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Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes

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Afghanistan-Pakistan skirmishes

The Durand Line (in red) is recognised as the international border between Afghanistan and Pakistan
Date1949 - present
Location
Afghanistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, along the International Border
Status Ongoing
Belligerents

 Afghanistan

Afghan National Security Forces

 Pakistan

Pakistan Armed Forces
Commanders and leaders
Ashraf Ghani
(President of Afghanistan)
Hamid Karzai
(Ex.President of Afghanistan)
Bismillah Mohammadi
(Defence Minister)
Mohammad Daudzai
(Interior Minister)
Sher Karimi
(Chief of Staff, ANA)		 Mamnoon Hussain
(President of Pakistan)
Gen Parvez Musharaf
(Former President of Pakistan)
General Raheel Sharif
(Chief of Army Staff)
General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani
(Former Chief of Army Staff)
Lt. Gen Hidayat-ur-Rehman
(XI Corps Commander)
Admiral Muhammad Zakaullah
(Chief of Naval Staff)
Air Chief Marshal Tahir Rafique
(Chief of Air Staff)
Units involved

Afghan National Security Forces

North-Western Command

Strength
Unknown[citation needed] 207,000[1]

The Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes are a series of ongoing armed skirmishes and firing exchange that have occurred since 1949 along the Durand Line between the Afghan National Security Forces and Pakistan Armed Forces. The latest hostilities began with the overthrow of Taliban government.

Background

Hostilities existed between Afghanistan and the newborn Pakistan since 1947,[2] when Afghanistan became the only country to vote against the admission of Pakistan to the United Nations.[3] Afghanistan advocated the independence of Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to form Pashtunistan,[4] although the region's predominant Pashtun population had voted overwhelmingly in favor of Pakistan in the referendum held in July 1947. 289,244 (99.02%) votes were cast in favor of Pakistan.[5] Afghan nationalists pressed for an independent state to be called Pashtunistan but the idea became unpopular.[6] The Balochistan province of Pakistan was also included in the Greater Pastunistan definition to gain access to the Arabian sea in case Pakistan failed as a state,[2] as Afghanistan had expected.[3]

The International border between British Raj and Afghanistan was established after the 1893 Durand Line Agreement between British Mortimer Durand of colonial British India and Amir Abdur Rahman Khan of Afghanistan for fixing the limit of their respective spheres of influence. The single-page agreement, which contains seven short articles, was signed by Durand and Khan, agreeing not to exercise political interference beyond the frontier line between Afghanistan and what was then the British Indian Empire. [7] The Durand Line was reaffirmed as the International Border between Afghanistan and British Raj in the 1919 Anglo-Afghan War after the Afghan tactical defeat. The Afghans undertook to stop interference on the British side of the line in the subsequent Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 in Rawalpindi.[8]

Pakistan inherited the Durand Line agreement after its independence in 1947, but the Afghan Government has always refused to endorse the Durand Line Agreement. Afghanistan has several times tried to seize Pakistan's western provinces of Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The then Afghan Prime Minister, Muhammad Hashim, said "if an independent Pushtonistan cannot be set up, the frontier province should join Afghanistan. Our neighbour Pakistan will realise that our country, with its population and trade, needs an outlet to the sea, which is very essential", in an interview with the Statesman.[2] In 1949, Pakistan Air Force bombed the Afghan sponsored militant camps in border areas including an Afghan village to curb an unrest led by Ipi Faqir propagating independent Pashtunistan.[9] Border clashes were reported in 1949-50 for the first time.[3] Tensions soared with the Pakistani One Unit program, and both countries withdrew ambassadors and diplomatic staff in 1955. The Pakistani Embassy in Kabul and consulates in Kandhar and Jalalabad were attacked by mobs.[2][3] In 1960, major skirmishes broke with the Afghan Forces massing out on the Afghan side of the border with tanks. These skirmishes saw the Pakistan Air Force bombarding Afghan forces. This bombardment led to a brief hiatus in the skirmishes. On 6 September 1961, Kabul formally severed diplomatic relations with Pakistan.[4] In 1950 the House of Commons of the United Kingdom held its view on the Afghan-Pakistan dispute over the Durand Line by stating:

His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom has seen with regret the disagreements between the Governments of Pakistan and Afghanistan about the status of the territories on the North West Frontier. It is His Majesty's Government's view that Pakistan is in international law the inheritor of the rights and duties of the old Government of India and of his Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom in these territories and that the Durand Line is the international frontier.[10]

