Soursop
| Soursop | |
|---|---|
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| Soursop fruit on its tree | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Magnoliales |
| Family: | Annonaceae |
| Genus: | Annona |
| Species: | A. muricata
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| Binomial name | |
| Annona muricata | |
| Synonyms | |
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Annona macrocarpa Wercklé | |
Soursop (also called graviola, guyabano, and in Latin America guanábana) is the fruit of Annona muricata, a broadleaf, flowering, evergreen tree.[4][5] It is native to the tropical regions of the Americas and the Caribbean and is widely propagated.[5] It is in the same genus, Annona, as cherimoya and is in the Annonaceae family.
The soursop is adapted to areas of high humidity and relatively warm winters; temperatures below 5 °C (41 °F) will cause damage to leaves and small branches, and temperatures below 3 °C (37 °F) can be fatal. The fruit becomes dry and is no longer good for concentrate.
With an aroma similar to pineapple,[5] the flavor of the fruit has been described as a combination of strawberries and apple with sour citrus flavor notes, contrasting with an underlying thick creamy texture reminiscent of banana.
Soursop is widely promoted (sometimes as graviola) as an alternative cancer treatment, but there is no reliable medical evidence that it is effective for treating cancer or any disease.[6]
Annona muricata
[edit]Annona muricata is a species of the genus Annona of the custard apple tree family, Annonaceae, which has edible fruit.[4][5] The fruit is usually called soursop due to its slightly acidic taste when ripe. Annona muricata is native to the Caribbean and Central America but is now widely cultivated – and in some areas, becoming invasive – in tropical and subtropical climates throughout the world, such as India.[4][5]
The A. muricata fruit is generally called guanábana in Hispanic America, and the tree is a guanábano.
Annona muricata is also the main host plant for tailed jay (Graphium agamemnon) caterpillars. They eat the leaves voraciously and usually stick under the leaves to pupate.[citation needed]
Botanical description
[edit]
Annona muricata is a small, upright, evergreen tree that can grow to about 30 feet (9.1 m) tall.[4][5][7][8]
Its young branches are hairy.[8] Leaves are oblong to oval, 8 centimetres (3.1 in) to 16 centimetres (6.3 in) long and 3 centimetres (1.2 in) to 7 centimetres (2.8 in) wide. They are a glossy dark green with no hairs above, and paler and minutely hairy to no hairs below.[8] The leaf stalks are 4 millimetres (0.16 in) to 13 millimetres (0.51 in) long and without hairs.[8]
Flower stalks (peduncles) are 2 millimetres (0.079 in) to 5 millimetres (0.20 in) long and woody. They appear opposite from the leaves or as an extra from near the leaf stalk, each with one or two flowers, occasionally a third.[8] Stalks for the individual flowers (pedicels) are stout and woody, minutely hairy to hairless and 15 millimetres (0.59 in) to 20 millimetres (0.79 in) with small bractlets nearer to the base which are densely hairy.[8]
The petals are thick and yellowish. Outer petals meet at the edges without overlapping and are broadly ovate, 2.8 centimetres (1.1 in) to 3.3 centimetres (1.3 in) by 2.1 centimetres (0.83 in) to 2.5 centimetres (0.98 in), tapering to a point with a heart shaped base. They are evenly thick, and are covered with long, slender, soft hairs externally and matted finely with soft hairs within. Inner petals are oval shaped and overlap. They measure roughly 2.5 centimetres (0.98 in) to 2.8 centimetres (1.1 in) by 2 centimetres (0.79 in), and are sharply angled and tapering at the base. Margins are comparatively thin, with fine matted soft hairs on both sides. The receptacle is conical and hairy. The stamens are 4.5 millimetres (0.18 in) long and narrowly wedge-shaped. The connective-tip terminate abruptly and anther hollows are unequal. Sepals are quite thick and do not overlap. Carpels are linear and basally growing from one base. The ovaries are covered with dense reddish brown hairs, 1-ovuled, style short and stigma truncate.[8] Its pollen is shed as permanent tetrads.[9]
The fruits are oval, dark green when immature, with a leathery, inedible skin that turns yellow-green during maturity.[5] They can be up to 30 centimetres (12 in) long, with a moderately firm texture, and may weigh 15 lb (6.8 kg).[5] Their flesh is juicy, acidic, whitish, and aromatic somewhat like pineapple, although with a unique earthy aroma.[5] Most of the immature segments are seedless, whereas mature fruit may contain as many as 200 seeds.[5]
