]() |
Planica, Slovenia | 1969 | K-200 | HS 225 | 239.0 metres (784.1 ft) |
![]() |
Oberstdorf, Germany | 1950 | K-185 | HS 213 | 225.5 metres (740 ft) |
![]() |
Bad Mitterndorf, Austria | 1950 | K-185 | HS 200 | 215.5 metres (707 ft) |
![]() |
Harrachov, Czech Republic | 1979 | K-185 | HS 205 | 214.5 metres (704 ft) |
![]() |
Ironwood, MI, USA | 1970 | K-145 | HS 180 | 158.0 metres (518.4 ft) |
Official jumps over 200m
Most of the top competitors in "regular" ski jumping tend to be among the best in ski flying competitions. However, some jumpers, such as Martin Koch of Austria, Johan Remen Evensen from Norway and Slovenia's Robert Kranjec are regarded as ski flying specialists.
- As of 24 March 2013.
Rank | Ski Jumper | # |
---|---|---|
1. | ![]() |
156 |
2. | ![]() |
133 |
3. | ![]() |
112 |
4. | ![]() |
107 |
![]() |
107 | |
6. | ![]() |
104 |
7. | ![]() |
102 |
8. | ![]() |
93 |
9. | ![]() |
77 |
10. | ![]() |
76 |
- active ski jumper
Records and statistics
Pre-World Cup, Olympic Games, World Championships & World Cup events
As of March 23, 2014
Category | Ski Jumper | Record | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Olympic Games (1924–2010) | ||||
individual victories | Simon Ammann | 4 | ||
total medals (Ind. + Team) | Matti Nykänen | 5 | ||
team victories | Finland, Germany, Austria | 2 | ||
team medals | Austria | 5 | ||
youngest winner individual (Albertville'92) | Toni Nieminen | 16 y, 261 d | ||
oldest winner individual (Lillehammer'94) | Jens Weißflog | 29 y, 214 d | ||
oldest medalist (Sochi '14) | Noriaki Kasai | 41 y, 254 d | ||
by No. of Olympic appearances | Noriaki Kasai | 7 | ||
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships (1925–2011) | ||||
most individual victories | Adam Małysz | 4 | ||
most individual medals | Adam Małysz | 6 | ||
total medals (Ind. + Team) | Janne Ahonen, Martin Schmitt | 10 | ||
most team victories | Austria | 9 | ||
most team medals | Austria | 15 | ||
youngest winner individual (Thunder Bay'95) | Tommy Ingebrigtsen | 17 y, 222 d | ||
oldest winner individual (Liberec'09) | Andreas Küttel | 29 y, 308 d | ||
No. of Championships appearances | Noriaki Kasai | 11 | ||
World Cup (1979–2014) | ||||
most overall wins | Adam Małysz, Matti Nykänen | 4 | ||
most overall wins in a row | Adam Małysz | 3 | ||
most individual victories | Gregor Schlierenzauer | 52 | ||
most individual podiums | Janne Ahonen | 108 | ||
most individual Top 10 results | Janne Ahonen | 247 | ||
most team victories | Austria | 27 | ||
most team medals | Austria | 58 | ||
most individual performances | Noriaki Kasai | 452 | ||
most team performances | Noriaki Kasai | 48 | ||
total performances (Ind. + Team) | Noriaki Kasai | 500 | ||
most seasons performing | Noriaki Kasai | 25 | ||
most ski-flying individual victories | Gregor Schlierenzauer | 14 | ||
youngest winner individual (Lahti'80) | Steve Collins | 15 y, 362 d | ||
oldest winner individual (Kulm'14) | Noriaki Kasai | 41 y, 219 d | ||
youngest winner overall (1991–92) | Toni Nieminen | 16 y, 303 d | ||
oldest winner overall (2011–12) | Anders Bardal | 29 y, 207 d | ||
oldest World Cup performance jumper ind. | Takanobu Okabe | 43 y, 91 d | ||
oldest jumper on World Cup podium ind. | Noriaki Kasai | 41 y, 274 d | ||
oldest jumper World Cup TOP 10 ind. | Noriaki Kasai | 41 y, 289 d | ||
most wins in one season individual | Gregor Schlierenzauer | 13 | ||
most points in one season individual | Gregor Schlierenzauer | 2083 | ||
most times winning individual points | Noriaki Kasai | 361x | ||
