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State of Mississippi
The "In God We Trust" flag,
The New Magnolia
UseCivil and state flag
Proportion5:8
AdoptedNovember 3, 2020, pending full legislative approval
Designed byRocky Vaughan, Sue Anna Joe, Kara Giles, Dominique Pugh, and Micah Whitson[1]

The pending flag of Mississippi is a flag with a white magnolia blossom and the words "In God We Trust" on a red field with a gold-bordered blue pale. This flag was chosen by the Commission to Redesign the Mississippi State Flag and was approved by state referendum on November 3, 2020. It will become the official state flag of the U.S. state of Mississippi once enacted into law by the state legislature.[2][3] It replaces the previous flag that displayed the Confederate battle insignia in the upper left hand corner, which was retired on June 30, 2020.[4] Once officially adopted, Mississippi will have had three official state flags in its history.

The first flag, known as the "Magnolia Flag", was adopted in 1861 and consisted of a "Flag of white ground, a magnolia tree in the centre, a blue field in the upper left hand corner with a white star in the centre, (…) with a red border and a red fringe at the extremity of the Flag".[5] The Magnolia Flag was declared to be "null and void" by a state constitutional convention in 1865 and the state was left without an official flag until the second one was adopted in 1894.[6]

The second flag, designed by Edward N. Scudder and adopted in 1894, consisted of a triband of three equal horizontal stripes of blue, white, and red, with the canton of the Confederate battle flag. The thirteen stars on the state flag officially represented "the number of the original states of the Union", although they are sometimes thought to be for the states that seceded from the Union plus Missouri and Kentucky, which also had both Confederate and Union governing bodies.[7] From 1894 to 1956, and again from 2003 to 2020, this was the only state flag to incorporate the Battle Flag of the Army of Northern Virginia into its design.[a] During this time, state legislators proposed new flag designs omitting the Confederate symbols, especially following the Charleston church shooting and the killing of George Floyd.[8]

The second flag was retired in 2020 in response to the George Floyd protests. On June 27, 2020, Governor Tate Reeves stated that if the Mississippi Legislature passed a bill that weekend addressing the flag issue, he would sign it into law.[9][10][11] Subsequently, on June 28, 2020, the Legislature passed a bill to repeal the sections of the Mississippi State Code which made provisions for a state flag, mandate the Mississippi Department of Archives and History develop a plan for the removal of the former flag from public buildings within 15 days of the bill's effective date, and establish a commission to design a replacement that would exclude the Confederate battle flag and include the U.S. national motto "In God We Trust".[12][13][14][15] Reeves then signed it into law on June 30, 2020.[16][17]

The third flag was designed by Rocky Vaughan, Sue Anna Joe, Kara Giles, Dominique Pugh, and Micah Whitson. It was chosen by the Commission to Redesign the Mississippi State Flag, which was established by the same June 2020 Mississippi House bill which retired the second flag. The commission received thousands of submissions, and narrowed them down to a single choice, which was submitted for public vote as a ballot measure on November, 3, 2020. Voters overwhelmingly approved the new design.[18][19] It is one of three U.S. state flags to feature the words "In God We Trust", with the other two being those of Florida and Georgia.

First flag (1861–1865)

Before 1861, Mississippi lacked a flag. When the State Convention at the Capitol in Jackson declared its secession from the United States ("Union") on January 9, 1861,[20] near the start of the American Civil War, spectators in the balcony handed a Bonnie Blue flag down to the state convention delegates on the convention floor,[21] and one was raised over the state capitol building in Jackson as a sign of independence.[22] Later that night, residents of Jackson paraded through the streets under the banner. Harry McCarthy, an Irish singer and playwright who observed the street parade, was inspired to write the patriotic song "The Bonnie Blue Flag".[21][23]

The first flag was known as the "Magnolia flag". It was the official state flag from March 30, 1861, until August 22, 1865.[6] On January 26, 1861, the delegates to the state convention approved the report of a special committee that had been appointed to design a coat of arms and "a suitable flag".[21] The flag recommended by the committee was "A Flag of white ground, a magnolia tree in the centre, a blue field in the upper left hand corner with a white star in the centre, the Flag to be finished with a red border and a red fringe at the extremity of the Flag."[5] Due to time constraints and the pressure to raise "means for the defense of the state", the delegates neglected to adopt the flag officially in January but did so when they reassembled in March 1861.[24] The Magnolia Flag was not widely used during the war, as the various Confederate flags were displayed more frequently.[25] Following the war's end, a state constitutional convention nullified many of the ordinances and resolutions passed by the State Convention of 1861. Among those nullified was the ordinance of March 1861 "to provide a Coat of Arms and Flag for the State of Mississippi."[26]

