Code page 437
Code page 437 is the character set of the original IBM PC (personal computer), or DOS. It is also known as CP437, OEM-US, OEM 437,[1] PC-8,[2] or DOS Latin US.[3] The set includes ASCII codes 32–126, extended codes for accented letters (diacritics), some Greek letters, icons, and line-drawing symbols. It is sometimes referred to as the "OEM font" or "high ASCII", or as "extended ASCII"[2] (one of many mutually incompatible ASCII extensions).
This character set remains the primary font in the core of any EGA and VGA-compatible graphics card. Text shown when a PC reboots, before any other font can be loaded from a storage medium, typically is rendered in this character set.[nb 1] Many file formats developed at the time of the IBM PC are based on code page 437 as well.
Display adapters
The original IBM PC contained this font as a 9×14 pixels-per-character font stored in the ROM of the IBM Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA) and an 8×8 pixels-per-character font of the Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) cards. The IBM Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) contained an 8×14 pixels-per-character version, and the VGA contained a 9×16 version.
All these display adapters have text modes in which each character cell contains an 8-bit character code point (see details), giving 256 possible values for graphic characters. All 256 codes were assigned a graphical character in ROM, including the codes from 0 to 31 that were reserved in ASCII for non-graphical control characters.
Various Eastern European PCs used different character sets, sometimes user-selectable via jumpers or CMOS setup. These sets were designed to match 437 as much as possible, for instance sharing the code points for many of the line-drawing characters, while still allowing text in a local language to be displayed.
Alt codes
A legacy of code page 437 and other DOS codepages is the set of number combinations used in Windows Alt keycodes introduced in the first versions of DOS. The user could enter a character by holding down the Alt key and entering the three-digit decimal Alt keycode on the numpad. When Microsoft switched to their proprietary character sets (such as CP1252) and later Unicode in Windows, so many users had memorized the numbers used by their DOS codepage[citation needed] that Microsoft chose to retain the original codes (they added the ability to type a code in the actual character set, such as CP1252, by typing the numpad 0 before the digits).
Characters
The following tables show code page 437. Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode code point and its decimal code point. See also the notes below as there are multiple equivalent Unicode characters for some code points. The decimal codes are also known as Alt codes.
Although the ROM provides a graphic for all 256 different possible 8-bit codes, some APIs will not print some code points, in particular the range 1-31 and the code at 127.[4] Instead they will interpret them as control characters. For instance many methods of outputting text on the original IBM PC would interpret the codes for BEL, BS, CR and LF. Many printers were also unable to print these characters.
Letter Number Punctuation Symbol Other Undefined
Notes
When translating to Unicode it should be noted that some codes do not have a unique, single Unicode equivalent; the correct choice may depend upon context.
- ^ a b c 0, 32 (20hex) and 255 (FFhex) all draw a blank space. The use of 255 for U+00A0 Non-breaking space (NBSP) has precedent in word processors designed for the IBM PC.
- ^ 225 (E1hex) is both the German sharp S (U+00DF, ß) and the Greek lowercase beta (U+03B2, β).
- ^ 227 (E3hex) is the Greek lowercase pi (U+03C0, π), but early fonts such as Terminal use a variant of pi that is ambiguous in case, and therefore can be used for the Greek capital pi (U+03A0, Π) or the n-ary product sign (U+220F, ∏).
- ^ 228 (E4hex) is both the n-ary summation sign (U+2211, ∑) and the Greek uppercase sigma (U+03A3, Σ).
- ^ 230 (E6hex) is both the micro sign (U+00B5, µ) and the Greek lowercase mu (U+03BC, μ).
- ^ 234 (EAhex) is both the ohm sign (U+2126, Ω) and the Greek uppercase omega (U+03A9, Ω). (Unicode considers the ohm sign to be equivalent to uppercase omega, and suggests that the latter be used in both contexts.[6])
- ^ 235 (EBhex) is the Greek lowercase delta (U+03B4, δ), but it has also been used as a surrogate for the Icelandic lowercase eth (U+00F0, ð) and the partial derivative sign (U+2202, ∂).
- ^ 237 (EDhex) is supposed to be used as Greek lowercase phi, but is mainly used as the empty set sign (U+2205, ∅) and was also used as the Greek phi symbol in italics (U+03D5, ϕ) to name angles, diameter sign (U+2300, ⌀), and as a surrogate for the Latin lowercase O with stroke (U+00F8, ø).