FIS Ski-Flying World Championships (1972–2010) | ||||
most individual victories | Walter Steiner, Sven Hannawald, Roar Ljøkelsøy | 2 | ||
most individual medals | Matti Nykänen | 5 | ||
total medals (Ind. + Team) | Janne Ahonen | 7 | ||
most team victories | Austria | 3 | ||
most team medals | Norway, Finland, Austria | 4 | ||
youngest winner individual (Oberstdorf'08) | Gregor Schlierenzauer | 18 y, 47 d | ||
oldest winner individual (Vikersund'12) | Robert Kranjec | 30 y, 224 d | ||
by No. of Championships appearances | Janne Ahonen | 9 | ||
Four Hills Tournament (1952–2011) | ||||
most overall victories | Janne Ahonen | 5 | ||
most individual victories | Jens Weißflog | 10 | ||
youngest winner individual (Oberstdorf'91) | Toni Nieminen | 16 y, 212 d | ||
oldest winner individual (Bischofshofen'96) | Jens Weißflog | 31 y, 169 d | ||
youngest winner overall | Toni Nieminen | 16 y, 220 d | ||
oldest winner overall | Jens Weißflog | 31 y, 169 d | ||
Other records (all times) | ||||
1st ever jump over 100m – fall (Ponte di Legno, Italy, 1935) | Olav Ulland | 103.5 m | ||
1st official jump over 100m (Planica, Slovenia, 1936) | Sepp Bradl | 101.5 m | ||
1st ever jump over 200m – fall (Planica, Slovenia, 1994) | Andreas Goldberger | 202.0 m | ||
1st official jump over 200m (Planica, Slovenia, 1994) | Toni Nieminen | 203.0 m | ||
most jumps over 200m | Robert Kranjec | 156 | ||
World record (Vikersund'11) | Johan Remen Evensen | 246.5 m | ||
Helmet cam world record (Planica'13) | Jurij Tepeš | 223.5 m | ||
30+ years old world record (Vikersund'12) | Robert Kranjec | 244.0 m | ||
35+ years old world record (Planica'10) | Noriaki Kasai | 224.0 m | ||
40+ years old world record (Planica'13) | Noriaki Kasai | 221.5 m | ||
Junior world record (Planica'08) | Gregor Schlierenzauer | 232.5 m | ||
1st World Cup individual event | Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy | 1979 | ||
1st World Cup team event | Predazzo, Italy | 1992 | ||
1st ever mixed team event | Mostec, Ljubljana, Slovenia | 2012 | ||
1st World Cup mixed team event | Lillehammer, Norway | 2012 |
Highest attendance
Single daily events with more than 50,000 people. List is not complete:
Rank | Attendance | Location | Date | Venue | Competition |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 220,000 | ![]() |
Feb 16, 1936 | Große Olympiaschanze | 1936 Winter Olympics |
2 | 143,000 | ![]() |
Feb 14, 1952 | Holmenkollbakken | 1952 Winter Olympics |
3 | 120,000 | ![]() |
Feb 18, 1962 | Wielka Krokiew | 1962 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships |
4 | 106,000 | ![]() |
Error in Template:Date table sorting: days must be an integer between 1 and 31 | Holmenkollbakken | The Peace Competition |
5 | 80,000-100,000 | ![]() |
Mar 16, 1985 | Velikanka bratov Gorišek | 1985 FIS Ski-Flying World Championships |
6 | 70,000 | ![]() |
Mar 22, 1997 | Velikanka bratov Gorišek | 1996–97 FIS World Cup Final |
7 | 70,000 | ![]() |
Mar 3, 2011 | Holmenkollbakken | 2011 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships |
8 | 55,000 | ![]() |
Mar 20, 2010 | Letalnica bratov Gorišek | 2010 FIS Ski-Flying World Championships |
9 | 50,000 | ![]() |
Mar 14, 1987 | Velikanka bratov Gorišek | 1986–87 FIS World Cup Final |
10 | 50,000 | ![]() |
Feb 17, 1998 | Hakuba Ski Jumping Stadium | 1998 Winter Olympics |
Notable ski jumpers
The most notable ski jumpers may be considered those who have managed to show a perfect jump, which means that all five judges attributed the maximum style score of 20 points for their jumps.