Distribution
[edit]Annona muricata is tolerant of poor soil[5] and prefers lowland areas between the altitudes of 0 to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft). It cannot stand frost.[7][8] The exact origin is unknown; it is native to the tropical regions of the Americas and is widely propagated.[4][5] It is an introduced species on all temperate continents, especially in subtropical regions.[4][5]
Cultivation
[edit]The plant is grown for its 20–30 cm (7.9–11.8 in) long, prickly, green fruit, which can have a mass of up to 6.8 kg (15 lb),[5] making it probably the second biggest annona after the junglesop. Away from its native area, some limited production occurs as far north as southern Florida within USDA Zone 10; however, these are mostly garden plantings for local consumption. It is also grown in parts of China and Southeast Asia and is abundant on the Island of Mauritius. The main suppliers of the fruit are Mexico followed by Peru, Brazil, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Haiti.[10] To aid soursop breeders and stimulate further development of genomic resources for this globally important plant family, the complete genome for Annona muricata was sequenced in 2021.[11]
Uses
[edit]Culinary
[edit]The flesh of the fruit consists of an edible, white pulp, some fiber, and a core of indigestible black seeds. The pulp is also used to make fruit nectar, smoothies, fruit juice drinks, as well as candies, sorbets, and ice cream flavorings.[4][5] Due to the fruit's widespread cultivation, its derivative products are consumed in many countries, such as Jamaica, Mexico, Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia,[12] and Fiji.[13] The seeds are normally left in the preparation, and removed while consuming, unless a blender is used for processing.[citation needed]
Soursop is also a common ingredient for making fresh fruit juices that are sold by street food vendors. In Indonesia, the fruit is commonly called sirsak and sometimes made into dodol sirsak, a sweet which is made by boiling the soursop pulp in water and adding sugar until the mixture caramelizes and hardens. In the Philippines, it is called guyabano, derived from the Spanish guanábana, and is eaten ripe, or used to make juices, smoothies, or ice cream. Sometimes, the leaf is used in tenderizing meat. In Vietnam, this fruit is called mãng cầu Xiêm (Siamese soursop) in the south, or mãng cầu (soursop) in the north, and is used to make smoothies, or eaten as is. In Cambodia, this fruit is called tearb barung, literally "western custard-apple fruit". In Malaysia, it is known in Malay as durian belanda ("Dutch durian") and in East Malaysia, specifically among the Dusun people of Sabah, it is locally known as lampun. Popularly, it is eaten raw when it ripens, or used as one of the ingredients in ais kacang or ais batu campur. Usually the fruits are taken from the tree when they mature and left to ripen in a dark corner, whereafter they will be eaten when they are fully ripe. It has a white flower with a very pleasing scent, especially in the morning. While for people in Brunei Darussalam this fruit is popularly known as "durian salat", widely available and easily planted.[citation needed]
Soursop leaves are sold and consumed in Indonesia as herbal medicine. The leaves are usually boiled to make tea.[citation needed]
Subspecies as synonyms
[edit]- Annona muricata var. borinquensis[3]
Nutrition
[edit]| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy | 276 kJ (66 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
16.84 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sugars | 13.54 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dietary fiber | 3.3 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0.3 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Other constituents | Quantity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Water | 81 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[14] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[15] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Raw soursop is 81% water, 17% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and has negligible fat (see table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), the raw fruit supplies 276 kilojoules (66 kilocalories) of food energy, and contains only vitamin C as a significant amount (23%) of the Daily Value, with no other micronutrients in appreciable amounts (table).
