Jump to content

2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt
Part of the 2017–present Peruvian political crisis
President Pedro Castillo calling for the dissolution of the Congress of Peru
Date7 December 2022
Location
Lima, Peru
Caused by
Resulted inPresidential defeat
Parties
Lead figures

On 7 December 2022, Pedro Castillo, the then-President of Peru, made an attempt to dissolve the Congress amidst looming removal proceedings. This move included the immediate imposition of a curfew, an attempt to establish an emergency government, and a call for the formation of a constituent assembly.[1][2] Prior to this, Attorney General Patricia Benavides had accused Castillo of leading a criminal organization, a claim that contravened Article 117 of the Constitution of Peru.[3] She had urged the Congress to remove him from office, leading to the third removal attempt against Castillo.[4][5][6] Castillo defended his actions by arguing that the Congress, which had obstructed many of his policies,[7][8][9] was serving oligopolistic businesses and had colluded with the Constitutional Court to undermine the executive branch, thereby creating a "congressional dictatorship".[7] He also advocated for the immediate election of a constituent assembly,[7] a demand that had been echoed since the 2020 Peruvian protests.[10]

However, Castillo's decision to dissolve Congress led to a wave of resignations from his government. The Peruvian Armed Forces also declined to support his actions.[11][12] On the same day, Castillo was removed and ceased to be president after the Constitutional Court rejected his dissolution of Congress.[13][14][15] Vice President Dina Boluarte was sworn in as the new president later that day.[16] In the aftermath of Castillo's removal, his supporters initiated nationwide protests demanding his release and Boluarte's resignation. The Boluarte government responded by declaring a national state of emergency on 14 December, massacring protesters,[17] and suspending some constitutional protections for 30 days.[18][19] Castillo was subsequently placed in pre-trial detention for 18 months on charges of rebellion and conspiracy,[20][21] with an additional 36 months of detention for alleged corruption during his administration.[22][23]

In a controversial move, the Constitutional Court, whose members were elected by Congress in a questionable manner,[24][25] removed judicial oversight from Congress, effectively granting the legislative body absolute control over the government.[26][27][28] Castillo maintained that two contentious votes of confidence between his former Prime Minister Aníbal Torres and Congress provided a legal basis for dissolving the legislative body.[29] However, this claim was disputed by a Constitutional Court ruling, which stated that only Congress could interpret whether a motion of confidence had occurred, thereby consolidating more power in the hands of Congress.[30] This event was widely characterized as an attempted coup d'état by Peruvian politicians, the Constitutional Court, Peruvian media, and some international news organizations,[31] drawing comparisons to the autogolpe of Alberto Fujimori during the 1992 Peruvian self-coup d'état.[32][33][11]

Representatives of many foreign countries, including Spain,[34] United States,[35] Brazil,[36] Uruguay[37] and the secretary-general of the Organization of American States[35] rejected Castillo's actions and described them as an attempt to break the constitutional order. According to an Institute of Peruvian Studies [es] poll, 53% of respondents disagreed with his attempt to dissolve Congress, while 44% of participants agreed.[38] Supporters of Castillo said that a soft coup was perpetrated by Congress against him.[39][40] Some governments of Latin America, including Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Honduras and Mexico, responded to the crisis by refusing to recognize the Boluarte government and viewing Castillo as president.[41][42] Castillo has also continued to consider himself as the legal president of Peru.[43]

Background

[edit]

Congressional Obstruction

[edit]

During the presidencies of Ollanta Humala, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and Martín Vizcarra, the Congress was dominated by the opposition Popular Force, the party created by the daughter of the former Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori, Keiko Fujimori, and opposed many of the actions performed by the presidents.[44][45][46] The political legacy of the Fujimori family was assumed by Keiko.[47][46] During their majority in congress, Fujimorists "earned a reputation as hardline obstructionists for blocking initiatives popular with Peruvians aimed at curbing the nation’s rampant corruption".[48] Following the 2021 Peruvian general election, a significant bloc of right wing parties, including Go on Country, Popular Force and Popular Renewal, excised significant influence in Congress.[49]

Constitutional crisis and removal of presidents

[edit]
Main article: 2019–2020 Peruvian constitutional crisis
Presidents Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, Martín Vizcarra and Pedro Castillo (left to right) were impeached and targeted for removal by the opposing Congress

In the Constitution of Peru, the executive branch can dissolve congress after a second vote of no-confidence.[50][51] Under former president Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, Congress held a no-confidence vote on 15 September 2017, resulting in the collapse of his cabinet,[52] the first vote of no-confidence by the current congressional body.[50] President Kuczynski would later face impeachment in December 2017 and March 2018 due to his admitted involvement with Odebrecht during the Operation Car Wash scandal.[53] Following the release of the Kenjivideos reportedly showing Kuczynski making deals with opposition politicians to avoid impeachment votes, President Kuczynski resigned.[54]

Martín Vizcarra, Kuczynski's first vice president, then assumed office in March 2018. President Vizcarra enacted a constitutional process on 29 May 2019 that would create a motion of no confidence towards Congress if they refused to cooperate with his proposed actions against corruption.[55] For the next four months, Congress delayed bills targeting corruption and postponed general elections proposed by Vizcarra.[51] On 30 September 2019, the President of the Council of Ministers, Salvador del Solar, set forth a vote of confidence before the Congress for refusing to pass a bill that modified the election process of judges of the Constitutional Court. The vote of confidence sought to stop the election of magistrates, modify the Organic Law of the Constitutional Court and the designation of the tribunes. However, the Plenary Session of Congress decided to continue with the election of magistrates, and ignored the vote of confidence presented by Del Solar, naming a new member to the Constitutional Court.[56] Many of the Constitutional Court nominees selected by Congress were alleged to be involved in corruption.[57] Notwithstanding the affirmative vote, Vizcarra stated that the appointment of a new member of the Constitutional Court and an ignoring of the confidence motion constituted a de facto vote of no confidence in the government, which would be the second of the legislative term.[56] These actions by Congress, as well as the months of slow progress towards anti-corruption reforms, pushed Vizcarra to dissolve the legislative body on 30 September, with Vizcarra stating "Peruvian people, we have done all we could."[56] Shortly after Vizcarra announced the dissolution of Congress, the legislative body refused to recognize the president's actions, declared Vizcarra as suspended from the presidency, and named Vice President Mercedes Aráoz as the interim president, moves that were largely seen as null and void.[56] By the night of 30 September, Peruvians gathered outside of the Legislative Palace to protest against Congress and demand the removal of legislators[56] while the heads of the Armed Forces met with Vizcarra, announcing that they still recognized him as president and head of the armed forces.[58] On 14 January 2020, the Constitutional Court ruled that the dissolution of Congress by Vizcarra under the given rationale was legal.[59] Snap legislative elections were held on 26 January, with Keiko Fujimori's Popular Force party losing its majority in Congress and most of its seats.