State flag (1861–1865) Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Unofficial flag variant[b] Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag

Second flag (1894–2020)

On February 7, 1894, the Legislature replaced the Civil War era Magnolia Flag with a new one designed by Edward N. Scudder, that incorporated the Confederate battle flag in its canton.[21] This second state flag consisted of three equal horizontal triband of blue, white, and red, with the canton of the battle flag of the Army of Northern Virginia. The 13 stars on the state flag officially represented "the number of the original states of the Union"; though they are sometimes thought to have been for states that seceded from the Union, plus Missouri and Kentucky which had Union and Confederate governments.[7]

The Mississippi Code of 1972, in Title 3, Chapter 3, described the flag as follows:

§ 3-3-16. Design of state flag. The official flag of the State of Mississippi shall have the following design: with width two-thirds (2/3) of its length; with the union (canton) to be square, in width two-thirds (2/3) of the width of the flag; the ground of the union to be red and a broad blue saltire thereon, bordered with white and emblazoned with thirteen (13) mullets or five-pointed stars, corresponding with the number of the original States of the Union; the field to be divided into three (3) bars of equal width, the upper one blue, the center one white, and the lower one, extending the whole length of the flag, red (the national colors); this being the flag adopted by the Mississippi Legislature in the 1894 Special Session.[27][28]

State flag (1894–1906) Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag State flag (1906–2001) Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag State flag (2001–2020) Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag

In 1906, Mississippi adopted a revised legal code that repealed all general laws that were not reenacted by the legislature or brought forward in the new code.[29] The legislature inadvertently omitted mention of the 1894 flag, leaving the state with no official state flag from 1906 to 2001.[30][27] In 2000, the Supreme Court of Mississippi confirmed that the state legislature had in 1906 repealed the 1894 adoption of the state flag;[31] the flag used since then and considered official had actually only been customary or traditional.[32]

Early proposals to change the 1894 flag

Further information: Modern display of the Confederate battle flag and Flaggers (movement)

2001 referendum

Main article: 2001 Mississippi flag referendum
2001 flag proposal Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag

In January 2001, then-Governor Ronnie Musgrove appointed an independent commission which developed a new proposed flag design.[28][32] On April 17, 2001, a legally binding[33][34] state referendum to change the flag was put before Mississippi voters by the legislature on recommendation of this commission.[30]

The referendum, which asked voters if the new design prepared by the independent commission should be adopted, was defeated in a vote of 64% (488,630 votes) to 36% (267,812), and the 1894 state flag was retained.[35] The proposed flag would have replaced the Confederate battle flag with a blue canton with 20 stars. The outer ring of 13 stars would represent the original Thirteen Colonies, the ring of six stars would represent the six nations that have had sovereignty over Mississippi Territory (various Native American nations as a collective nation, French Empire, Spanish Empire, Great Britain, the United States, and the Confederacy), and the inner and slightly larger star would represent Mississippi itself. The 20 stars would also represent Mississippi's status as the 20th member of the United States.[36]

When Georgia adopted a new state flag in 2003, the Mississippi flag remained the only U.S. state flag to include the Confederate battle flag's saltire. In 2001 a survey conducted by the North American Vexillological Association (NAVA) placed Mississippi's flag 22nd in design quality of the 72 Canadian provincial, U.S. state, and U.S. territorial flags ranked.[37]

2015 replacement efforts

In the wake of the 2015 Charleston, South Carolina church shooting, in which nine black parishioners of the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church were killed by Confederacy admirer and white supremacist Dylann Roof, there were renewed calls for Southern states to cease using the Confederate battle flag in official capacities.[38] This extended to increased criticism of Mississippi's state flag. All eight public universities in Mississippi, along with "several cities and counties", including Biloxi, later refused to fly the state flag until the emblem is removed. The flag was excluded from state-flag displays in New Jersey, Oregon, and Philadelphia that included the flags of the other 49 states.[38][39][40][41][42]

