Israel–Turkey relations: Difference between revisions

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'''Israeli–Turkish relations''' refers to bilateral ties between [[Israel]] and [[Turkey]]. Israel–Turkey relations were formalized in March 1949.<ref name="abadi6">Abadi, pg. 6</ref> Turkey was the first [[Muslim majority countries|Muslim majority country]] to recognize the [[State of Israel]].<ref name="washingtoninstitute1">http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/documents/44edf1a5d337f.pdf</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.smi.uib.no/pao/hawas.html|title=Turkey and Israel|publisher=Smi.uib.no|accessdate=2010-06-05}}</ref>
'''Israeli–Turkish relations''' refers to bilateral ties between [[Israel]] and [[Turkey]]. Israel–Turkey relations were formalized in March 1949.<ref name="abadi6">Abadi, pg. 6</ref> Turkey was the first [[Muslim majority countries|Muslim majority country]] to recognize the [[State of Israel]].<ref name="washingtoninstitute1">http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/documents/44edf1a5d337f.pdf</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.smi.uib.no/pao/hawas.html|title=Turkey and Israel|publisher=Smi.uib.no|accessdate=2010-06-05}}</ref>


During much of the 20th century relations between the two countries had been characterised by cooporation on aspects such as military, education and culture. However with the rising of Justice and Development Party in Turkey relations between Israel and Turkey begun to deteriorate dramatically.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/28/world/quake-relief-shows-israel-feels-deeply-for-turkey.html Quake Relief Shows Israel Feels Deeply For Turkey]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/281909.stm|title=Middle East &#124; Analysis: Middle East's 'phantom alliance'|publisher=BBC News|date=1999-02-18|accessdate=2010-06-05}}</ref><ref>http://ankara.mfa.gov.il/mfm/web/main/document.asp?subjectid=18367&missionid=65&languageid=0&statusi</ref> The [[Gaza War]] between 2008–09 and the [[Gaza flotilla raid]] in 2010 acted as catalyst for the deterioration of this relations.
During much of the 20th century relations between the two countries had been characterised by cooperation in polıtıcal, military, economic and cultural fields. However with the rising of Justice and Development Party in Turkey relations between Israel and Turkey began to deteriorate dramatically.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/28/world/quake-relief-shows-israel-feels-deeply-for-turkey.html Quake Relief Shows Israel Feels Deeply For Turkey]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/281909.stm|title=Middle East &#124; Analysis: Middle East's 'phantom alliance'|publisher=BBC News|date=1999-02-18|accessdate=2010-06-05}}</ref><ref>http://ankara.mfa.gov.il/mfm/web/main/document.asp?subjectid=18367&missionid=65&languageid=0&statusi</ref> The [[Gaza War]] between 2008–09 and the [[Gaza flotilla raid]] in 2010 acted as catalyst for the deterioration of this relations.


== History ==
== History ==

Revision as of 12:24, 6 February 2013

Israeli–Turkish relations
Map indicating locations of Israel and Turkey

Israel
Turkey

Israeli–Turkish relations refers to bilateral ties between Israel and Turkey. Israel–Turkey relations were formalized in March 1949.[1] Turkey was the first Muslim majority country to recognize the State of Israel.[2][3]

During much of the 20th century relations between the two countries had been characterised by cooperation in polıtıcal, military, economic and cultural fields. However with the rising of Justice and Development Party in Turkey relations between Israel and Turkey began to deteriorate dramatically.[4][5][6] The Gaza War between 2008–09 and the Gaza flotilla raid in 2010 acted as catalyst for the deterioration of this relations.

History

Ataturk memorial, Beersheba

Turkey recognized the State of Israel in 1949. Turkey’s first diplomatic mission in Israel was a ”Legation” and was officially inaugurated on 7 January 1950 and the first Turkish Chief of Mission, Seyfullah Esin presented his credentials to Chaim Weisman, President of Israel. However, the Turkish Legation was downgraded to the level of “Charge d’Affaires” after the Suez Canal Crisis on 26 November 1956.

In 1958, Israeli prime minister David Ben-Gurion and Turkish prime minister Adnan Menderes met secretly to discuss a “peripheral pact" which included public-relations campaigns, exchange of intelligence information and military support.[7] In 1967, Turkey joined the Arab condemnation of Israel after the Six-Day War and called for Israel’s withdrawal from the occupied territories but abstained from voting in favor of a clause referring to Israel as an “aggressor state.” At a meeting of the Organization of the Islamic Conference in Rabat, Morocco, Turkey opposed a resolution calling for severing diplomatic relations with Israel.[7]

As a result of positive developments in bilateral ties, the Turkish mission in Tel-Aviv was upgraded back to the level of "Legation" in July 1963 and further upgraded to the level of “Embassy” as of January 1980.