— Philip Noel-Baker, June 30, 1950

At the 1956 SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) Ministerial Council Meeting held at Karachi, capital of Pakistan at the time, it was stated:

The members of the Council declared that their governments recognised that the sovereignty of Pakistan extends up to the Durand Line, the international boundary between Pakistan and Afghanistan, and it was consequently affirmed that the Treaty area referred to in Articles IV and VIII of the Treaty includes the area up to that Line.[11]

— SEATO, March 8, 1956

The Afghan government, having secured a treaty in December 1978 that allowed them to call on Soviet forces, repeatedly requested the introduction of troops in Afghanistan in the spring and summer of 1979. The 1979 Soviet war in Afghanistan forced millions of Afghans to take refuge inside Pakistan. Pakistani officials feared that the Soviet Union began some kind of military show down and that Pakistan or at least its Balochistan province was next on the Soviet agenda. During the early 1980s, multi-national mujahideen forces (consisting of about 100,000 fighters from forty different Muslim countries in addition to 150,000 local fighters) found support from the United States, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Iran in the context of the Cold War. They were trained by Pakistani military in its frontier region around the Durand Line.[12] The Soviet Union decided to withdraw in 1989 and when aid dried up on Afghanistan in 1992, a civil war began. This was followed by the rise and fall of the Taliban government. Since late 2001, as high as 140,000 NATO-led troops were stationed in Afghanistan to train Afghans and rebuild their war-torn country. In the meantime, the Taliban insurgency began around 2004.[13][14] To counter the insurgency and bring stability in Afghanistan, the United States built bases and garrisons for the Afghan National Security Forces, and is using unmanned aerial vehicles to carry out drone attacks in Pakistan, mainly the Haqqani network in and around the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA).

Timeline

The following is an incomplete list of recent events relating to the Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes. Most of these events cannot be independently verified because news journalists usually have very limited access to reaching the areas where the fighting take place.

