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Added a more in depth list of types of cultural tourism and moved the original paragraph of creative tourism into this list
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I deleted the "destinations" section, as it was largely redundant, and the destinations are now discussed in more detail under "subcategories." However, I added the major point of the destinations section to the end of the overview. I also realigned a picture to the right side.
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[[File:Prerupstonecistern.jpeg|thumb|Tourists taking pictures at the [[Khmer Empire|khmer]] [[Pre Rup|Pre Rup temple]] ruins, an example of cultural tourism.]]
[[File:Prerupstonecistern.jpeg|thumb|Tourists taking pictures at the [[Khmer Empire|khmer]] [[Pre Rup|Pre Rup temple]] ruins, an example of cultural tourism.]]


'''Cultural tourism''' is a type of [[tourism]] in which the visitor's essential motivation is to learn, discover, experience and consume the cultural attractions and products offered by a tourist destination. These attractions and products relate to the intellectual, spiritual, and emotional features of a society that encompasses arts and [[architecture]], historical and cultural heritage, [[Food tourism|culinary heritage]], literature, music, creative industries as well as the living cultures with their lifestyles, value systems, beliefs and traditions.<ref name=":0" />
'''Cultural tourism''' is a type of [[tourism]] in which the visitor's essential motivation is to learn, discover, experience and consume the cultural attractions and products offered by a tourist destination. These attractions and products relate to the intellectual, spiritual, and emotional features of a society that encompasses arts and [[architecture]], historical and cultural heritage, [[Food tourism|culinary heritage]], literature, music, creative industries as well as the living cultures with their lifestyles, value systems, beliefs and traditions.<ref name=":0">Buczkowska, K. (2011). Cultural Tourism – Heritage, Arts and Creativity. Poznań: 38-50.</ref>


==Overview==
==Overview==
Cultural tourism experiences include, but are not limited to, architectural and archaeological treasures, culinary activities, festivals or events, historic or heritage, sites, monuments and [[Landmark|landmarks]], museums and exhibitions, national parks and [[wildlife sanctuaries]], and religious venues. It includes tourism in [[urban areas]], particularly historic or large cities and their cultural facilities such as [[Theatre|theatres]],<ref name=":0" /> as well as tourism in remote, indigenous regions. In the twenty-first-century [[United States]], national parks and a limited number of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] councils continue to promote "tribal tourism." The U.S. [[National Park Service]] has publicly endorsed this strain of cultural tourism, despite lingering concerns over exploitation and the potential hazards of [[ecotourism]] in Native America.<ref name=":1" />
Cultural tourism experiences include, but are not limited to, architectural and archaeological treasures, culinary activities, festivals or events, historic or heritage, sites, monuments and [[Landmark|landmarks]], museums and exhibitions, national parks and [[wildlife sanctuaries]], and religious venues. It includes tourism in [[urban areas]], particularly historic or large cities and their cultural facilities such as [[Theatre|theatres]],<ref name=":0" /> as well as tourism in remote, indigenous regions. In the twenty-first-century [[United States]], national parks and a limited number of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] councils continue to promote "tribal tourism." The U.S. [[National Park Service]] has publicly endorsed this strain of cultural tourism, despite lingering concerns over exploitation and the potential hazards of [[ecotourism]] in Native America.<ref name=":1">Borowiecki, K.J. and C. Castiglione (2014). [http://ideas.repec.org/p/hhs/sdueko/2012_021.html Cultural participation and tourism flows: An empirical investigation of Italian provinces]. ''Tourism Economics'', 20(2): 241-62.</ref>