Upon Israel’s annexation of East Jerusalem and enunciation of Jerusalem as its eternal capital, the representation was relegated to the level of “Second Secretary” on 30 November 1980.[8]

Diplomatic and political relations

Memorial for fallen Ottoman soldiers, Beersheba

The positive atmosphere in the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process in early 1990s made it possible to raise the mutual diplomatic relations once again to Ambassadorial level and a Turkish Ambassador presented his credentials to President Chaim Herzog, on 23 March 1992, in Tel-Aviv.[9][10]

Israel has maintained two diplomatic missions in Turkey: its embassy is located in the capital city of Ankara, and its Consulate General is located in Turkey's largest city, Istanbul.[11] Until the recent downgrading in relations, the Israeli ambassador to Turkey was Pinhas Avivi,[12] and the Israeli consul-general was Mordechai Amihai.[13] These missions are responsible for Israeli consular affairs for the Marmara, Aegean, Eastern Thrace and western part of the Black Sea regions of Turkey.[14]

Prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan visited Israel in 2005 offering to serve as a Middle East peace mediator and looking to build up trade and military ties. Erdogan brought a large group of businessmen on his two-day trip, which included talks with Prime Minister Ariel Sharon and President Moshe Katsav. Erdogan also laid a wreath at the Holocaust memorial, Yad Vashem.[15][16] Erdogan told Sharon that his Justice and Development Party regarded anti-Semitism as “a crime against humanity.” He added that Iran's nuclear ambitions were a threat not just to Israel but to “the entire world.”[17]

In early 2006, the Israeli Foreign Ministry described its country's relations with Turkey as "perfect."[18] A joint Israeli-Palestinian industrial park was being developed under Turkey's aegis. Israeli President Shimon Peres and Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas addressed the Grand National Assembly of Turkey a day apart. Peres described Turkey as an "important player in the Middle East in relation to the United States, Syria and the Palestinians, as well as us."[19] According to a report in the Jerusalem Post, a spokeswoman for the Syrian Foreign Ministry said that Turkey was serving as a "channel of communication" between Syria and Israel.[20]

On a three-day visit to Ankara in November 2007, Israeli President Shimon Peres met with Turkish President Abdullah Gül, and addressed the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Gül promised to help free three abducted Israeli soldiers: Gilad Shalit, Ehud Goldwasser and Eldad Regev.[19][21]

The Turkish government's condemnation of the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict strained relations between the two countries.[22][23] In December 1987, Turkey had already declared support for the Palestinians' right to self-determination. In 2004, Turkey had denounced Israeli assassination of Sheikh Ahmed Yassin. It described Israeli policy in the Gaza Strip as "state-sponsored terrorism".[2][3][24][25] There were demonstrations across Turkey against Israeli actions in Gaza.[26][27]

On 5 March 2009, the Israeli daily newspaper Haaretz reported that "secret reconciliation talks at the highest level" had been held to get the Israeli-Turkish relations back on track.[28] This report was cited in the Turkish press.[29][30]

On 11 October 2009, a military aerial exercise was to consist of Turkey, Israel, the United States, and Italy. However, Turkey barred Israel from the Anatolian Eagle military exercise.[31][32]

In October 2009, following Turkey's banning Israel's participation in the Anatolian Eagle military exercise, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu objected to Turkey as a mediator, stating "Turkey can't be [an] honest broker", between Syria and Israel.[33]

Turkey's Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan criticizes Israeli policy and leaves the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland

Erdoğan harshly criticized Israel's conduct in Gaza at the World Economic Forum conference in Davos, Switzerland in early 2009.[31] After the assembled audience applauded Peres, Erdoğan said: "I find it very sad that people applaud what you said. You killed people. And I think that it is very wrong." The moderator, Washington Post columnist David Ignatius asked Erdoğan to finish, saying that people needed to go to dinner.[34] Erdoğan complained about the fact, that he was given 12 minutes to talk, whereas Peres talked for a duration of 25 minutes. Erdoğan then proceeded to leave the stage.[35][36][37]