Over 20 flag-related bills, some calling for another statewide referendum, were introduced in the legislature in 2015 and 2016, but none made it out of committee.[38] A 2016 federal lawsuit alleging that the flag is tantamount to "state-sanctioned hate speech" was dismissed by both a district court and the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals.[43][44] The US Supreme Court declined to hear the case.[45]

Hospitality and Bicentennial flags

Hospitality flag proposal Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag
Mississippi Bicentennial flag Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag

An alternative was devised in 2014 by artist Laurin Stennis, granddaughter of former U.S. senator John C. Stennis. Her proposal was originally dubbed the "Declare Mississippi flag" but was popularly called the "Stennis flag". In June 2020, Stennis stepped back from the effort to change the 1894 flag, citing potential harm associated with her last name, which she shares with her grandfather who was a segregationist for much of his career. In August 2020, the copyrighted design was withdrawn from being an option for a new flag because it did not include the legislature-mandated In God We Trust slogan.

The flag consists of a single blue star on a white field, an inversion of the white star on a blue field of the Bonnie Blue flag.[46] It is encircled by 19 smaller stars representing each state in the Union when Mississippi joined, as well as symbolizing "unity and continuity" drawing inspiration from the artifacts of the indigenous peoples of the region. The central white field represents "faith and possibility", and is flanked on each side by vertical red bars, representing "the blood spilled by Mississippians, whether civilian or military, who have honorably given their lives in pursuit of liberty and justice for all".[47] In an interview, Stennis said the red bars also stand for "Mississippians' 'passionate differences' on the flag issue".[48]

Since its inception, numerous bills have been brought before the legislature to have the Stennis flag declared the new state flag, but so far none has passed.[49][50] On April 17, 2019, Mississippi governor Phil Bryant signed a new specialty license plates bill. One of the new specialty plates will include the Stennis flag along with the phrase "History + Hope + Hospitality". This was the first time that the Stennis flag's design received some form of state sanction by being used in an official capacity.[51][52][53]

A flag was created by the Mississippi Economic Council to celebrate the state's bicentennial in 2017. This flag consisted of a blue, white and red tricolor with the state seal centered on the white stripe.[54] The flag also had the words "Established 1817" and "Bicentennial 2017" written on the white stripe on either side of the seal. This flag, without the wording, has been used as an alternative state flag and has been suggested as a possible replacement for it.[55][56][57]

In late June 2020, former Governor Phil Bryant suggested using the bicentennial flag as a future state flag.[58] Following the retirement of the previous state flag on June 30, 2020, this banner has been used in some instances as a de facto placeholder.[59][60][61]

Third flag (2020)

2020 flag as adopted Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag

On June 9, 2020 lawmakers gathered votes and started drafting legislation to change the state flag. The action came after weeks of national protests following the killing of George Floyd, including a protest outside the Mississippi Governor's Mansion on June 6.[62] This was the first substantial action to change the state flag since the 2001 referendum. The proposed legislation would adopt Laurin Stennis's design as the new flag of Mississippi. With the support of Republican Speaker of the House, Philip Gunn, lawmakers began to court Republican congress members to vote for the resolution.

Gunn ensured that he would get the resolution passed through a House committee if verbal support from 30 Republicans was secured to go along with the 45 Democratic members of the House.[8] An update on June 10 showed that lawmakers believed that they had secured at least 20 Republicans that were in favor of voting for the resolution to change the flag, while 20 more were on the fence. The lawmakers' goal was to secure at least 40 Republicans needed to suspend rules to allow a bill to be considered in the session.[63] On June 11, Senate Democrats filed a resolution to change the state flag.[64]

Public pressure for a new flag

On June 18, 2020, the commissioner of the Southeastern Conference, Greg Sankey, announced the SEC would consider banning championship events in Mississippi until the flag was changed. The SEC is the athletic conference for the two largest universities in Mississippi, Ole Miss and Mississippi State.[65] The announcement by the conference was followed by support of changing the flag from Chancellor Glenn Boyce of The University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) and President Mark E. Keenum of Mississippi State University.[66][67] The athletic directors of the universities, Keith Carter (Ole Miss) and John Cohen (Mississippi State), also supported changing the flag, along with various coaches from the universities.[68][69][70][71]

