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Columbia, Maryland

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Columbia, Maryland
Census-designated place
The People Tree statue, by Pierre du Fayet, which was dedicated on June 21, 1967.[1]
The People Tree statue, by Pierre du Fayet, which was dedicated on June 21, 1967.[1]
Motto: 
"The Next America!"[2]
Location of Columbia, Maryland
Location of Columbia, Maryland
Country United States of America
State Maryland
County Howard
FoundedJune 21, 1967[3]
Area
 • Total32.2 sq mi (83.4 km2)
 • Land31.9 sq mi (82.7 km2)
 • Water0.3 sq mi (0.7 km2)
Elevation
407 ft (124 m)
Population
 (2010)The CDP includes areas not part of Columbia proper as defined by the Columbia Association.
 • Total99,615
 • Density3,100/sq mi (1,200/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP codes
21044-21046
Area code(s)410, 443, 301
FIPS code24-19125
GNIS feature ID0590002
Websitehttp://www.columbiaassociation.com/

Columbia is a planned community comprising 10 self-contained villages, located in Howard County, Maryland, United States. It began with the idea that a city could enhance its residents' quality of life. Creator and developer James W. Rouse saw the new community in terms of human values, rather than merely economics and engineering. Opened in 1967, Columbia was intended to not only eliminate the inconveniences of then-current subdivision design, but also eliminate racial, religious, and class segregation.

Columbia proper consists only of that territory governed by the Columbia Association, but larger areas are included under its name by the U.S. Postal Service and the census. These include several other communities which predate Columbia, including Simpsonville, Atholton, and in the case of the census, Clarksville. The census-designated place had a population of 99,615 in 2010,[4] making it the most populous community in Maryland after Baltimore.[5]

History

In 1932 Melvin J. Berman moved from Alabama to Howard County where he bought the Olney Acres dairy farm. Starting his own land development company, he built the Laurel Shopping Center, and later joined the shopping center development company, Community Research and Development along with James Rouse.[6] In 1961 Berman pursued his own Howard County for the company's next development.[7] In 1962 Berman took interest in a 1,032-acre parcel of land assembled by land developer Robert Moxley comprising four farm properties from the Carroll, Kahler, Wix, and his uncle James R. Moxley Sr's families.[8] Close to 15,000 acres were desired to create a parcel large enough for an envisioned 100,000 person development. Rouse's attorney Jack Jones set up a grid system to secretly buy land through dummy corporations to keep costs low. Moxley's firm Security Realty Company (now Security Development Group Inc),[9] negotiated most of the land deals for Jones, becoming his best client.[9][10][11] CRD accumulated 14,178 acres (57.38 km2), 10 percent of Howard County (located between Baltimore and Washington), from 140 separate owners. The $19,122,622 acquisition was funded by Rouse's former employer Connecticut General Life Insurance, at an average price of $1,500 per acre ($0.37/m²). When purchasing started, approval would have fallen on another family member, County Commissioner and land developer Norman E. Moxley. By late 1962 citizens had elected an all-Republican three member council. J. Hubert Black, Charles E. Miller, and David W. Force campaigned on a slow-growth ballot, but later approved the Columbia project.[12] The Howard County Planning Commission Chairman Wilmer Sanner declared "if this adds to the orderly development of the county, that's what we are looking for"[13] That July Sanner sold the majority of his 73 acre Simpsonville farm to Howard Research prior to the public announcement.[14] In October 1963 the acquisition was revealed to the residents of Howard County, putting to rest rumors about the mysterious purchases. These had included theories that the site was to become a medical research laboratory or a giant compost heap.[13] In June 1965 zoning was approved for the project.[15] Ten years later, Councilman Charles E. Miller stated if he could do it over again, he wouldn't have approved Columbia. He felt exploited and felt the subsidized housing would become a problem for the rest of the county.[16]

At this unveiling on 21 June 1967 James Rouse described Columbia as a planned new city which would avoid the leap-frog and spot development threatening the county. The new city would be complete with jobs, schools, shopping, and medical services, and a range of housing choices. Property taxes from commercial development would cover the additional services with which housing would burden the county. The urban planning process for Columbia included not only planners, but also a convened panel of nationally recognized experts in the social sciences, known as the Work Group. Meeting for two days, twice a month, for half a year, the Work Group suggested innovations for planners in education, recreation, religion, and health care, as well as ways of improving social interactions. Columbia's open classrooms, interfaith centers, and the then-novel idea of a health maintenance organization (HMO) with a group practice of medical doctors (the Columbia Medical Plan) sprung from these meetings. The community's physical plan, with neighborhood and village centers, was also decided. Columbia's "New Town District" zoning ordinance gave developers great flexibility about what to put where, without requiring county approval for each specific project.