Months later, amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru, President Vizcarra was impeached in September 2020 though not removed, later being controversially removed from office a month later. Thousands of citizens then gathered in protests against Vizcarra's impeachment.[60] Manuel Merino, who succeeded him as president the following day, resigned on 15 November.[61] Francisco Sagasti was made President of Congress on 16 November and thus succeeded Merino as president on 17 November per the presidential line of succession, since both vice presidential positions were vacated by Vizcarra in 2018 and Mercedes Aráoz in May 2020.[62][63]

Castillo presidency

[edit]

Sagasti served as president until Castillo was elected in the 2021 general election, with Keiko Fujimori losing her third consecutive presidential bid. The 2021 election saw many right-wing candidates elected to the congress.[7][64][65][66]

Attempts to remove Castillo

[edit]
See also: 2021 Peruvian general election § Overturn attempts, Pedro Castillo § Removal attempts, and Vladimiro Montesinos § Vladi-audios

The election will be flipped, dear friends.

—Keiko Fujimori[67]

Multiple attempts to prevent Castillo from entering the office of the presidency or to later remove him occurred, beginning shortly after election results were determined. Following reports of Castillo's apparent victory, Fujimori and her supporters made claims of electoral fraud, leading obstructionist efforts to overturn the election with support of citizens in Lima.[68][69][67][70][71][72] Many business groups and politicians refused to recognize Castillo's ascent to the presidency,[73] with those among the more affluent, including former military officers and wealthy families, demanded new elections, promoted calls for a military coup, and used rhetoric to support their allegations of fraud.[69]

Following the 2021 election, audio recordings deemed Vladi-audios were leaked revealing that Vladimiro Montesinos was allegedly involved in at least 17 landline phone calls while imprisoned at the Peruvian Navy's CEREC maximum security prison in an effort to prevent Castillo from entering office and to protect Keiko Fujimori from being imprisoned.[74][75][76] In one reported audio, Montesinos mentions a first plan to have Fujimori's husband go to the United States embassy in Lima to present "documentation of the fraud" to the Office of Regional Affairs and Central Intelligence Agency, with Montesinos allegedly saying he already contacted the embassy, that the documents would reach President Joe Biden and that his administration would condemn the election as interference from Cuba, Nicaragua, and Venezuela, subsequently giving Fujimori's claims of fraud more weight.[74][65][77] Right-wing politicians in Peru downplayed the audios of Montesinos.[75] According to IDL-Reporteros, the Navy of Peru was involved in a "lie" when issuing their joint statement, saying that Montesinos was only involved in two phone calls, with IDL asking "How could you not notice the 17 calls and 12 conversations at CEREC, at the Naval Base of the institution with the greatest development in electronic intelligence within the Armed Forces?".[76]

In October 2021, the website El Foco released recordings revealing that leaders of the manufacturing employers' organization National Society of Industries, the leader of the Union of Multimodal Transport Guilds of Peru (UGTRANM), Geovani Rafael Diez Villegas, political leaders, and other business executives planned various actions, including funding transportation strikes in November 2021, to destabilize the Castillo government and prompt his removal.[78][79] Far-right groups of former soldiers also allied with political parties like Go on Country – Social Integration Party, Popular Force, and Popular Renewal in an effort to remove Castillo, with some veteran leaders seen directly with Rafael López Aliaga and Castillo's former presidential challenger Keiko Fujimori, who signed the Madrid Charter promoted by the Spanish far-right political party Vox.[79] These groups directed threats towards Castillo government officials and journalists, whilst also calling for a coup d'état and insurgency.[79]

Impeachment attempts

[edit]
Main article: Third impeachment of Pedro Castillo

From the beginning of his presidency, Castillo was targeted by Congress, dominated by the opposition right-wing parties,[80] whom made it clear that they wanted to remove him from office by impeachment.[44] Due to broadly interpreted impeachment wording in the Constitution of Peru (1993), Congress can impeach the president on the vague grounds of "moral incapacity",[81] effectively making the legislature more powerful than the executive branch.[82][83][84][85]

In November 2021, four months into Castillo's term, Fujimori announced that her party was pushing forward impeachment proceedings, arguing that Castillo was "morally unfit for office".[86] On 25 November 28 legislators from Fujimori's party presented a signed motion of impeachment to Congress, setting up a vote for opening impeachment proceedings.[87] The impeachment proceeding did not occur, as 76 voted against proceedings, 46 were in favor, and 4 abstained, with the requirement of 52 favoring proceedings not met.[88]

In February 2022, it was reported that Fujimorists and politicians close to Fujimori organized a meeting at the Casa Andina hotel in Lima with the assistance of the German liberal group Friedrich Naumann Foundation, with those present including President of Congress Maricarmen Alva, at which plans to remove Castillo from office were discussed.[89] Alva had already shared her readiness to assume the presidency if Castillo were to be vacated from the position and a leaked Telegram group chat of the board of directors of Congress that she heads revealed plans coordinated to oust Castillo.[90][91]

A second impeachment attempt related to corruption allegations did make it to proceedings in March 2022.[92] On 28 March 2022, Castillo appeared before Congress calling the allegations baseless and for legislators to "vote for democracy" and "against instability", with 55 voting for impeachment, 54 voting against, and 19 abstaining, thus failing to reach the 87 votes necessary.[92][93]

Public approval of Castillo steadily declined to a record low 20% approval,[94] as his presidency progressed and protests occurred in early 2022 as a result of increasing prices with crises surrounding the president arising steadily.[95][96][97] In October 2022, Attorney General Patricia Benavides declared that President Castillo was the head of a criminal organization and called on Congress to remove him from office, though this act was described as unconstitutional due to its violation of Article 117 of the Constitution of Peru according to constitutional experts.[5] Castillo would respond to the efforts by Benavides and Congress by saying he was not corrupt, stating such acts were "unconstitutional, illegal, unfounded and lack any corroboration" and that a "coup d'état" was in process against him.[98] By December 2022, Congress had begun motions to attempt the impeachment of Castillo for a third time; he was involved with six different criminal investigations and had already named five separate cabinets to serve under him.[97]

Congress replaces Constitutional Court

[edit]
Members of the United States Congress expressing concern about Constitutional Court nominees in a 2023 letter

Congress attempted to nominate members of the Constitutional Court of Peru in the past who would serve their political interests.[99][100] Attempted reform of the nomination process had already resulted with the 2019 Peruvian constitutional crisis, which saw Congress being dissolved by President Vizcarra. In May 2022, six of seven members of the court were replaced by Congress in a process that lacked transparency.[101][25] The replacement of the justices resulted with the Constitutional Court serving the interests of Congress.[25] Fifteen members of the United States Congress would later express concerns about reports of the Congress of Peru attempting control governmental institutions through "legislative overreach", specifically noting the nominations of the Constitutional Court.[102]

