Jump to content

Censorship of YouTube

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by C.Fred (talk | contribs) at 00:14, 9 October 2018 (Reverted edits by 66.204.23.111 (talk) to last version by ClueBot NG). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This article is about censorship of YouTube by governments and organizations. For censorship by YouTube itself, see Censorship by Google.
See also: Internet censorship

World map showing the status of YouTube blocking
Susan Wojcicki, CEO of YouTube

Video-sharing platform YouTube is the second-most popular website as of 2017, according to Alexa Internet.[1] According to the company's press page, YouTube has more than one billion users and each day those users watch more than one billion hours of video.[2] Censorship of it has occurred and continues to occur in many countries throughout the world,

General

YouTube blocking occurs for a variety of reasons including:[3]

  • Limiting public exposure to content that may ignite social or political unrest;
  • Preventing criticism of a ruler, google, government, government officials, religion, or religious leaders;
  • Violations of national laws, including:
  • Preventing access to videos judged to be inappropriate for youth;
  • Businesses, schools, government agencies, and other private institutions often block social media sites, including YouTube, due to bandwidth limitations and the site’s inevitable potential for distraction.[3]

In some countries YouTube is completely blocked, either through a long term standing ban or for more limited periods of time such as during periods of unrest, the run-up to an election, or in response to upcoming political anniversaries. In other countries access to the website as a whole remains open, but access to specific videos is blocked. In cases where the entire site is banned due to one particular video, YouTube will often agree to remove or limit access to that video in order to restore service.[3]

As of September 2012, countries with standing national bans on YouTube include China, Pakistan, Syria, and Turkmenistan. Due to disputes between GEMA and YouTube over royalties, many videos featuring copyrighted songs were inaccessible in Germany. After an agreement was made between the companies in November 2016, these videos became accessible.[4][5]

YouTube's Terms of Service prohibit the posting of videos which violate copyrights or depict pornography, illegal acts, gratuitous violence, or hate speech. User-posted videos that violate such terms may be removed and replaced with a message stating: "This video is no longer available because its content violated YouTube's Terms of Service".[6][non-primary source needed]

YouTube offers an opt-in feature known as "Restricted Mode", which filters videos that may contain mature content.[7]

Countries where access to YouTube is currently blocked

China

See also: Internet censorship in China

YouTube was first blocked in China for several months from October 15, 2007[8] to March 22, 2008.[9]

It was blocked again from March 24, 2009, although a Foreign Ministry spokesperson would neither confirm nor deny whether YouTube had been blocked.[10] Since then, YouTube is not accessible from China.[11] However, YouTube can still be accessed in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. It could also be accessed in the Shanghai Free Trade Zone, and specific hotels.[12] Since 2018, if the term "YouTube" was searched on Baidu, a text "According to local regulations and policies, some results cannot be shown" will be displayed. Even though YouTube is blocked under the great firewall, many Chinese media including CCTV have their official YouTube account. In spite of the ban, Alexa ranks YouTube as 11th most visited website in China.[13]

Iran

See also: Internet censorship in Iran

After the 2009 presidential election, the block was lifted to warm down the youth in the country,[14] but in 2012, Iran reinstated the block of YouTube after the trailer to the film Innocence of Muslims was released.[15] On January 17, 2016, some users reported that the website was unblocked, although the site was blocked again on January 20, 2016. Iran lifted the ban from Internet used in schools and universities in August 2017 for educational purposes. Some startups, television shows, celebrities and moderate politicians such as Khatami use this website. The ban is expected to be lifted in months to come.[when?][16]

North Korea

See also: Censorship in North Korea § Internet

YouTube is blocked in North Korea because of the country's laws regarding the Internet, and its accessibility. It has been fully blocked since April 2016, and the North Korean government has warned that anyone who tries to access it is subject to punishment.[17]

History of YouTube censorship in other countries

Afghanistan

On September 12, 2012, YouTube was blocked in Afghanistan due to hosting the trailer to the controversial film about Muhammad, Innocence of Muslims, which the authorities considered to be blasphemous.[18] YouTube was later unblocked in Afghanistan on December 1, 2012.[19]

Armenia

Following the disputed February 2008 presidential elections, the Armenian government blocked Internet users' access to YouTube for a month. The Armenian opposition had used the website to publicize video of alleged police brutality against anti-government protesters.[20][21]

Bangladesh

In March 2009, YouTube was blocked in Bangladesh after a recording of an alleged meeting between the prime minister and army officers was posted revealing anger by the military on how the government was handling a mutiny by border guards in Dhaka.[22] The block was lifted on March 21.[23]

On September 17, 2012, YouTube was banned for the second time following the controversies regarding the promotional videos for Innocence of Muslims.[24] On June 5, 2013, the Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission lifted the ban.[25]