Columbia was never incorporated; some governance, however, is provided by the Columbia Association, which manages common areas and functions as a homeowner association with regard to private property. The first manager of the Columbia Association was John Estabrook Slayton (d. 1967). For Slayton's contributions to the early planning of Columbia, the community center in the Wilde Lake village, Slayton House, was named for him. Wilde Lake was the first village area to be developed in Columbia; accordingly, the town's first high school was Wilde Lake High School, which opened in 1971 as a "model school for the nation". Constructed in the open classroom style, it was razed in 1994 but reconstructed on the same site in 1996.

Two historic buildings in Columbia, Dorsey Hall and Woodlawn, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.[17] Both were once homes of prominent Howard County citizens.

Master plan

To achieve the goals set forth by the Work Group, Columbia's Master Plan called for a series of ten self-contained villages, around which day-to-day life would revolve. The centerpiece of Columbia would be The Mall in Columbia and man-made Lake Kittamaqundi.

Villages and neighborhoods

The Lakefront in Downtown Columbia sits upon Lake Kittamaqundi

The village concept is aimed to provide Columbia a small-town feel (like Easton, Maryland, where James Rouse grew up). Each village comprises several neighborhoods. The village center may contain middle and high schools. All villages have a shopping center, recreational facilities, a community center, a system of bike/walking paths, and homes. Four of the villages have interfaith centers, common worship facilities which are owned and jointly operated by a variety of religious congregations working together.

Most of Columbia's neighborhoods contain single-family homes, townhomes, condominiums and apartments, though some are more exclusive than others. The original plan, following the neighborhood concept of Clarence Perry, would have had all the children of a neighborhood attend the same school, melding neighborhoods into a community and ensuring that all of Columbia's children get the same high-quality education.

  • Village – Neighborhoods (in rough order of opening)

Columbia takes its street names from famous works of art and literature: for example, the neighborhood of Hobbit's Glen takes its street names from the work of J. R. R. Tolkien; Running Brook, from the poetry of Robert Frost; and Clemens Crossing, from the work of Mark Twain. The book Oh, you must live in Columbia! chronicles the artistic, poetic, and historical origins of the street and place names in Columbia.[18]

Columbia today

In 2006, Money magazine ranked Columbia (together with Ellicott City, its neighbor to the north) #4 out of the 100 "Best Places to Live" in the United States.[19] In 2008, Columbia and Ellicott City were ranked #8 on this list.[20] In 2010, Columbia and Ellicott City were ranked #2 on this list. In 2012, Columbia and Ellicott City were ranked #8 on this list.

Further expansion

"The Downtown Columbia Plan" is an amendment to the County's General Plan of expansion. It is a framework for the revitalization of Downtown Columbia over the next thirty years. Development plans for Downtown projects in the years ahead will include details for that project such as neighborhood design guidelines, environmental restoration, public amenities and infrastructure. These development plans must adhere to the framework of the Downtown Columbia Plan as required by the zoning legislation. Over the life of the Downtown Columbia development project, as much as 13 million square feet of retail, commercial, residential, hotel and cultural development is planned[21] To be accomplished in three phases, the plan calls for:

The formation of the non-profit Columbia Downtown Housing Corporation to build an additional 5500 units of low income housing placed downtown in exchange for increased zoning density for other projects.[22] Additional development includes 4.3 million square feet of commercial office space, 1.25 million square feet of retail space, 640 hotel rooms, Merriweather Post Pavilion redevelopment and Multi-modal transportation system.[23]

The Downtown Columbia Plan also has sustainability features, including goals for saving water and energy, and for ecology and livability. Green technologies and building standards will be utilized.

