Sirohi State

Coordinates: 24°53′N 72°52′E / 24.883°N 72.867°E / 24.883; 72.867
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Kingdom of Sirohi
1311–1949
Flag of
Flag
of
Coat of arms
Sirohi State in 1909
Sirohi State in 1909
GovernmentMonarchy
History 
• Established
1311
• Disestablished
1949
Area
19315,164 km2 (1,994 sq mi)
Population
• 1931
216,528
Today part ofIndia

Sirohi was an independent state in present-day Rajasthan state of India. The state was founded in c. 1311 and lasted for six centuries until its peaceful dissolution in 1949 when it merged into the erstwhile Bombay State of India.

Geography

Sirohi State was in the Rajputana agency. It had an area 1,964 square miles (5,090 km2) The territory was much broken up by hills and rocky ranges; the Aravalli range divided it into two portions, running from north-east to south-west. The south and south-east part of the territory is mountainous and rugged, containing the lofty Mount Abu, an isolated mass of granite rock, culminating in a cluster of hills, enclosing several valleys surrounded by rocky ridges, like great hollows. On both sides of the Aravallis the country is intersected with numerous water channels, which run with considerable force and volume during the height of the rainy season, but are dry for the greater part of the year. The only river of any importance is the Western Banas.[1]

In 1911 the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition recorded that a large portion of the state was covered with dense jungle, in which wild animals, including the tiger, bear and leopard, abounded; and that the climate was on the whole dry (in the south and east there was usually a fair amount of rain. On Abu the average annual rainfall is about 64 inches (160 cm), whereas in Erinpura, less than 50 miles (80 km) to the north, the average fall is only between 12 and 13 inches (30 and 33 cm).[1]

During the 19th century the Rajputana Railway was built. It traversed the state, and a station was built at Abu Road, 28 miles (45 km) south of the town of Sirohi.[1]

In 1901 the population of the state was 154,544, showing a decrease of 17% in the decade, due to the results of famine. Gross revenue was £28,000, tribute to the British Raj was £450. The population of the town of Sirohi was 5,651 and its main business was the manufacturing of sword-blades and other weapons.[1]

History

Sirohi State was founded in c. 1311 by Lumbha, who conquered the area which later formed the state.[2] In 1311, then-ruler Shivabhan established the capital of the state at Shivpuri, 3 kilometers east of the present-day town of Sirohi.[3] In 1425, Rao Sains Mal built the town of Sirohi, while later became the capital of the state.[4]

During the early years of the 19th century, Sirohi suffered much from wars with Jodhpur and the hill tribes of the area. The protection of the British was sought in 1817; the pretensions of Jodhpur to suzerainty over Sirohi were disallowed, and in 1823 a treaty was concluded with the British government. Sirohi became a self-governing princely state within British India, and part of the Rajputana Agency.[1]

For services rendered during the Revolt of 1857, the Rao received a remission of half his tribute. Rao Keshri Singh (ruled 1875-1920) and his successors were granted the title Maharao (equivalent to Maharaja) in 1889.[1]

When India became independent in 1947, there was no immediate consensus about whether Sirohi State should be merged with the new states of Bombay or Rajasthan.[5] Initially, the area under Sirohi State was merged into Bombay 1949, but was transferred to Rajasthan in 1950.[5][6]

List of rulers of Sirohi State
  • Raos
  • *1697 – 1705: Durjan Singh (d. 1705)
  • *1705 – 1749: Umaid Singh I (Man Singh II) (b. c.1685 – d. 1749)
  • *1749 – 1773: Prithvi Singh (d. 1773)
  • *1773 – 1781: Takhat Singh (d. 1781)
  • *1773 – 1781: Jagat Singh – Regent (d. 1782)
  • *1781 – 1782: Jagat Singh (s.a.)
  • *1782 – 1808: Verisalji II (Bairi Sal II) (b. 1760 – d. 1809)
  • *1808 – 11 Jan 1847: Udaibhan Singh (d. 1847)
  • *1819 – 11 Jan 1847: Sheo Singh – Regent (d. 1862)
  • *11 Jan 1847 – 8 Dec 1862: Sheo Singh (s.a.)
  • *Nov 1861 – 8 Dec 1862: Umaid Singh – Regent (b. 1833 – d. 1875)
  • *8 Dec 1862 – 16 Sep 1875: Umaid Singh II (s.a.)
  • *16 Sep 1875 – 1 Jul 1889: Keshri Singh (b. 1857 – d. 1925)
  • Maharaos
  • * 1 Jul 1889 – 29 Apr 1920: Keshri Singh (s.a.) (from 1 Jan 1895, Sir Keshri Singh)
  • * 29 Apr 1920 – 23 Jan 1946: Sarup Ram Singh (b. 1888 – d. 1946) (from 3 Jun 1924, Sir Sarup Ram Singh)
  • * 5 May 1946 – 15 Aug 1947: Tej Ram Singh (b. 1943)
  • * 5 May 1946 – 15 Aug 1947: Maharani Krishna (d. 1979) Kunverba (f) – Regent

Revenue system

The traditional practice of revenue collection consisted of bhog batai and halbandi. Bhog batai, the more prevalent practice, consisted of direct collection of a part of the harvested produce by the state. In some areas of the state, halbandi was used, under which a cash tax was imposed on the implements used by farmers. In 1904, a new revenue-collection system was introduced which consisted of revenue collection based on average productivity of the cultivated area as the criterion for payment. From the state's perspective, the new revenue system was largely successful, leading to a large increase in the state's revenue.[7]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Chisholm 1911, p. 257.
  2. ^ Ram, Lala Sita (1920). History of Sirohi Raj. Allahabad: The Pioneer Press.
  3. ^ Rajasthan through the ages: Volume 5, Marwar and British Administration. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  4. ^ Adams, Archibald (1899). A medico-topographical and general account of Marwar, Sirohi, and Jaisalmir. Junior Army and Navy Stores.
  5. ^ a b White Paper on Indian States. New Delhi: Government of India Press. 1950.
  6. ^ District Census Handbook: Sirohi (Series 9: Part XII-A) (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations. 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  7. ^ Vidal, Denis (1997). Violence and Truth: A Rajasthani Kingdom Confronts Colonial Authority. Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 69–71. ISBN 9780195641059.

Sources

External links

24°53′N 72°52′E / 24.883°N 72.867°E / 24.883; 72.867

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