In October 2009, Ayrılık, a prime-time serial on Turkish state television channel TRT 1 featured fictionalized scenes of Israeli soldiers shooting Palestinian children and mistreating elderly Arabs.[38] Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman criticized the program,[39] and rebuked the Turkish Ambassador in front of assembled media.[40] Lieberman subsequently apologized after Turkey threatened to withdraw its ambassador.[40]

After Hamas leader Khaled Mashal paid an official visit to Turkey, relations began to cool off.[41] In January 2010, Israel protested when an episode ("Ambush") of the Turkish soap opera Valley of the Wolves depicted Israeli intelligence spying inside Turkey and kidnapping Turkish babies. The series depicted a fictional Mossad attack on the Turkish embassy in Tel Aviv in which the ambassador and his family are taken hostage. On 11 January 2010, Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Danny Ayalon met with Turkish ambassador Ahmet Oğuz Çelikkol, who was seated on a stool that was lower than Ayalon's. Ayalon allegedly turned to his aide and quipped, "The main thing is that you see that he is seated low and that we are high ... that there is one flag on the table (the Israeli flag) and that we are not smiling." [42][43]

Moshe Ya'alon, Israel's Minister of Strategic Affairs, accused Turkey of cooperating with Hamas and Iran. According to the Shin Bet, Hamas established a command post in Turkey and has used it to recruit operatives and oversee operations in the Middle East.[44]

Economic relations

In 1996, Turkey and Israel signed a free-trade agreement. In 1997, a double-taxation prevention treaty went into effect. A bilateral investment treaty was signed in 1998.[45]

Israeli-Turkish trade rose 26% to $2 billion in first half of 2011 from $1.59 billion in the first half of 2010. According to the Israeli Chamber of Commerce, Israeli exports to Turkey rose 39% to $950 million, and imports from Turkey rose 16% to $1.05 billion.[46] Turkey is Israel's sixth-largest export destination. Chemicals and oil distillates are the primary exports.[47] Turkey purchases high-tech defense equipment from Israel, whereas Turkey supplies Israel with military boots and uniforms.[48] Israeli import of Turkish vegetable products has remained steady since 2007, and imports of prepared foodstuffs, beverages and tobacco doubled from 2007 to 2011.[45]

Military collaboration

Turkey-Israel naval collaboration, 2009: US Capt. John Moore, Turkish Rear Adm. Ismail Taylan, Israeli Rear Adm. Rom Rutberg
Annual U.S.-Turkish-Israeli training exercise, 2009

In 2007, Israel and Turkey discussed the sale of Israeli Ofeq satellites and Arrow missile air-defence systems to Turkey to upgrade Turkish military and intelligence capabilities.[19] Israeli defense companies have helped to modernize the F-4 Phantom fleet of the Turkish air force. Agreements have included air, sea, land and intelligence cooperation, manufacturing of aircraft, armaments and missiles, mutual military visits, training and exercises, dispatch of observers to oversee military exercises, staff exchanges and military know-how.[49]

  • Modernization of Turkey's F-4 Phantoms and F-5 aircraft – $900 million.
  • Upgrading 170 of Turkey's M60A1 tanks – $687 million.[50]
  • Popeye-I and Popeye-II missiles.
  • Popeye-II surface-to-air missiles – $150 million.
  • 10 Heron UAV - $183 million.[50]
  • Arrow anti-ballistic-missiles. (Agreed in principle by Israel; approval by the United States pending.)
  • The agreement provided exchange of pilots eight times a year; allowed Israeli pilots to practice "long range flying over mountainous land" in Turkey's Konya firing range; and permitted Turkish pilots to train at Israel's computerized firing range at the Nevatim airfield.[51]
  • The two navies conducted maneuvers during Operation Reliant Mermaid (the U.S. also participated) in January 1998.

In September 2011, military agreements between Turkey and Israel were suspended.[52] Turkey has frozen 16 defense contracts worth billions of dollars since March 2010. Turkey suspended a 5 billion dollar deal for 1,000 Merkava Mk 3 tanks. Turkey also dropped Israel Aerospace Industries Arrow-2 anti-ballistic missile system worth $2 billion from bidding. Now only U.S, European, and Chinese companies can bid.[50]