On June 19, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) banned all post-season play from occurring in Mississippi until the flag is changed. The NCAA had previously banned predetermined events such as football bowl games and men's basketball tournament games in 2001 from occurring in the state. The new rule would have also banned merit-based championship sites, such as baseball regionals, softball regionals, women's basketball tournament games and tennis tournament games. Ole Miss hosted both baseball and softball regionals in 2019. Mississippi State hosted a baseball regional, men's tennis tournament games and women's basketball tournament games in 2019.[72]

Also on June 19, the leaders of the eight public universities in Mississippi (Alcorn State University, Delta State University, Jackson State University, Mississippi State University, Mississippi University for Women, Mississippi Valley State University, University of Mississippi and University of Southern Mississippi) issued a joint statement calling for a new state flag.[73] On June 22, Conference USA banned all postseason play in Mississippi until the removal of the Confederate emblem from the state flag.[74] Conference USA is home to the state's third largest university, Southern Miss, and has hosted its annual baseball tournament in Mississippi for eight of the past nine years. On June 23, presidents of the fifteen community colleges in Mississippi issued a joint statement showing their support for a new flag.[75]

The Mississippi Baptist Convention condemned the former state flag on June 23, 2020. In a statement, Baptist leaders said: "The racial overtones of the flag's appearance make this discussion a moral issue. Since the principal teachings of Scripture are opposed to racism, a stand against such is a matter of biblical morality."[76] Walmart announced that it would cease displaying the state flag at its 85 Mississippi store locations on June 23, 2020.[77] The retailer normally displays the applicable state flag alongside the U.S. national flag at its locations in the U.S.[78]

Legislative action

On June 24, Lieutenant Governor Delbert Hosemann announced his support for a new flag.[79] Hosemann was joined by Attorney General Lynn Fitch, State Auditor Shad White, Agriculture Commissioner Andy Gipson and Insurance Commissioner Mike Chaney.[80] On June 27, 2020, the Mississippi Legislature passed a resolution, House Concurrent Resolution 79, that suspended rules in the legislative chambers in order to debate and vote on a bill to remove and replace the state flag. The motion was passed with the House approving by a vote of 85–34 and the Senate approving by a vote of 36–14.[81][82][83][84]

At that time, there was no consensus on the method of changing the flag, whether it be retiring the current flag or immediately adopting another.[85] A proposal floated by several members of the Legislature was to create a new Mississippi flag. This flag, with a yet-to-be-determined design that did not include any Confederate images, would be used alongside the current flag. This plan was soundly rejected by Governor Tate Reeves who compared it to the separate but equal doctrine, stating that if implemented it wouldn't "satisfy either side of this debate".[86]

On June 28, 2020, the Legislature passed a bill, House Bill 1796, that would relinquish the state flag, remove the state flag from public buildings within 15 days of the bill's effective date, and constitute a nine-member commission to design a new flag that would be put to voters in a referendum to be held in November 2020.[87][14] The bill required that the Confederate battle flag not be included on the proposed design, and the motto "In God We Trust" be included,[88] as Georgia did when it removed the Confederate emblem from its state flag in 2003. In the House, the bill was passed by 91 in favor and 23 against.[89] In the Senate, the bill was passed with 37 in favor and 14 against.[90]

Earlier that weekend, Governor Tate Reeves had stated that he would sign any flag bill passed that weekend by the Legislature into law.[91] Subsequently, after the Legislature passed the bill, a spokesperson for the governor stated: "The governor does not want to rush this moment in history for our state. Once (…) he's had the opportunity to review it, Gov. Reeves will sign the bill in the coming days".[89] Reeves then signed the flag bill into law on June 30, 2020. As the legislation repealed the sections of the Mississippi State Code which made provisions for a state flag, namely Section 3-3-16, Mississippi ceased once again to have an official state flag at this point.[16][92]

2020 referendum

Main article: 2020 Mississippi flag referendum
5 flag designs
The five finalists selected by the commission on August 18, 2020

Under the terms of House Bill 1796 (approved by Governor on June 30, 2020), a body known as the Commission to Redesign the Mississippi State Flag would be constituted to suggest a design for a new state flag no later than September 14, 2020. The bill instructed the Mississippi Department of Archives and History to develop a plan for the removal of the 1894 flag from public buildings across the state and provide administrative support for the commission.[93] The act stipulated that any design proposed by the commission must include the words "In God We Trust" and must not contain the Confederate battle flag. The proposed design would then be subject to a referendum to be held concurrently with the general election on November 3, 2020.