No-confidence law

[edit]

In the Constitution of Peru, the executive branch can dissolve Congress after a second vote of no-confidence.[29][103] Following the election of Castillo, Congress, with the help of the legislator-elected Constitutional Court of Peru, attempted to limit the power of the executive branch by creating a new law that would only allow a question of confidence to be allowed for government policies, not for constitutional law.[29] The Castillo government would argue that this was unconstitutional, though the Constitutional Court would ultimately side with Congress.[29] When Héctor Valer was named Prime Minister of Peru in February 2022, allegations of domestic violence resulted with Congress not giving him a vote of confidence, with Valer arguing that this was in effect a vote of no-confidence.[29]

On 8 November 2022, Prime Minister Aníbal Torres presented a question of confidence regarding the proposed question of confidence law of Congress, though Congress opposed and filed the request.[29] Upon Congress' refusal, Prime Minister Torres would state on 11 November, "We have declared before Parliament a prerogative of the Executive, as is the question of trust. Today we know the answer."[29] Torres would present a second question of confidence on 17 November 2022; this second motion was also rejected by Congress on 24 November and provided an opportunity for Castillo to dissolve Congress according to France 24.[29] This interpretation was later rejected by the Constitutional Court in a May 2023 judgement.[104]

Military involvement

[edit]

In the day before the attempt to dissolve Congress, Chief of the Joint Command General Manuel Gómez de la Torre held a meeting with the branch heads of the armed forces of Peru.[105]

Attempts to remove Boluarte

[edit]

For months, opposition politicians attempted to disqualify Boluarte in an effort to assume the presidency upon her removal.[106] On 5 December 2022, just days before Congress was set to vote on impeaching Castillo, a constitutional complaint was filed by the Subcommittee on Constitutional Accusations against Vice President Dina Boluarte, alleging that she operated a private club while she was the Minister of Development.[107] The allegations against Boluarte created the potential for the vice president to face controversy if Castillo were to be impeached.[107]

Timeline of events

[edit]

Preparations for impeachment

[edit]

In the weeks before the third impeachment, the media in Peru launched a smear campaign of unsubstantiated claims against President Castillo according to Le Monde diplomatique, with the Latin American Strategic Center for Geopolitics (CELAG) finding that 79% of media articles about Castillo being "negative".[7] On 6 December, it was likely that Congress did not have 87 votes to remove President Castillo from office.[106] President Castillo's attorney, Benji Espinoza, spent the day with the president discussing how to respond to the situation, later stating that during the six hours she spent with him "at no time was the issue of the dissolution of Congress addressed".[106] That same day, Chief of the Joint Command General Manuel Gómez de la Torre held a meeting with the branch heads of the armed forces of Peru.[105] During the meeting, General Gómez de la Torre warned the branch heads of a pending conflict, stating "I am responsible. There are no other orders".[105] Commanding general of the Army of Peru, Wálter Córdova, also submitted his resignation on 6 December, with the submission being approved the next morning.[106]

Dissolution of Congress

[edit]

On 7 December 2022, Congress was expected to file a motion of censure against Castillo, accusing him of "permanent moral incapacity".[1] Before the legislative body could gather to file its motion, Castillo announced the dissolution of Congress and enacted an immediate curfew.[1][108] In his speech, Castillo stated:[2][7][109]

[T]he majority of Congress, which defends the interests of the big monopolies and oligopolies, has done everything to try to destroy the institution of the presidency ... The Executive has sent to Congress more than 70 bills of national interest with the aim of benefiting the most vulnerable sectors of the population, such as the Massification of Gas, the creation of the Ministry of Science and Technology and Innovation, Free Admission to Universities, the Second Agrarian Reform, the Tax Reform, the Reform of the Justice System, the elimination of the subsidiary economic activity of the State Congress sought to prosecute the president for treason with unsustainable and absurd arguments from one of constitutionalist jurists, ... Without the slightest evidence, Congress charged the president with crimes many times, often based on claims made by a mercenary, corrupt and cynical press, which defames and slanders in absolute debauchery. However, the congress does not investigate and sanction criminal acts of its own members. Congress has destroyed the rule of law, democracy, separation, and balance of powers by modifying the Constitution with ordinary laws to destroy the Executive and establish a congressional dictatorship with the endorsement, as they themselves state, of the Constitutional Court. ... The following measures are dictated: to temporarily dissolve the Congress of the Republic and establish an exceptional emergency government. Elections will be called for a new Congress with constituent powers to draft a new Constitution within no more than nine months.

He then called on individuals possessing illegal weapons to deliver them to the National Police within 72 hours and ordered all troops of the Peruvian Army to remain at their barracks, saying that he did not want clashes between citizens and the military.[2][110]

Castillo would later explain his actions, saying that he never attempted to subvert Peru's democracy and only sought "to get closer to the people", stating "I took the flag of the Constituent People's Assembly and gave my speech remembering and being faithful to the people who voted for me, who trusted me. ... I wanted to make the political class understand that popular power is the maximum expression of societies. I didn't want to obey the social economic power groups. I wanted to put the people above all else. ... It was my decision. No one else's. I was nervous, but I did it."[43] He would also say that his ministers were unaware of his announcement.[43]

Reactions

[edit]

Democratic institutions and civil society quickly rejected Castillo's actions,[111] Moments after Castillo's speech, multiple ministers resigned from his government, including Prime Minister Betssy Chávez,[112] Minister of Labor Alejandro Salas [es], Minister of the Economy Kurt Burneo, Minister of Foreign Relations César Landa and Minister of Justice Félix Chero [es].[2] Peru's permanent representatives to the United Nations and to the Organization of American States, Manuel Rodríguez Cuadros and Harold Forsyth, also tendered their resignations.[2] The attorney representing Castillo dropped him as a client, stating: "As a lawyer respectful of the Constitution, I assumed the defense of the President of the Republic presuming his innocence. Since there has been a breach of the constitutional order, I am obliged to irrevocably renounce the defense of citizen Pedro Castillo."[2]

Document of the CCFFAA and PNP rejecting the actions of Castillo

The Constitutional Court released a statement: "No one owes obedience to a usurping government and Mr. Pedro Castillo has made an ineffective coup d'état. The Armed Forces are empowered to restore the constitutional order."[2] The Armed Forces also issued a statement rejecting Castillo's actions and calling for the maintenance of stability in Peru.[12]

According to Anibal Garzon writing for Le Monde, the media in Peru did not report the substance of Castillo's statements, including the rationale for his actions, instead stating that he was attempting a coup.[7]

Resolution

[edit]