Brazil

In January 2007, YouTube was sued by Brazilian model and MTV VJ Daniella Cicarelli, (the ex-fiancée of soccer player Ronaldo) and her boyfriend due to the fact that the website hosted a video recorded paparazzo in which she and her boyfriend were having sexual intercourse on a Spanish beach; the video did not contain explicit content. The lawsuit asked that YouTube be blocked in Brazil until all copies of the video were removed. On Saturday, January 6, 2007, a legal injunction ordered that filters be put in place to prevent users in Brazil from accessing the website.[26]

The effectiveness of the measure was questioned, since the video was available not only on YouTube, but also on other sites as part of an Internet phenomenon. On Tuesday, January 9, 2007, the same court overturned its previous decision, allowing the filters to be removed. The video footage itself remained banned and was to be removed from the website.[27]

In June 2007, a judge ordered Cicarelli and her boyfriend to pay all court and lawyer costs, as well as R$10,000 (roughly US$3,203) to the three defendants—YouTube, Globo and iG, citing a lack of good faith in pushing the privacy case when their actions took place in public.[28]

Eritrea

Main article: Internet in Eritrea

YouTube has been intermittently blocked in Eritrea since 2011 by some ISPs, although a spokesperson for Freedom House speculated this was due to bandwidth considerations.[29]

Finland

On November 30, 2017, most YouTube videos containing music seemed to be blocked by Finnish nonprofit performance rights organization Teosto in Finland. According to them, Google blocked the videos because they didn't have an agreement to show music videos in Finland. According to Teosto, they and Google have made a temporary agreement to show the videos in the morning of November 30. The music videos started to return to YouTube in Finland later on November 30.[30][31]

Germany

Live streaming

On November 23, 2016,[32][33] the German Kommission für Zulassung und Aufsicht (Commission for Authorization and Supervision) which is formed by representatives of German public broadcast stations, required PietSmiet & Co., a German let's-player operating an own YouTube channel to get a German broadcast license by April 30, 2017,[34] or else be regarded as an illegal pirate radio broadcaster for livestreaming, even when no radio spectrum use is included. Some YouTubers, even non profit, might fail at the expensive fee for applying a license.[35] On April 30, 2017, the livestreaming channel PietSmietTV went offline. The channel PietSmiet remained online due not providing 24/7 streaming. The channel was mentioned in a requirement of a license.[36]

Blocking of YouTube videos
Main article: Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany

The blocking of YouTube videos in Germany on copyright grounds was part of a dispute between YouTube and the Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte (Society for Musical Performing and Mechanical Reproduction Rights – GEMA), a performance rights organization in Germany.

According to a German court in Hamburg, Google's subsidiary YouTube can be held liable for damages when it hosts copyrighted videos without the copyright holder's permission.[37] As a result, music videos for major label artists on YouTube, as well as many videos containing background music, have been unavailable in Germany since the end of March 2009 after the previous agreement had expired and negotiations for a new license agreement were stopped. On October 31, 2016, YouTube and GEMA reached an agreement over royalties, ending a seven-year-long battle of blocking music videos in Germany.[38]

Indonesia

On April 1, 2008, Indonesian information minister Muhammad Nuh asked YouTube to remove Fitna, a controversial film made by Dutch right-wing politician Geert Wilders. The government allowed two days for the removal of the video or YouTube would be blocked in the country.[39] On April 4, following YouTube's failure to remove the video, Nuh asked all Internet service providers to block access to YouTube.[40] On April 5, YouTube was briefly blocked for testing by one ISP.[41] On April 8, YouTube, along with MySpace, Metacafe, RapidShare, Multiply, LiveLeak and Fitna's official site, was blocked in Indonesia on all ISPs.[42] The blocking of YouTube was subsequently lifted on April 10.[43] There may still have been some blocking in May 2008 according to local inhabitants.

Libya

On January 24, 2010, Libya permanently blocked YouTube after it featured videos of demonstrations in the Libyan city of Benghazi by families of detainees who were killed in Abu Salim prison in 1996, as well as videos of family members of Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi at parties. The ban was condemned by Human Rights Watch.[44] In November 2011, after the Libyan Civil War, YouTube was once again allowed in Libya,[45] but did not launch a local version of the site until early 2015.