The Mississippi Department of Archives and History invited the public to submit designs for a new state flag on July 13.[93] In accordance with the rules imposed by House Bill 1796, designs would only be accepted if they contained the words "In God We Trust" and not include the Confederate battle flag. The commission also added that suggestions would need to be unique and adhere to principles of the North American Vexillological Association: that the design should use only two or three basic colors, be simple enough for a child to draw, and have meaningful symbolism.

More than 2000 submissions meeting the legislative criteria were received and displayed on the Mississippi Department of Archives and History website.[94] Each of the 9 commission members picked 25 flags, narrowing the list down to 147.[95] While a modified Hospitality flag did not proceed beyond the first round, a similar-looking "Mosquito flag" briefly did,[96] apparently due to a commissioner's typographical error.[97] At an August 14 meeting, the commission announced that they had selected nine finalists. These finalists, depicting various elements including a representation of the Mississippi River, magnolias, and stars composed of diamonds significant to the Choctaw nation, had either red, white, and blue or green and white color schemes. The commission announced that they would narrow these designs down to five finalists at its next meeting on August 18.[98][99] Five finalists were published on August 18,[100] and this was reduced to two flags on August 25.[101][102]

The final two flags were the "Great River Flag" designed by Micah Whitson and the "The New Magnolia" designed by Rocky Vaughan, Sue Anna Joe, Kara Giles and Dominique Pugh.[103][104] On September 2, the commission voted 8–1 to put the New Magnolia flag on the November ballot. Slight modifications were made to the original design, including making the text bolder and the red and gold bars thicker. The flag is officially referred to as the "In God We Trust Flag".[18] Rocky Vaughan is credited with designing the flag's overall layout, with design support provided by Sue Anna Joe, Kara Giles and Dominique Pugh (who created the magnolia illustration featured in the center).[105] Micah Whitson was also given credit for the appearance of the Native American star.[106] The flag was approved by a referendum on November 3, 2020.[107]

According to the Mississippi Department of Archives and History, "The New Magnolia flag is anchored in the center field by a clean and modern Magnolia blossom, a symbol long-used to represent our state and the hospitality of our citizens. The New Magnolia also represents Mississippi's sense of hope and rebirth, as the Magnolia often blooms more than once and has a long blooming season. The New Magnolia is sleek and updated to represent the forward progression of Mississippi. The circle of twenty stars represents Mississippi as the twentieth state of the United States of America and is anchored by the gold five-point star, which stands alone. This star represents our first peoples, the indigenous Native American tribes of the land that would become Mississippi. The color blue in the main field of the flag echoes the blue of the American flag, representing vigilance, justice, perseverance, while the bands of red represent hardiness and valor. The gold lines and the gold stamen of the New Magnolia are a nod to the rich cultural history of Mississippi, specifically the visual arts, literature, music, and performing arts to originate in our state."[108]

'Let Mississippi Vote' is a group that is attempting another referendum on a choice of four flag designs: the Magnolia flag that was adopted in the November 2020 referendum, the flag that it replaced, the Stennis version, and the Bicentennial flag. Their stated aim is to give Mississippians a choice instead of voting on only one flag. The group reached their goal of 5000 volunteers and have sent wording for their referendum to the Mississippi Attorney General’s Office for approval. They would need valid signatures of 106,190 Mississippi residents for the initiative to be placed on a ballot as early as 2021.[109][110][111]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Georgia removed the Confederate battle flag from its state flag in 2003.
  2. ^ 'It was likely a post-war flag, designed for use by one or more of Mississippi's United Confederate Veterans units. Then over time, it was mistakenly identified as "the" Magnolia flag.'[6]

