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Ford Pinto

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Ford Pinto
Ford Pinto
Overview
ManufacturerFord
ProductionSeptember 1970–1980
Model years1971–1980
AssemblyEdison, New Jersey
Milpitas, California
St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada
Body and chassis
ClassSubcompact car
Body style2-door coupe
2-door sedan delivery
2-door station wagon
3-door hatchback
LayoutFR layout
RelatedMercury Bobcat
Ford Mustang II
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
Dimensions
Length163 in (4,100 mm)[1]
Width69.4 in (1,760 mm)
Height50 in (1,300 mm)
Curb weight2,015–2,270 lb (914–1,030 kg) (1971)
Chronology
PredecessorFord Cortina (captive import)
SuccessorFord Escort

The Ford Pinto is a subcompact that was manufactured and marketed by Ford for model years (MY) 1971–1980. The 1971 two-door sedan was followed by hatchback and wagon models for MY 1972 — with over 3 million produced over a 10-year model run.

In 1977 controversy surrounding the Pinto erupted after revelations that its structural design allowed its fuel tank filler neck to break off and the fuel tank to be punctured in a rear-end collision, resulting in serious and potentially deadly fires from spilled fuel. A lawsuit was won in 1978 over the matter and the car was recalled the same year. The Pinto has been covered extensively since as a landmark case in business ethics.

A rebadged variant, the Mercury Bobcat, debuted in 1974 in Canada and in March 1975 in the US.[3] The Pinto/Bobcat and the smaller, imported Ford Fiesta were ultimately replaced by the front-wheel-drive Ford Escort and Mercury Lynx. Pintos were manufactured in St. Thomas, Ontario at St. Thomas Assembly; Edison, New Jersey at Edison Assembly; and in Milpitas, California at San Jose Assembly.[4]

The nameplate "Pinto" derives from the distinctive white and solid pattern of coloration common in horses.

Background

First-generation U.S. sub compacts, left to right: AMC Gremlin, Ford Pinto, Chevrolet Vega

U.S. automakers had first countered imports such as the Volkswagen Beetle with compact cars including the Ford Falcon, Chevrolet Corvair and Plymouth Valiant, although these cars featured six-cylinder engines and comprised a larger vehicle class. As the popularity of smaller Japanese imports from Toyota and Datsun increased throughout the 1960s, Ford North America responded by introducing the Ford Cortina from Ford of Europe as a captive import. U.S. automakers would soon introduce their own subcompacts. The Pinto was in compliance with Japanese regulations concerning vehicle length and engine displacement, but exceeded width dimensions by 60 mm (2.4 in).

The Pinto was introduced on September 11, 1970. The AMC Gremlin was the first to arrive on the market six months before the Pinto, and the Chevrolet Vega was introduced the day before the Pinto. Both the Pinto and the Vega were new, but the Pinto used powertrains proven in Europe from the European Ford Escort, while the Vega's innovative aluminum engine would prove troublesome. The Gremlin was designed around a six-cylinder engine, and was derived largely by truncating the rear body from the compact-class AMC Hornet to achieve its short length.

Design

File:Bluepinto.jpg
1973 Ford Pinto Runabout

Ford President Lee Iacocca wanted a 1971 model that weighed less than 2,000 pounds and that would be priced at less than $2,000.[5] A team of stylists at Ford was assigned to design the Pinto's exterior and interior instead of using the European Ford Escort. Robert Eidschun's design of the exterior theme was eventually chosen in its entirety. The clay models of the Pinto were finalized in December 1968 after which Eidschun left Ford to join Chrysler, as a studio Design Manager.

Ford North America's decision to create an all-new vehicle instead of integrating a design from international corporate resources paralleled GM North America's approach when creating the Chevrolet Vega — opting not to use the established Vauxhall Viva or Opel Kadett marketed at the time at GM dealerships in Canada, and USA Buick dealerships from 1967. Designers working on products intended for North America had more freedom with exterior dimensions and engine sizes in relation to Japanese counterparts, where those criteria were dictated by Japanese government regulations. Typically, Detroit manufacturers created products that emulated import aspects with market-driven improvements.