Malaysia

In May 2013, videos critical of the Malaysian government were blocked from YouTube in Malaysia despite the government's promises not to censor the internet. Analysis of the network traffic shows that the ISPs were scanning the headers of the users and actively blocking requests to the YouTube video according to the video key.[46][47]

Morocco

On May 25, 2007, the state-owned Maroc Telecom ISP blocked all access to YouTube.[48] Officially, no reasons were given as to why YouTube was blocked, but speculations were that it may have been due to videos posted by the pro-separatist Polisario, Western Sahara's independence movement, or due to videos criticizing King Mohammed VI. The ban did not affect the other two ISPs in the country, Wana and Méditel. The blocking of YouTube on Maroc Telecom was lifted May 30, 2007, after Maroc Telecom unofficially announced that the denied access to the website was a mere "technical glitch".[49]

Pakistan

In February 2008, the Pakistani Telecommunications Authority (PTA) blocked access to YouTube on Pakistani ISPs, allegedly because of "blasphemous" videos of conservative Dutch politician Geert Wilders. However, the PTA's block inadvertently knocked out access to YouTube worldwide for two hours on February 25, 2008.[50] Pakistan Telecom had broadcast to other ISPs in the Pacific Rim the false claim that it was the correct route for the addresses in YouTube's IP space.[51] It was suggested by some Pakistani websites, blogs, and by electoral process watchdog groups at the time that the block was imposed largely to distract viewers from videos alleging vote-rigging by the ruling MQM party in the February 2008 general elections.[52][53] Allegations of suppressing vote-rigging videos by the Musharraf administration were also leveled by Pakistani bloggers, newspapers, media, and Pakistani anti-Musharraf opposition parties.[54][55] YouTube was unblocked on February 27, 2008 after the allegedly blasphemous videos were removed.[56]

On May 20, 2010, which was Everybody Draw Mohammed Day, Pakistan again blocked the website in a bid to contain "blasphemous" material.[57] The ban was lifted on May 27, 2010, after the website removed the objectionable content from its servers at the request of the government. However, individual videos deemed offensive to Muslims that are posted on YouTube will continue to be blocked.[58][59]

On September 17, 2012, the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) ordered access to YouTube blocked, after the website failed to remove the trailer of the controversial Innocence of Muslims, and eventually resulting in a ban due to YouTube's noncompliance.[60]

Bytes for All, a Pakistani non-profit organization, filed a constitutional challenge to the ban through their counsel Yasser Latif Hamdani in the Lahore High Court. This is an ongoing case and is commonly known as the YouTube case.[61]

On December 11, 2013, it was announced by the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority that they had convinced Google's management to offer a local "youtube.com.pk" version to Pakistan, as it would be easy for the local authorities to remove "objectionable" material from a local version as compared to the global version of YouTube. However, it would only be offered after the Pakistani government fulfilled some of the undisclosed requirements.[62]

During the ban a video was released called "Kholo BC" by rappers Adil Omar and Ali Gul Pir opposing the ban.[63] The video went viral and thousands of people supported that the ban is due to political interest.[62]

On April 21, 2014, Pakistan's Senate Standing Committee on Human Rights approved a resolution to lift the ban on YouTube.[64]

On May 6, 2014, the National Assembly unanimously adopted a non-binding resolution to lift the ban,[65] but as of August 2, 2014 it was still in effect.[66] [needs update] The ban was lifted due to a technical glitch on December 6, 2015, according to ISPs in Pakistan.[67]

As of January 18, 2016, the ban has been officially lifted, as YouTube has launched a local version of the site for Pakistan and Bangladesh.

On November 25, 2017, the NetBlocks internet measurement platform and Digital Rights Foundation collected evidence of nation-wide blocking of YouTube alongside other social media services, imposed by the government in response to the violent Tehreek-e-Labaik protests.[68][69][70] The technical investigation found that many, but not all, major Pakistani fixed-line and mobile service providers implemented the YouTube restriction which was lifted by the PTA the following day when protests abated after the resignation of Minister for Law and Justice Zahid Hamid.[71]

Russia

See also: Internet censorship in Russia

The video claiming responsibility for the 2010 Moscow Metro bombings, which quickly gained 800,000 views in four days, was removed, along with all videos of Doku Umarov. Additionally, it turned out that over 300 videos from the Kavkaz Center were removed for having "inappropriate content." Russia was blamed for having pressured YouTube to take such measures.[72]

On July 28, 2010, a court in the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur ordered a local ISP to block access to youtube.com, web.archive.org, and several other websites offering books for downloads, citing extremist materials as the reason.[73] The order was not enforced and was later reversed.[74] YouTube is now available in Russia.[citation needed]

On September 4, 2017 Roskomnadzor announced their intention to delete a video released by a popular YouTube channel Nemagia in which bloggers Alexey Pskovitin and Mikhail Pecherskiy described unscrupulous business strategies by Tinkoff Bank.[citation needed]

