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For the Telugu actress, see Jayalalita.

In this Indian name, the name Jayaram is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by the given name, Jayalalithaa.
J. Jayalalithaa
ஜெயலலிதா
10th, 12th, 14th, 16th, 18th Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
Incumbent
Assumed office
May 23, 2015
GovernorKonijeti Rosaiah
Preceded byO. Panneerselvam
ConstituencyDr.Radhakrishnan Nagar
In office
16 May 2011 – 27 September 2014
Preceded byKarunanidhi
Succeeded byO. Panneerselvam [1]
ConstituencySrirangam
In office
2 March 2002 – 12 May 2006
Preceded byO. Panneerselvam
Succeeded byKarunanidhi
ConstituencyAndipatti
In office
14 May 2001 – 21 September 2001
Preceded byKarunanidhi
Succeeded byO. Panneerselvam
ConstituencyDid not contest
In office
24 June 1991 – 12 May 1996
Preceded byPresident's rule
Succeeded byKarunanidhi
ConstituencyBargur
Personal details
Born
Komalavalli

(1948-02-24) 24 February 1948 (age 76)
Mandya, Karnataka State, India
Died, Tamil Nadu
Resting place, Tamil Nadu
Political partyAll India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Parent
Residence(s)Chennai, Tamil Nadu

Jayalalithaa Jayaram (pronounced [dʒɛjələlɪd̪ɑː dʒɛjəɾɑːm]; born 24 February 1948), commonly referred to as Jayalalithaa, Jaya or Amma (translates to mother in English), is an Indian politician and the incumbent Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, in office since 2015. Previously she served as Chief Minister from 1991 to 1996, in 2001, from 2002 to 2006, and from 2011 to 2014. She was an actress before her entry into politics and appeared in 140 films which includes Tamil, Telugu, and Kannada films. She is the general secretary of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK). She is popularly referred to as Puratchi Thalaivi (Revolutionary Leader) by her followers.[2]

As an actress, she had frequently worked with another actor-turned-politician, M. G. Ramachandran (MGR). This led to wide speculation that Jayalalithaa was introduced to politics by MGR. However, she has denied these claims and stated that she had entered politics by choice. She was a member of the Rajya Sabha, elected from Tamil Nadu, from 1984 to 1989. Soon after the death of MGR, Jayalalithaa proclaimed herself his political heir. She is the second female chief minister of Tamil Nadu after Janaki Ramachandran.

Jayalalithaa became the first incumbent chief minister in India to be disqualified from holding office due to conviction in a disproportionate assets case on 27 September 2014.[3][4] On May 11, 2015, the Karnataka High Court acquitted Jayalalithaa in the disproportionate assets case, and she resumed office as Chief Minister on May 23. She was subsequently re-elected by the electorate of the Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar (State Assembly Constituency) of North Chennai in the by-election held on 27 June 2015.

Early life and education

Jayalalithaa was born on 24 February 1948, at Melukote, in Pandavapura taluka, Karnataka State (now Karnataka) to Jayaram and Vedavalli in a Tamil Brahmin family.[5][6] Her grandfather was in the service of the Mysore kingdom as a surgeon, and the prefix 'Jaya' ('the victorious') was added to the names of various family members to reflect their association with Maharaja Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar of Mysore.[2] Her mother called her Komalavalli.[7]

Jayalalitha's father died when she was two years old.[2] Her mother then moved to Bangalore, where her parents lived, with Jayalalithaa. Her mother eventually began to work as an actress in Tamil cinema, based in Chennai, having taken the screen name of Sandhya.[2] While still in Bangalore, Jayalalithaa attended Bishop Cotton Girls' School.[8] She completed her childhood education at Sacred Heart Matriculation School (popularly known as Church Park Presentation Convent or Presentation Church Park Convent) in Chennai.[9] She excelled at school and was offered a government scholarship to pursue further education.[8] She won Gold State Award for coming first in 10th standard in not just her school but also in Tamil Nadu. She appears not to have accepted the admission offered to her at Stella Maris College, Chennai.[2] She is fluent in several languages, including Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Hindi, Malayalam and English.[10]