References

  1. ^ "State Flag Commission Picks New Magnolia Flag for November Ballot". Mississippi Department of Archives & History. September 3, 2020. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
  2. ^ Pender, Geoff; November 3, Mississippi Today; 2020 (November 4, 2020). "Mississippians adopt new state flag after Confederate emblem flew for 126 years". Mississippi Today. Retrieved November 4, 2020. {{cite web}}: |last3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ "House Bill 1796".
  4. ^ Berman, Mike; Guarino, Ben (July 1, 2020). "Mississippi governor signs bill changing state's flag, abandoning Confederate symbol". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
  5. ^ a b Journal of the State Convention, and Ordinances and Resolutions Adopted in January, 1861. with an Appendix. Published by Order of the Convention. Jackson, Miss.: E. Barksdale, State Printer. 1861. pp. 89–90. LCCN 16025853. OCLC 1047488108. OL 24350027M – via Internet Archive.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  6. ^ a b c Clay Moss (June 21, 2015). "Mississippi's Magnolia Flags (U.S.)". Flags of the World (FOTW). Mississippi Department of Archives and History. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
  7. ^ a b "State Flags". State of Mississippi. Archived from the original on April 5, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  8. ^ a b Ganucheau, Adam (June 9, 2020). "Bipartisan group of lawmakers, with Speaker Gunn's blessing, pushes to change Mississippi state flag". Mississippi Today. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
  9. ^ Kay Jones; James Froio. "Mississippi House starts process to change state's flag". CNN.
  10. ^ "Mississippi takes a step toward removing Confederate image from flag". Los Angeles Times. June 27, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  11. ^ Tate Reeves [@tatereeves] (June 20, 2020). "The legislature has been deadlocked for days as it considers a new state flag. The argument over the 1894 flag has become as divisive as the flag itself and it's time to end it. If they send me a bill this weekend, I will sign it" (Tweet) – via Twitter. {{Cite tweet}}: |date= / |number= mismatch (help)
  12. ^ LeBlanc, Paul. "Mississippi state legislature passes bill to remove Confederate symbol from state flag in historic vote". CNN. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  13. ^ Pettus, Emily (June 28, 2020). "Look away, Dixie: Mississippi to lose rebel emblem from flag". ABC News. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  14. ^ a b Budryk, Zack (June 28, 2020). "Mississippi House passes bill to take Confederate symbol off state flag". TheHill. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  15. ^ "HB1796" (PDF). billstatus.ls.state.ms.us. 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  16. ^ a b "BREAKING: Governor to retire Mississippi's Confederate-themed flag". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Associated Press. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
  17. ^ Pettus, Emily Wagster (June 30, 2020). "Governor to retire Mississippi's Confederate-themed flag". Houston Chronicle. Associated Press. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
  18. ^ a b Ulmer, Sarah (September 2, 2020). "Commission selects New Magnolia Flag for voters to consider in November". Mississippi Politics and News – Y'all Politics. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  19. ^ "Explained: Why the US state of Mississippi got a new flag". The Indian Express. November 4, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
  20. ^ Cannon, Devereaux D., Jr. (2005) [1st pub. St. Lukes Press:1988]. "Chapter 7: State Flags". The Flags of the Confederacy: An Illustrated History. Cover design by Larry Pardue. Gretna: Pelican Publishing Company. pp. 34–48. ISBN 978-1-565-54109-2. OCLC 970744690.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ a b c d Sansing, David G. (August 2000). "Flags Over Mississippi". Mississippi Department of Archives and History. Mississippi Historical Society. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
  22. ^ Jau Winik, "A New Flag for a New Mississippi", New York Times, February 11, 2001, Week in Review section, p. 17.
  23. ^ The Lone Star/Bonnie Blue Flag, Washington Artillery
  24. ^ Journal of the State Convention and Ordinances and Resolutions Adopted in March, 1861. Published by Order of the Convention. Jackson: E. Barksdale, State Printer. 1861. pp. 43, 47, 86. OCLC 758987648 – via Internet Archive.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  25. ^ "Mississippi State Flag - About the Mississippi Flag, its adoption and history from NETSTATE.COM". netstate.com.
  26. ^ Journal of the Proceedings and Debates in the Constitutional Convention of the State of Mississippi, August 1865. Jackson, Mississippi: E. M. Yerger, State Printer. 1865. pp. 34-36, 174, 221–225. LCCN 10012152. OCLC 48174008. OL 7019017M – via Internet Archive.