So far only 5 jumpers are recorded to have achieved this:
Name | Date | Location | Competition | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
7 March 1976[35] | ![]() |
Ski flying (International ski flying weeks) | 1 |
![]() |
15 February 1998[36] | ![]() |
Olympic Winter Games, large hill, second jump | 1 |
![]() |
8 February 2003[37] | ![]() |
Worldcup competition, large hill, first jump | 1 |
![]() |
8 February 2003[37] | ![]() |
Worldcup competition, large hill, second jump | 6 |
![]() |
6 January 2009[38] | ![]() |
Four Hills Jumping, large hill, first jump | 1 |
Sven Hannawald and Wolfgang Loitzl were attributed four times 20 (plus another 19,5) style score points for their second jump, thus receiving nine times the maximum score of 20 points within one competition.
Other notable ski jumpers can be found in the following lists:
- Winners of the FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
- Winners of Olympic Winter Games / Ski Jumping
- Winners of Nordic World Ski Championships / Ski Jumping
- Winners of the Four Hill Jumping
Male
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Lake_Placid_Olympic_Ski_Jumping_Complex_from_below.jpg/267px-Lake_Placid_Olympic_Ski_Jumping_Complex_from_below.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Dosko%C4%8Di%C5%A1%C4%8De_letalnice.jpg/267px-Dosko%C4%8Di%C5%A1%C4%8De_letalnice.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Letalnica_inrun.jpg/267px-Letalnica_inrun.jpg)
Female
Sarah Hendrickson
Sara Takanashi
Anette Sagen
Eva Ganster
Lindsey Van
Jessica Jerome
Daniela Iraschko
Elena Runggaldier
Evelyn Insam
Lisa Demetz
Coline Mattel
Anna Hafele
Magdalena Schnurr
Ulrike Grässler
Line Jahr
Jacqueline Seifriedsberger
Juliane Seyfarth
Eva Logar
Maja Vtič
Anja Tepeš
Špela Rogelj
Katja Požun
Urša Bogataj
Unsuccessful
Vinko Bogataj – Best known as "The Agony of Defeat man" because of the constant use of footage of his spectacular tumble in the title sequence of ABC's Wide World of Sports
Eddie "The Eagle" Edwards – Popular favourite – and last-place finisher – at the 1988 Winter Olympics
National records
Rank | Nation | Record holder | Length | Venue | Year | Source |
1. | ![]() |
Johan Remen Evensen | 246.5 metres (809 ft) | Vikersund | 2011 | [39] |
2. | ![]() |
Robert Kranjec | 244.0 metres (800.5 ft) | Vikersund | 2012 | [39] |
3. | ![]() |
Gregor Schlierenzauer | 243.5 metres (799 ft) | Vikersund | 2011 | [39] |
4. | ![]() |
Janne Happonen | 240.0 metres (787.4 ft) | Vikersund | 2011 | [39] |
![]() |
Daiki Ito | Vikersund | 2012 | [39] | ||
6. | ![]() |
Simon Ammann | 238.5 metres (782 ft) | Vikersund | 2011 | [39] |
7. | ![]() |
Antonín Hájek | 236.0 metres (774.3 ft) | Planica | 2010 | [39] |
8. | ![]() |
Piotr Żyła | 232.5 metres (763 ft) | Vikersund | 2012 | [39] |
Kamil Stoch | Vikersund | 2013 | [39] | |||
9. | ![]() |
Denis Kornilov | 232.0 metres (761.2 ft) | Vikersund | 2012 | [39] |
10. | ![]() |
Michael Neumayer | 231.0 metres (757.9 ft) | Vikersund | 2013 | [39] |
11. | ![]() |
Vincent Descombes Sevoie | 225.0 metres (738.2 ft) | Vikersund | 2012 | [39] |
12. | ![]() |
Alan Alborn | 221.5 metres (727 ft) | Planica | 2002 | [39] |
13. | ![]() |
Andrea Morassi | 216.5 metres (710 ft) | Planica | 2012 | [39] |
14. | ![]() |