Film career

See also: Jayalalitha filmography

Early career

Her mother persuaded her to work in films when Jayalalithaa was 15 years old and was still in school, taking assurances from producers that shooting would take place only during summer vacations and that she would not miss her classes. She acted as child artiste in Shrishaila Mahatme (1961)in Kannada.[11] Jayalalithaa acted in an English language film, Epistle, released in 1961.She made her debut as the lead actress in Kannada films while still in school, age 15, in Chinnada Gombe(1964). Besides that, she also appeared in a dance sequence of a song named "Malligeya Hoovinantha" in the movie Amarashilpi Jakannachari (1964).[2] Jayalalithaa's debut in Tamil cinema was a role in Vennira Aadai (1965), directed by C. V. Sridhar. The following year, she made her debut in Telugu cinema with her debut as lead actress in an Akkineni Nageshwara Rao starrer Manushulu Mamathalu. Her last Telugu release was also opposite Akkineni Nageshwar Rao in the film Nayakudu Vinayakudu that was released in 1980.[12] She was the first heroine to appear in skirts in Tamil films.[13] She acted in one Hindi film called Izzat, with Dharmendra as her male costar in 1968.[14]She starred in 28 box-office hit films with M G Ramachandran between 1965 to 1973.[15] The first film of MGR-Jayalalitha together was B.R.Panthalu's Aayirathil Oruvan in 1965 and the last film together was Pattikattu Ponaiyah in 1973.

Jaishankar had 8 hits with Jayalalithaa as the lead hero-heroine of film like Muthuchippi, Yaar Nee, Vairam, Gauri Kalyanam, Thanga Gopuram, Vandhale Maharasi, Bommalatam (1968) , Raja Veetu Pillai in Tamil.

Jayalalitha acted in 12 films as heroine opposite Taraka Rama Rao Nandamuri, in Telugu - Gopaludu Bhoopaludu (1967), Chikkadu Dorakadu (1967), Tikka Shankaraiah (1968), Niluvu Dopidi (1968), Bagdad Gajadonga (1968), Katha Nayakudu (1969), Kadaladu Vadaladu (1969), Gandikota Rahasyam (1969), Alibaba 40 Dongalu (1970), Shri Krishna Vijayam (1970), Shri Krishna Satya (1971), Devudu Chesina Manushulu (1973).Jayalalitha had 7 hits with Akkineni Nageswara Rao in Telugu - Manashulu Mamatalu (1965), Aastiparulu (1966), Brahmachari (1968), Aadarsa Kutumbam (1969), Adrushtavanthalu (1969), Bharya Biddalu (1971), Nayakudu Vinayakudu (1980).She also made guest appearance in Navarthi(1966), which again was a hit.

Later career

Her 10 hit films with Ravichandran in Tamil include Gowri Kalyanam (1966), Kumari Penn (1966), Naan (1967), Magarasi (1967), Madi Veettu Mappillai (1967), Pannakarai Pillai (1968), Moondreezuthu (1968), Andru Kanda Mugam (1968), Baghdad Perazhagi (1974) and Avalukku Aayiram Kangal (1975).Their last film together was a disaster - Shahzadi Mumtaz.