  • 13 May 2007 - Afghan soldiers attacked Pakistani military outposts which they claimed were illegally built on Afghan soil, one Pakistani soldier was injured. Pakistan's military responded with artillery fire on targets in Afghanistan, reportedly destroying three ANA border posts killing 32 Afghan soldiers.[15] Afghanistan also accused Pakistani military ground contingent crossed the border more than a mile into Afghanistan's Paktia province and killed two Afghan civilians. Gen. Azimi also accused the Pakistani military of using artillery, saying the alleged attack was a clear violation.[16]
  • 3 February 2011 - One Pakistani and 7 Afghan soldiers were killed and three others injured after a clash broke out along the border between Pakistani and Afghan forces including an Afghan Colonel. 3 Afghan Soldiers was arrested by Pakistani Forces and later returned. An Afghan commander in Khost confirmed the exchange of fire and alleged that the incident broke out after Pakistani troops in Waziristan opened fire towards Afghan police posts in Gurbuz District, claiming the Afghan engagement as retaliation. However, a military official in Peshawar said Afghan troops fired on an army check post in Ghulam Khan, North Waziristan and that the fire emanated from Afghan territory first. "We are responding with artillery and mortars," he added.[17]
  • April 28, 2011 - Border firing broke out in South Waziristan. At least 12 Afghan troops and one soldier from the Pakistan Frontier Corps were killed in the clash, although another source put the Afghan casualties at 8. The attack came just a week after Afghan soldiers had struck in Lower Dir, killing 2 Pakistani security personnel and 40 militants. According to the Pakistani military, Afghan troops opened "unprovoked firing" from across the border and also damaged a market, causing troops from the Pakistani side to respond with fire. However, Afghanistan blamed Pakistan for the clash and denied any Afghan casualties, claiming that only three Pakistani troops were killed. According to Pakistani intelligence analysts, foreign coalition forces have been encouraging Afghan troops to attack border posts. Pakistan also demanded an immediate meeting to discuss the incident.[18]
  • June 2011 - Afghanistan blamed Pakistan for killing dozens of Afghan civilians in cross-border shelling conducted for several months. The Afghan government called for the immediate cessation of the artillery fire from Pakistan against Afghan villages. Gen. Zahir Azimi said around 150 missiles fired from Pakistan had landed in different areas of Kunar province.[19]
  • July 2011 - Over 150 Afghans in Kabul took to the streets to protest and condemn what they alleged as continuous cross-border shelling and bombardment by Pakistan in Afghanistan's eastern provinces that were said to have killed 12 and left a few wounded. The angry protesters expressed anger over the 470 rockets fired into Afghanistan allegedly from the Pakistani side. Pakistan rejected the Afghan government accusations, saying a "few accidental rounds" may have been fired when it chased unknown militants who had crossed over from Afghanistan and attacked its security installments.[20]
  • 19 July 2011 - Pakistan claimed that over 20 mortar shells were fired from Afghanistan which killed 4 Pakistani soldiers and wounded another 2. Pakistan blamed the Afghan National Army for the attack.[21]
  • 27 August 2011 - at least 2 Pakistani security personnel were killed and seven others injured in Chitral after militants crossed the border from Nuristan province and initiated firing. The Pakistani government blamed Afghanistan, saying since their expulsion from Pakistani tribal areas, militants were regrouping in Kunar and Nuristan with the support of local Afghan authorities.[22]
  • 7 September 2011 - Protesters from Chitral staged a demonstration outside the Peshawar Press Club against an alleged continuous Taliban infiltration into Pakistan from Afghanistan, including the abduction of 30 Pakistani children a week ago on the day of Eid ul-Fitr. The protestors said they would stand against insurgents if their region was attacked in the future and blamed the Afghan government, claiming that Afghan authorities and NATO forces were failing to contain Afghanistan-based militants. The protestors also urged the need to increase the presence of border forces and called on the federal government to take up the issue with the Afghan government to avoid future incidents.[23]
  • 25 September 2011 - Afghan authorities claimed that more than 340 rockets had been fired over the course of four days from Pakistani territory. The rockets damaged a few buildings, resulted in the death of a child and also forced hundreds to flee their homes. An employee from the Afghan Ministry of the Interior did not disclose the source of the cross-border shelling but said: "We call on Pakistan, whoever is behind the attacks, to prevent it immediately."[24]
  • 10 October 2011 - Pakistani security forces claimed that they killed 30 Afghan militants when a group of 200 insurgents from Afghanistan crossed the border into Pakistan. One Pakistani soldier was also killed in the exchange.[25]
  • 12 January 2012 - Pakistani Special Forces Troops from elite Special Services Group entered 4 to 5 km deep inside Afghan borders from Lower Dir area in pursuit of militants. Afghan Forces opened fire in retaliation, 11 Afghan Soldiers were killed in the exchange of fire. Pakistan immediately withdrew without any casualties. Afghanistan also blamed SSG Commandos for taking away the body of a killed Afghan Army Major.
  • 8 June 2013 - Pakistan Army Aviation Bell AH-1 Cobra Gunship Helicopters crossed the border from North Waziristan into Paktia and hit 3 TTP Targets before returning.
  • 20 December 2014 - JF-17 Thunders from Pakistan Air Force Western Air Command Flew into Afghanistan in Kunar Province and reportedly hit 27 Targets. Air Strikes were carried out in three phases throughout the Night and reportedly 50 militants were killed. An Afghan soldier was also killed when an Afghan mobile Patrol was mistakenly identified as a militant vehicle by Pakistani Aircraft, SSG was also sent in to get the bodies of as many militants as possible. ANA Troops did not retaliate to the Pakistani Aircraft as the Ministry of Defence (Afghanistan) directed not to engage Pakistani Forces.
  • 23 August 2015 - Four Pakistani soldiers manning a border check post were killed in a rocket attack which originated from Afghanistan. This followed an attack on August 16 and 17 in which three Frontier Constabulary officers had also been killed.[26]
  • 13 June 2016 - A Pakistan Army Major Ali Jawad Changezi was injured by Afghan firing along Torkham border. Jawad later died in CMH Peshawar on 14 June. Two Pakistani border guards and nine civilians were also injured in Afghan firing. Afghans started "unprovoked firing" at roughly 9pm on Sunday to disrupt the construction of a gate 37 meters inside the Pakistani side of the border.[27] The gate is designed to curb illegal cross-border movement and check the movement of terrorists, and is part of the greater under-construction Pakistan–Afghanistan barrier.[27] The Torkham border crossing was forced to close due to skirmishes.[28] Afghan chief executive Abdullah Abdullah claimed that one of their soldiers was killed and six were wounded. Pakistan reacted by capturing three Afghan border outposts.[29]
  • 14 June 2016 - An Afghan soldier and two civilians were killed allegedly in Pakistani firing and 12 soldiers were also injured.[30][31]
  • 15 June 2016 - An Afghan soldier, Khushal Wakilzada was killed and five others were injured in Pakistani firing, whereas the Torkham crossing remained closed.[31][32] Pakistan reportedly restarted the construction of the border gate.[33] Two Pakistani soldiers were also injured in Afghan firing.[34]