- ^ 238 (EEhex) is both the Greek lowercase epsilon (U+03B5, ε) and the element-of sign (U+2208, ∈). Later it was often used for the euro sign (U+20AC, €).
History
The repertoire of code page 437 was taken from the character set of Wang word-processing machines, according to Bill Gates in an interview with Gates and Paul Allen that appeared in the 2 October 1995 edition of Fortune Magazine:
- "... We were also fascinated by dedicated word processors from Wang, because we believed that general-purpose machines could do that just as well. That's why, when it came time to design the keyboard for the IBM PC, we put the funny Wang character set into the machine—you know, smiley faces and boxes and triangles and stuff. We were thinking we'd like to do a clone of Wang word-processing software someday."
According to an interview with David J. Bradley (developer of the PC's ROM-BIOS) the characters were decided upon during a four-hour meeting on a plane trip from Seattle to Atlanta by Andy Saenz (responsible for the video card), Lew Eggebrecht (chief engineer for the PC) and himself.[7]
The selection of graphic characters has some internal logic:
- Table rows 0 and 1, codes 0 to 31 (00hex to 1Fhex), are assorted dingbats (complementary and decorative characters). The isolated character 127 (7Fhex) also belongs to this group.
- Table rows 2 to 7 (except character 127, 7Fhex), codes 32 to 126 (20hex to 7Ehex), are the standard ASCII printable characters.
- Table rows 8 to 10 (8hex to Ahex), codes 128 to 175 (80hex to AFhex), are a selection of international text characters.
- Table rows 11 to 13 (Bhex to Dhex), codes 176 to 223 (B0hex to DFhex), are box drawing and block characters. This block is arranged so that characters 192 to 223 (C0hex to DFhex) contain all the right arms and right-filled areas. The original IBM PC MDA display adapter stored the code page 437 character glyphs as bitmaps eight pixels wide, but for visual enhancement displayed them every nine pixels on screen. This range of characters had the eighth pixel column duplicated by special hardware circuitry,[8] thus filling in gaps in lines and filled areas.
- Table rows 14 and 15 (Ehex and Fhex), codes 224 to 255 (E0hex to FFhex) are devoted to mathematical symbols, where the first twelve are a selection of Greek letters commonly used in physics. Characters 244 (F4hex) and 245 (F5hex) are the upper and lower portion of an italic long S, the symbol used as the integral sign (∫), and they can be extended with the character 179 (B3hex), the vertical line of the box drawing block. Character 244 could also be used as a surrogate for the ſ character. Characters 249 (F9hex) and 250 (FAhex) are almost indistinguishable: the first is slightly larger than the second, which resembles the typographic middle dot (·). The character 255 (FFhex) is merely blank, and acts as a kind of non-breaking space in order to arrange math formulae.
Most fonts for Microsoft Windows include the special graphic characters at the Unicode indexes shown, as they are part of the WGL4 set that Microsoft encourages font designers to support. (The monospaced raster font family Terminal was an early font that replicated all code page 437 characters, at least at some resolutions.) To draw these characters directly from these code points, a Microsoft Windows font called MS Linedraw[9] replicates all of the code page 437 characters, thus providing one way to display DOS text on a modern Windows machine as it was shown in DOS, with limitations.[10]
Internationalization
Code page 437 has a series of international characters, mainly values 128 to 175 (80hex to AFhex). However, it lacks several characters important to many Western languages:
- Spanish (Á, Í, Ó, Ú), French (À, Â, È, Ê, Ë, Î, Ï, Ô, Œ, œ, Ù, Û, Ÿ), Portuguese (Á, À, Â, Ã, ã, Ê, Í, Ó, Ô, Õ, õ, Ú), and Catalan (À, È, Í, Ï, Ò, Ó, Ú).
- German sharp S (ß) shares its code point with the beta symbol (β), which is acceptable at the low resolution on the original IBM CGA hardware, but unacceptable at higher resolutions. Most newer glyph sets for code page 437, including those built into the IBM EGA and VGA graphics cards, prefer the German sharp S shape for this character.
- Danish/Norwegian lacks slashed-o 'Ø' and 'ø'. Character number 237 (EDhex), the empty set symbol, could be used as a surrogate, but its spacing is awkward for display within a word. To compensate, the Danish/Norwegian and Icelandic code pages (865 and 861), replaced cent mark (¢) with 'ø' and yen (¥) with 'Ø'.