In 1972, Jayalalithaa acted opposite Sivaji Ganesan in Pattikada Pattanama, which went on to win the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil in 1973. It fetched her a Filmfare Award for Best Actress. Her performances in Suryakanthi and Chandradhoyam were critically acclaimed and the former won her another Filmfare Award for Best Actress in 1973. The same year she acted in the Telugu Sri Krishna Satya and won her third Filmfare Award for Best Actress.[16] Her other films with Sivaji Ganesan include Galatta Kalyanam and Deiva Magan; the latter holds the distinction of being the first Tamil film to be submitted by India for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.[17] Jayalalitha was paired opposite Sivaji Ganeshan in 17 films as his heroine and as his daughter in one film named Motoram Sunderapillai. She continued pairing up with younger actors such as Ravichandran and Jaishankar in a number of films such as Vairam and Baghdad Perazhagi.[18][19] Jayalalitha had 8 hits with Muthuraman as a romantic leading pair - Major Chandrakant ,Shanmugapriya, Thirumangalyam, Kanaivan Maniavi, Avanthan Manidhan, Suryagandhi,Anbu Thangai and Unmayin Velai Yenna.She later appeared in Kandan Karunai and other Tamil films.[20] Her last film was the 1980 picture Nadhiyai Thedi Vandha Kadal.[14] During the 1960s and 1970s, she starred opposite Dr. M. G. Ramachandran in a number of successful films, including Aayirathil Oruvan, Kavalkaran, Adimai Penn, Engal Thangam, Kudiyirundha Koyil, Ragasiya Police 115 and Nam Naadu.[14][21]

Her successful Kannada films include Badukuva Daari (1966),Nanna Kartavya (1965),Chinnada Gombe (1964). Jayalalithaa holds the record for having been the Tamil actress with maximum silver jubilee hits in her career - 85 hits of 92 Tamil films as main female lead heroine and in addition she also has all 28 films in Telugu as silver jubilee hits. She was the highest paid Indian actress from 1965-1980.She made guest appearances in 9 films like Navrathri in Telugu,Amarshilpi Jakanachari (1964) in Kannada, Cinema Paithiyam in Tamil. Another 6 of her films were dubbed into Hindi.Her only English film Epistle was unsuccessful and her Hindi film Izzat was a success. She had 117 box office hits between 1961 to 1980, of the total 125 films she did as the main female lead.

Jayalalitha made a brief appearance as a chief minister crusading for prohibition in 1992 Neenga Nalla Irukkanum.[22]

Political career

Early political career

Jayalalithaa claims that Ramachandran, who had been chief minister for the state since 1977, was instrumental in introducing her to politics.[2][23] In 1982, she joined the AIADMK, which was founded by Ramachandran.[24] Her maiden public speech, "Pennin Perumai" ("The Greatness of a Woman"), was delivered at the AIADMK's political conference in the same year.[25] In 1983, she became propaganda secretary for the party and was selected as its candidate in the by-election for the Tiruchendur Assembly constituency.[24]

Ramachandran wanted her to be a member of the Rajya Sabha because of her fluency in English.[26] Jayalalithaa was nominated and elected to that body in 1984 and retained her seat until 1989.[27] Her success in her role as propaganda secretary caused resentment among high-ranking members of the party. By engineering a rift between her and Ramachandran, these members influenced Ramachandran to stop her writing about her personal life in a Tamil magazine. Despite these machinations, she remained admired by the rank and file of the party.[2]

In 1984, when Ramachandran was incapacitated due to a stroke, Jayalalithaa was said to have attempted to take over the position of chief minister or the party on the pretext that his health would prevent him from the proper execution of his duties.[28] She successfully led the campaign in the 1984 general elections, in which the ADMK allied with the Congress.[27] Following his death three years later, the AIADMK split into two factions: one supported his widow, Janaki Ramachandran, and the other favoured Jayalalithaa. Janaki was selected as the Chief Minister on 7 January 1988 with the support of 96 members; due in part to irregularities by speaker P.H. Pandian, who dismissed six members to ease her victory, she won a motion of confidence in the house. However, Rajiv Gandhi used Article 356 of the Constitution of India to dismiss the Janaki-led government and impose president's rule on the state.[2][29][30]

Jayalalithaa contested the subsequent 1989 elections on the basis of being MGR's political heir.[31][32]