Proponents of cultural tourism say that it gives the local population the opportunity to benefit financially from their cultural heritage and thus to appreciate and preserve it, while giving visitors the opportunity to broaden their personal horizons. Cultural tourism also has negative sides. There may be negative effects on local residents, such as making the local economy unstable, increasing the [[cost of living]] for local residents, increasing pollution, or creating [[environmental problems]]. Also, the local population is at risk of coming into contact with new ways of life that can disrupt their [[social fabric]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name="Cultural Tourism in Croatia after the Implementation of the Strategy of Development of Cultural Tourism" />
Proponents of cultural tourism say that it gives the local population the opportunity to benefit financially from their cultural heritage and thus to appreciate and preserve it, while giving visitors the opportunity to broaden their personal horizons. Cultural tourism also has negative sides. There may be negative effects on local residents, such as making the local economy unstable, increasing the [[cost of living]] for local residents, increasing pollution, or creating [[environmental problems]]. Also, the local population is at risk of coming into contact with new ways of life that can disrupt their [[social fabric]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Ketz |first=David |title=Building a Cultural Heritage Tourism Program |journal=Heritage Sites for Dialogue}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2019-05-15 |title=Cultural Tourism: Attracting Visitors and Their Spending |url=https://www.americansforthearts.org/by-program/reports-and-data/legislation-policy/naappd/cultural-tourism-attracting-visitors-and-their-spending |access-date=2021-11-10 |website=Americans for the Arts |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Cultural Tourism in Croatia after the Implementation of the Strategy of Development of Cultural Tourism">{{cite web |last1=Demonja |first1=Damir |title=Cultural Tourism in Croatia after the Implementation of the Strategy of Development of Cultural Tourism |url=http://www.sebenica.com/userfiles/pdfs/Cultural%20Tourism%20in%20Croatia%20after%20the%20Implementation%20of%20the%20Strategy%20of%20Development%20of%20Cultural%20Tourism.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095915/http://www.sebenica.com/userfiles/pdfs/Cultural%20Tourism%20in%20Croatia%20after%20the%20Implementation%20of%20the%20Strategy%20of%20Development%20of%20Cultural%20Tourism.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2014-12-16 |ref=Cultural Tourism in Croatia after the Implementation of the Strategy of Development of Cultural Tourism}}</ref>


This form of tourism is becoming generally more popular throughout the world, and a recent [[OECD]] report has highlighted the role that cultural tourism can play in regional development in different world regions.<ref name=":4">Greg Richards et Crispin Raymond, « Creative Tourism », ATLAS News 23, janvier 2000</ref> Cultural tourism has recently shifted towards meeting the growing desire for cultural "experiences" in particular.
This form of tourism is becoming generally more popular throughout the world, and a recent [[OECD]] report has highlighted the role that cultural tourism can play in regional development in different world regions.<ref name=":4">Greg Richards et Crispin Raymond, « Creative Tourism », ATLAS News 23, janvier 2000</ref> Cultural tourism has recently shifted towards meeting the growing desire for cultural "experiences" in particular.[[File:Zalipie Studnia.png|thumb|220px|A decorated water well in [[Zalipie, Lesser Poland Voivodeship|Zalipie, Poland]]]]

==Destinations==
[[File:Zalipie Studnia.png|thumb|left|220px|A decorated water well in [[Zalipie, Lesser Poland Voivodeship|Zalipie, Poland]]]]
[[File:Porvoo Old Town (75) (35876957683).jpg|thumb|Tourists at the cultural historical Old Town of [[Porvoo]]]]
[[File:Porvoo Old Town (75) (35876957683).jpg|thumb|Tourists at the cultural historical Old Town of [[Porvoo]]]]
Sectors of cultural tourism can be distinguished both by the destination (urban cultural tourism, rural cultural tourism, etc.) as well as the theme of the trip (heritage tourism, popular culture tourism, etc.).<ref>Buczkowska, K. (2011). Cultural Tourism – Heritage, Arts and Creativity. Poznań: 38-50.</ref> The main subcategories are discussed in more detail below.
One type of cultural tourism destination is living [[cultural area]]s. Visiting any culture other than one's own such as traveling to a foreign country. Other destinations include historical sites, modern urban districts, "ethnic pockets" of [[town]] or [[village]], [[fairs]]/[[festivals]], [[theme parks]], and natural [[ecosystems]]. Buczkowska distinguishes sectors of cultural tourism due to 1) the route or destination of the trip (study trips or cultural trips - thematic field trips, urban tourism, rural tourism), or 2) the theme of the trip undertaken (tourism of cultural heritage, tourism of contemporary culture, tourism of cultural heritage and contemporary culture).<ref name=":0">Buczkowska, K. (2011). Cultural Tourism – Heritage, Arts and Creativity. Poznań: 38-50.</ref> It has been shown that cultural attractions and events are particularly strong magnets for tourism.<ref name=":1">Borowiecki, K.J. and C. Castiglione (2014). [http://ideas.repec.org/p/hhs/sdueko/2012_021.html Cultural participation and tourism flows: An empirical investigation of Italian provinces]. ''Tourism Economics'', 20(2): 241-62.</ref> In light of this, many cultural districts add visitor services to key cultural areas to bolster tourist activity.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Ketz|first=David|title=Building a Cultural Heritage Tourism Program|journal=Heritage Sites for Dialogue}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2019-05-15|title=Cultural Tourism: Attracting Visitors and Their Spending|url=https://www.americansforthearts.org/by-program/reports-and-data/legislation-policy/naappd/cultural-tourism-attracting-visitors-and-their-spending|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Americans for the Arts|language=en}}</ref> The term cultural tourism is used for journeys that include visits to cultural resources, regardless of whether it is tangible or intangible cultural resources, and regardless of the primary motivation. In order to understand properly the concept of cultural tourism, it is necessary to know the definitions of a number terms such as, for example, culture, tourism, cultural economy, cultural and tourism potentials, cultural and tourist offer, and others.<ref name="Cultural Tourism in Croatia after the Implementation of the Strategy of Development of Cultural Tourism">{{cite web|last1=Demonja|first1=Damir|title=Cultural Tourism in Croatia after the Implementation of the Strategy of Development of Cultural Tourism|url=http://www.sebenica.com/userfiles/pdfs/Cultural%20Tourism%20in%20Croatia%20after%20the%20Implementation%20of%20the%20Strategy%20of%20Development%20of%20Cultural%20Tourism.pdf|ref=Cultural Tourism in Croatia after the Implementation of the Strategy of Development of Cultural Tourism|access-date=2014-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095915/http://www.sebenica.com/userfiles/pdfs/Cultural%20Tourism%20in%20Croatia%20after%20the%20Implementation%20of%20the%20Strategy%20of%20Development%20of%20Cultural%20Tourism.pdf|archive-date=2015-09-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>