Rejecting Castillo's actions to dissolve the legislative body, Congress gathered and voted to remove Castillo from office due to "moral incapacity" with 101 votes in favor, 6 against and 10 abstentions.[113] It was announced that First Vice President Dina Boluarte, who rejected Castillo's actions, would take her oath of office for the presidency at 3:00 pm PET.[113]

President Castillo then fled the Government Palace and contacted president of Mexico Andrés Manuel López Obrador, raising concerns about political asylum.[114] According to President López Obrador, it was likely that Castillo's phone was tapped by Peruvian intelligence, with the Mexican president reporting that Peruvian authorities entered the grounds of the Mexican embassy to prevent Castillo from entering, though this was not confirmed.[114] Castillo said that he did not seek to leave Peru and only wanted to drop his family off at the Mexican embassy for their safety.[43] Upon learning that Castillo was seeking to enter the Mexican embassy, the general of the PNP learned that his officers were the drivers for Castillo and ordered them to deliver Castillo to the Prefecture where he would be arrested.[106] Individuals gathered outside the Mexican embassy in Lima to block the area upon rumors that Castillo was attempting to flee to seek asylum in Mexico.[115] The PNP officers driving Castillo said that they had to make an emergency detour, later bringing him to the Prefecture where he was greeted by the head of the PNP, who arrested him, in flagrante delicto, for rebellion.[106][116][117][118][119][120]

Castillo's vice president Dina Boluarte entered the Legislative Palace shortly after 3:00 pm PET and appeared before Congress, where she was later sworn in as president of Peru.[121] Following Castillo's removal, his supporters started nationwide protests demanding his release and Boluarte's resignation.

Aftermath

[edit]
Further information: 2022–2023 Peruvian political protests

While Castillo was detained, he denounced a "Machiavellian plan" against him by the National Prosecutor Patricia Benavides, Congress and his former vice president Boluarte.[122] Some Latin American media organizations linked the events to United States Ambassador to Peru Lisa D. Kenna, a former member of the Central Intelligence Agency.[123][124] Ambassador Kenna had met with Castillo's defense minister, Gustavo Bobbio, the day before the impeachment vote, raising concerns about the United States being involved in the events.[123][124] Local media also reported that the President of Congress and former head of the Peruvian armed forces, José Williams, allegedly collaborated with Ambassador Kenna.[123]

IDL-Reporteros reported that the right-wing Congress' approval of President Boluarte was weak since they had previously attempted to disqualify her as well.[106] President Boluarte immediately installed the right-wing leader Pedro Angulo Arana as prime minister.[125] The Prime Minister Angulo faces multiple controversies and is involved in 13 criminal investigations, with serious allegations including sexual harassment of women assistants and supporting the actions of César Hinostroza, who illegally asked for favors from magistrate María Apaza and fled from Peru.[125][126]

Supporters of Castillo were angered at the actions against the former president, demanding immediate general elections and staging nationwide protests.[127] Protests erupted in violence on 11 December near the southern city of Andahuaylas where demonstrators closed the airport, with police in a helicopter reportedly firing upon protesters, killing two individuals.[128] President Boluarte attempted to appease protests by proposing elections two years early, for April 2024, though Castillo supporters rejected the call while Castillo described such actions as a "dirty game".[127] Congress would reject Boluarte's proposal for early elections.[129] However, congress reconsidered the proposal on 21 December and allowed early elections.[130]

Public opinion

[edit]

Days before the crisis, a poll by the Institute of Peruvian Studies [es] (IEP) showed that 55% of respondents disagreed with Congress' attempt to remove Castillo from office while 43% agreed.[131] The majority of those supporting Castillo's removal resided in Lima while those disagreeing with his impeachment lived in rural areas.[131] In an IEP poll following Castillo's attempt to dissolve Congress, of respondents, 53% disapproved Castillo's actions, 44% approved and 3% had no opinion or comment, with the majority of support for Castillo's actions being among rural and lower class Peruvians.[38]

After the self-coup attempt, a poll carried out at the national level by Ipsos Perú between 15 and 16 December 2022, showed that 63% of the population disagreed with the coup d'état that Pedro Castillo tried to perpetrate, while 33% agreed and 4% did not provide any response. Likewise, when asked about the reasons that would have led Pedro Castillo to take said measure, 35% indicated that this was due to the fact that the former president "feared that Congress would vote for the vacancy and remove him from office", 29% attribute it because "he wanted to intervenethe Public Prosecutor's Office and the Judiciary to disappear the files that exist against them", 25% believe that "he wanted to convene a Constituent Assembly" and 22% consider that "he wanted to govern by concentrating power, without the Congress".[132]

International reactions

[edit]

Recognition

[edit]
Nations recognizing presidential governments
  Pedro Castillo
  Dina Boluarte

International recognition of Boluarte's government has been mixed.

Members of the São Paulo Forum like Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil and Gabriel Boric of Chile recognize Boluarte. The United States has recognized Boluarte as president. Spain was also in support, championing a return to "constitutional order."[133]

Latin American governments, including Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Honduras, Mexico and Venezuela have continued to recognize that Pedro Castillo as the democratically elected President of Peru and refused to recognize Boluarte.[134][41][42] Left-wing Latin American leaders such as Nicolás Maduro of Venezuela, Andrés Manuel López Obrador of Mexico, Gustavo Petro of Colombia, Alberto Fernández of Argentina, and Luis Arce of Bolivia denounced Boluarte's government as a right wing coup, comparing the situation as similar to ascension of Bolivia's Jeanine Áñez during the 2019 Bolivian political crisis. The latter presidents continue to support Pedro Castillo's claims he is the rightful president under a "government of exception."[135][136]

Statements

[edit]

The regional countries of Mexico, Bolivia, Colombia and Argentina issued a joint statement recording their view that Castillo is "a victim of undemocratic harassment" and pleaded for maintaining his human and legal rights.[137][138][139]