Geography

The center of Columbia is located at 39°12.5′N 76°52′W / 39.2083°N 76.867°W / 39.2083; -76.867. However, because it is unincorporated, there is confusion over its exact limits. In the strictest definition, Columbia comprises only the land governed under covenants by the Columbia Association. This is a considerably smaller area than the census-designated place (CDP) as defined by the United States Census Bureau, which has a total area of 32.2 square miles (83.4 km2), of which 31.9 square miles (82.7 km2) is land and 0.27 square miles (0.7 km2) of it (0.80%) is water.[24] The CDP includes a number of older communities which do not lie within the CA's purview, including the Holiday Hills, Diamondback, and Allview subdivisions and the former town of Simpsonville, as well as some land on the east side of Clarksville. These areas are not part of the "new town", and are not directly served by its amenities. Some of these areas are included in Columbia ZIP codes by the post office, and some are not.

The city lies in the Piedmont region of Maryland, with its eastern edge at the fall line. The climate is that of central Maryland, tending to hot, humid summers and cool to cold and wet winters. The primary landforms in Columbia are rolling hills and stream valleys; Columbia's road network is laid out to follow the terrain, with many winding streets and cul-de-sacs. Elevations range from about 200 to 500 feet (61 to 152 m) above sea level. Most of Columbia is drained by the Middle Patuxent and Little Patuxent rivers. There are three artificial lakes, created by damming of tributary streams during city construction. Along with Symphony Woods, many other stands of mature trees have been maintained in Columbia, including the large Middle Patuxent Environmental Area in the western part of the city between Harper's Choice and River Hill villages, protecting much of the river valley from development.

Culture

Recreation

Recreation has always been an important part of the Columbia concept. The homeowners association, the Columbia Association, known to Columbians as "CA," builds, operates and maintains most of these facilities. CA operates a variety of recreational facilities, including 23 outdoor swimming pools, six indoor pools, two water slides, ice and roller skating rinks, an equestrian center, a sports park with miniature golf, a skateboard park, batting cages, picnic pavilions, clubhouse and playground, three athletic clubs including the 24/7 Supreme Sports Club, numerous indoor and outdoor tennis, basketball, volleyball, squash and racquetball courts, and running tracks. In February 2006 LifeTime Fitness (a Minnesota company) opened a 24/7 health club at the edge of the Columbia Gateway industrial park. This facility includes one outdoor and two indoor pools (with water slides), racquetball courts, basketball courts, fitness equipment, and pilates and yoga facilities.

There are three lakes (Lake Kittamaqundi, Lake Elkhorn, and Wilde Lake) surrounded by parkland for sailing, fishing, and boating; 80 miles (130 km) of paths for jogging, strolling and biking; and 148 tot lots and play areas.

Nine village centers, 15 neighborhood centers, and four senior centers provide space for a large variety of community activities. There are a variety of fairs and celebrations throughout the year, including entertainment on the lakefront of Lake Kittamaqundi during the summer and the Columbia Festival of the Arts.

Columbia also has garden plots for rent, under the guidance of the Columbia Gardeners, which has been in existence since the 1970s. There are about 350 garden plots at three sites in Columbia, with each garden rented for a nominal fee (currently $30 per year). (Columbia Flyer, Doug Miller "Turning over a new leaf could be growing concern", May 31, 2007, page 17)

The Rev3 Triathlon is held every October in Columbia. It is a major national event, both half iron and full ironman distances.

Entertainment/performing arts

The National playing at Virgin Mobile Freefest at Merriweather Post Pavilion
The Wine in the Woods Festival at Merriweather Post Pavilion

In the absence of nightclubs, Columbia relies on local bars to bring in bands. Clyde's (near the Columbia Mall and on Lake Kittamaqundi), Sonoma's (in Owen Brown), along with Nottingham's Tavern and The Green Turtle (near Dobbin Center) regularly bring in groups to perform.

Merriweather Post Pavilion, a well-known outdoor concert venue, attracts many prominent performers. In addition, there are several performing arts organizations that present professional theater, including Toby's Dinner Theatre, which has produced the area premieres of several musicals.

Columbia also offers chamber music concerts, children’s programs, community outreach programs, master classes, and pre-concert lectures and discussions through The Candlelight Concert Society (Candlelight), a non-profit organization formed by Columbia residents to provide Chamber Music concerts since 1972.