Leader of the Opposition, 1989

She was elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly in 1989 as a representative of the Bodinayakkanur (State Assembly Constituency). This election saw the Jayalalithaa-led faction of the AIADMK win 27 seats and Jayalalithaa became the first woman to be elected Leader of the Opposition. In February 1989, the two factions of ADMK merged and they unanimously accepted Jayalalithaa as their leader and the "Two leaves" symbol of the party was restored.[27] On 25 March 1989, quoted as one of the worst incidents to have happened in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, there was heavy violence inside the house among the ruling DMK party members and the opposition. Jayalilatha was brutally attacked and visibly molested by the ruling DMK members in front of the assembly speaker on the behest of Chief Minister Karunanidhi.Jayalalitha left the Assembly with her torn saree and this scene created huge sympathy for her and on the other hand people cursed the DMK leader and its member for meting out such iltreatment on her. Jayalalithaa drew a parallel with the shameful disrobing of Draupadi in the epic Mahabharata.[33][34][35][36][37] At the peak of the situation, when Jayalalithaa was about to leave the house, which is seen by a section of the media as "not until I enter the house as a Chief Minister".[38][39] Though some sections of media term it as a theatrics launched by Jayalalithaa, it got a lot of media coverage and sympathy from the public.[40][41][42] During the 1989 general elections, the ADMK allied with the Congress party and had a significant victory. The ADMK, under her leadership, won the by-elections in Marungapuri, Madurai East and Peranamallur assembly constituencies.[27]

First term as Chief Minister, 1991

In 1991, following the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi days before the elections, her alliance with the Indian National Congress enabled her to ride the wave of sympathy that gave the coalition victory.[43][44] The ADMK alliance with the Congress won 225 out of the 234 seats contested and won all 39 constituencies in the centre.[27] Re-elected to the assembly, she became the first female, and the youngest, chief minister, of Tamil Nadu, to serve a full term, serving from 24 June 1991 to 12 May 1996.[27][30] In 1992, her government introduced the "Cradle Baby Scheme". At that time the ratio of male to female in some parts of Tamil Nadu was skewed by the practice of female infanticide and the abortion of female foetuses. The government established centres in some areas, these being equipped to receive and place into adoption unwanted female babies. The scheme was extended in 2011.[45] Her party had 26 elected members to the assembly. Her government was the first to introduce police stations operated solely by women. She introduced 30% quota for women in all police jobs and established as many as 57 all-women police stations. There were other all-women establishments like libraries, stores, banks and co-operative elections.[46]

Loss of power, 1996

The Jayalalithaa-led AIADMK lost power in the 1996 elections, when it won 4 of the 168 seats that they contested.[47] Jayalalithaa was herself defeated by the DMK candidate in Bargur Constituency.[48] The outcome has been attributed to an anti-incumbency sentiment and several allegations of corruption and malfeasance against her and her ministers.[44][47] The wedding event of her foster son Sudhakaran, who married a granddaughter of the Tamil film actor Shivaji Ganesan, was held on 7 September 1995 at Chennai and was viewed on large screens by over 150,000 people. The event holds two Guinness World Records: one is for the most guests at a wedding and the other is for being the largest wedding banquet.[2][49][50] Subsequently, in November 2011, Jayalalithaa told a special court than the entire Rs. 6 Crore expenses associated with the wedding were paid by the family of the bride.[51]

Second term as Chief Minister, 2001

Jayalalithaa was barred from standing as a candidate in the 2001 elections because she had been found guilty of criminal offences, including allegedly obtaining property belonging to a state-operated agency called TANSI. Although she appealed to the Supreme Court, having been sentenced to five years' imprisonment, the matter had not been resolved at the time of the elections.[52] Despite this, the AIADMK won a majority and she was installed as Chief Minister as a non-elected member of the state assembly on 14 May 2001.[30]

Her appointment was legally voided in September 2001 when the Supreme Court ruled that she could not hold it whilst convicted of criminal acts.[52] O. Panneerselvam, a minister in her party, was subsequently installed as the Chief Minister. However, his government was purported to have been puppeted and micro-managed by Jayalalithaa.[30][53]