Sudan

The Sudanese authorities blocked YouTube on April 21, 2010, following the 2010 presidential election, and also blocked YouTube's owner Google. The block was in response to a YouTube video appearing to show National Electoral Commission workers in official uniforms and a child in the Hamashkoreib region filling out voting strips and putting them into ballot boxes, with one of them expressing relief that the voting period had been extended for them to finish their work. Sudan had previously blocked YouTube temporarily in 2008 for unknown reasons.[75]

On September 17, 2012, YouTube was banned again by National Telecommunication Corporation for not removing Innocence of Muslims, a controversial anti-Islamic film. However, the block was later lifted.[citation needed]

South Sudan

YouTube was blocked in South Sudan because of controversy relating to Innocence of Muslims, a controversial anti-Islamic film.[76]

Tajikistan

In July 2012, the Tajik authorities blocked YouTube in response to uploaded videos showing protests against militant clashes. Eight days later, the ban was lifted.[citation needed]

In the same year, the Tajik government blocked the website again, this time because of videos depicting the president Emomali Rakhmon which were deemed to be offensive to the government.[77]

In 2013, Tajikistan blocked YouTube for a third time because of a video which depicts President Rakhmon dancing and singing out of tune at his son's wedding party in 2007.[78]

Thailand

See also: Bhumibol Adulyadej § Internet blocking measures

In 2006, Thailand blocked access to YouTube for users with Thai IP addresses. Thai authorities identified 20 offensive videos and demanded that Google remove them before it would allow unblocking of all YouTube content.[79]

During the week of March 8, 2007, YouTube was blocked in Thailand.[80] Although no official explanation was given for the ban, many bloggers believed the reason for the blocking was a video of former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra's speech on CNN. YouTube was unblocked on March 10, 2007.

On the night of April 3, 2007, YouTube was again blocked in Thailand.[81] The government cited a video on the site that it called "insulting" to King Bhumibol Adulyadej.[82][83] However, the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology said that it would unblock YouTube in a few days, after websites containing references to this video are blocked as opposed to the entire website.[84] Communications Minister Sitthichai Pokai-udom said, "When they decide to withdraw the clip, we will withdraw the ban."[85] Shortly after this incident the Internet technology blog Mashable was blocked from Thailand over the reporting of the YouTube clips in question.[86] YouTube was unblocked on August 30, 2007, after YouTube reportedly agreed to block videos deemed offensive by Thai authorities.[87]

On September 21, 2007, Thai authorities announced they were seeking a court order to block videos that had appeared on YouTube accusing Privy Council president Prem Tinsulanonda of attempting to manipulate the royal succession to make himself Thailand's king.[88]

Tunisia

YouTube was blocked in Tunisia for several years before the 2011 Tunisian Revolution.[89][90][91]

Turkey

This error message was shown when attempting to access YouTube in Turkey between May 5, 2008 to October 30, 2010.

Turkish courts have ordered blocks on access to the YouTube website.[92] This first occurred when Türk Telekom blocked the site in compliance with decision 2007/384 issued by the Istanbul 1st Criminal Court of Peace (Sulh Ceza Mahkeme) on March 6, 2007. The court decision was based on videos insulting Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in an escalation of what the Turkish media referred to as a "virtual war" of insults between Greek, Armenian and Turkish YouTube members.[79][93][94][95] YouTube was sued for "insulting Turkishness"[96] and access to the site was suspended pending the removal of the video. YouTube lawyers sent proof of the video's removal to the Istanbul public prosecutor and access was restored on March 9, 2007.[97] However, other videos similarly deemed insulting were repeatedly posted, and several staggered bans followed, issued by different courts:

  • the Sivas 2nd Criminal Court of Peace on September 18, 2007 and again (by decision 2008/11) on January 16, 2008;
  • the Ankara 12th Criminal Court of Peace on January 17, 2008 (decision 2008/55);[98]
  • the Ankara 1st Criminal Court of Peace on March 12, 2008 (decision 2008/251);
  • the Ankara 11th Criminal Court of Peace on April 24, 2008 (decision 2008/468).
  • the Ankara 5th Criminal Court of Peace on April 30, 2008 (decision 2008/599);
  • again, the Ankara 1st Criminal Court of Peace on May 5, 2008 (decision 2008/402);
  • again, the Ankara 11th Criminal Court of Peace on June 6, 2008 (decision 2008/624).
  • again, based on "administrative measures" without court order following corruption scandal, relating several governmental officials including Prime Minister Erdoğan on March 27, 2014

The block in accordance with court decision 2008/468 of the Ankara 11th Criminal Court of Peace issued on April 24, 2008, which cited that YouTube had not acquired a certificate of authorization in Turkey, was not implemented by Türk Telekom until May 5, 2008.