Shopping

The Mall in Columbia, located in Town Center, is a large regional shopping mall with five anchor department stores (Nordstrom, Lord & Taylor, Sears, Macy's, and JCPenney), a multiplex movie theater, and more than 200 stores and restaurants.

There are several other major shopping centers in east Columbia, including Snowden Square, Columbia Crossing I and II, Dobbin Center, and Gateway Overlook.

Columbia's nine "village centers" provide residents with nearby shopping as well, often including supermarkets, gas stations, liquor stores, dry cleaners, restaurants, and hair salons. The village centers are laid out so that individual stores are not visible from the road, unlike traditional strip malls. The arrangement is criticized because it makes it difficult for newcomers and non-residents to know what shopping is available; it is praised for eliminating much of the garishness of roadside America.

The village centers have evolved over time. The Oakland Mills Village Center had a traditional Village Center layout—stores located off a central corridor—until its demolition in the late 1990s. It has since been replaced with a more traditional strip mall. The Kings Contrivance Village Center underwent major construction in 2007 and 2008 when a new Harris Teeter supermarket was added to the center, but maintained the original character of stores around a central corridor and plaza.

Economy

James Rouse conceived of a city, not a suburban bedroom community, and a large area on the eastern edge was allocated for industrial purposes. The centerpiece of this aspect of the development was a General Electric appliance plant on a 1,125-acre (4.55 km2) site. This plant began operations in 1972 and was closed in 1990, with all but 21 acres (85,000 m2) of the property being sold back to HRD. After toxic waste remediation, one section was redeveloped for big box retail; the remainder became the large Gateway Commerce office complex, still being expanded.[25] There is still a smaller industrial area to the south of this, but by and large East Columbia is dominated by commercial real estate: office, retail, and wholesale. This is somewhat in contrast to the original plan, which saw the Town Center area as the commercial center of Columbia.[citation needed]

The U.S. federal government is the source of many jobs for Columbians. Several large U.S. Department of Defense installations and R&D facilities surround Columbia, the largest being the National Security Agency at Fort George G. Meade, and the Applied Physics Laboratory, both pre-dating the establishment of Columbia. Companies which have had research facilities in the area include W.R. Grace and Company and Westvaco. Further afield, many Columbians commute to government and government contractor jobs in the Baltimore and Washington, D.C. area.[citation needed]

Companies based in Columbia include W.R. Grace and Company,[26][27] Sourcefire, PetMeds, MICROS Systems, Martek Biosciences, Integral Systems, Corporate Office Properties Trust and the consumer research company Arbitron.[citation needed] When MaggieMoo's was an independent company, its headquarters was in the Columbia CDP.[27][28]

Demographics

NOTE: The CDP includes considerable areas which are not part of the planned community.

2010 census

Population by Race in Columbia MD (2010)
Race Population % of Total
Total 99,615 100
Caucasian 55,322 55
African American 25,231 25
Asian 11,390 11
Hispanic 7,884 7
Two or More Races 4,424 4
Other 2,811 2
Three or more races 465 < 1%
American Indian 393 < 1%
[29]

2000 census

As of the censusTemplate:GR of 2000, there were 88,254 people, 34,199 households, and 23,118 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 3,202.0 people per square mile (1,236.4/km²). There were 35,281 housing units at an average density of 1,280.0 per square mile (494.3/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 66.52% White, 21.47% Black or African American, 0.26% Native American, 7.30% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 1.63% from other races, and 2.76% from two or more races. 4.12% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
19708,815—
198052,518495.8%
199075,88344.5%
200088,25416.3%
201099,61512.9%

There were 34,199 households out of which 35.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.4% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.4% were non-families. 25.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.09.

In the CDP the population was spread out with 26.3% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 34.1% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 7.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 93.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.7 males.

According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the CDP was $94,966, and the median income for a family was $107,210. [1] Males had a median income of $60,498 versus $41,501 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $32,833. About 3.4% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.7% of those under age 18 and 11.0% of those age 65 or over.

Education and libraries

Columbia's public schools are operated by the Howard County Public School System. As of the 2007–2008 school year, the following high schools served some part of Columbia:[30]

Most of these schools also serve students from outside Columbia, as is also the case with some middle and elementary schools.