  •  European Union: The European Parliament released a statement which said that: The Chair of the Delegation for Relations with the countries of the Andean Community, Pilar Del Castillo and the Chair of the EP Foreign Affairs Committee, David McAllister wish to express their total and unconditional support for the democratic institutionality and constitutional order, safeguarded thanks to the impeccable and responsible functioning and behaviour of the Peruvian authorities regarding the recent events in the Republic of Peru that led to the constitutional dismissal of President Pedro Castillo given his attempt to dissolve the Congress, They hope and wish that the new constitutional president Dina Boluarte has the support to redirect, through political dialogue and within full respect of the separation and balance of powers, the crisis generated so that Peruvian democracy can emerge from this attack fully revitalised, strengthened, more united and consolidated in defence of democratic values to achieve the highest levels of welfare and development for its citizens.[140]
  • Organization of American States: Luis Almagro, Secretary-General of the Organisation of American States, said the constitutional order had been disrupted in Peru and tweeted his "support for "democracy, peace and institutionality in Peru and the urgent need to restore the democratic path in the country".[35]
  • Human Rights Watch: Human Rights Watch released a statement saying they "categorically condemns former President Pedro Castillo's attempt to undermine the rule of law in Peru" and described the temporary dissolution of Congress, the reorganization of the judiciary and other institutions as "effectively a coup".[111]
  •  Argentina: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship expressed "deep concern" over the situation in Peru and made a call on "every Peruvian politician" to "protect democratic institutions, the rule of law and constitutional order".[141]
  •  Bolivia: President Luis Arce condemned the "elite harassment" against "popular governments" after the crisis in Peru, stating that "since the beginning, the Peruvian right tried to overthrow a government democratically elected by the people, by the humble classes that seeked more inclusion and social justice". He also sent his solidarity to "the sister Republic of Peru", criticizing the "constant harassment of anti-democratic elites against progressive, popular and legitimately constituted governments", and asked that "everyone" condemn this situation.[142]
  •  Brazil: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs classified Castillo's actions as incompatible with the constitutional framework of Peru, representing a violation of democracy and the rule of law. The ministry wished success to Boluarte.[36] The President-elect, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, stated that the removal of Castillo was "constitutional" and expressed his hope that President Boluarte succeeds in "her task of reconciling the country and leading it on the path of development and social peace."[143]
  •  Chile: The government issued a statement which said that it "deeply regrets the political situation that the Republic of Peru is experiencing, and trusts that this crisis that affects a sister country can be resolved through democratic mechanisms and respect for the rule of law".[144]
  •  Colombia: President Gustavo Petro said that Castillo "allowed himself to be led to political suicide" and that "he was wrong" in wanting to dissolve Congress.[145] He also stressed, however, that "anti-democracy cannot be fought with anti-democracy."[146]
  •  Ecuador: The Foreign Ministry issued a statement expressing "its deep concern about the political situation in the sister country of Peru" and calling "on all political actors to maintain the rule of law and democracy and on the international community to facilitate the democratic process in Peru".[147]
  •  Honduras: The Foreign Ministry called what happened to Castillo, a coup d'état against him. It published a statement communicating its "energetic condemnation of the coup d'état that occurred in Peru, which is the result of a series of events to erode democracy and the sovereign will of the people represented by President Pedro Castillo." Honduras also demanded that Castillo's "physical integrity and human rights be respected," adding, "The government of Honduras hopes that the democratic order and electoral sovereignty of Peru retake the rule of law and guarantees its rights, amid this grave constitutional violation."[148]
  •  Mexico: On 7 December, Mexican Foreign Affairs Secretary Marcelo Ebrard stated that he regretted the developments, and called for democracy to be respected.[149] The President of Mexico Andrés Manuel López Obrador commented that "because of the interests of economic and political elites, since the beginning of the legitimate presidency of Pedro Castillo, an environment of confrontation and hostility was maintained against him, leading him to take decisions that have served his adversaries to remove him."[150][151] During his morning press conference on 8 December, President López Obrador revealed he had received a call on Wednesday in which Castillo informed him of his intention to seek political asylum at the Mexican embassy.[120][152] President López Obrador also stated that Mexico did not yet recognize the government of Dina Boluarte, saying that the position of Mexico would be determined in the following days.[114] Later in the day on 8 December, Ebrard stated via Twitter that the Mexican Ambassador to Peru had met with Castillo after his arrest and that the embassy had received a letter from Castillo's lawyer officially requesting asylum.[119] Peru declared Mexico's ambassador to Lima "persona non grata" and ordered him to leave the country on 21 December.[153]
  •  Paraguay: The government expressed "its concern about the situation in Peru", and called for a "constructive dialogue between all the actors and political forces to preserve democracy and its institutions in favor of stability and pacification in that sister country."[154]
  •  Spain: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that their government "firmly condemns the breakdown of the constitutional order in Peru and welcomes the restoration of democratic normality", stating that Spain "will always be on the side of democracy and the defense of constitutional legality."[34] A day later, Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez announced that he had talked with Dina Boluarte and expressed to her "Spain's support in defending the Constitution and the Rule of Law".[155]
  •  United States: The government rejected Castillo's actions. U.S. ambassador to Peru Lisa D. Kenna stated, "The United States categorically rejects any extraconstitutional act by President Castillo to prevent Congress from fulfilling its mandate. The United States strongly urges President Castillo to reverse his attempt to shut down Congress and allow Peru's democratic institutions to function according to the Constitution. We encourage the Peruvian public to remain calm during this uncertain time."[156]
  •  Uruguay: The government made "a call to respect democratic institutions and strongly condemns any attempt to break the current constitutional order." It also hoped that the swearing in of Dina Boluarte "will lead to guaranteeing political stability and the preservation of the rule of law".[37]
  •  Venezuela: President Nicolás Maduro stated that although his country does not interfere in the internal affairs of any country, he hoped that the Peruvian people, within the framework of their Constitution, will soon achieve "their path to liberation, democracy and happiness" while claiming that "they elect a teacher as president, [Pedro Castillo], and from the first moment of the election they do not want to recognize his victory, in the end forced by reality they have to recognize his victory as president, and once he is sworn in the conspiracy for a parliamentary coup begins".[157]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Presidente Pedro Castillo disuelve temporalmente el Congreso de Perú". CNN (in Spanish). 7 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Chillitupa Tantas, Rodrigo (7 December 2022). "Presidente de Perú disuelve Congreso, declara "gobierno de excepción" y llama a elecciones". Voz de América (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  3. ^ Vilcarino, Jennifer (27 July 2022). "A Challenging First Year for Peru's Pedro Castillo". www.as-coa.org. Americas Society. Retrieved 26 May 2024. Article 117 [of the Constitution of Peru] states that a sitting president can be accused and impeached for just four transgressions: treason, preventing elections, dissolving Congress, or impeding other electoral processes.