Subsequently, in March 2003, Jayalalithaa assumed the position of Chief Minister once more, having been acquitted of some charges by the Madras High Court.[54] This cleared the way for her to contest a mid-term poll to the Andipatti constituency, after the sitting MLA for the seat, gave up his membership, which she won by a handsome margin.[55] India's first company of female police commandos was set up in Tamil Nadu in 2003. They underwent the same training as their male counterparts, covering the handling of weapons, detection and disposal of bombs, driving, horseriding, and adventure sports.[56]

Jayalaithaa and US Secretary Hillary Clinton

Third term as Chief Minister, 2011

In April 2011 the AIADMK was part of a 13-party alliance that won the 14th state assembly elections. Jayalalithaa was sworn in as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu for the third time on 16 May 2011, having been elected unanimously as the leader of the AIADMK party subsequent to those elections.[57] On 19 December 2011, Jayalalithaa expelled her long-time close aide Sasikala Natarajan and 13 others from the AIADMK. Most of the party members welcomed her decision,[58] and on 2 February 2012, Tehelka magazine claimed that Natarajan and some of her relatives were conspiring to kill her by poisoning her food over a period of time.[59] The matter was resolved by 31 March, when Sasikala Natarajan was reinstated as a party member after issuing a written apology.[60]

Disproportionate Assets case, 2014

See also: Disproportionate Asset case against Jayalalithaa

On 27 September 2014, Jayalalithaa was sentenced to four years in jail and fined Rs 100 crore by the Special Court in Bangalore. She was convicted in an 18-year-old disproportionate assets case that was launched by Janata Party President Subramanian Swamy (now member of Bharatiya Janata Party) on 20 August 1996 on the basis of Income Tax Department report on her. Jayalalithaa's close aide Sasikala Natarajan, her niece Ilavarasi, her nephew and the chief minister's disowned foster son Sudhakaran were also convicted. They were sentenced to four years in jail and fined Rs 10 crores each. Special Judge John Michael D'Cunha convicted her to owning assets to the tune of Rs 66.65 crores (which includes 2,000 acres of land, 30 kg of gold and 12,000 saris) disproportionate to her known sources of income during 1991-96 when she was chief minister for the first time. The verdict was delivered at a makeshift court in the Parappana Agrahara prison complex in the presence of Jayalalithaa and the other accused. She has automatically been disqualified from the post of CM and legislative assembly of Tamil Nadu and is the first Indian chief minister to be disqualified.[61] O. Panneerselvam, a minister in her party, was succeeded as the Chief Minister on 29 September 2014.[62] On 17 October 2014, Supreme Court granted two months bail and suspended her sentence in Disproportionate Assets Case.They have to appeal the petition on or before 18 December 2014.[63] On May 11, 2015, a special Bench of the Karnataka High Court set aside the trial court order convicting former Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Jayalalithaa and acquitted of all charges in the disproportionate assets case.[64]

Karnataka HC acquits

Justice C.R.Kumaraswamy of the Karnataka HC acquitted Jayalalithaa in disproportionate assets case on 11 May 2015 stating that the appeal of Ms. Jayalalithaa have been allowed and was being acquitted of all charges. The judge also acquitted her associates - Sasikala Natarajan, her niece Ilavarasi, her nephew and the chief minister's disowned foster son Sudhakaran. Now, her acquittal by the Karnataka high court means she can assume the chief minister's post. Its an important milestone in Jayalalithaa's political career as this verdict decides her career. Former Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Jayalalithaa has issued a statement saying truth and justice has prevailed. Thanking God and the people of Tamil Nadu, Ms. Jayalalithaa said that the case was a conspiracy by DMK to destroy AIADMK.

Return as Chief Minister, 2015

On 23 May 2015 Jayalalithaa was sworn in[65] as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for the 5th time after Karnataka High Court acquitted her from disproportionate case on 11 May 2015. She was subsequently re-elected by the electorate of the Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar (State Assembly Constituency) of North Chennai in the by-election held on 27 June 2015. In a landslide victory, she polled more than 88% votes of the 74.4% turnout, winning by a margin of over 1.6 lakh votes.