Vladimir Zografski | 213.5 metres (700 ft) | Planica | 2013 | [39] |
15. | ![]() |
Isak Grimholm | 207.5 metres (681 ft) | Planica | 2007 | [39] |
![]() |
Choi Heung-Chul | Planica | 2008 | [39] | ||
17. | ![]() |
Mackenzie Boyd-Clowes | 205.0 metres (672.6 ft) | Harrachov | 2013 | [39] |
18. | ![]() |
Kaarel Nurmsalu | 204.0 metres (669.3 ft) | Vikersund | 2012 | [39] |
19. | ![]() |
Petr Chaadaev | 197.5 metres (648 ft) | Kulm | 2006 | [39] |
20. | ![]() |
Radik Zhaparov | 196.5 metres (645 ft) | Planica | 2007 | [39] |
21. | ![]() |
Martin Mesik | 195.5 metres (641 ft) | Kulm | 2006 | [39] |
22. | ![]() |
Vitaliy Shumbarets | 189.5 metres (622 ft) | Planica | 2009 | [39] |
23. | ![]() |
Nico Polychronidis | 186.0 metres (610.2 ft) | Oberstdorf | 2013 | [39] |
24. | ![]() |
Christoph Kreuzer | 162.0 metres (531.5 ft) | Planica | 2002 | [39] |
25. | ![]() |
Faik Yüksel | 150.0 metres (492.1 ft) | Oberstdorf | 2000's | [40] |
26. | ![]() |
Koba Tsakadze | 142.0 metres (465.9 ft) | Vikersund | 1967 | [41] |
27. | ![]() |
Bernat Sola | 141.0 metres (462.6 ft) | Tauplitz | 1986 | [39] |
28. | ![]() |
Gábor Gellér | 139.0 metres (456.0 ft) | ? | 1980's | [39] |
29. | ![]() |
Andreas Bjelke Nygaard | 137.0 metres (449.5 ft) | Lillehammer | 2000's | [39] |
30. | ![]() |
Sorin Iulian Pîtea | 127.0 metres (416.7 ft) | Sochi | 2014 | [39] |
31. | ![]() |
Dmitry Chvykov | 124.0 metres (406.8 ft) | Innsbruck | 2002 | [42] |
32. | ![]() |
Tian Zhandong | 121.5 metres (399 ft) | Bischofshofen | 2004 | [43] |
33. | ![]() |
Glynn Pedersen | 113.5 metres (372 ft) | Salt Lake City | 2001 | [44] |
34. | ![]() |
Josip Šporer | 102.0 metres (334.6 ft) | Planica | 1940's | [39] |
![]() |
Kristaps Nežborts | Liberec | 2012 | [45] | ||
36. | ![]() |
Zbigniew Kiwert | 86.0 metres (282.2 ft) | Nizhny Novgorod | 1960 | [46] |
37. | ![]() |
Skarphéðinn Guðmundsson | 80.0 metres (262.5 ft) | Squaw Valley | 1960 | [47] |
38. | ![]() |
Goga Popov junior | 62.0 metres (203.4 ft) | Planica | 1952 | [48] |
39. | ![]() |
Hal Nerdal | 53.0 metres (173.9 ft) | Squaw Valley | 1960 | [39] |
Chris Hellerud | Falun | 1974 | [49] | |||
40. | ![]() |
Dunstan Odeke | 50.0 metres (164.0 ft) | Oslo | 1990's | [49] |
41. | ![]() |
Božo Čvorović | 46.0 metres (150.9 ft) | Žabljak | 1960's | [50] |
42. | ![]() |
Vid Černe | 40.0 metres (131.2 ft) | Jahorina | 1949 | [51] |
43. | ![]() |
Džemo Zahirović | 36.0 metres (118.1 ft) | Jahorina | 1949 | [52] |
44. | ![]() |
Rembert Notten | 35.0 metres (114.8 ft) | Rückershausen | 2012 | [53][54][55] |
![]() |
Richard Brown | Göteborg | 2002 | [39] | ||
46. | ![]() |
Hans Holm | 23.3 metres (76 ft) | Nuuk | 1949 | [56] |
47. | ![]() |
Brian MacMillan | 18.6 metres (61 ft) | Mount Cook | 1937 | [57] |
See also
- List of FIS Ski-Flying World Cup winners
- List of FIS Ski Jumping World Cup team medalists
- List of the longest ski jumps
- Medicinernes Skiklub Svartor
References
- ^ "Ski Jumping". International Olympic Committee.
- ^ a b Sihera, Elaine (January 13, 2010). "History of Ski Jumping Winter Olympics Norway Matt Nykanen Sondre Nordheim Olaf Rye". Olympics. Sporting Life 360°. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
- ^ a b Saur, Lasse (1999): Norske ski – til glede og besvær. Research report, Høgskolen i Finnmark.