While the previously introduced Ford Maverick offered either straight-6 or V8 engine and a front bench seat, the Pinto offered an inline-4 engine, and bucket seats – more in keeping with small imports such as the Volkswagen Beetle, available since 1949, the Toyota Corolla, introduced to North America March 1968, and the newly introduced Datsun 1200 which appeared in 1970.

Compared with imports, seating was low to the floor. Styling somewhat resembled the larger Ford Maverick in grille and tail light themes, but with a fastback profile.

The car's mechanical design was conventional, with unibody construction, a longitudinally mounted engine in front driving the rear wheels through either a manual or automatic transmission and live axle rear end. Suspension was by unequal-length control arms with front coil springs; the live rear axle was suspended on leaf springs. The rack and pinion steering had optional power assist, as did the brakes.

Production history

After a 22 month development period, Ford introduced the Pinto under the tagline The Little Carefree Car.[citation needed]

After structural work on alternate body styles encountered obstacles,[6] Ford offered the Pinto as a two-door sedan, with entry level models priced at around $1850, undercutting GM's Chevrolet Vega and directly targeting imported models — which included such new competitors as the Mazda 1200 in 1971, the Subaru DL in 1972, and the Honda Civic in 1973.[7]

By January 1971, the Pinto had sold over 100,000 units [8] and 352,402 for the entire 1971 production run. 1974 saw the most Pintos produced in a single model year with 544,209 units.[9]

1971–1973

1973 Pinto Runabout, noting view of rear hatch

The Ford Pinto went on sale on September 11, 1970. Initially, the only bodystyle available was a trunked fastback sedan. A hatchback became available on February 20, 1971, debuting at the Chicago Auto Show[6] (also, in 1971, the Pinto brochure came with a paper cutout Pinto that one could fold together to make a 3D model[1]). Marketed as the Runabout, the hatchback went on sale five days later, priced at $2,062.[6] The hatch itself featured exposed chrome hinges for the liftgate and five decorative chrome strips, pneumatic struts to assist in opening the hatch, a rear window approximately as large as the sedan's, and a fold down seat — a feature which became simultaneously an option on the sedan. The hatchback model matched the sedan in all other dimensions and offered 38.1 cubic feet (1.08 m3) of cargo space with its seat folded.[6] By 1972, Ford redesigned the hatch itself, with the glass portion of the hatch enlarged to almost the entire size of the hatch itself, ultimately to be replaced with a rear hatch that was entirely glass.

On February 24, 1972,[6] the Pinto station wagon debuted with an overall length of 172.7 in (4,390 mm) and 60.5 cubic feet (1.71 m3) of cargo volume.[6] The first 2-door Ford station wagon since 1961, the Pinto wagon offered flip-open rear-seat windows as an option. Along with front disc brakes, the 2.0L engine was standard equipment. A Pinto Squire wagon featured faux wood side paneling similar to the full-size Country Squire.

1974–1978

File:1977 Ford Pinto Cruising Wagon.jpg
1977 Ford Pinto Cruising Wagon

In 1974, to meet federal regulations, 5 mph bumpers were added to both the front and rear. Unlike the majority of 1970s cars, the addition of larger bumpers to the Pinto would not necessitate major changes to the bodywork. While the underpowered Kent engine was dropped, the optional OHC engine was expanded to 2.3L. In various forms, this engine would go on to power a variety of Ford vehicles for 23 years. Mercury begins selling the Bobcat as a Canada-only model. With 544,209 units sold, 1974 would be the most popular model year for the Pinto.[9]

In 1975, in a move to better compete with the AMC Gremlin, Ford introduced the 2.8L V6; while far less powerful than the Gremlin, the V6 gave the Pinto a feature unavailable in the Chevrolet Vega. Sales of the Mercury Bobcat are expanded to Lincoln-Mercury dealers in the United States; it is sold as a hatchback and wagon.

For the 1977 model year, Pinto wagons received a new option package. Dubbed the Pinto Cruising Wagon, it was the sedan delivery version of the Pinto styled to resemble a small conversion van, complete with round side panel "bubble windows".

Other appearance packages offered by Ford were similar to the Cosworth Vega and the 304 V8 Gremlin X; these were strictly appearance upgrades, not a factory performance package.