== Subcategories of Cultural Tourism ==
== Subcategories of Cultural Tourism ==

Revision as of 00:08, 17 April 2024

Cultural tourism in Egypt in the 19th century.
Tourists at Hearst Castle, California.
Tourists taking pictures at the khmer Pre Rup temple ruins, an example of cultural tourism.

Cultural tourism is a type of tourism in which the visitor's essential motivation is to learn, discover, experience and consume the cultural attractions and products offered by a tourist destination. These attractions and products relate to the intellectual, spiritual, and emotional features of a society that encompasses arts and architecture, historical and cultural heritage, culinary heritage, literature, music, creative industries as well as the living cultures with their lifestyles, value systems, beliefs and traditions.[1]

Overview

Cultural tourism experiences include, but are not limited to, architectural and archaeological treasures, culinary activities, festivals or events, historic or heritage, sites, monuments and landmarks, museums and exhibitions, national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, and religious venues. It includes tourism in urban areas, particularly historic or large cities and their cultural facilities such as theatres,[1] as well as tourism in remote, indigenous regions. In the twenty-first-century United States, national parks and a limited number of Native American councils continue to promote "tribal tourism." The U.S. National Park Service has publicly endorsed this strain of cultural tourism, despite lingering concerns over exploitation and the potential hazards of ecotourism in Native America.[2]

Proponents of cultural tourism say that it gives the local population the opportunity to benefit financially from their cultural heritage and thus to appreciate and preserve it, while giving visitors the opportunity to broaden their personal horizons. Cultural tourism also has negative sides. There may be negative effects on local residents, such as making the local economy unstable, increasing the cost of living for local residents, increasing pollution, or creating environmental problems. Also, the local population is at risk of coming into contact with new ways of life that can disrupt their social fabric.[3][4][5]

This form of tourism is becoming generally more popular throughout the world, and a recent OECD report has highlighted the role that cultural tourism can play in regional development in different world regions.[6] Cultural tourism has recently shifted towards meeting the growing desire for cultural "experiences" in particular.

A decorated water well in Zalipie, Poland
Tourists at the cultural historical Old Town of Porvoo

Sectors of cultural tourism can be distinguished both by the destination (urban cultural tourism, rural cultural tourism, etc.) as well as the theme of the trip (heritage tourism, popular culture tourism, etc.).[7] The main subcategories are discussed in more detail below.

Subcategories of Cultural Tourism

Heritage tourism

  • Archaeological sites
  • Monuments
  • Architecture
  • Museums
  • Religious Sites  

Heritage tourism involves traveling to a site of cultural significance to engage with the heritage of the region and local population. In recent years, more attention has been put on the inclusion and thoughtful representation of the history of marginalized groups for the tourist audience, marked by UNESCO’s updates to their World Heritage List, which is a comprehensive list of significant heritage sites. [8]

Arts tourism

  • Theater
  • Concerts and music venues
  • Galleries
  • Festivals, carnivals and events
  • Literary sites

Arts tourism involves traveling to the location of an art exhibit, which includes live-performances, museums, and libraries. Arts tourism is a relatively less common form of cultural tourism, due both the historical exclusivity of the arts scene, and the option for artists to go on tour, eliminating the need for tourism. Even so, in recent years, the arts community has put increased emphasis on prioritizing the accessibility of local art and exhibits. [8]

Creative Tourism

  • Photography
  • Painting
  • Pottery
  • Culinary arts
  • Language learning

Creative Tourism involves active participation from tourists in cultural experiences specific to each holiday destination. This form of tourism is more recently theorized and defined by Greg Richards and Crispin Raymond in 2000. They defined creative tourism as: “Tourism which offers visitors the opportunity to develop their creative potential through active participation in courses and learning experiences, which are characteristic of the holiday destination where they are taken." (Richards, Greg et Raymond, Crispin, 2000).