- Most Greek alphabet symbols were omitted, beyond the basic math symbols. (They were included in the Greek-language code pages 737 and 869.)
Along with the cent (¢), pound sterling (£) and yen/yuan (¥) currency symbols, it has a couple of former European currency symbols: the florin (ƒ, Netherlands) and the peseta (₧, Spain). The presence of the last is unusual, since the Spanish peseta was never an internationally relevant currency, and also never had a symbol of its own; it was simply abbreviated as "Pt", "Pta", "Pts", or "Ptas". Spanish models of the IBM electric typewriter, however, also had a single position devoted to it.
Later DOS character sets, such as code page 850 (DOS Latin-1), code page 852 (DOS Central-European) and code page 737 (DOS Greek), filled the gaps for international use with some compatibility with code page 437 by retaining the single and double box-drawing characters, while discarding the mixed ones (e.g. horizontal double/vertical single). All code page 437 characters have similar glyphs in Unicode and in Microsoft's WGL4 character set, and therefore are available in most fonts in Microsoft Windows, and also in the default VGA font of the Linux kernel, and the ISO 10646 fonts for X11.
See also
- Alt codes
- ANSI
- ASCII
- Semigraphical characters
- Atari ST character set, derived from code page 437
Notes
- ^ Systems available in Eastern European, Arabic, and Asian countries often use a different set. The designation "OEM", for "original equipment manufacturer", indicates that the "native" hardware character set supplied in ROM could be changed by the manufacturer to meet different markets.
References
- ^ "OEM 437". Go Global Developer Center. Microsoft. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "OEM font". Encyclopedia. PCmag.com. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
- ^ Kano, Nadine. "Appendix H Code Pages". Globalization and Localization : Code Page 437 DOS Latin US. Microsoft. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "SBCS code page information document CPGID 00437". Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID. IBM. 1986 [1984-05-01]. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Steele, Shawn (24 April 1996). "cp437_DOSLatinUS to Unicode table". 2.00. The Unicode Consortium. Archived from the original (TXT) on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ The Unicode Consortium (21 May 2003). "Chapter 7: European Alphabetic Scripts". The Unicode Standard 4.0 (PDF). Addison-Wesley (published August 2003). p. 176. ISBN 0-321-18578-1. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
- ^ Edwards, Benj (6 November 2015) [2011]. "Origins of the ASCII Smiley Character: An Email Exchange With Dr. David Bradley". Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
[…] If you look at the first 32 characters in the IBM PC character set you'll see lots of whimsical characters — smiley face, musical notes, playing card suits and others. These were intended for character based games […] Since we were using 8-bit characters we had 128 new spots to fill. We put serious characters there — three columns of foreign characters, based on our Datamaster experience. Three columns of block graphic characters […] many customers with Monochrome Display Adapter would have no graphics at all. […] two columns had math symbols, greek letters (for math) and others […] about the first 32 characters (x00-x1F)? […] These characters originated with teletype transmission. But we could display them on the character based screens. So we added a set of "not serious" characters. They were intended as display only characters, not for transmission or storage. Their most probable use would be in character based games. […] As in most things for the IBM PC, the one year development schedule left little time for contemplation and revision. […] the character set was developed in a three person 4-hour meeting, and I was one of those on that plane from Seattle to Atlanta. There was some minor revision after that meeting, but there were many other things to design/fix/decide so that was about it. […] the other participants in that plane trip were Andy Saenz — responsible for the video card, and Lew Eggebrecht — the chief engineer for the PC.
{{cite web}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=timestamp mismatch; 28 November 2016 suggested (help); Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Wilton, Richard (December 1987). Programmer's Guide to PC & PS/2 Video Systems: Maximum Video Performance Form the EGA, VGA, HGC, and MCGA (1st ed.). Microsoft Press. ISBN 1-55615-103-9. ISBN 978-1-55615-103-3.
- ^ Staff (2013). "MS LineDraw - Version 2.00". Microsoft typography. 2.00. Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Staff (26 October 2013). "WD97: MS LineDraw Font Not Usable in Word". Microsoft. 2.0. Microsoft. KB179422, Q179422. Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)
External links
- IBM Code Page 437 reference chart
- IBM PC memory-mapped video graphics to Unicode on official Unicode site
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