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Erfreut euch, ihr Herzen, BWV 66

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Erfreut euch, ihr Herzen
BWV 66
Church cantata by J. S. Bach
Thomaskirche, Leipzig
Relatedbased on BWV 66a
OccasionSecond Day of Easter
Cantata textanonymous
Choralepart of "Christ ist erstanden"
Performed10 April 1724 (1724-04-10): Leipzig
Movements6
Vocal
  • SATB choir
  • solo: alto, tenor and bass
Instrumental
  • trumpet
  • 2 oboes
  • bassoon
  • 2 violins
  • viola
  • continuo

Erfreut euch, ihr Herzen (Rejoice, you hearts),[1] BWV 66,[a] is a church cantata for Easter by Johann Sebastian Bach. He composed it for the Second Day of Easter in Leipzig and first performed it on 10 April 1724. He based it on his congratulatory cantata [[[Der Himmel dacht auf Anhalts Ruhm und Glück, BWV 66a|Der Himmel dacht auf Anhalts Ruhm und Glück, BWV 66a]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), first performed in Köthen on 10 December 1718.

History and words

The cantata is Bach's first composition for Easter in Leipzig. The day before, on Easter Sunday of 1724, he had performed [[[Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4|Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help). He derived the cantata for the Second Day of Easter ("den zweiten Osterfesttag") from his earlier secular work, the Serenata Der Himmel dacht auf Anhalts Ruhm und Glück composed in Köthen. On the Third Day of Easter of 1724 he performed [[[Ein Herz, das seinen Jesum lebend weiß, BWV 134|Ein Herz, das seinen Jesum lebend weiß, BWV 134]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), which he derived in a similar way from [[[Die Zeit, die Tag und Jahre macht, BWV 134a|Die Zeit, die Tag und Jahre macht, BWV 134a]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), a cantata to celebrate the New Year's Day of 1719 in Köthen.

The prescribed readings for the feast day were from the Acts of the Apostles, the sermon of Peter (Acts 10:34–43), and from the Gospel of Luke, the Road to Emmaus (Luke 24:13–35). The unknown poet faced the problem that Bach's congratulatory cantata was written as a dialogue of tenor and alto. He kept the dialogue in three movements, in the middle section of the opening chorus and two duets, assigning the "roles" Hope ("Zuversicht", later "Hoffnung") and Fear ("Schwachheit", later "Furcht") to the voices. The text reflects these different reactions to the news of the Resurrection of Jesus, which might be attributed both, to the two disciples, discussing the events on their walk, and to the listener of the cantata.[2]

Bach performed the cantata again in Leipzig on 26 March 1731 and probably on 11 April 1735.

Scoring and structure

The cantata in six movements is festively scored for alto, tenor, and bass soloists, a four-part choir, trumpet, two oboes, two violins, viola and basso continuo including bassoon.[2]

  1. Chorus (and alto, tenor): Erfreut euch, ihr Herzen
  2. Recitative (bass): Es bricht das Grab und damit unsre Not
  3. Aria (bass): Lasset dem Höchsten ein Danklied erschallen
  4. Duet recitative (alto, tenor): Bei Jesu Leben freudig sein
  5. Aria (alto, tenor): Ich furchte zwar/nicht des Grabes Finsternissen
  6. Chorale: Alleluja

Bach used the final movement of the early work for the opening movement of the Easter cantata, the following four movements remained in the same sequence, the other movements were replaced by a closing chorale.