Legislative career

Elections contested

Year Constituency Result Vote percentage Opposition Candidate Opposition Party Opposition vote percentage
1989 Bodinayakkanur Won 54.51 Muthumanokaran DMK 27.27[66]
1991 Bargur, Kangayam Won 69.3 T. Rajhendher TMK 29.34[48]
1996 Bargur Lost 43.54 E. G. Sugavanam DMK 50.71[48]
2001 Andipatti,
Krishnagiri,
Bhuvanagiri,
Pudukkottai		 Nomination rejected[67]
2002 Andipatti Won 58.22 Vaigai Sekar DMK 27.64[55]
2006 Andipatti Won 55.04 Seeman DMK 36.29[68]
2011 Srirangam Won 58.99 N Anand DMK 35.55[69][70]
2015 R.K. Nagar Won 88.43 C Mahendran CPI 5.35[71]

Honours

In 1972 Jayalalithaa was awarded the Kalaimamani by the Government of Tamil Nadu.[72]

She has received several honorary doctorates and other honours, beginning with an award from the University of Madras in 1991.[72][73][74]

Notes

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  3. ^ "Tamil Nadu CM J Jayalalithaa convicted to 4 years imprisonment in disproportionate assets case". DNA. 27 September 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
  4. ^ "Top India politician Jayalalitha jailed for corruption". BBC News Online. 27 September 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
  5. ^ http://srinathravishankar.blogspot.in/2011/12/short-biography-of-jayalalithaa-jayaram.html
  6. ^ http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-j-jayalalithaa-s-victory-in-tamil-nadu-finds-resonance-in-mumbai-1989569
  7. ^ "In school her name was Komalavalli". DNA. 7 May 2006. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  8. ^ a b "Profile". Government of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  9. ^ Raman, A. S. (September 2001). "The Iron Lady of India". The Contemporary Review. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  10. ^ "Jayalalitha to debut in Hindi for campaigns". The Economic Times. IANS. 8 April 2007. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  11. ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know-/Jayalalitha-has-acted-in-Kannada-movies/articleshow/44752455.cms
  12. ^ admin. "Did You Know?". telugucinema.com. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  13. ^ Nadar, Ganesh (6 May 2004). "J Jayalalithaa: The Iron Lady". Rediff. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
  14. ^ a b c "Who is J Jayalalithaa?". Chennai: NDTV. 17 May 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  15. ^ "Who is J Jayalalithaa?". NDTV.com. https://plus.google.com/+NDTV. Retrieved 17 October 2015. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  16. ^ TOI 1984, p. 305
  17. ^ R.L, Hardgrave (1979). Essays in the political sociology of South India. Usha. p. 120. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  18. ^ "Vairam". India Glitz. 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  19. ^ "Baghdad Perazhagi". IMDB. 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  20. ^ "Box office report of 1968". Box Office India. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  21. ^ Ramaswamy 2007, p. 101
  22. ^ http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jayalalitha-makes-brief-appearance-in-neenga-nalla-irukkanum-movie-bombs-at-box-office/1/308343.html
  23. ^ "Personality cult". BBC. 30 March 2009. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
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  28. ^ Pillai, Ajith; Panneerselvan, A. S. (4 May 1998). "The Life And Times of Jayalalitha". outlookindia. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  29. ^ Jagmohan 2007, pp. 303-305
  30. ^ a b c d "List of Chief Ministers in Tamil Nadu". Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  31. ^ "I'm the political heir of MGR: Jayalalitha". Zee News. 13 March 2010. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  32. ^ "I'm MGR's true heir: Jayalalithaa". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 15 February 2002. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  33. ^ "The Revenge Of Draupadi".
  34. ^ "When two titans clashed on the Tamil Nadu assembly floor".
  35. ^ "Jayalalithaa's conviction opens up new political options in Tamilnadu".
  36. ^ "Vow to avenge insult".
  37. ^ "Pepper spray pales against past TN Assembly events".
  38. ^ Vinod K. Jose (April 24, 2014). "When two titans clashed on the Tamil Nadu assembly floor". Caravan. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
  39. ^ Shashank Chouhan (November 23, 2012). "A small, shameful history of unparliamentary behaviour". Caravan. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
  40. ^ Vaasanthi 2008, pp. 86-88