  4. ^ Taj, Mitra; Glatsky, Genevieve (5 December 2022). "He Vowed to Transform Peru. Instead He's Facing His Third Impeachment". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  5. ^ a b Cotos, Henry (12 October 2022). "Fiscalía de Perú denuncia al presidente Pedro Castillo: Constitucionalistas consideran deficiente la acusación". La República (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 May 2023.
  6. ^ "Denuncia presentada por Patricia Benavides fuerza el alcance del artículo 117 de la Constitución, según especialistas". RPP (in Spanish). 14 October 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Garzón, Aníbal (1 January 2023). "Peru's permanent coup". Le Monde diplomatique. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  8. ^ Sojo, Giordana García (26 July 2022). "Un año de intentos destituyentes en Perú". Centro Estratégico Latinoamericano de Geopolítica (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  9. ^ "Peru: Police clash with protesters in capital Lima". BBC News. 6 November 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  10. ^ "Con primera ministra a la cabeza, así es el nuevo gabinete de Francisco Sagasti en Perú". France 24. 19 November 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  11. ^ a b Aquino, Marco (7 December 2022). "Peru's Castillo threatens to dissolve Congress as political crisis deepens". Reuters. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  12. ^ a b "Pedro Castillo cierra el Congreso, en vivo: disolución, mensaje del presidente y últimas noticias". Diario AS (in Spanish). 8 December 2022.
  13. ^ Pozzebon, Claudia Rebaza,Tara John,Stefano (7 December 2022). "Peru lawmakers impeach Castillo after he attempts to dissolve Congress". CNN. Retrieved 7 December 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ "Peru's Congress votes to remove president Castillo in impeachment trial". Reuters. 7 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  15. ^ "Congresso do Peru destitui presidente que tentou golpe". O Antagonista (in Brazilian Portuguese). 7 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  16. ^ "Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment". BBC News. 7 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  17. ^  • Vega, Renzo Gómez (16 December 2022). "La represión de las protestas y los bloqueos de carreteras causan 20 muertos en Perú". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 December 2022. La masacre sucedió en los alrededores del aeropuerto Alfredo Mendívil Duarte
  18. ^ Cano, Regina Garcia (14 December 2022). "Peru's new government declares police state amid protests". Associated Press. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  19. ^ "Decreto de insurgencia" (PDF). Diario Expresión. 13 December 2022. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  20. ^ Collyns, Dan (15 December 2022). "Former Peru president ordered to remain in custody for 18 months as protest death toll rises to 12". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  21. ^ Collyns, Dan (7 December 2022). "Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  22. ^ "Peru's ex-president Castillo gets extended pre-trial detention. The judge in charge of the Supreme Court-led investigation, Juan Carlos Checkley, ordered the three-year pre-trial detention for Castillo 'allegedly being the leader of a criminal organization". Le Monde. 10 March 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  23. ^ "Peru: Judge orders 36-month pre-trial detention for Pedro Castillo". Andina. 9 March 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  24. ^ "Peru: Events of 2022", Human Rights Watch, 12 January 2023, retrieved 9 March 2023
  25. ^ a b c "Ni siquiera topo: apenas tapón". IDL-Reporteros (in Spanish). 22 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  26. ^ Romero, César (28 February 2023). "Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial". La República (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  27. ^ Romero, César (25 February 2023). "El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país". La República (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  28. ^ Cárdenas, Abel (5 March 2023). "Congreso doblega el equilibrio de poderes en medio de la convulsión social en Perú". Ojo Público (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h "Así se enfrentaron Pedro Castillo y el Congreso de Perú hasta la destitución". France 24. 8 December 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  30. ^ Patriau, Enrique (21 June 2023). "El Tribunal Constitucional altera el equilibrio de poderes con sus decisiones". La República (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  31. ^ Multiple sources:
  32. ^ Spinetto, Juan Pablo (7 December 2022). "Peru Constitutional Court Calls Castillo's Dissolution of Congress a Coup". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  33. ^ "Pedro Castillo disuelve el Congreso, anuncia que intervendrá el PJ y decreta Estado de Excepción". Perú.21 (in Spanish). 7 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  34. ^ a b Arenales, María García (7 December 2022). "El Gobierno de España condena la ruptura del orden constitucional en Perú". elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  35. ^ a b c Collyns, Dan (8 December 2022). "Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  36. ^ a b "Situação no Peru". Ministério das Relações Exteriores do Brasil (in Portuguese). 7 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  37. ^ a b "Ante la situación en Perú". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  38. ^ a b "IEP Informe de Opinión – Diciembre 2022 (Informe completo)" (PDF). Institute of Peruvian Studies [es]. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  39. ^ "'They treat us like animals': Peru's anti-coup protests explained". The Real News Network. 8 March 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  40. ^ Acuña, Rodrigo (23 December 2022). "Protests Continue in Peru as Newly Installed Government Cracks Down After Coup". Truthout. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  41. ^ a b "Colombia, Argentina, México y Bolivia, a favor de Castillo". Associated Press. 12 December 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  42. ^ a b "Peru recalls ambassador to Honduras for 'unacceptable interference' as diplomatic spat deepens". Reuters. 26 January 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  43. ^ a b c d Zamarrón, Julio (7 February 2023). "Pedro Castillo: "Me presentan como un monstruo. Soy el presidente del Perú"". El Salto (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  44. ^ a b "Democracy Is on the Line in Peru". Human Rights Watch. 24 January 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  45. ^ Flannery, Nathaniel Parish. "Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017?". Forbes. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  46. ^ a b "The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America". German Institute for Global and Area Studies. 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  47. ^ "Passado familiar pauta a campanha da conservadora Keiko Fujimori, no Peru – Internacional – R7". 9 September 2017. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  48. ^ "Dark days for Peru's political dynasty after congress closes". Associated Press. 4 October 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  49. ^  • "Peru's Castillo will struggle to stay in office". Oxford Analytica. Emerald Expert Briefings. oxan–db (oxan–db). 11 August 2022. doi:10.1108/OXAN-DB272027. The far-right parties in Congress -- Renovacion Popular (Popular Renewal) and Avanza Pais (Forward Country)