Tourism

Turkey was an important tourism destination for Israelis. Istanbul is a 90-minute flight from Tel Aviv. No visas are required for Israelis to visit Turkey, while Turkish citizens with ordinary passports need a visa prior to travelling Israel.[53][54] In 2008, before the 2008-09 Gaza war, 560,000 Israelis vacationed in Turkey, according to Israeli tourism officials. In October 2010 Israel's Tourism Minister Stas Misezhnikov encouraged Israelis to boycott Turkey as a vacation spot in response to Turkey's stance on Gaza.[55] The number of Israeli tourists in Turkey dropped to 300,000 in 2009 and to 110,000 in 2010; it declined further to about 62,000 between January and August 2011. According to Turkey’s Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Israelis' share of Turkey's total tourism declined from 3% to 0.05%. The number of Arab tourists in Turkey, by contrast, increased to about 1.4 million visitors in the first part of 2011, a jump from about 912,000 in the whole of 2009.[56] Turkey’s Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan stated in June 2012: "We do not need Israeli tourists. We have successfully filled their places".[57]

Still, tourism to Antalya rose by more than 20% from September 2010 to September 2011, and the number of Israeli visitors to Istanbul rose 13%, still well below previous peaks.[58]

Turkish Airlines dropped the number of weekly flights to Israel by about half in 2010.[59] In 2011, Turkish charter airlines began to cut back weekly flights on routes to and from Israel against the backdrop of the crisis in relations between the two counties and the decline in Israelis' Turkey holidays. It also emerged that El Al Israel Airlines had contingency plans that would address the possibility that Turkey would bar the Israeli carrier from overflying Turkish territory.[60]

Disaster relief

Turkish firefighting plane sent to aid Israel, 2010

After the 1999 Izmit earthquake, Israel assisted in search and rescue efforts and set up makeshift hospitals. The Israeli team included hundreds of personnel from the IDF SAR team, paramedics, surgeons and administrative personnel. The team was one of the largest international teams to assist in the catastrophe (which claimed more than 17,000 lives) and remained active for weeks.[61][62]

During the Mount Carmel forest fire in 2010, Turkey was one of the first nations to send aid to Israel. Turkey sent two firefighting aircraft, which started to extinguish fire in the early hours of 3 December.[63]

Following the 2011 earthquake in Turkey's Van province, Israel offered to provide prefabricated housing and tents in response to Turkish requests for foreign aid.[64] Israel airlifting mobile homes to the devastated region.[65]

Cultural ties

Arkadas Association, Yehud, Israel

The Arkadas Association was established in 2003 to preserve the heritage of Turkish Jews, promote the study of Ladino, and strengthen ties between Israel and Turkey.[66] The organization has over 4,000 members since its inception, about 40 volunteers to run its vast operations and its twelve branches throughout the country. Eyal Peretz, chairman of the association, told the Jerusalem Post that Jewish heritage trips to Turkey had stopped because of security concerns and dwindling demand. Peretz stated, “I’ve devoted most of my life as an adult to cultivate ties between the two people and I’ve seen how a warm relationship has been erased in one fell swoop. It’s very painful, very frustrating."[67]

2010 Gaza flotilla raid

IDF photo-Pro-Palestinian activists aboard the MV Mavi Marmara; nine of them were killed by the IDF.

On 31 May 2010, nine activists (eight Turkish citizens and one Turkish-American with dual citizenship) were killed by Israeli troops after seven Israeli soldiers were injured on the Mavi Marmara, part of the "Gaza Freedom Flotilla",[68] a convoy of six ships carrying 663 people from 37 nations, including pro-Palestinian activists.[69] Following the raid, which took place in the Mediterranean Sea in international waters,[70] tension between the two countries mounted. One of the ships taking part was flying a Turkish flag. Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan described the raid as "state terrorism". Turkey recalled its ambassador from Israel, and summoned the Israeli ambassador to demand an explanation. The Turkish Foreign Ministry stated that the incident could lead to irreparable consequences in bilateral relations.[71]

On 2 September 2011, Turkey downgraded diplomatic ties with Israel and suspended military co-operation after the UN released its report of the Mavi Marmara raid. A statement from the Israeli prime minister's office said, "Israel hopes to find a way to overcome the dispute and will continue to work towards this goal". Turkey demanded an Israeli apology and compensation over the 31 May 2010 incident aboard the Mavi Marmara in which eight Turkish nationals and an American man of Turkish descent died when the vessel was stormed by Israeli commandos. The Israeli government refused to give one.[72]

In September 2011, Turkey expelled Israel's ambassador after a UN report found that the blockade of Gaza was legal according to international law although excessive force was used when boarding the ship.[73] Israeli officials stated that they hoped to restore ties but reiterated that they would not apologize.[74][75] Hamas praised Turkey's decision.[76][77]

Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, Turkey's opposition leader, condemned the downgrade in relations with Israel, stating "No good can come of it and there is no need for us to risk our interest with petty action."[78] Faruk Logoglu, a deputy chairman of the opposition Republican People's Party, criticized Erdoğan, stating that "The probability that (Turkey's ruling) party has carried Turkey to the brink of a hot conflict is saddening and unacceptable." Alon Liel, a former Israeli ambassador to Turkey, stated that it was unlikely that Turkish forces would penetrate Israeli waters, but speculated that Turkey might to disrupt future Israeli gas exports to Cyprus and warned of a new Turkish-Egyptian alliance that could isolate Israel in the Mediterranean.[79]

Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak predicted that the rift would pass in time.[80][81] At the U.N. General Assembly in September 2011, U.S. President Barack Obama asked Erdogan to resolve the crisis with Israel.[82]

Natural gas dispute

The Leviathan gas field, a large natural gas field located in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Israel, was discovered in June 2010. Israeli energy firm Delek Group is seeking to work with Cyprus on natural gas exploration and extraction where Delek is already active.[83]

According to Turkish media reports in September 2011, Israel Air Force fighter planes flew through the airspace of Cyprus after taking off to face a Turkish seismic research ship in the Eastern Mediterranean. The reports added that Turkey responded by launching two fighters to track the Israeli planes, at which point the Israeli fighter jets returned to Israeli airspace. The Turkish research vessel was seen as a Turkish provocation in the dispute over gas fields. The operation of Israeli planes in Cyprus airspace was interpreted as a further sign of close Israel-Cyprus ties and as a challenge to Turkey.[84] In May 2012, the Turkish Army command said its fighter jets chased an Israeli plane out of Turkish occupied Cypriot airspace. In May 2012 Cyprus also denied a report that Israel planned to deploy 20,000 troops in Cyprus to protect Israelis working on energy projects, as Turkey claimed.[85]

Cyprus and Israel signed an accord demarcating their maritime borders to facilitate offshore gas exploration. Cypriot Foreign Minister Markos Kyprianou and Israel's Infrastructure Minister Uzi Landau signed the deal in Nicosia. The intent is to facilitate a search for mineral deposits in the east Mediterranean where huge natural gas reserves have been discovered. Turkish sources said that the Foreign Ministry had summoned Israel's Ambassador to Turkey, Gabby Levy, and expressed discontent over the agreement.[86]

Operation Pillar of Defense

The Turkish Foreign Ministry called on the international community and the United Nations to take the necessary initiatives to stop Israel’s military operation in Gaza,[87][88] which it described as another example of Israel’s hostile policies.[89] Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu viewed this attack as another of Israel's "crimes of humanity." [90] On 19 November 2012 Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan accused the United Nations of failing to act over the deadly Israeli air bombardments of Gaza, calling Israel a "terrorist state" that "massacres innocent children".[91]

Turkish support for Palestinian UN recognition

Prior to the voting of the UN General Assembly Turkish Foreign Minister stated that it was time for Israel to look into the mirror. Shortly after the voting of the UN General Assembly Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu stated that Israel should question why it did not have the support by the majority of countries at the Palestine Vote in the UN General Assembly and declared that Palestine was now a state.[92][93] Palestinian National Authority Foreign Minister Riyad al-Maliki and Turkish diplomats celebrated at the Türkevi, the Turkish Center in New York City.[94]

See also

References

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  17. ^ Erdogan's travels
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  63. ^ Turkey Helps Fight Israeli Fire
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  85. ^ JAMES KANTER (2012-09-30). "Cyprus-Israel close to gas-sharing deal". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
  86. ^ Alarab Online, 20 December 2010, "Turkey unhappy with Israel-Cyprus deal", 10 April 2011
  87. ^ http://en.trend.az/regions/met/turkey/2088102.html
  88. ^ http://en.apa.az/xeber_turkey_condemns_israeli_attack_on_gaza___182563.html
  89. ^ http://en.trend.az/news/politics/2088855.html
  90. ^ http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/144847/turkish-fm-defines-israeli-attack-on-gaza-as-a-crime-of-humanity.html
  91. ^ http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323353204578128880612421650.html
  92. ^ http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/145245/palestine-vote-a-39-booster-39-for-peace-turkey.html
  93. ^ http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/145255/turkey-hails-historic-un-vote-for-palestine.html
  94. ^ http://en.apa.az/news/183471

External links

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