Phytochemicals
[edit]The compound annonacin is contained in the fruit, seeds, and leaves of soursop.[16][17][18] The leaves of Annona muricata contain annonamine, which is an aporphine-class alkaloid containing a quaternary ammonium group.[19] The plant also contains lichexanthone, a compound in the xanthone class.[20]
Potential neurotoxicity
[edit]
The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center cautions, "alkaloids extracted from graviola may cause neuronal dysfunction".[17] Annonacin has been shown in laboratory research to be neurotoxic.[17][18][21] In 2010, the French food safety agency, Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé, concluded that "it is not possible to confirm that the observed cases of atypical Parkinson syndrome ... are linked to the consumption of Annona muricata".[22]
False cancer treatment claims
[edit]In 2008, the Federal Trade Commission in the United States stated that use of soursop to treat cancer was "bogus", and there was "no credible scientific evidence" that the extract of soursop sold by Bioque Technologies "can prevent, cure, or treat cancer of any kind."[23] Also in 2008, a UK court case relating to the sale of Triamazon, a soursop product, resulted in the criminal conviction of a man under the terms of the UK Cancer Act for offering to treat people for cancer. A spokesman for the council that instigated the action stated, "it is as important now as it ever was that people are protected from those peddling unproven products with spurious claims as to their effects."[24]
The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Cancer Research UK state that cancer treatment using soursop is not supported by reliable clinical evidence.[6][17] According to Cancer Research UK, "Many sites on the internet advertise and promote graviola capsules as a cancer cure, but none of them are supported by any reputable scientific cancer organizations" and "there is no evidence to show that graviola works as a cure for cancer".[6]
See also
[edit]- Annona crassiflora
- Annona reticulata
- Asimina triloba
- Atemoya
- Cherimoya
- List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments
- Sugar-apple
References
[edit]- ^ "Annona muricata". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
- ^ "Plant Name Details Annonaceae Aluguntugui L." International Plant Names Index. International Organization for Plant Information (IOPI). Retrieved April 18, 2008.
- ^ a b "Annona muricata L." Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Annona muricata (soursop)". CABI. January 3, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Julia F. Morton (1987). "Soursop, Annona muricata". West Lafayette, IN: New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
- ^ a b c "Graviola (soursop)". Cancer Research UK. October 22, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
- ^ a b "Annona muricata L." Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Greenhouses, University of Connecticut. April 10, 2008. Retrieved April 18, 2008. Grower info at CRFG
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Annona muricata L." eFloras.org. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
- ^ Walker JW (1971) Pollen Morphology, Phytogeography, and Phylogeny of the Annonaceae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 202: 1–130.
- ^ Gordon A. Food Safety and Quality Systems in Developing Countries. p. 6.
- ^ Strijk JS, Hinsinger DD, Roeder MM, et al. (2021). "Chromosome-level reference genome of the soursop (Annona muricata): A new resource for Magnoliid research and tropical pomology". Molecular Ecology Resources. 21 (5): 1608–1619. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13353. ISSN 1755-0998. PMC 8251617. PMID 33569882.
- ^ "Soursop". Retrieved March 20, 2019.
- ^ "Soursop Season". Retrieved March 20, 2019.
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Food and Nutrition Board, et al. (2019). Oria M, Harrison M, Stallings VA (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on May 9, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
- ^ Le Ven J, Schmitz-Afonso I, Touboul D, et al. (2011). "Annonaceae fruits and parkinsonism risk: Metabolisation study of annonacin, a model neurotoxin; evaluation of human exposure". Toxicology Letters. 205: S50–S51. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.197.
- ^ a b c d "Graviola". Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. February 1, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
- ^ a b Potts LF, Luzzio FA, Smith SC, et al. (2012). "Annonacin in Asimina triloba fruit: Implication for neurotoxicity". NeuroToxicology. 33 (1): 53–58. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2011.10.009. ISSN 0161-813X. PMID 22130466.
- ^ Matsushige, A, Kotake, Y, Matsunami, K, et al. (2012). "Annonamine, a new aporphine alkaloid from the leaves of Annona muricata". Chem Pharm Bull. 60 (2): 257–9. doi:10.1248/cpb.60.257. PMID 22293487.
- ^ Yamthe L, Fokou P, Mbouna C, et al. (2015). "Extracts from Annona muricata L. and Annona reticulata L. (Annonaceae) potently and selectively inhibit Plasmodium falciparum". Medicines. 2 (2): 55–66. doi:10.3390/medicines2020055. PMC 5533161. PMID 28930201.
- ^ Lannuzel A, Höglinger GU, Champy P, et al. (2006). "Is atypical parkinsonism in the Caribbean caused by the consumption of Annonacae?". Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders. Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementa. Vol. 70. pp. 153–157. doi:10.1007/978-3-211-45295-0_24. ISBN 978-3-211-28927-3. PMID 17017523.
- ^ "Avis de l'Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments relatif aux risques liés à la consommation de corossol et de ses préparations" (PDF). Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments. April 28, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
- ^ "FTC Sweep Stops Peddlers of Bogus Cancer Cures". US Federal Trade Commission. September 18, 2008.
- ^ "Man convicted over cancer 'cure'". BBC News. September 10, 2008.
External links
[edit]
Data related to Soursop at Wikispecies- Soursop, List of Chemicals, Dr. James Duke, USDA Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases, November 2004