- ^ a b c d Haarstad, Kjell (1993): Skisportens oppkomst i Norge. Trondheim: Tapir.
- ^ Oslo – Huseby (Ski Jumping Hill Archive)
- ^ "FIS MEDIA INFO: Decisions of the 45th International Ski Congress in Vilamoura/Algarve (POR)". Fédération Internationale de Ski. 2006-05-26. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
- ^ IOC approves skicross; rejects women's ski jumping
- ^ Cindy Chan (2009-04-29). "Female Ski Jumpers Seem Olympic Inclusion". Epoch Times. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
- ^ Christa Case Bryant (2009-11-08). "Why women can't ski jump in the Winter Olympics". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
- ^ See http://www.ladiesskijumping.com/news.html?pokaz_news=397&vo=8. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
- ^ See http://berkutschi.com/de/front/news/show/2590-daniela-iraschko-erfolgreich-operiert. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ See http://berkutschi.com/en/front/news/2792-anja-tepes-seriously-injured. Retrieved 21 August 2013,
- ^ See http://www.ladiesskijumping.com/wiadomosci/467/French-preparation-is-on-target. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
- ^ See http://www.calgaryherald.com/sports/Calgary+jumper+injures+knee+during+training+France/8780737/story.html. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
- ^ See http://olympictalk.nbcsports.com/2013/08/21/sarah-hendrickson-ski-jumping-injury/. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
- ^ See http://www.ladiesskijumping.com/wiadomosci/503/World-Cup-continues-in-Hinterzarten. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
- ^ See http://www.ladiesskijumping.com/wiadomosci/508/Svenja-Wuerth-seriously-injured. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
- ^ See http://www.fis-ski.com/ski-jumping/news-multimedia/news/article=ema-klinec-injured.html. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ See http://www.ladiesskijumping.com/wiadomosci/545/Ramona-Straub-tore-her-cruciate-ligament/. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
- ^ See http://www.ladiesskijumping.com/wiadomosci/546/Anja-Tepes-tore-her-ACL-again. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
- ^ See http://www.ladiesskijumping.com/wiadomosci/548/New-knee-injury-for-Daniela-Iraschko-Stolz. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
- ^ See http://www.fis-ski.com/ski-jumping/news-multimedia/news/article=bigna-windmueller-and-lindsey-van-injured.html. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
- ^ See http://www.ladiesskijumping.com/wiadomosci/550/Lindsey-Van-injured. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
- ^ See http://www.focus.de/sport/wintersport/skispringen-skisprung-olympiasiegerin-vogt-sagt-start-in-rasnov-ab_id_3653705.html. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
- ^ See http://www.sportnews.bz/it/altri-sport/salto-con-gli-sci/dettaglio-news/news/brutta-caduta-in-allenamento-per-manuela-malsiner.html. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
- ^ See https://www.facebook.com/pages/Elena-Runggaldier-Fanpage/138338596335863?ref=stream&hc_location=timeline. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