Although YouTube was officially banned in Turkey, the website was still accessible by modifying connection parameters to use alternative DNS servers, and it was the eighth most popular website in Turkey according to Alexa records.[99] Responding to criticisms of the courts' bans, in November 2008 the Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stated "I do access the site. Go ahead and do the same."[100]

In June 2010, Turkey's president Abdullah Gül used his Twitter account to express disapproval of the country's blocking of YouTube, which also affected access from Turkey to many Google services. Gül said he had instructed officials to find legal ways of allowing access.[101]

Turkey lifted the ban on October 30, 2010.[102] In November 2010, a video of the Turkish politician Deniz Baykal caused the site to be blocked again briefly, and the site was threatened with a new shutdown if it did not remove the video.[103][104]

On March 27, 2014, Turkey banned YouTube again. This time, they did so mere hours after a video was posted there claiming to depict Turkey's foreign minister, spy chief and a top general discussing scenarios that could lead to their country's military attacking jihadist militants in Syria.[105] The ban was ordered lifted by a series of court rulings, starting April 9, 2014, but Turkey defied the court orders and kept access to YouTube blocked.[106][107] On 29 May the Constitutional Court of Turkey ruled that the block violated the constitutional right to freedom of expression and ordered that YouTube access be restored.[108]

As of the morning of June 1, 2014, access to YouTube remained blocked in Turkey.[109] But during the day, access appeared to have been restored[citation needed].

On April 6, 2015, YouTube was again briefly blocked, alongside Facebook and Twitter, due to the widespread posting of footage of a prosecutor killed during a hostage crisis.[110]

On December 23, 2016, YouTube again became briefly inaccessible in Turkey according to reports validated by internet monitoring group Turkey Blocks after footage that allegedly showed the immolation of Turkish soldiers by jihadists was shared on the site.[111][112] The site is now accessible again as of December 25[citation needed].

Turkmenistan

On December 25, 2009, for security reasons, YouTube was blocked in Turkmenistan by the only ISP in the country, Turkmentelecom. Other websites, such as LiveJournal were also blocked.[113]

