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Bhai Dayala

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Bhai Dayala
Depiction of Bhai Dayala being boiled alive.
Bornunknown
Died11 November 1675
Delhi, India
Cause of deathDeath by boiling
Known forMartyrdom, Being Masand of the Patna Sangat and responsible for Patna Suba.

Bhai Dyala ji (Punjabi: ਭਾਈ ਦਿਆਲਾ ਜੀ, Hindi: भाई दयाला जी; died 9 November 1675) also known as Bhai Dyal Das, was an early martyr of the Sikh faith who was martyred alongside his companions Bhai Mati Das and Bhai Sati Das and the Ninth Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur. Bhai Dayala, was also the brother of Bhai Mani Singh, and belonged to the caste of Agnivanshi Rajputs. Hence Bhai Dayala ji along with their family lineage and ancestors are known as Parmar Rajputs, and was boiled alive at Chandni Chowk at Delhi in November 1675.

Biography

Birth

There are varying accounts of Bhai Dayala's birthplace, family, and caste.

Bhai Dyala being of Kamboj clan

According to Satbir Singh, Bhai Dayala was the brother of Bhai Mani Singh and belonged to village Kakaru, commonly called "Theh",[1] in District Ambala, now in Haryana. However, according to Harbans Singh Thind, Bhai Dayala was born in village Kalhe in Majha-des, Amritsar District, Tehsil Tarn Taran in a family of Kamboh farmers. The village Kalha adjoins village Kang and is located few miles east of Tarn Taran.

His father Lall Chand was from Mutti clan of the Kamboj. His mother’s name was Chandika.[2] Sher Singh Sher writes that Bhai Dayala ji belonged to the Kambo or Kamboh caste and was a paternal uncle of Bhai Mani Singh .[3] Another research scholar S Kirpal Singh states that Bhai Dayala was Kamboj but does not give any further information about his family or his village.[4]

A likely scenario is that Bhai Dayala belonged to those families of Kambohs which had earlier moved from Kambohwal (now Longowal) and had settled at Anandpur in the service of the Gurughar during the times of ninth Guru.[5]

Bhai Dyala being of Dullat Jat class

Bhai Dayala may have belonged to Dullat family of Chaudhury Bika Dullat (Jatt). He is said to have been a real brother of Bhai Mani Singh Dullat from Kambowal, now Longowal, Sangrur, Punjab, whom Giani Gian Singh Dullat has connected with Bhai Mani Singh. This inference however was arbitrarily drawn by someone from Longowal based on the erroneous information provided by Giani Gian Singh in the first edition of his Panth Parkash (published 1874 AD) in which it is erroneously stated that Bhai Mani Singh Dullat was son of Chaudhury Bika Dullat and had four brothers, including one named Nagahya. But Giani Gian Singh nowhere stated that Bhai Dayala was one of the five sons of Chaudhury Bika Dullat or that he (Bhai Dayala) was a brother of Bhai Mani Singh Dullat[6] In later editions of his Panth Parkash, Giani Gian Singh writes that Bhai Mani Singh Dullat had only one elder brother, Bhai Nagahya Dullat (whom he claims is a "Bhagat" or a religious person) and that "the name of their father was Chaudhury Kala Dullat"[7] The claim that Bhai Dayala was real brother of Bhai Mani Singh Dullat and hailed from Kambowal (now Longowal) is negated by Giani Gian Singh's own writings in later editions.

Bhai Dyala being of Punwar Rajput caste

According to one claim solely based on the Bhat Vahis [8] Bhai Dayala was son of Mai Dass and elder brother to Bhai Mani Ram of Punwar Rajput (originally from Alipore, Multan, present-day Pakistan).[9]

Service of Guru Har Krishan

Bhai Dayala was one of the twenty five or so Sikhs, alongside Mata Sulakhni (Mata Kishan Kaur), that accompanied Guru Har Krishan when he left Kiratpur to visit King Aurangzeb in Delhi in 1604.[10]

Service of Guru Tegh Bahadur

Bhai Dayala was known to be one of the Gurus most dearest and closest companions.[11] Bhai Dayala was the chief of the sangat (holy congregation) at Patna Sahib and enlisted incharge of all the masands in the east,[12] and when the Guru's sun Gobind Rai (Gobind Singh) was born it was him who sent Guru Tegh Bahadur a letter, who was at Dacca, informing him of his son's birth.[13]

Bhai Dayala helped take care of the Guru's son with the help of Bhai Kirpal[14] and was with the Guru at Lakhnaur where the Guru was with his family and son Gobind Rai when they came from Patna and headed to Baba Bakala around 1672. [15]

When the Guru left Anandpur Sahib on July 11, 1675 where he would head towards Delhi to meet Aurungzeb he was accomanied by Bhai Dayal Das, Bhai Mati Das, and Bhai Sati Das.[16]

Arrest

Bhai Dayala was one of the Sikhs who accompanied Guru Tegh Bahadur when the latter left Anandpur for Delhi on 11 July 1675, the other two were brothers---Bhai Mati Das, a Dewan and Bhai Sati Das, a Scribe at Guru’s court. Along with the Ninth Guru, they were arrested on orders of Emperor Aurangzeb at Agra.