  50. ^ a b Briceno, Franklin (27 September 2019). "Peru leader pushes vote that could let him dissolve congress". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  51. ^ a b "Peru's president dissolves Congress to push through anti-corruption reforms". The Guardian. 1 October 2019. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  52. ^ "Peru's leader names new prime minister as he reforms Cabinet". Associated Press. 18 September 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  53. ^ "Peru's leader resists pressure to resign". Bbc.com. 15 December 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  54. ^ Rochabrún, Marcelo; Casey, Nicholas (21 March 2018). "Peru's President Offers Resignation Over Vote-Buying Scandal". The New York Times. Lima, Peru. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  55. ^ "Presidente de Perú considera disolver Congreso si legisladores no aprueban reforma política". Reuters. Reuters. 29 May 2019. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  56. ^ a b c d e "Peru's president dissolves Congress to push through anti-corruption reforms". The Guardian. 1 October 2019. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  57. ^ Zarate, Andrea; Casey, Nicholas (3 October 2019). "How a Political Crisis Seized Peru: Boom Times, Corruption and Chaos at the Top". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  58. ^ "Peru's Police and the Joint Command of Peru's Military Branches Say They Recognize Vizcarra as President and the Head of the Armed Forces and Police-Statements". Reuters. 1 October 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  59. ^ "Peru's top court says Vizcarra's closure of Congress was legal". Reuters. 14 January 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  60. ^ "In Midst Of Pandemic Crisis, Peru's Legislature Impeaches The Nation's President". NPR. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  61. ^ Kurmanaev, Anatoly; Taj, Mitra (15 November 2020). "After Six Days on the Job, Peru's Interim President Steps Down Amid Protests". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  62. ^ Hidalgo Bustamante, Martin (8 May 2020). "Mercedes Araoz: Congreso aprueba la renuncia a la vicepresidencia de la República | Martín Vizcarra". El Comercio.
  63. ^ Dube, Ryan (16 November 2020). "Peru's Congress Chooses Lawmaker Francisco Sagasti as Next President". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  64. ^ Burt, Jo-Marie (5 June 2021). "Peru's military say Shining Path insurgents killed 16 civilians. Others are not so sure". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021. The Fujimori campaign seized upon the Vizcatán massacre to reiterate the 'Castillo-as-extremist' narrative, pointing to alleged ties between Castillo and a Shining Path front group, MOVADEF, to suggest that Castillo bore some responsibility for the gruesome killings.
  65. ^ a b "Former Peru dictator's spymaster reappears in alleged plot to swing recount". The Guardian. 29 June 2021. Archived from the original on 2 July 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  66. ^ Asensio et al. 2021, pp. 64–65.
  67. ^ a b "Peru: Fujimori cries electoral fraud – and unleashes torrent of racism". The Guardian. 20 June 2021. Archived from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  68. ^ Asensio et al. 2021, pp. 69–71.
  69. ^ a b "Claves del supuesto "fraude sistemático" denunciado por Keiko Fujimori". Swissinfo (in Spanish). 8 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  70. ^ Collyns, Dan (8 June 2021). "Peru elections: Fujimori's fraud claims criticised as rival's narrow lead widens". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  71. ^ "With election fraud claims, Peru's Keiko Fujimori takes a page from the Trump playbook. She's not alone". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  72. ^ Applebaum, Anne (17 June 2021). "Democracy Is Surprisingly Easy to Undermine". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  73. ^ Asensio et al. 2021, pp. 27–71.
  74. ^ a b "Operaciones "irregulares" del 'Doc' desde la Base Naval | IDL Reporteros". IDL Reporteros. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  75. ^ a b "Los fantasmas vuelven en Perú: Montesinos tramó el soborno de tres jueces electorales". Ambito. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  76. ^ a b "Conspiraciones telefónicas | IDL Reporteros". IDL Reporteros. 26 June 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  77. ^ "Montesinos y operador fujimorista planearon contactar a Embajada de EE. UU". La Republica (in Spanish). 28 June 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  78. ^ Castillo, Maria Elena (24 October 2021).Empresarios tranzan acciones contra Pedro Castillo La República. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  79. ^ a b c Cabral, Ernesto (12 January 2021). "Militares en retiro con discursos extremistas se vinculan a políticos para apoyar la vacancia". OjoPúblico (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  80. ^ Benigno, Scott (7 December 2022). "Peruvian Congress to Debate President's Impeachment". Foreign Brief. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  81. ^ "What Just Happened in Peru? Understanding Vizcarra's Sudden Impeachment". Americas Quarterly. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  82. ^ Asensio, Raúl; Camacho, Gabriela; González, Natalia; Grompone, Romeo; Pajuelo Teves, Ramón; Peña Jimenez, Omayra; Moscoso, Macarena; Vásquez, Yerel; Sosa Villagarcia, Paolo (August 2021). El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación (in Spanish) (1 ed.). Lima, Peru: Institute of Peruvian Studies. p. 92. ISBN 978-612-326-084-2. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  83. ^ Taj, Mitra (7 December 2021). "'Too many mistakes': Peru's president threatened with impeachment after shaky start". Financial Times. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  84. ^ "Peru's Keiko Fujimori backs long-shot effort to impeach President Castillo". Reuters. 19 November 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  85. ^ Tegel, Simeon (15 October 2021). "Can Pedro Castillo Save His Presidency?". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  86. ^ "Peru's Keiko Fujimori backs long-shot effort to impeach President Castillo". Reuters. 19 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  87. ^ "Peru opposition moves to impeach President Pedro Castillo". Al Jazeera. 26 November 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  88. ^ "Congreso no admite a debate moción de vacancia contra Pedro Castillo". La Republica (in Spanish). 7 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  89. ^ "Fujimoristas detrás de encuentro sobre la vacancia". La Republica (in Spanish). 14 February 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  90. ^ "Alva sobre eventual asunción a la presidencia: 'Uno tiene que estar preparado para todo'". La Republica (in Spanish). 6 February 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  91. ^ "Congreso: miembros de la oposición sostuvieron reunión para vacar al presidente Pedro Castillo". La Republica (in Spanish). 11 February 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  92. ^ a b "Peru's president avoids impeachment after marathon debate". Al Jazeera. 28 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  93. ^ "Pleno del Congreso no aprueba moción de vacancia presidencial contra Pedro Castillo". RPP (in Spanish). 28 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  94. ^ "Peruvian President's approval ratings keep sinking". MercoPress. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  95. ^ Chuquín, Roger (2 April 2022). "Paro de transportistas: las claves de un conflicto que no pudo ser resuelto por el Gobierno". Convoca (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  96. ^ "Fuel protests prompt Lima curfew as Ukraine crisis touches South America". The Guardian. 5 April 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
  97. ^ a b Taj, Mitra; Glatsky, Genevieve (5 December 2022). "He Vowed to Transform Peru. Instead He's Facing His Third Impeachment". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  98. ^ "Pedro Castillo acusa complot en su contra e insiste en invocar a comunidad internacional: "No soy corrupto"". La República (in Spanish). 19 October 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  99. ^ Pública, Agenda (21 July 2021). "Elección de miembros del TC: un asalto precario a la democracia peruana". El Pais (in Catalan). Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  100. ^ Salazar, Elizabeth (24 June 2021). "Intereses privados y denuncias de parcialidad empañan elección de miembros del TC". Ojo Público (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  101. ^ "Peru: Events of 2022", Human Rights Watch, 12 January 2023, retrieved 9 March 2023