  27. ^ a b State of Mississippi (February 7, 2001). "Miss. Code Ann. § 3-3-16: Design of state flag". Mississippi Code of 1972. LexisNexis. HISTORY: SOURCES: Laws, 2001, ch. 301, § 2, eff from and after February 7, 2001 (the date the United States Attorney General interposed no objection under Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, to the addition of this section.)
  28. ^ a b "The Mississippi State Flag". NetState. February 6, 2014. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
  29. ^ Mississippi; Albert Hall Whitfield; Thomas Clendenin Catchings; W. H. Hardy (1906). The Mississippi code of 1906 of the public statute laws of the state of Mississippi, prepared and annotated by A. H. Whitfield, T. C. Catchings and W. H. Hardy: Under the provisions of an act of the Legislature approved March 19, 1904, and reported to and revised. Brandon printing company. p. 141.
  30. ^ a b "Mississippi Votes to Keep Controversial Flag". ABC News. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  31. ^ Mississippi Division of the United Sons of Confederate Veterans v. Mississippi State Conference of NAACP Branches, 774 So.2d 388 (Miss. 2000)
  32. ^ a b Dedman IV, James M. (Fall 2001). "At Daggers Drawn: The Confederate Flag and the School Classroom – A Case Study of a Broken First Amendment Formula". Baylor Law Review. 53: 877, 883.
  33. ^ "Mississippi › Initiative & Referendum Institute". IAndRInstitute.org. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  34. ^ "Mississippi Flag Referendum (April 2001)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  35. ^ "Election Results" (PDF). www.SoS.State.MS.us. Office of the Mississippi Secretary of State. April 27, 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 26, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2007.
  36. ^ Stennis, Laurin. "Radiolab: The Flag and the Fury". Retrieved November 11, 2020.
  37. ^ "2001 State/Provincial Flag Survey" (PDF). NAVA.org.
  38. ^ a b c "Battle over Confederate symbols continues with Mississippi state flag". CNN. June 19, 2016. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
  39. ^ "Biloxi won't fly state flag". Associated Press (via Clarion-Ledger). April 27, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
  40. ^ "State flag quietly removed from campus". The Reflector. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
  41. ^ Victor, Daniel (October 26, 2015). "University of Mississippi Lowers State Flag With Confederate Symbol". New York Times.
  42. ^ Barron, James (April 29, 2019). "New Jersey Governor Refuses to Fly 'Reprehensible' Mississippi Flag". New York Times.
  43. ^ "Mississippi Confederate Flag Fight Moves to New Battlefield". US News & World Report. March 16, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
  44. ^ "Court Rejects Lawsuit Against Mississippi State Flag's Confederate Symbolism". April 3, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
  45. ^ "Search – Supreme Court of the United States". SupremeCourt.gov. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
  46. ^ "What is the Stennis flag? Why a famous MS senator's granddaughter made her own". Sun Herald. January 22, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  47. ^ "Stennis Flag". DeclareMississippi.com. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  48. ^ Watkins, Billy (February 20, 2016). "Watkins: Stennis granddaughter offers new flag option". The Clarion Ledger. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  49. ^ "Stennis Flag News". DeclareMississippi.com. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
  50. ^ Rogers, Joe (January 15, 2018). "This should be Mississippi's state flag. And with enough support, it could be". Magnolia State Live. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
  51. ^ Lee, China (April 17, 2019). "Mississippi residents can display state flag minus Confederate battle emblem with new specialty license plate". WMC-TV. Jackson, Mississippi. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
  52. ^ "Mississippi drivers can put flag minus rebel X on license". Washington Post. April 26, 2019 – via Archive.is.[dead link]
  53. ^ "Mississippi governor signs bill permitting license plates with altern…". TheHill.com. April 26, 2019. Archived from the original on April 26, 2019 – via Archive.today.
  54. ^ "Mississippi Bicentennial flag (U.S.)". CRWFlags.com. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  55. ^ "Mississippi's bicentennial banner gaining attention". wlbt.com. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  56. ^ "Historical Flags of Our Ancestors – State of Mississippi – USA". Loeser.us. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  57. ^ "MEC unfurls bicentennial banner. Could a new state flag be next?". Mississippi Today. October 26, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  58. ^ Phil Bryant [@PhilBryantMS] (June 25, 2020). "I was proud as Governor to add "In God We Trust" to the State Seal with @tatereeves and @PhilipGunnMS. It will make a great Mississippi State Flag" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