Colleges & Universities

There are no conventional four-year colleges or universities in Columbia, but several other college-level programs have facilities there. Howard Community College is located near the town center, while the University of Phoenix, American Career Institute, Lincoln College of Technology, Loyola University Maryland and Johns Hopkins University have facilities on the east side of town.

In 1966, Howard Community College (HCC) was founded by the Board of Education in Howard County and formally authorized by the Howard County Commissioners Charles E. Miller, J. Hubert Black, and David W. Force. In addition to its original campus in Columbia, it now has satellite campuses in Mount Airy, Laurel, and East Columbia, in the Columbia Gateway Business Park.

Howard County Public Library

Howard County Library is consistently top rated among the nation’s public library systems according to Hennen's American Public Library Ratings (HAPLR).[31] Two of the six branches of the Howard County public library system are in Columbia, including the Central Branch in Town Center and the East Columbia Branch in Owen Brown.

Transportation

Columbia's initial plan called for a minibus system connecting the village centers on a distinct right-of-way. This was never constructed, though minibuses were operated by the Columbia Association under the name ColumBus. These were eventually taken over by Howard County. Six Howard Transit bus routes now serve Columbia and connect it with its neighboring areas (such as Ellicott City and BWI Airport), while several Maryland Transit Administration (MTA) routes provide access to and from both Washington and Baltimore. MTA weekday commuter bus service connects Columbia to the Washington Metro system. There are no rail stations within Columbia, although the Dorsey MARC Train station is served by Howard Transit buses.

Columbia has a number of roadways that serve the city: U.S. Route 29, Interstate 95, MD 32, MD 108, MD 100, and MD 175. All of these highways allow Columbia access to nearby Baltimore, Washington, D.C. and Annapolis.

Infrastructure

Health

Medical care is available in the recently renovated Howard County General Hospital, affiliated with Baltimore's famous Johns Hopkins Hospital. The Columbia Medical Plan was the city's largest health maintenance organization (HMO). In more recent years, however, this plan has divided into separate medical groups that simply share the Twin Knolls buildings. Today, there is a Kaiser Permanente facility located in the Columbia Gateway industrial park. There are also a number of clinics, such as the Righttime Medical Care center and Patient First.

Climate

Columbia has a humid subtropical climate, with cool winters and hot, muggy summers.

Climate data for Columbia, MD
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 42
(6) 		46
(8) 		55
(13) 		66
(19) 		75
(24) 		84
(29) 		88
(31) 		87
(31) 		79
(26) 		68
(20) 		58
(14) 		46
(8) 		66
(19)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 25
(−4) 		27
(−3) 		35
(2) 		44
(7) 		55
(13) 		64
(18) 		69
(21) 		68
(20) 		60
(16) 		48
(9) 		38
(3) 		29
(−2) 		47
(8)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.16
(80) 		3.14
(80) 		4.10
(104) 		3.81
(97) 		4.56
(116) 		4.23
(107) 		4.05
(103) 		3.43
(87) 		4.60
(117) 		3.98
(101) 		4.21
(107) 		3.77
(96) 		47.04
(1,195)
Source: [32]

Sister cities

Columbia is a sister city to the planned cities of Cergy-Pontoise, France and Tres Cantos, Spain. Columbia Association organizes a summer exchange program for French and Spanish students enrolled in Howard County Public Schools. In 2013, CA announced its new sister city relationship with Tema, a port city in Ghana. The official celebration will be marked with a Ghana Fest on November 17, 2013.[citation needed]

Related cities

The Rouse Company now owned by The Howard Hughes Corporation owns and operates multiple HUD Title VII-New Town planned community developments along with Columbia. These include The Woodlands, Texas, Bridgeland Community, Texas and Summerlin, Nevada. [35]