In 1978, the Pinto became the second-smallest Ford sold in the U.S., as the company introduced the Fiesta. Nearly two feet shorter than the Pinto, the German-designed Fiesta was the first front-wheel drive car sold by Ford in the USA.

Mercury Bobcat (1974–1980)

Mercury Bobcat

Lincoln-Mercury dealers marketed a rebadged variant of the Pinto, as the Mercury Bobcat, beginning with model year 1974 in Canada and 1975 in the United States. The Bobcat was marketed as a hatchback and as a station wagon, under the Villager nameplate, and both featured a modified grille. The hatchback featured modified tail lights.

In total, 224,026 Bobcats were produced from 1975 to 1980.[citation needed]

1979–1980

1979-1980 Ford Pinto coupe

For the 1979 model year, the Pinto saw its first significant styling update. Taking on square headlights, the Pinto shed its styling borrowed from the Maverick. Wearing larger taillights, the Pinto now wore a square, sloping grille.

1980 marked the end of the Pinto's production run. For 1980, the V6 engine was discontinued, leaving the 2.3L as the sole engine.

Production figures
calendar year units
1971 352,402
1972 480,405
1973 484,512
1974 544,209
1975 223,763
1976 290,132
1977 225,097
1978 188,899
1979 199,018
1980 185,054
total production = 3,173,491

The Pinto would be later complemented by the German built, smaller front-wheel-drive Ford Fiesta, and formally replaced by the Escort for the 1981 model year.

Powertrain

Except for 1980, the Pinto was available with a choice of two engines. For the first five years of production, only four-cylinder inline engines were offered. Ford changed the power ratings almost every year.[10]

Of particular note is the introduction in 1974 of the 2.3 litres (140 cu in) OHC I4 engine. This engine would be updated and modified several times, allowing it to remain in production into 1997. Among other Ford vehicles, a turbocharged version of this engine would later power the performance based Thunderbird Turbo Coupe, Mustang SVO, and the European-built Merkur XR4Ti.[10]

Initial Pinto deliveries in the early years used the English (1,600 cc (98 cu in)) and German (2,000 cc (120 cu in)) engines tuned for performance (see below). The 2,000 cc engine used a two barrel carburetor where just one bore was bigger than that used on the Maverick. With the low weight (not much above 2,000 lb (910 kg)) and the SOHC engine it rated a 10.8 second 0-60 time. With the advent of emission control requirements, Ford moved from the European sourced to domestically sourced engines, using new or modified designs. New safety legislation impacted bumpers and other parts adding to the weight of the car, reducing performance.

Revised SAE standards in 1972 dropped the Pinto's 1.6 L (98 cu in) engine to 54 bhp (40 kW) — and the 2.0 L (120 cu in) engine to 86 hp (64 kW).[11]

Engine Name Years Available Displacement Horsepower† Torque†
Inline-four engine
Ford Kent I4 1971-1973 98 cu in (1.6 L)
  • 75 hp (56 kW; 76 PS) (1971)
  • 54 hp (40 kW; 55 PS) (1972-1973)
  • 96 lb⋅ft (130 N⋅m) (1971)
Ford EAO I4 1971-1974 122 cu in (2.0 L)
  • 100 hp (75 kW; 101 PS) (1971)
  • 86 hp (64 kW; 87 PS) (1972-1974)
Ford OHC I4 1974-1980 140 cu in (2.3 L)
  • 90 hp (67 kW; 91 PS) (1974)
  • 83 hp (62 kW; 84 PS) (1975)
  • 92 hp (69 kW; 93 PS) (1976)
  • 89 hp (66 kW; 90 PS) (1977)
  • 88 hp (66 kW; 89 PS) (1978-1980)
  • 121 lb⋅ft (164 N⋅m) (1976)
  • 120 lb⋅ft (160 N⋅m) (1977)
  • 118 lb⋅ft (160 N⋅m) (1978-1979)
  • 119 lb⋅ft (161 N⋅m) (1980)
V6 engine
Ford Cologne V6 1975-1979 170 cu in (2.8 L)
  • 97 hp (72 kW; 98 PS) (1975)
  • 103 hp (77 kW; 104 PS) (1976)
  • 93 hp (69 kW; 94 PS) (1977)
  • 90 hp (67 kW; 91 PS) (1978)
  • 102 hp (76 kW; 103 PS) (1979)
  • 149 lb⋅ft (202 N⋅m) (1976)
  • 140 lb⋅ft (190 N⋅m) (1977)
  • 143 lb⋅ft (194 N⋅m) (1978)
  • 138 lb⋅ft (187 N⋅m) (1979)
†Horsepower and torque ratings are net output after 1971 model year.