United Arab Emirates

The UAE's telecom regulatory authority blocked YouTube in August 2006. This ban was later lifted,[when?] and YouTube is now available all across the United Arab Emirates, but with the Etisalat ISP in the UAE citing "presence of adult content on the website which is clearly against the religious, cultural, political and moral values of the UAE".[114]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Youtube.com Traffic, Demographics and Competitors - Alexa". www.alexa.com. Archived from the original on November 27, 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ About page Archived November 11, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
  3. ^ a b c "YouTube Censored: A Recent History" Archived September 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Open Net Initiative. Retrieved September 23, 2012
  4. ^ "Rechte für Musikvideos: YouTube und Gema einigen sich nach jahrelangem Streit". Spiegel Online. Archived from the original on August 25, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "YouTube vs. Gema: Was das Ende des Dauerstreits für YouTube-Nutzer bedeutet". Spiegel Online. Archived from the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "YouTube Community Guidelines". YouTube. Archived from the original on March 4, 2017. Retrieved May 9, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ "YouTube apologizes for hiding LGBTQ users' videos in its Restricted Mode". The Verge. Archived from the original on March 23, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Schwankert, Steven. "YouTube blocked in China; Flickr, Blogspot restored" Archived January 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, IDG News, October 18, 2007. Retrieved March 3, 2008
  9. ^ Graham Webster (March 22, 2008). "YouTube unblocked in China, but could Google have cooperated?". cnet news. Archived from the original on August 10, 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ "YouTube blocked in China" Archived July 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, CNN, March 25, 2009
  11. ^ "China blocks access to Bloomberg and Businessweek sites" Archived July 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, June 29, 2012
  12. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 14, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. ^ "Top Sites in China - Alexa" Archived December 1, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Alexa, March 11, 2018.
  14. ^ "Mobile phones, Facebook, YouTube cut in Iran". Tehran. AFP. June 13, 2009. Archived from the original on June 29, 2009. Retrieved July 8, 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ "Iran blocks YouTube, Google over Mohammed [sic] video". CNN.com. September 24, 2012. Archived from the original on September 25, 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ "Recent and ongoing disruptions of traffic to Google products". Google Transparency Report. Archived from the original on June 23, 2014. Retrieved June 24, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ "North Korea blocks Facebook, Twitter and YouTube". Associated Press. April 4, 2016. Archived from the original on April 6, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ "Afghanistan bans YouTube to block anti-Muslim film" Archived September 24, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Miriam Arghandiwal, Reuters (Kabul), September 12, 2012
  19. ^ "Afghanistan to unblock Youtube - AFGHANISTAN TIMES" Archived January 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, 1s December 2012
  20. ^ "Armenia: Samizdat & the Internet" Archived September 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Global Voices Advocacy, March 8, 2008
  21. ^ "YouTube Blocked in Armenia?" Archived May 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Google Blogoscoped, March 10, 2008
  22. ^ "Bangladesh imposes YouTube block". BBC News. March 9, 2009. Archived from the original on March 9, 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ "Bangladesh Blocks Access to YouTube". OpenNet Initiative. March 22, 2009. Archived from the original on May 2, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ "YouTube blocked in Bangladesh over Prophet Mohamed video" Archived August 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The Independent (AP), September 18, 2012
  25. ^ "Bangladesh lifts ban on YouTube, blocked after anti-Islam film". Yahoo! News. June 5, 2013. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ Haines, Lester (January 4, 2007). "Brazilian court orders YouTube shutdown: Model obtains injunction over beach sex romp vid" (in Portuguese). The Independent. Archived from the original on October 4, 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ "Brazil court revises ban on YouTube over sex video" Archived November 19, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Reuters (São Paulo), January 9, 2007
  28. ^ "YouTube Wins Brazilian Court Case" Archived January 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Doug Caverly, Web Pro News, June 29, 2007
  29. ^ Liebelson, Dana (March 28, 2016). "Here are the countries that block Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved September 11, 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ "Suomalaiset musiikkivideot pimenivät YouTubessa, kun lisenssi päättyi – Videoiden palauttaminen nähtäviksi voi kestää päiviä". Yle Uutiset. Archived from the original on November 30, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "Certain music unavailable on YouTube". google.com. Archived from the original on November 30, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ "Detailansicht - die medienanstalten". www.die-medienanstalten.de (in German). Archived from the original on May 23, 2017. Retrieved May 19, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 17, 2017. Retrieved May 19, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  34. ^ Axel Weidemann: Christian Solmecke im Gespräch – Das ist keine Formalie Archived May 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, FAZ, March 30, 2017
  35. ^ Germany, SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg. "YouTube und Twitch: Braucht man jetzt eine Lizenz zum Zocken? - SPIEGEL ONLINE - Netzwelt". SPIEGEL ONLINE. Archived from the original on May 15, 2017. Retrieved May 19, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ PietSmiet (May 18, 2017), Update Rundfunklizenz & Youtuber + Politik, archived from the original on May 26, 2018, retrieved May 19, 2017 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ Frederic Lardinois (September 3, 2010). "YouTube Loses in German Court: Held Liable for Copyrighted Videos". Readwriteweb.com. Archived from the original on October 28, 2011. Retrieved October 7, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ Vervielfältigungsrechte, GEMA - Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische. "GEMA signs agreement with YouTube: Milestone for a fair remuneration of music authors in the digital age achieved". Archived from the original on September 23, 2017. Retrieved September 23, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  39. ^ "Indonesia Seeks to Block YouTube Over Anti-Koran Film". Jakarta. Reuters. April 2, 2008. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ Wicaksono Hidayat (April 4, 2008). "Menkominfo 'Ultimatum' ISP Blokir YouTube (MCIT 'Ultimatum' ISPs Block YouTube)". detik.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on April 6, 2008. Retrieved April 4, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) (English translation)