Notable people

References

  1. ^ Anderson, Jessica (January 31, 2012). "Columbia Association to drop 'People Tree' from logo". The Baltimore Sun.
  2. ^ http://nexus.umn.edu/Papers/NextAmerica.pdf
  3. ^ http://www.columbiaarchives.org/?action=content.sub&page=history_community2&oid=1
  4. ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Columbia CDP, Maryland". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
  5. ^ http://www.mdp.state.md.us/msdc/census/cen2000/PL94-171/ByCDP/cdp0090t.pdf
  6. ^ The Baltimore Sun. 29 Feb 1996. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ^ Ann Forsyth. Reforming Suburbia: The Planned Communities of Irvine, Columbia. p. 113.
  8. ^ Edward Gunts (19 February 2012). "Columbia Marks 50 Years since Rouse started buying land for town". The Baltimore Sun.
  9. ^ a b Adam Sachs (16 November 1993). "Developer envisions 22 homes on 10 acres of Dasher Homestead Moxley has ties to Columbia's birth". The Baltimore Sun.
  10. ^ Joseph R. Mitchell, David Stebenne. New City Upon a Hill: A History of Columbia, Maryland. p. 57.
  11. ^ Barbara Kellner. Columbia. p. 10.
  12. ^ The Baltimore Sun. 5 December 1962. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. ^ a b Joseph R. Mitchell, David Stebenne. New City Upon a Hill: A History of Columbia, Maryland. p. 56.
  14. ^ Maryland State Archives Book 440. pp. 80–82.
  15. ^ Columbia Archives (14 June 1992). "Columbia's first 25 years: a chronology". The Baltimore Sun.
  16. ^ Michael J. Clark (19 June 1977). "At youthful age of 10, Columbia is feeling like a grown-up new town". The Baltimore Sun. p. B1.
  17. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.
  18. ^ "Publications: Books". Columbia Archives. Columbia Association.
  19. ^ Money: "Best Places to Live: Columbia"
  20. ^ "Best Places to Live 2008 – from Money Magazine". CNN.
  21. ^ "DOWNTOWN COLUMBIA PLAN: A General Plan Amendment" (PDF). Howard County, Maryland. 1 February 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  22. ^ Lindsey McPherson (24 September 2012). "Group hopes to provide affordable housing in downtown Columbia". Patuxent.
  23. ^ "FAQ Downtown Columbia, MD." Howard County, Maryland. 2012. <http://www.columbiamd.com/plan/faq/> Retrieved 2 October 2012
  24. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Columbia CDP, Maryland". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
  25. ^ "General Electric Company: Former Appliance Park East Facility: Columbia, MD" (PDF). Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
  26. ^ "Grace in Maryland." W.R. Grace and Company. Retrieved on June 29, 2011. "Corporate Headquarters & Grace Davison Headquarters W.R. Grace & Co. 7500 Grace Drive Columbia, MD 2104"
  27. ^ a b "Columbia CDP, Maryland." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on February 26, 2010.
  28. ^ "Home." MaggieMoo's. January 25, 1999. Retrieved on February 26, 2010.
  29. ^ "Columbia Maryland Population Statistics". US Census Bureau. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
  30. ^ "Howard County High School Attendance Area Map" (PDF).
  31. ^ Hennen’s American Public Library Ratings. Hennen’s American Public Library Ratings, Hennen’s American Public Library Ratings (HAPLR), 2010, retrieved October 18, 2010
  32. ^ "Monthly Averages for Columbia, MD (21044)". Weather.com. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
  33. ^ http://www.columbiaassociation.com/content/getinvolved/teens/exchange_programs.cfm?expand=3
  34. ^ http://www.columbiaassociation.com/content/getinvolved/teens/exchange_programs.cfm?expand=3
  35. ^ "Howard Hughes Corporation Properties". Retrieved 2 December 2013.
  36. ^ Bunkley, Nick. "Bob Beaumont, Who Popularized Electric Cars, Dies at 79", The New York Times, October 29, 2011. Accessed October 30, 2011.
  37. ^ "Paid In Full: An Interview With Dan Charnas, Author of "The Big Payback: The History of the Business of Hip-Hop" (Part 1)". Scottscope. Retrieved 2012-09-17.
  38. ^ Brookes May (Oct 25, 2009). "Student strikes YouTube gold". The Eagle. Retrieved May 24, 2012.

Further reading

  • Joseph Rocco Mitchell and David L. Stebenne, New City Upon A Hill: A History of Columbia, Maryland (The History Press, 2007)
  • Missy Burke, Robin Emrich and Barbara Kellner, Oh, you must live in Columbia: The origins of place names in Columbia, Maryland (2008) [9]
  • Barbara Kellner, Columbia – Images of America [10]

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia,_Maryland&oldid=593185287"