See also

References

  1. ^ India and Afghanistan: Friends with benefits?
  2. ^ a b c d Emadi, Hafiullah (1990). "Durand Line and Afghan-Pak relations". Economic and Political Weekly. 25 (28).
  3. ^ a b c d Hasan, Khurshid (1962). "Pakistan-Afghanistan relations". 2 (7): 14–24. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ^ a b C. Christine Fair; Sarah J. Watson (18 February 2015). Pakistan's Enduring Challenges. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 281–. ISBN 978-0-8122-4690-2.
  5. ^ Electoral History of NWFP (PDF).
  6. ^ "Afghanistan Pakistan Crisis 1961-1963". Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  7. ^ Smith, Cynthia (August 2004). "A Selection of Historical Maps of Afghanistan - The Durand Line". United States: Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Sidebotham, Herbert (1919). "The Third Afghan War". New Statesman, 16 August 1919. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
  9. ^ Amin, Abdul Hameed (2001). "Remembering our Warriors: Major-General Baber and Bhutto's Operation Cyclone". Pakistan Military Consortium and Directorate for the Military History Research (DMHR). Pakistan Defence Journal. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  10. ^ Durand Line, 1956, page 12.
  11. ^ Durand Line, 1956, page 13
  12. ^ Parenti, Michael (December 17, 2008). "Story of US, CIA and Taliban". The Brunei Times. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
  13. ^ "Haqqani network threatens attacks on judges". Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  14. ^ 7 Burka-Clad Terrorists Captured in Nangarhar Archived July 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, by Tolo News. July 4, 2011.
  15. ^ indiaenews. "Pakistan, Afghan forces on border". Retrieved May 13, 2007.
  16. ^ "Pakistani, Afghan troops clash at border". Newsone.ca. 2007-05-13.
  17. ^ "Afghanistan-Pakistan border: Pakistani soldier killed as troops exchange fire". The Express Tribune. February 3, 2011.
  18. ^ "Pak-Afghan relations: Border clash mars peace overtures". The Express Tribune. April 28, 2011.
  19. ^ "Afghan FM Calls on Pakistan to Stop Shelling Afghan Villages". TOLOnews. TOLOnews. 2011-06-24.
  20. ^ Afghans protest in Kabul over Pakistani border shelling, Express Tribune
  21. ^ "Cross-Border Attack: Afghan shelling kills 4 Pakistani soldiers". Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  22. ^ "Cross-border attack: Taliban militants kill 32 security personnel". Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  23. ^ "Protest: Locals express anger at Afghan Taliban infiltration". Express Tribune. 7 September 2011.
  24. ^ "Afghanistan claims Pakistan Army shelling Afghan border areas". Express Tribune. 26 September 2011.
  25. ^ "30 Afghan militants killed after cross-border raid". Express Tribune. 10 October 2011.
  26. ^ Rocket attack from Afghanistan kills four soldiers: ISPR
  27. ^ a b "Pakistan Army major injured in Torkham firing succumbs to wounds". The Express Tribune. June 14, 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  28. ^ "Afghanistan and Pakistan Exchange Heavy Gunfire Along Border". NYT. June 13, 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  29. ^ "Afghanistan, Pakistan agree on ceasefire along Torkham border: Abdullah Abdullah". The Express Tribune. June 13, 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  30. ^ "Police "martyred" in Torkham fresh clash". Afghanistan Times. June 15, 2016. Archived from the original on June 15, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ a b "Another Afghan policeman killed in Pakistan clashes, toll 3". 1 TV News. June 16, 2016. Archived from the original on June 16, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ "More Gunfire at Pakistan-Afghan Border; Afghan Guard Killed". abc News. June 15, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  33. ^ "Pakistan resumes construction of Torkham border gate". Pakistan Today. June 15, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  34. ^ "Two Pakistani soldiers injured in the clash on the Afghan border (افغان سرحد پر تازہ جھڑپ میں دو پاکستانی اہلکار زخمی)". BBC Urdu. June 15, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
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