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Nobel Prize in Physics

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For a list of laureates, see List of Nobel laureates in Physics.

The Nobel Prize in Physics
(Template:Lang-sv)
A golden medallion with an embossed image of a bearded man facing left in profile. To the left of the man is the text "ALFR•" then "NOBEL", and on the right, the text (smaller) "NAT•" then "MDCCCXXXIII" above, followed by (smaller) "OB•" then "MDCCCXCVI" below.
Awarded forOutstanding contributions for mankind in the field of Physics
Date10 December 1901; 123 years ago (1901-12-10)
LocationStockholm, Sweden
Presented byRoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Reward(s)9 million Swedish kronor (2017)[1]
First awarded1901
Most recently awarded toDr. Roger Penrose, Dr. Reinhard Genzel and Dr. Andrea Ghez
Most awardsJohn Bardeen (2)
Websitenobelprize.org
← 2019
Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923), the first recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.

The Nobel Prize in Physics is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901; the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to physicist Wilhelm Röntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of X-rays. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and is widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics. It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. Through 2020, a total of 215 individuals have been awarded the prize.[2]

Background

Alfred Nobel, in his last will and testament, stated that his wealth should be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in the fields of physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature.[3] Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last one was written a year before he died and was signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895.[4][5] Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million Swedish kronor (US$198 million, Euro€176 million in 2016), to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes.[6] Owing to the level of skepticism surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that it was approved by the Storting (Norwegian Parliament).[7][8] The executors of his will were Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, who formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel's fortune and organise the prizes.

The members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee who were to award the Peace Prize were appointed shortly after the will was approved. The other prize-awarding organisations followed: the Karolinska Institutet on 7 June, the Swedish Academy on 9 June, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on 11 June.[9][10] The Nobel Foundation then established guidelines for awarding the prizes. In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II.[8][11] According to Nobel's will, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences would award the Prize in Physics.[11]

Nomination and selection

Three Nobel Laureates in Physics. Front row L-R: Albert A. Michelson (1907 laureate), Albert Einstein (1921 laureate) and Robert A. Millikan (1923 laureate).

A maximum of three Nobel laureates and two different works may be selected for the Nobel Prize in Physics.[12][13] Compared with other Nobel Prizes, the nomination and selection process for the prize in Physics is long and rigorous. This is a key reason why it has grown in importance over the years to become the most important prize in Physics.[14]

The Nobel laureates are selected by the Nobel Committee for Physics, a Nobel Committee that consists of five members elected by The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. During the first stage that begins in September, a group of about 3,000 selected university professors, Nobel Laureates in Physics and Chemistry, and others are sent confidential nomination forms. The completed forms must arrive at the Nobel Committee by 31 January of the following year. The nominees are scrutinized and discussed by experts and are narrowed to approximately fifteen names. The committee submits a report with recommendations on the final candidates to the Academy, where, in the Physics Class, it is further discussed. The Academy then makes the final selection of the Laureates in Physics by a majority vote.[15]

The names of the nominees are never publicly announced, and neither are they told that they have been considered for the Prize. Nomination records are sealed for fifty years.[16] While posthumous nominations are not permitted, awards can be made if the individual died in the months between the decision of the committee (typically in October) and the ceremony in December. Prior to 1974, posthumous awards were permitted if the candidate had died after being nominated.[17]

The rules for the Nobel Prize in Physics require that the significance of achievements being recognized has been "tested by time". In practice, that means that the lag between the discovery and the award is typically on the order of 20 years and can be much longer. For example, half of the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar for his work on stellar structure and evolution that was done during the 1930s. As a downside of this tested-by-time rule, not all scientists live long enough for their work to be recognized. Some important scientific discoveries are never considered for a prize, as the discoverers die by the time the impact of their work is appreciated.[18][19]

Prizes

A Physics Nobel Prize laureate earns a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money.[20]

Medals

The Nobel Prize medals, minted by Myntverket[21] in Sweden and the Mint of Norway since 1902, are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Each medal has an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse. The Nobel Prize medals for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death (1833–1896). Nobel's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize medal and the Medal for the Prize in Economics, but with a slightly different design.[22][23] The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to the institution awarding the prize. The reverse sides of the Nobel Prize medals for Chemistry and Physics share the same design of the Goddess of Nature, whose veil is held up by the Genius of Science. These medals, along with those for Physiology/Medicine and Literature, were designed by Erik Lindberg in 1902.[24]

Diplomas

1903 Nobel Prize diploma, awarded to Marie Curie and Pierre Curie

Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the hands of the King of Sweden. Each diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureate who receives it.[25] The diploma contains a picture with the name of the laureate and normally a citation explaining their accomplishments.[25]