Reception and criticism

Road & Track faulted the suspension and standard drum brakes, calling the latter a "serious deficiency," but praised the proven 1.6 L Kent engine, adapted from European Fords. The larger 2300 inline-4 found in the Chevrolet Vega was an innovative, brand new design using an aluminum alloy block and iron head, but needed more development work as initially released. Consumer Reports rated the 1971 Pinto below the Vega but above the Gremlin.

In 2004, Forbes named the Pinto in its list of Worst Cars of All Time.[12]

Citing the Pinto's engineering and safety problems, Time magazine and Dan Neil named the Pinto in their 2008 list of the Fifty Worst Cars of All Time.[13]

In 2009, Business Week named the Pinto in their list of the Ugliest Cars of the Past 50 Years.[14]

In the 1983 film Cujo, the protagonist is trapped inside a Ford Pinto with a failed carburetor.

Design flaws and ensuing lawsuits

The Pinto's design positioned its fuel tank between the rear axle and the rear bumper. In a crash, the filler neck could tear away from the tank, spilling fuel beneath the car. The tank itself could also be punctured by the protruding bolts of the differential.[15][16][17][18] Ford released the car for production despite being aware of the flaw.[19][20]

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration investigated complaints about the Pinto's fuel tank safety as early as 1974, taking action in 1977 — after an article in Mother Jones. The article said that Ford was aware of the design flaw, was unwilling to pay for a redesign, and decided it would be cheaper to pay off possible lawsuits. The magazine obtained a cost-benefit analysis that it said Ford had used to compare the cost of repairs (Ford estimated the cost to be $11 per car) against the cost of settlements for deaths, injuries, and vehicle burnouts . The document became known as the Ford Pinto Memo.[21][13][22][16]

An example of a Pinto rear-end accident that led to a lawsuit was the 1972 accident resulted in the court case Grimshaw v. Ford Motor Co.,[23] in which the California Court of Appeal for the Fourth Appellate District upheld compensatory damages of $2.5 million and punitive damages of $3.5 million against Ford, partially because Ford had been aware of the design defects before production began but had decided against changing the design. The incident, and the Ford Pinto Memo in particular, has continued to be cited and debated as a major case in the study of business ethics.[19][24]

In 2010, The New York Times, while discussing the Pinto's legacy, mentioned that "the Pinto has its defenders", citing a 1991 paper, "The Myth of the Ford Pinto Case", for the Rutgers Law Review by attorney Gary Schwartz.[25][26][17] In it, Schwartz — while acknowledging that the design defects were real and that Ford was aware of them — said that the case against the Pinto was often misunderstood and that the car was not as dangerous as it was sometimes perceived in the popular imagination, saying that it was generally as safe as or safer than other cars in its class. Schwartz also took issue with what he said was the popular perception of the Ford Pinto Memo; while he acknowledged that it referenced general opposition to proposed safety regulations based on cost-benefit analysis, he said that it was primarily about rollovers, not rear-end collisions, and therefore not relevant to the Grimshaw case specifically.[17]

Recall

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) ultimately directed Ford to recall the Pinto. Initially, the NHTSA did not feel there was sufficient evidence to demand a recall due to incidents of fire. 27 deaths were attributed to Pinto fires (the same number of deaths attributed to a Pinto transmission problem) and in 1974 the NHTSA ruled that the Pinto had no "recallable" problem.[27]

In 1978, Ford initiated a recall providing a plastic protective shield to be dealer-installed between the fuel tank and the differential bolts, another to deflect contact with the right-rear shock absorber, and a new fuel-tank filler neck that extended deeper into the tank and was more resistant to breaking off in a rear-end collision.[6][28]