  41. ^ "1989 ugly episode haunts the House". The Hindu. Chennai. 26 March 2003. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  42. ^ Jacob, Satish (1 July 2001). "Rival's revenge in Tamil Nadu". BBC. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  43. ^ Das 2005, p. 45
  44. ^ a b Ramaswamy 2007, p. xxxiv
  45. ^ "TN: Cradle Baby Scheme In Districts With Low Sex Ratio". Chennai: Outlook India. PTI. 24 July 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  46. ^ Vanitha 2007, p. 158
  47. ^ a b T.S., Subramanian (13–26 December 1997). "No respite". Frontline. 14 (25). Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  48. ^ a b c "Party wise comparison since 1977 in Bargur constituency". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  49. ^ "Largest wedding banquet/reception". guinnessworldrecords. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  50. ^ "Most wedding guests". guinnessworldrecords. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  51. ^ Kumar, Anil (22 November 2011). "My foster son's Rs6 cr. wedding expense not paid by me". The Times of India. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  52. ^ a b Subramanian, T. S. (21 May 2001). "The disqualification debate". Frontline. 18 (10). Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  53. ^ "Panneerselvam govt only a temporary arrangement". The Times of India. 22 September 2001. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  54. ^ Ramakrishnan, T. (15 May 2011). "End of 7-year lean phase for AIADMK". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  55. ^ a b T., Ramakrishnan (20 January 2002). "The conundrum in an AIADMK stronghold". The Hindu. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  56. ^ Haviland, Charles (10 June 2003). "Indian women join elite police". BBC. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  57. ^ "Jayalalithaa sworn in Tamil Nadu Chief Minister". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 16 March 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  58. ^ "Jaya expels close aide Sasikala, husband from AIADMK". IndianExpress. 19 December 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  59. ^ "Did Modi & a Gujarati help Jaya fight Sasikala's mafia?". DNA. 2 February 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  60. ^ "Sasikala back at Poes Garden". The New Indian Express. 3 April 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  61. ^ "Jayalalithaa Gets 4-year Jail, Fined Rs 100 Cr". BUSINESS WORLD. 27 September 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
  62. ^ "O Panneerselvam sworn-in as Tamil Nadu CM". 29 September 2014.
  63. ^ "India's Supreme Court grants bail to Jayalalitha". BBC. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
  64. ^ Desk, Internet (10 May 2015). "Live: Jayalalithaa acquitted in DA case". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 May 2015. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  65. ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-is-tamil-nadu-cm-again/article7238526.ece?homepage=true
  66. ^ "Party wise comparison since 1977 in Bodinayakkanur constituency". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  67. ^ J., Venkatesan (31 March 2012). "Jayalalithaa's SLP listed for final hearing in July". The Hindu. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  68. ^ "Party wise comparison since 1977 in Andipatti constituency". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  69. ^ "Winner and runners of 2011 Tamil Nadu legislative assembly elections" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 8. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  70. ^ "Statistical report of 2011 Tamil Nadu legislative assembly elections" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 162. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  71. ^ "2015 Tamil Nadu bypass election result". CNN-IBN. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  72. ^ a b "Awards and Special Degrees". Chennai, India: Government of Tamil Nadu. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  73. ^ "Awards". NDTV. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  74. ^ "Awards". NDTV. Retrieved 10 November 2013.

References

Political offices
Preceded by Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
First Tenure
24 June 1991–12 May 1996 		Succeeded by
Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
Second Tenure
14 May 2001–16 September 2001 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
Third Tenure
2 March 2003–12 May 2006 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
Fourth Tenure
16 May 2011–27 September 2014 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
Fifth Tenure
23 May 2015–present 		Incumbent

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