Martyrdom

Main article: Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadar

On November 11, 1675 after Bhai Mati Das' execution Bhai Dayala refuted with temperament against the Mughals calling Aurangzeb a tyrant and cursed him for committing atrocities in the name of God and religion and said there would be a demise of the Mughal empire.[17] Bhai Dayala was tied with an iron chain like a bundle then was made to stand erect into a big cauldron full of water with only his head and shoulders seen.[18][19] The vessel was then heated to the boiling point as Bhai Dayala began to recite Japuji Sahib.[20] He was then roasted into a block of charcoal.[21][22]

See also

References

  1. ^ Saada Itihaas, Bhaag 2, p 154
  2. ^ Kamboj Itihaas, 1973, p 122-123, Harbans Singh Thind
  3. ^ Glimpses of Sikhism and Sikhs, 1982, p 207, Sher Singh Sher
  4. ^ The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p. 248, Kirpal Singh; Also see: These Kamboj People, 1979, p. 218
  5. ^ According to Karam Singh Historian, in the wake of Anandpur disaster when Bhai Mani Singh had escorted the wife (Mehil) of Tenth Guru ji to Delhi, they were also accompanied by some Kamboh families including that of Bhai Shihan Singh Kambo of Sunam (See: Shaheed Bhai Mani Singh, (a research book), 2004, p 143 fn 34, p 141, fn 9, p 100, fn 23, S. Kirpal Singh). It appears highly likely that these Kamboh families originally belonged to Kambohwal and had moved to Anandpur in the service of Gurughar and permanently stayed with ninth Guru ji. Bhai Dayala Ji and Bhai Mani Singh, to all probability, also belonged to these families of the Kamboh lineage. Karam Singh Historian had recommended further research on these Kamboh families
  6. ^ See Panth Parkash (1st ed.), Bisram 43, Gian Singh Longowal.
  7. ^ Singh, Giani Gian, Panth Parkash, Vibhag (1987), pg. 1317.
  8. ^ Dr Harbans Singh (Ed), The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Vol IV, Punjabi University, Patiala, 1998, pp 95-96; Identity of Bhai Mani Singh Shahid, Article Published in Punjab History Conference, 22nd Session, March 25–27, 1988, Part I, Proceedings, Punjabi University Patiala, 1989, pp. 80-81, Prof Gurmukh Singh; Bhai Mani Singh Shaheed (2004).
    Kirpal Singh Dardi; The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, pp 255-67
  9. ^ Giani Garja Singh's claim on Bhai Dayala as a Punwar Rajput is based on Bhat Vahi Multani Sindh and Panda Vahis of Hardwar (See: Shaheed Bilaas, Bhai Mani Singh, 1961, Garja Singh). S. Kirpal Singh especially visited Hardwar and spent several days to personally review, examine and verify the contents of the Panda Vahis relating to Giani Garja Singh's family. S. Kirpal Singh reports that there are dubious entries as well as discrepancies in chronology, as also there are indications of tempering - with the "Panda Vahis" at Hardwar in respect of Giani Garja Singh's family. Similar arguments may also apply to the Bhat Vahi Multani Sindhi and others Vahis which Garja Singh or his supporters like Piara Singh Padam, Dr Piar Singh or Rattan Singh Jaggi etc depend on, to prove their case. According to S Kirpal Singh, like the controversial letter supposedly written by Bhai Mani Singh Shaheed to Mata Sundri ji, the poetic composition "Shaheed Bilaas" (supposedly authored by Kavi Sewa Singh Bhat in 1802 and edited by Giani Garja Singh in 1961), is also a clear-cut case of forged documentation, fabricated during the first half of 20th century by some interested party with ulterior motives to transmutate Bhai Mani Ram Rajput into Bhai Mani Singh Shaheed. The new research & information furnished by S Kirpal Singh negates the claims of Giani Garja Singh and his supporters regarding Bhai Mani Singh Shaheed and Bhai Dayala ji Shaheed.
  10. ^ Gandhi, Surjit (2007). History of Sikh Gurus Retold II: 1606-1708 C.E. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Dist,. p. 605. ISBN 9788126908585.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  11. ^ Gandhi, Surjit (2007). History of Sikh Gurus Retold II: 1606-1708 C.E. Atlantic Publishers. p. 664. ISBN 9788126908585.
  12. ^ Johar, Surinder (1997). Guru Tegh Bahadur: A Bibliography (First imprint ed.). New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p. 126. ISBN 9788170170303.
  13. ^ Gandhi, Surjit (2007). History of Sikh Gurus Retold II: 1606-1708 C.E. Atlantic Publishers. p. 687. ISBN 9788126908585.
  14. ^ Singh, Darshan (1975). The Ninth Nanak: A Historical Biography. K. Lal,. p. 71.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  15. ^ Gandhi, Surjit (2007). History of Sikh Gurus Retold II: 1606-1708 C.E. Atlantic Publishers. p. 638. ISBN 9788126908585.
  16. ^ Gandhi, Surjit (2007). History of Sikh Gurus Retold II: 1606-1708 C.E. Atlantic Publishers. p. 661. ISBN 9788126908585.
  17. ^ Lakshman, Bhagat (1995). Short Sketch of the Life and Works of Guru Gobind Singh (AES Reprint ed.). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 15. ISBN 81206025764. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help)
  18. ^ Singh, Gurpreet (2005). Soul of Sikhism. New Delhi: Fusion Books. p. 100. ISBN 978-8128800856.
  19. ^ Bakshi, Ram; Mittra, Sangh (2002). Saints of India: Guru Gobind Singh. Criterion. p. 287.
  20. ^ Singh, Gurpreet (2005). Soul of Sikhism. Delhi: Fusion Books. p. 100. ISBN 9788128800856.
  21. ^ Gupta, Hari (1984). History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Gurus, 1469-1708. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 386. ISBN 9788121502764.
  22. ^ Punjab District Gazetteers: Rupnagar. Punjab (India). 1987. p. 56.
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