Music

The exuberant first movement was derived from the final movement of the secular cantata.[3] It opens with a virtuoso orchestral introduction of 24 measures, depicting vital joy.[4] First the alto shouts: "Erfreut, ihr Herzen" (Rejoice, you hearts), the tenor continues "Entweichet, ihr Schmerzen" (fade away, you sorrows),[1] all voices proclaim in homophony: "Es lebet der Heiland und herrschet in euch" (the Savior lives and rules within you). The middle section is given mostly to alto and tenor, who illustrate mourning and fear in a sorrowful "series of poignant descending chromatic passages and suspensions",[4] although the words speak of the chasing away these moods: "Ihr könnet verjagen das Trauren, das Fürchten, das ängstliche Zagen" (You can drive away mourning, fear, anxious despair).[1] The continuo plays repeated "trembling" notes, a "heartbeat" as Bach used later in the tenor recitative of his St Matthew Passion, "O Schmerz! Hier zittert das gequälte Herz" (O pain! Here trembleth the tormented heart). Finally the choir enters, one voice after the other building a chord, gently adding words of consolation: "Der Heiland erquicket sein geistliches Reich" (the Savior revives his spiritual kingdom).[1] The instruments throw in motifs of the introduction, leading to the recapitulation of the first section. The movement has been termed "one of the longest and most exhilarating of Bach’s early works".[4]

After a short recitative the bass continues with a general request to thank God in song, in an aria in dancing motion. The middle section juxtaposes a long note over six measures on "Frieden" (peace) and coloraturas on "leben" (live).

Movement four is begun by the tenor (Hope), who also wants to sing of victory and thanks ("ein Sieg- und Danklied"). He starts it "Mein Auge sieht den Heiland auferweckt" (My eye beholds the Savior reawakened),[1] with a long melisma showing the reawakening. But already after one measure the alto (Fear) imitates the phrase on the words "Kein Auge sieht ..." (No eye beholds ...).[1] After singing together extendedly, the two different viewpoints are rendered in an argument, termed "a linear discourse as in conventional conversation", ended by the alto trying to believe: "Ich glaube, aber hilf mir Schwachen" (I believe, but help my weakness).[1][4]

In the following duet the voices are homophonic for most of the time, but with little rhythmical differences, showing their different attitude to the darkness of the grave (des Grabes Finsternissen): the alto expresses "ich furchte zwar" (I truly fear)[1] on steady long notes, whereas the tenor tells in ornamented figuration "ich furchte nicht" (I do not fear).[1] In the continuation they also deviate only on one word, "klagete" (lamented) in the alto, "hoffete" (hoped) in the tenor. The flowing 12/8 time signature of the duet and a virtuoso solo violin are reminiscent of the original purpose of the music in the congratulatory cantata. It is most fitting for the middle section of the da capo form, when both voices agree: "Nun ist mein Herze voller Trost" (Now my heart is full of comfort).[1]

The cantata is closed by the second part of the hymn Christ ist erstanden, starting with a threefold Alleluja.[2] It was derived in the 12th century from the Easter sequence Victimae paschali laudes, originally codified by Wipo of Burgundy around 1040. The verses underwent a substantial transformation by Martin Luther with the help of Johann Walter and were printed by Joseph Klug, Wittenberg, 1533. This is the only use by Bach of Christ ist erstanden in a vocal work, but he uses the related hymn "Christ lag in Todesbanden" elsewhere (in the cantata of the same name and Der Friede sei mit dir, BWV 158).[5]

Selected recordings

Notes

  1. ^ "BWV" is Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis, a thematic catalogue of Bach's works.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Dellal, Pamela. "BWV 66 – Erfreut euch, ihr Herzen". Emmanuel Music. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  2. ^ a b c Dürr, Alfred (1981). Die Kantaten von Johann Sebastian Bach (in German). Vol. 1 (4 ed.). Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag. pp. 239–242. ISBN 3-423-04080-7.
  3. ^ Quinn, John (2007). "Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) / The Bach Cantata Pilgrimage - Volume 22 / Cantatas for Easter". musicweb-international.com. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  4. ^ a b c d Mincham, Julian (2010). "Chapter 48 BWV 66 Erfreut euch, ihr Herzen". jsbachcantatas.com. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  5. ^ "Chorale Melodies used in Bach's Vocal Works / Christ ist erstanden". Bach Cantatas. 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2011.

Sources

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