Award money

At the awards ceremony, the laureate is given a document indicating the award sum. The amount of the cash award may differ from year to year, based on the funding available from the Nobel Foundation. For example, in 2009 the total cash awarded was 10 million SEK (US$1.4 million),[26] but in 2012 following the Great Recession, the amount was 8 million Swedish Kronor, or US$1.1 million.[27] If there are two laureates in a particular category, the award grant is divided equally between the recipients, but if there are three, the awarding committee may opt to divide the grant equally, or award half to one recipient and a quarter to each of the two others.[28][29][30][31]

Ceremony

The committee and institution serving as the selection board for the prize typically announce the names of the laureates during the first week of October. The prize is then awarded at formal ceremonies held annually in Stockholm Concert Hall on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. The laureates receive a diploma, a medal and a document confirming the prize amount.[32]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ "Nobel Prize amount is raised by SEK 1 million". Nobelprize.org.
  2. ^ "All Nobel Prizes in Physics". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  3. ^ "History – Historic Figures: Alfred Nobel (1833–1896)". BBC. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  4. ^ Ragnar Sohlman: 1983, Page 7
  5. ^ von Euler, U.S. (6 June 1981). "The Nobel Foundation and its Role for Modern Day Science". Die Naturwissenschaften. Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/BF01047469.
  6. ^ "Nobel's will". Nobel.org. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  7. ^ "The Nobel Foundation – History". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 9 January 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  8. ^ a b Agneta Wallin Levinovitz: 2001, Page 13
  9. ^ "Nobel Prize History –". Infoplease.com. 13 October 1999. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  10. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. "Nobel Foundation (Scandinavian organisation) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  11. ^ a b "Nobel Prize" (2007), in Encyclopædia Britannica, accessed 15 January 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online:

    After Nobel’s death, the Nobel Foundation was set up to carry out the provisions of his will and to administer his funds. In his will, he had stipulated that four different institutions—three Swedish and one Norwegian—should award the prizes. From Stockholm, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences confers the prizes for physics, chemistry, and economics, the Karolinska Institute confers the prize for physiology or medicine, and the Swedish Academy confers the prize for literature. The Norwegian Nobel Committee based in Oslo confers the prize for peace. The Nobel Foundation is the legal owner and functional administrator of the funds and serves as the joint administrative body of the prize-awarding institutions, but it is not concerned with the prize deliberations or decisions, which rest exclusively with the four institutions.

  12. ^ Nobelprize.org. "Facts and figures". Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  13. ^ "GJSFR" (PDF). Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  14. ^ "The Nobel Prize Selection Process". Britannica Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  15. ^ "Nomination and Selection of Physics Laureates". nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  16. ^ "50 year secrecy rule". Archived from the original on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
  17. ^ "About posthumous awards". Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  18. ^ Gingras, Yves; Wallace, Matthew L. (2009). "Why it has become more difficult to predict Nobel Prize winners: A bibliometric analysis of nominees and winners of the chemistry and physics prizes (1901–2007)". Scientometrics. 82 (2): 401. arXiv:0808.2517. doi:10.1007/s11192-009-0035-9.
  19. ^ "A noble prize". Nature Chemistry. 1 (7): 509. 2009. Bibcode:2009NatCh...1..509.. doi:10.1038/nchem.372. PMID 21378920.
  20. ^ Tom Rivers (10 December 2009). "2009 Nobel Laureates Receive Their Honors | Europe| English". .voanews.com. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  21. ^ "Medalj – ett traditionellt hantverk" (in Swedish). Myntverket. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 15 December 2007.
  22. ^ "The Nobel Prize for Peace" Archived 2009-09-16 at the Wayback Machine, "Linus Pauling: Awards, Honors, and Medals", Linus Pauling and The Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History, the Valley Library, Oregon State University. Retrieved 7 December 2007.
  23. ^ "The Medals". Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  24. ^ "The Nobel Prize for Physics and Chemistry". Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  25. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize Diplomas". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  26. ^ "The Nobel Prize Amounts". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
  27. ^ "Nobel prize amounts to be cut 20% in 2012". CNN. 11 June 2012. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012.
  28. ^ Sample, Ian (5 October 2009). "Nobel prize for medicine shared by scientists for work on ageing and cancer | Science | guardian.co.uk". Guardian. London. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
  29. ^ Ian Sample, Science correspondent (7 October 2008). "Three share Nobel prize for physics | Science | guardian.co.uk". Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 February 2010. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  30. ^ David Landes. "Americans claim Nobel economics prize – The Local". Thelocal.se. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
  31. ^ "The 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics – Press Release". Nobelprize.org. 6 October 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
  32. ^ "Nobel prize award ceremony". Retrieved 4 May 2015.

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