  41. ^ Dewi Widya Ningrum (April 5, 2008). "YouTube Terblokir karena 'Ulah' Satu ISP (YouTube Blocked by 'tantrum' One ISP)". detik.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on April 6, 2008. Retrieved April 4, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) (English translation)
  42. ^ Dewi Widya Ningrum (April 8, 2008). "Speedy Blokir 7 Situs, Pengusaha Kecil Mulai Menjerit! (Speedy Block 7 Websites, Small Business Start Screaming!)". detik.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on April 12, 2008. Retrieved April 8, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) (English translation Archived July 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine)
  43. ^ Indonesia restores access to YouTube Web site Archived April 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Mita Valina Liem, Sugita Katayal, and Bill Tarrant, Reuters, April 11, 2008
  44. ^ "Watchdog urges Libya to stop blocking websites" Archived February 9, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, AFP, February 4, 2010
  45. ^ "Libya" Archived September 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Freedom on the Net 2012, Freedom House, September 24, 2012
  46. ^ GE13 Censorship of Online Media in Malaysia Archived May 7, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  47. ^ "China Style censorship blocking KiniTV videos". Malaysia Kini. May 2, 2013. Archived from the original on May 5, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  48. ^ Sami Ben Gharbia (May 26, 2007). "Morocco blocks access to YouTube". Global Voices Online. Archived from the original on May 31, 2007. Retrieved May 27, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  49. ^ "YouTube again accessible via Maroc Telecom". Reporters Without Borders. May 30, 2007. Archived from the original on April 16, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  50. ^ "Pakistan move knocked out YouTube - CNN.com". CNN. February 25, 2008. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
  51. ^ McCullagh, Declan (February 25, 2008). "How Pakistan knocked YouTube offline (and how to make sure it never happens again)". CNET. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
  52. ^ "Access to YouTube blocked until further notice because of "non-Islamic" videos" Archived November 19, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Reporters Without Borders, February 27, 2008.
  53. ^ "Vote Rigging Videos in Karachi – could this be why YouTube is blocked?" Archived July 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Awab Alvi, Teeth Maestro blog, February 22, 2008
  54. ^ "Musharraf’s Inquisition: Reason Why YouTube Was Blocked In Pakistan" Archived October 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Farrukh Khan Pitafi, Blogger News Network, February 24, 2008
  55. ^ "Old and New Media: Converging During the Pakistan Emergency (March 2007-February 2008)" Archived April 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Huma Yusuf, MIT Center for Future Civic Media, February 9, 2009
  56. ^ "YouTube access unblocked after offending videos removed | Reporters without borders". Reporters Sans Frontiers. February 27, 2008. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
  57. ^ Walsh, Declan (May 20, 2010). "Pakistan blocks YouTube access over Muhammad depictions". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on September 14, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  58. ^ "YouTube ban lifted by Pakistan authorities" Archived July 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Joanne McCabe, Metro (Associated Newspapers Limited, UK), May 27, 2010. Retrieved September 18, 2012
  59. ^ "Pakistan lifts ban on YouTube", The Times of India, May 27, 2010
  60. ^ "YouTube blocked in Pakistan" Archived February 12, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Hayley Tsukayama, Washington Post, September 17, 2012
  61. ^ David, Robin (July 13, 2013). "Surf war". Times of India. Archived from the original on July 18, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  62. ^ a b "Viral music video fights Pakistan's YouTube ban - BBC News" Archived December 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine (video), Adil Omar, BBC News via YouTube, March 12, 2014.
  63. ^ "#KholoBC - Ali Gul Pir x Adil Omar" Archived February 28, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (video), Ali Gul Pir and Adil Omar, InCahoots Films via YouTube, February 24, 2014.
  64. ^ "Pakistan senate panel on Human Rights revokes ban on YouTube". IANS. Bihar Prabha. Archived from the original on April 23, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  65. ^ "resolution calls for end to YouTube ban Archived August 19, 2014, at the Wayback Machine", Daily Times, May 7, 2014.
  66. ^ "Pakistani authorities say ban on YouTube can't be lifted", PTI, The Economic Times, August 2, 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
  67. ^ "YouTube accessible in Pakistan by mistake". December 6, 2015. Archived from the original on December 31, 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  68. ^ "DRF and NetBlocks find blanket and nation-wide ban on social media in Pakistan and demand it to be lifted immediately". Digital Rights Foundation. November 26, 2017. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  69. ^ "Activists assail blanket ban on social media". The Nation. November 27, 2017. Archived from the original on November 28, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  70. ^ "All you need to know about nation-wide internet disruptions during dharna". Samaa TV. November 27, 2017. Archived from the original on November 27, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  71. ^ "The issue of social media networking". The Nation. November 26, 2017. Archived from the original on November 28, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  72. ^ Kavkaz Center (May 4, 2010). "YouTube could not bear Dokku Umarov". YouTube – The Internet's Primary and Rapidly Expanding Jihadi Base: Part II, item 3. Middle East Media Research Institute. Archived from the original on July 18, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  73. ^ "" Archived February 20, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Tom Parfitt, The Guardian, July 29, 2010
  74. ^ "Russia: The First Case of YouTube Ban " Archived August 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Alexey Sidorenko, Global Voices Online, August 6, 2010