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  62. ^ Judin, Nick (June 8, 2020). "Historic Protests for Black Lives Sweep Mississippi Over Weekend". Jackson Free Press. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
  63. ^ Harrison, Bobby; Pender, Geoff (June 10, 2020). "About 40 Republican House votes are needed to change the state flag. Lawmakers say they're halfway there". Mississippi Today. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  64. ^ Harrison, Bobby; Pender, Geoff (June 11, 2020). "Senate Democrats file resolution to change state flag after earlier action by House members". Mississippi Today. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
  65. ^ Ganucheau, Adam (June 18, 2020). "SEC commissioner to lawmakers: Lose Confederate emblem from state flag, or lose championship events". Mississippi Today. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  66. ^ @OleMissSports (June 18, 2020). "A message from Chancellor Glenn Boyce and Vice Chancellor for Intercollegiate Athletics Keith Carter" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
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  69. ^ @lemo22 (June 18, 2020). "#Hailstate Image" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  70. ^ @YolettMcCuin (June 18, 2020). "I am in total agreement with our leaders and I hope we can continue to move in a direction that is inclusive for all! I am glad that we do not fly that flag on our campus and I thank both Keith and Chancellor Boyce for taking a stand on this!❤️💙" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  71. ^ @RebelCoachDavis (June 18, 2020). "This flag has not been flown on our campus in years! Proud of our Administration for taking a stand!! It's what's right and best for state to grow in all areas!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  72. ^ Bromberg, Nick (June 19, 2020). "Mississippi schools can't host any NCAA championship events after NCAA broadens Confederate flag policy". Yahoo Sports. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
  73. ^ "Miss. public university presidents respond to NCAA decision regarding state flag". WLOX. June 19, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
  74. ^ Suss, Nick (June 22, 2020). "Conference USA joins NCAA, SEC in banning postseason events in Mississippi until flag is changed". The Clarion Ledger. Retrieved June 22, 2020. The Conference USA is taking a cue from the NCAA and SEC by prohibiting all postseason play from taking place in Mississippi until the Confederate emblem is removed from Mississippi's flag.
  75. ^ "Mississippi Association of Community Colleges supports changing state flag". WTOK-TV. June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  76. ^ Pender, Geoff (June 23, 2020). "'It's a moral issue:' Mississippi Baptist Convention calls for new state flag". Mississippi Today. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  77. ^ Gibson, Kate (June 23, 2020). "Walmart rids Mississippi stores of state flag bearing Confederate emblem". CBS News. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
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  79. ^ @GanucheauAdam (June 24, 2020). "Breaking: Lt. Gov. Delbert Hosemann seems to open the door to legislative action on the Mississippi state flag without a popular vote. Big development" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  80. ^ Skinner, Kayleigh; Pender, Geoff; Harrison, Bobby (June 24, 2020). "As leaders continue to count votes to change state flag, Hosemann throws support behind legislative action". Mississippi Today. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
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  85. ^ Pender, Geoff; Harrison, Bobby (June 26, 2020). "Lawmakers plan to begin voting Saturday to change Mississippi state flag". Mississippi Today. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
  86. ^ Wagster Pettus, Emily (June 23, 2020). "Mississippi gov rejects 'separate but equal' 2-flag plan". Associated Press. Retrieved June 23, 2020. Mississippi Republican Gov. Tate Reeves said Monday that he's against having two state flags — the current banner with the Confederate battle emblem that critics see as racist, and a yet-to-be-determined design that would erase Confederate images.
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  91. ^ "Mississippi Governor Grudgingly Says He'll Sign a Bill to Change the State's Confederate Flag". The Root. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  92. ^ Pettus, Emily Wagster (June 30, 2020). "Governor to retire Mississippi's Confederate-themed flag". Houston Chronicle. Associated Press. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
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  111. ^ "Initiatives – Mississippi Initiative Process". sos.ms.gov. Mississippi Secretary of State. Retrieved November 8, 2020.

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