- ^ "Prvič v zgodovini smučarskih skokov – tekma mešanih parov", Športna zveza Ljubljane, June 16, 2012
- ^ ski jumping hills in Mostec skisprungschanzen.com
- ^ video, tvslo.si (slovene), June 16, 2012
- ^ For Ski Jumpers, a Sliding Scale of Weight, Distance and Health
- ^ Development of ski jumping technique
- ^ Berkutschi.com. "Ski flying". Retrieved 11 February 2011.
- ^ [1]
- ^ International Ski Federation. "Homologated Ski Jumping Hills" (PDF).
- ^ Vom Olymp zu den Fischen auf faz.net
- ^ Australian Olympic Committee commenting the Olympic Winter Games of Nagano 1998
- ^ a b FIS result list 8 February 2003, Rank 1 Hannawald, Rank 6 Miyahira (PDF-File, 379 kB)
- ^ FIS result list 6 January 2009, Rank 1 Loitzl (PDF-File, 273 kB)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af "Rekordy i statystyki: Loty narciarskie". skokinarciarskie.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ 24ur.com (from 6:28–6:38)
- ^ "Skifliegen: Zwei Weltrekorde". Arbeiter-Zeitung: 10. 1967. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ "Results Training 1 Innsbruck, THU 3 JAN 2002" (PDF). fis-ski.com. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ "FIS Continental Cup Ski-Jumping 12th COC Competition Bischofshofen Ski-Jumping Individual K125 Official Results" (PDF). fis-ski.com. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ Adrian Dworakowski. "Nie tylko Eddie Edwards czyli o skoczkach z Wielkiej Brytanii". skijumping.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ Paweł Borkowski. "Nežborts z nowym rekordem Łotwy! Zobacz, jak skaczą Łotysze (wideo)". nicesport.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ Henryk Mażul (May 2006). "Ptaki w locie naśladując". tygodnik.lt (in Polish). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ "Skíðastökkið verður hápunktur leikanna". Alþýðublaðið: 16. 1960-02-28. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ "Пред "Четирите скокалници" имаше четирикатна скокалница на Шапка". novamakedonija.com.mk (in Macedonian). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ a b Adrian Dworakowski. "Egzotyczne skoki narciarskie". skijumping.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ "Žabljak". skisprungschanzen.com. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ "Prva skijaška skakaonica u Palama". palelive.com (in Bosnian). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ "ISTORIJA SKIJANJA NA JAHORINI I BIH". ssk.co.ba (in Bosnian). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ "Neerpeltenaar kroont zich tot Belgisch kampioen schansspringen" (in Dutch). Het Belang van Limburg. 2012-06-13. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
- ^ Broekx, Jesse (2012-06-11). "Tom Waes niet langer beste Belgische schansspringer" (in Dutch). sport.be.msn.com. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
- ^ Van Horne, Kizzy (2012-06-14). "Twintiger snoept Belgisch record schansspringen van Tom Waes af" (in Dutch). Het Nieuwsblad. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
- ^ "Rekord i Skihop". Grønlandsposten. 1949-03-15. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ "Ski-ing. Americans at Mount Cook. Durrance wins two events". Auckland Star: 15. 1937-07-27. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)