  75. ^ "Sudan reportedly blocks YouTube over electoral fraud video". Sudan Tribune. Khartoum. April 21, 2010. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved December 10, 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  76. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on June 13, 2015. Retrieved June 11, 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  77. ^ "Tajikistan blocks YouTube – News – European Forum – for Democracy and Solidarity". Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved September 1, 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  78. ^ "Tajikistan Blocks YouTube After Video Of Dancing President Goes Viral". Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. Retrieved September 1, 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  79. ^ a b Rosen, Jeffrey (November 28, 2008). "Google's Gatekeepers". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 11, 2014. Retrieved December 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  80. ^ "YouTube blocked in Thailand". 2Bangkok. March 10, 2007. Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved March 10, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  81. ^ "YouTube ถูกไอซีทีบล็อก (อีกแล้ว) (YouTube Blocked Again)". Freedom Against Censorship Thailand. April 4, 2007. Archived from the original on April 8, 2007. Retrieved April 4, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) (English translation)
  82. ^ "Two more clips mocking Thai king appear on YouTube", Nopporn Wong-Anan, Reuters, April 6, 2007
  83. ^ "Thailand bans YouTube over videos insulting king", Wikinews, April 6, 2007
  84. ^ Thomas Fuller (April 5, 2007). "Thailand Bans YouTube". New York Times. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  85. ^ "Whose Tube?". The Economist. April 12, 2007. p. 71. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved April 16, 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  86. ^ Cashmore, Pete (April 18, 2004). "Mashable.com Banned in Thailand". Mashable. Archived from the original on August 21, 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  87. ^ "Ban on YouTube lifted after deal". The Nation. August 31, 2007. Archived from the original on September 3, 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  88. ^ "Thailand wants to block more YouTube video clips" Archived April 8, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, AFP, September 22, 2007
  89. ^ Wilson, Mark I.; Kellerman, Aharon; Corey, Kenneth E. (2013). Global Information Society: Technology, Knowledge, and Mobility. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. p. 179.
  90. ^ "Tunisia: is Youtube blocked?". Global Voices Advox. November 2, 2007. Archived from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  91. ^ "YouTube Censored: A Recent History". OpenNet Initiative. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  92. ^ Zeller Jr., Tom (March 7, 2007). "YouTube Banned in Turkey After Insults to Ataturk". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 25, 2014. Retrieved December 8, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  93. ^ "YouTube broadcasts Greek marches full of hatred toward Turks" Archived February 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Hasan Haci, Today's Zaman, March 6, 2007
  94. ^ "Update on Turkey bans YouTube: all a 'you're a fag' flame war?" Archived April 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Xeni Jardin, Boing Boing, March 7, 2007
  95. ^ "Turkey pulls plug on YouTube over Ataturk 'insults'". The Guardian. AP. March 7, 2007. Retrieved March 7, 2007.
  96. ^ Jaafar, Ali (March 8, 2007). "Turkey bans YouTube". Variety. Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved March 10, 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  97. ^ "Turkey revokes YouTube ban". The Age. AFP. March 10, 2007. Archived from the original on May 9, 2007. Retrieved March 10, 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  98. ^ "YouTube banned in Turkey once again". Wikinews. January 19, 2008. Archived from the original on February 8, 2009. Retrieved December 13, 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  99. ^ "Turkey report" Archived September 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Freedom on the Net 2012, Freedom House, September 24, 2012
  100. ^ "Erdoğan: Ben YouTube’a giriyorum, siz de girin" (Erdoğan: I'm going to YouTube, you do the same) Archived June 9, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, NTV MSNBC, November 21, 2008. (English translation)
  101. ^ "Turkish president uses Twitter to condemn YouTube ban". The Guardian. Associated Press (Ankara). June 11, 2010. Archived from the original on September 15, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  102. ^ Hudson, Alexandra (October 30, 2010). "Turkey lifts its ban on YouTube-agency". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 2, 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  103. ^ Champion, Marc (November 2, 2010). "Turkey Reinstates YouTube Ban". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  104. ^ Lutz, Meris (November 4, 2010). "Turkey: YouTube banned, again, over sex-scandal video". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 23, 2014. Retrieved December 8, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  105. ^ Parkinson, Joe (March 27, 2014). "Turkey Blocks YouTube". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015. Retrieved March 27, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  106. ^ Apr 10 (April 10, 2014). "Turkey keeps YouTube block despite court rulings". Reuters. Archived from the original on June 24, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  107. ^ Gianluca Mezzofiore (May 6, 2014). "Ankara Court Orders Lifting of YouTube Ban". International Business Times. Archived from the original on June 2, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  108. ^ "Turkish court orders YouTube access to be restored". BBC News. May 29, 2014. Archived from the original on June 1, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  109. ^ "Youtube still blocked in Turkey despite top court verdict". The Daily Star (Lebanon). AFP. June 1, 2014. Archived from the original on June 2, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2014. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  110. ^ "RIGHTS – Turkey's fresh ban pushes social media giants to remove content". Archived from the original on August 29, 2016. Retrieved September 1, 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  111. ^ "Social media shutdowns in Turkey after ISIS releases soldier video". Turkey Blocks. December 23, 2016. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  112. ^ "Turkey briefly restricts internet after release of IS video". AP News. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  113. ^ "Turkmenistan: YouTube and LiveJournal are blocked". Moscow: Ferghana News. December 25, 2009. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  114. ^ YouTube block remains Archived August 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Matthew Wade, ITP.net, August 17, 2006.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Censorship_of_YouTube&oldid=863143939"