  • 1972 Ford Pinto Wagon
    1972 Ford Pinto Wagon
  • 1976 Mercury Bobcat Villager (poor condition)
    1976 Mercury Bobcat Villager (poor condition)
  • 1979 Pinto
    1979 Pinto
  • 1979 Pinto Panel Wagon
    1979 Pinto Panel Wagon

Motorsport

The Pinto was entered in the Trans Am Series during the 1972 season.[29] After suffering several problems throughout the season, and finishing only one race, it was withdrawn from the series.[30] The Pinto had also been entered in one race in the 1971 season.[31]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c "Directory Index: Ford/1971_Ford/1971 Ford Pinto Brochure". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
  2. ^ "Carfolio 1970 Pinto".
  3. ^ Mays, James C. Ford and Canada: 100 Years Together (Montréal: Syam Publishing, 2003), p.116.
  4. ^ Smith, Charles (March 25, 2006). "Lofty ambition / Developer revs up former Ford factory in Richmond for real live-work spaces". The San Francisco Chronicle.
  5. ^ [1] Archived 2012-01-27 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ a b c d e f g "Birth of the Ford Pinto". Howstuffworks.com.
  7. ^ "Quart in a Pinto". The Motor (magazine). 3558: pages 26–27. August 26, 1970. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  8. ^ "How Stuff Works Pinto".
  9. ^ a b Standard Catalog of Ford, 4th Edition, 2007, by John Gunnell. Krause Publications
  10. ^ a b Gunnell, John A. and Lenzke, James T. (1995). Standard Catalog of Ford Cars, 1903–1990. Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-140-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ "HowStuffWorks "The Birth of the Ford Pinto"".
  12. ^ Lienert, Dan (January 27, 2004). "The worst cars of all time". Forbes.
  13. ^ a b "1971 Ford Pinto - The 50 Worst Cars of All Time". Time. September 7, 2007.
  14. ^ "Ugliest Cars of the Past 50 Years". Business Week, Damian Joseph, October 30, 2009.
  15. ^ The Ford Pinto Case. State University of New York Press, Douglas Birsch and John Fielder, 1994, page 3. 1994-10-01. ISBN 978-0-7914-2234-2.
  16. ^ a b Wojdyla, Ben (May 20, 2011). "The Top Automotive Engineering Failures: The Ford Pinto Fuel Tanks". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved February 28, 2015.
  17. ^ a b c Template:PDFlink
  18. ^ Sherefkin, Robert (June 16, 2003). "Lee Iacocca's Pinto: A fiery failure". Automotive News.
  19. ^ a b Bazerman, Max H.; Tenbrunsel, Ann E. (April 2011). "Ethical Breakdowns". Harvard Business Review. Retrieved February 28, 2015.
  20. ^ Template:PDFlink
  21. ^ Dowie, Mark (September 1977). "Pinto Madness". Mother Jones. Retrieved January 17, 2014.
  22. ^ "Fatalities Associated With Crash Induced Fuel Leakage and Fires," by E.S. Grush and C.S. Saundy, Environmental and Safety Engineering.
  23. ^ "Grimshaw v. Ford Motor Co".
  24. ^ Birsch, Douglas (October 25, 1994). The Ford Pinto Case.
  25. ^ Motavalli, Jim (February 25, 2010). "At the Toyota Hearing, Remembering the Pinto". The New York Times, JIM MOTAVALLI, Feb 25, 2010.
  26. ^ Motavalli, Jim (February 25, 2010). "Cursed Cars: The Ford Pinto". Minneapolis Cars Examiner, Examiner.com, October 29th, Nathan Hook.
  27. ^ Pinto "Madness," a Flawed Landmark Narrative: An Organizational and Network Analysis, M T Lee and M D Ermann, Social Problems, Vol 46, No 1 Feb 1999
  28. ^ "NHTSA Recalls for the 1975 Ford Pinto".
  29. ^ http://cms.scca.com/documents/Pro%20Racing/Archives/Trans-Am/1972.pdf
  30. ^ http://cms.scca.com/documents/Pro%20Racing/Archives/Trans-Am/1973.pdf
  31. ^ http://cms.scca.com/documents/Pro%20Racing/Archives/Trans-Am/1971.pdf
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