This type of tourism is opposed to mass tourism and allows the destinations to diversify and offer innovative activities different from other destinations.

Similarly, UNESCO launched in 2004 a program entitled Creative Cities Network. This network aims to highlight cities around the world that are putting creativity at the heart of their sustainable urban development plan. Creative cities are organized into seven categories representing seven different creative fields: crafts and folk arts, digital arts, film, design, gastronomy, literature, and music. As of January 2020, the network has 246 members across all categories. In order to promote the development of this new type of tourism, a non-profit organization was created in Barcelona in 2010: Creative Tourism Network. Its missions involve, among others: the promotion of creative tourism, the creation of a network of “Creativefriendly” cities but also awards celebration, The Creative Tourism Awards.”

Urban cultural tourism

  • Historic cities
  • Regenerated industrial cities
  • Waterfront development
  • Arts and heritage attractions
  • Shopping
  • Nightlife

Urban cultural tourism involves traveling to urban sites of cultural significance, which often offer a range of both historical and recreational attractions. Certain major urban cities with cultural offerings are listed in UNESCO’s world heritage site and have been lauded for their promotion of cross-cultural exchange. Other urban cultural tourist sites are post-industrial cities, who offer tourists a slice of their history alongside modern recreation, such as shopping and nightlife. [8]

Rural cultural tourism

  • Village, farm or agro-tourism
  • Eco-museums
  • National parks
  • Wine trails

Rural cultural tourism involves traveling to rural sites of cultural significance. Similarly to urban cultural tourist sites, many rural sites are cities whose main industries have declined, that supplement their economies by offering various attractions, such as wine-tasting. Other rural cultural sites have great historical significance, such as national parks. [8]

Indigenous cultural tourism

  • Hilltribe, desert or mountain trekking
  • Visits to cultural centers
  • Arts and crafts (by local artists)
  • Cultural performances
  • Festivals

Indigenous cultural tourism involves traveling to remote locations where cultural exhibits are offered by the local community. Most often, the indigenous community has faced historic marginalization, which has led many proponents of cultural tourism to emphasize the need for sensitivity around these cultural events, as well as the prioritization of the indigenous population’s control over how their culture is represented. [8]

Popular cultural tourism

  • Theme parks and themed attractions
  • Shopping malls
  • Pop concerts
  • Sporting events
  • Media and film sets
  • Industrial heritage sites
  • Fashion and design museums

Popular cultural tourism involves any kind of tourist attractions that are modern and mainstream, such as amusement parks or sporting events. Popular cultural tourism has only recently been included under the umbrella of cultural tourism, as recreational activities have gained increasing recognition for their cultural significance.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Buczkowska, K. (2011). Cultural Tourism – Heritage, Arts and Creativity. Poznań: 38-50.
  2. ^ Borowiecki, K.J. and C. Castiglione (2014). Cultural participation and tourism flows: An empirical investigation of Italian provinces. Tourism Economics, 20(2): 241-62.
  3. ^ Ketz, David. "Building a Cultural Heritage Tourism Program". Heritage Sites for Dialogue.
  4. ^ "Cultural Tourism: Attracting Visitors and Their Spending". Americans for the Arts. 2019-05-15. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
  5. ^ Demonja, Damir. "Cultural Tourism in Croatia after the Implementation of the Strategy of Development of Cultural Tourism" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2014-12-16.
  6. ^ Greg Richards et Crispin Raymond, « Creative Tourism », ATLAS News 23, janvier 2000
  7. ^ Buczkowska, K. (2011). Cultural Tourism – Heritage, Arts and Creativity. Poznań: 38-50.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Smith, Melanie K. (2003). Issues in Cultural Studies. Routledge.

Further reading

  • Bob McKercher and Hilary du Cros, Cultural Tourism: The partnership between tourism and cultural heritage management, Routledge, 2002.
  • Greg Richards, Cultural Tourism: Global and local perspectives, Routledge, 2007.
  • Priscilla Boniface, Managing Quality Cultural Tourism, Routledge, 1995.
  • Milena Ivanovic, Cultural Tourism, Juta and Company Ltd, 2009.

External links

The Wikibook Development Cooperation Handbook has a page on the topic of: Community Tourism
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Cultural attractions.
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