  102. ^ Vega, Renzo Gómez (29 July 2023). "US Democrats pressure President Dina Boluarte over Peru's human rights violations". El País. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  103. ^ Benavides, Sofía (7 December 2022). "¿Qué dice la Constitución de Perú sobre la disolución del Congreso?". CNN (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  104. ^ "Order granting precautionary measure". Constitutional Court of Peru (in Spanish). 1 December 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  105. ^ a b c "El papel trascendental de las FFAA". Latina Televisión. 11 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  106. ^ a b c d e f g IDL Reporteros (9 December 2022). "Crónica del efímero autogolpe de Pedro Castillo en Perú". Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  107. ^ a b "Dina Boluarte: Subcomisión de Acusaciones archiva denuncia constitucional contra vicepresidenta". Gestión (in Spanish). 5 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  108. ^ Quesada, Juan Diego (9 December 2022). "Inside the coup in Peru: 'President, what have you done?'". EL PAÍS English Edition. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  109. ^ "Pedro Castillo anuncia toque de queda ante Cierre del Congreso de la República". Infobae (in European Spanish). 7 December 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  110. ^ "Exministro Gustavo Bobbio niega haber conocido golpe de Estado de Pedro Castillo: "No hubiera hecho algo tan torpe"". RPP (in Spanish). 9 December 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  111. ^ a b "Human Rights Watch Statement on Coup in Peru". Human Rights Watch. 8 December 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  112. ^ "Betssy Chavéz presentó su renuncia irrevocable a la PCM tras golpe de Estado de Pedro Castillo". La República. 7 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  113. ^ a b "Congreso destituye a Pedro Castillo y tomará juramento a Dina Boluarte a las 3 pm". El Comercio (Perú) (in Spanish). 7 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  114. ^ a b c "Presidente de México confirma que Pedro Castillo lo llamó para pedir asilo". RPP (in Spanish). 8 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  115. ^ "Disturbios en los exteriores de la Embajada de México para evitar el posible ingreso de Pedro Castillo". Infobae (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  116. ^ "Pedro Castillo está detenido en la prefectura tras salir de Palacio de Gobierno". La República (in Spanish). 7 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  117. ^ "Peru's president detained by security forces- national police tweet". Reuters. 7 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  118. ^ "Peru's president ousted by Congress in political crisis". AP News. 7 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  119. ^ a b "Mexico says it is consulting with Peru over Castillo asylum request". Reuters. 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  120. ^ a b "Lopez Obrador confirms that Castillo called to request asylum at the Mexican Embassy in Lima". MSN. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  121. ^ Kestler-D'Amours, Ali Harb,Jillian. "Peru's Congress swears in new president after Castillo removed". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 7 December 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  122. ^ "Pedro Castillo denuncia en una carta "plan maquiavélico" en su contra". Últimas Noticias (in Spanish). 11 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  123. ^ a b c "They denounce US interference in the dismissal of Pedro Castillo". Ultimas Noticias. 19 December 2022.
  124. ^ a b "La Jornada: Se reúnen embajadora de EU y ministro de Defensa antes del golpe". La Jornada (in Mexican Spanish). 16 December 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  125. ^ a b "¿Quién es Pedro Angulo, el primer ministro del gabinete de la presidenta Dina Boluarte?". La Republica (in Spanish). 12 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  126. ^ "Perú: presidenta Boluarte nombra a un investigado exfiscal como jefe de gabinete". Voice of America (in Spanish). 10 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  127. ^ a b "Peru protests: Roads and airport blocked in anger at new president". BBC News. 13 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  128. ^ Merkezi, Haber (12 December 2022). "At least two dead in Peru protests against new government". Yeni Şafak. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  129. ^ "Peru: Ministers resign amid deadly protests". Deutsche Welle. 16 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  130. ^ "Peru Congress opens door to early elections amid unrest". Associated Press. 20 December 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  131. ^ a b "El 55 % de peruanos rechaza la moción para destituir al presidente Castillo". infobae (in European Spanish). 28 November 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  132. ^ "Encuesta Nacional Urbana Rural (National survey urban rural)" (PDF). Ipsos (in European Spanish). Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  133. ^ "Peru swears in VP as the new president amid constitutional crisis". PBS NewsHour. 7 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  134. ^ "After Mexico president backs Peru's Castillo, Boluarte to call leaders". Reuters. 13 December 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  135. ^ Tegel, Simeon (13 December 2022). "Peru's Castillo says he's still president; international allies agree". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  136. ^ "Peruvian President jailed after attempting "self-coup"". The Brazilian Report. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  137. ^ Aquino, Marco (15 December 2022). "Castillo jail term extended as Peru protest death toll hits 15". Reuters. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  138. ^ "Comunicado conjunto sobre la situación en Perú". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Worship. 12 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  139. ^ "After Mexico president backs Peru's Castillo, Boluarte to call leaders". MSN. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  140. ^ "Joint EP Press Statement of 8 December 2022 on the latest developments in Peru | Communiqués | Documents | DAND | Delegations | European Parliament". www.europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  141. ^ "Crisis en Perú: el Gobierno argentino expresó preocupación y pidió "resguardar las instituciones democráticas"". Ámbito (in Spanish). 7 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  142. ^ "El presidente de Bolivia condena el "hostigamiento de élites" contra "Gobiernos populares" tras la crisis en Perú" (in Spanish). Europa Press. 8 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  143. ^ "Manifestação sobre a posse da Presidenta Dina Boluarte no Peru". Lula (in Portuguese). 7 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  144. ^ "Detención de Pedro Castillo: qué mensaje ha enviado Chile a Perú y qué ha dicho Boric". Diario AS (in Spanish). 8 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  145. ^ Fernando Fuentes (8 December 2022). "Presidente de Colombia y crisis en Perú: "Pedro Castillo se dejó llevar a un suicidio político"". La Tercera. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  146. ^ Wadhwa, Tanya (8 December 2022). "Coup in Peru: President Pedro Castillo overthrown by conservative Congress". People's Dispatch.
  147. ^ Sotalin, Karina (7 December 2022). "Ecuador se pronuncia sobre situación política en Perú". El Comercio (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  148. ^ Cancillería Honduras [@CancilleriaHN] (13 December 2022). "Comunicado: Posición del Gobierno de Honduras en relación a los últimos acontecimientos ocurridos en el Perú" (Tweet) (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 December 2022 – via Twitter.
  149. ^ "Peru's president ousted by Congress in political crisis". ABC News. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  150. ^ "Mexico, Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia Back Peru's President Castillo, Condemn 'Anti-Democratic Harassment'". Scheerpost. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  151. ^ "AMLO atribuye la destitución de Pedro Castillo en Perú a las élites económicas y políticas". Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  152. ^ "Mexico president says Peru's Castillo was going to request asylum". Reuters. 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  153. ^ Oré, Diego; Aquino, Marco; Oré, Diego (21 December 2022). "Peru orders Mexico's ambassador out as diplomatic spat deepens". Reuters. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  154. ^ "Paraguay llama a "diálogo constructivo" para preservar la democracia en el Perú". RPP (in Spanish). 8 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  155. ^ EFE, Agencia (8 December 2022). "Pedro Sánchez traslada a Dina Boluarte su apoyo como presidenta de Perú". COPE (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  156. ^ "Castillo moves to dissolve Peruvian Congress, it impeaches him". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  157. ^ "Maduro critica la persecución contra Castillo y espera que Perú logre "su camino de liberación y democracia"". Europa Press. 8 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_Peruvian_self-coup_attempt&oldid=1243529680"