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Foreign relations of Lebanon

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Politics of Lebanon

Arab League Member State of the Arab League

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The foreign policy of Lebanon reflects its geographic location, the composition of its population, and its reliance on commerce and trade. Until 2005, Lebanon's foreign policy had been heavily influenced by Syria. The framework for relations was first codified in May 1991, when Lebanon and Syria signed a treaty of mutual cooperation. This treaty came out of the Taif Agreement, which stipulated that "Lebanon is linked to Syria by distinctive ties deriving strength from kinship, history, and common interests." The Lebanese-Syria treaty calls for "coordination and cooperation between the two countries" that would serve the "interests of the two countries within the framework of sovereignty and independence of each." Numerous agreements on political, economic, security, and judicial affairs have followed over the years.

After Syria's military withdrawal in 2005, Lebanon's foreign policy charted a more independent course.

Bilateral relations

Africa

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria 1962
  • Algeria has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Algiers.
 Angola 3 July 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 July 1996[1]
 Cape Verde 20 May 2021 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 May 2021[2]
 Côte d'Ivoire 4 October 1961[3]

Approximately 100,000 people of Lebanese origin reside in Côte d'Ivoire.

21 April 1961 established Embassy of Lebanon in Abidjan

 Democratic Republic of Congo June 1972
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Kinshasa.
  • The Democratic Republic of Congo has an consulate in Beirut.
 Egypt 30 November 1944, severed diplomatic relations 26 April 1979, restored 28 June 1989 30 November 1944 was opened Legation of Lebanon in Cairo
  • Egypt has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-general in Alexandria.
 Equatorial Guinea 21 November 2008 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 November 2008[4]
 Eritrea 3 September 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 September 1993[5]
 Ethiopia 31 July 1949 31 July 1949 was accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Ethiopia to Lebanon Mr. Fitaorari Tafesse Habte Mikael[6]
  • Ethiopia has a consulate-general in Beirut.
 Ghana 30 March 1959 19 September 1958 established Legation of Lebanon in Accra, who raised to level Embassy on 21 April 1961
  • Ghana is accredited to Lebanon from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Accra.
 Guinea 3 June 1960 3 June 1960 appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Lebanon to Guinea with residence in Monrovia
  • Guinea is accredited to Lebanon from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Conakry.
 Liberia 1 January 1951 Both countries established diplomatic relations when Liberian and Lebanese Governments to raise their Consulates General to the status of Legations, and a proclamation was issued announcing that the change would take effect from 1 January 1951.[7] In 1957 both countries raise their Legations to status of Embassies[8]
 Morocco 14 February 1957
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Rabat.
  • Morocco has an embassy in Beirut.
 Mozambique 20 April 1998 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 April 1998[9]
 Niger 11 March 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 March 1962, when first Lebanese Ambassdor to Niger Jean Hadji Thomas presented his credentials to President Hamani Diori[10]
 Nigeria 8 January 1961 8 January 1961 Lebanese Consulate in Lagos was raised to level Embassy.[11] Nigeria opened its Embassy in Beirut in 1982
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Abuja.
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Beirut.
 Senegal 22 April 1961

Approximately 30,000 people of Lebanese origin reside in Senegal.

22 April 1961 Lebanese Consulate General in Dakar was raised to level Embassy[12]

 Sierra Leone 27 April 1961

Approximately 30,000 people of Lebanese origin reside in Sierra Leone.

27 April 1961 Lebanese Consulate General in Freetown was raised to status Embassy[13]

 South Africa 18 november 1995
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa is accredited to Lebanon from its embassy in Damascus, Syria.
 Sudan 5 March 1957
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Khartoum.
  • Sudan has an embassy in Beirut.
 Tunisia 1957
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Beirut.

Americas

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina 22 November 1945[14] See Argentina–Lebanon relations
 Belize 29 June 2001 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 June 2001[17]
 Brazil November 1945 See Brazil–Lebanon relations
 Canada 26 August 1954[20] See Canada–Lebanon relations

Canada established diplomatic relations with Lebanon in 1954, when Canada deployed "Envoy Extraordinaire" to Beirut. In 1958, Canada sent its first Ambassador. The Embassy was closed in 1985 and reopened in January 1995. Lebanon opened a consulate in Canada in 1946. A Consulate-General replaced the Consulate in 1949, and an embassy was opened in Ottawa in 1958.

 Chile 28 June 1945[23] See Chile–Lebanon relations
 Colombia 1948
 Costa Rica 29 July 1952 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 July 1952, but was broke off in May 1984, re-established on 24 August 2007[24]
 Cuba 1 August 1946
  • Cuba has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Havana.
 El Salvador 29 July 1952 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 July 1952, but broke off diplomatic relations 10 May 1984, re-established 25 September 2007[25]
  • El Salvador is accredited to Lebanon from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City.
  • Lebanon is accredited to El Salvador from its embassy in Mexico City.
 Guyana 2 March 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 March 1995[26]
 Jamaica 7 May 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 1963[27]
 Mexico 12 June 1945[28] See Lebanon–Mexico relations
  • Mexico was among the first nations to recognize Lebanon's independence in 1943.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Mexico City.[29]
  • Mexico has an embassy in Beirut.[30]
  • The Centro Libanés and "Club Deportivo Libanés" in Mexico City are important symbols representing the historically cultural and social ties between both countries.
  • See also Lebanese Mexicans.
 Panama 30 April 1946 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1946[31]
  • Panama has a consulate-general in Beirut.
 Paraguay 12 May 1950
 Suriname 26 April 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 April 1995[32]
 United States 16 November 1944[33] See Lebanon–United States relations

The United States' interaction with Lebanon extends back to events such as the 1958 Lebanon crisis, which it sent in troops to fortify the government's position. Lebanon's southern neighbor, Israel, has also sent troops on several occasions, and attacked into Lebanon in response to Hezbollah kidnapping two Israeli soldiers. A possible source of friction between the U.S. and Lebanon is that most of Israel's weaponry is US-made, arguing possible US complicity in Israel's attacks.

  • Lebanon has an embassy in Washington, D.C. and consulates-general in Detroit, Los Angeles and New York City.[34]
  • United States has an embassy in Beirut.[35]
  • See also Lebanese Americans
 Uruguay October 25, 1945 See Lebanon–Uruguay relations
  • Uruguay recognized Lebanon's independence on November 22, 1943.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Montevideo.
  • Uruguay has an embassy in Beirut.[36]
  • See also Lebanese Uruguayans
 Venezuela 10 July 1946[37]

Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Armenia 4 March 1992[38] See Armenia–Lebanon relations

The Embassy of Armenia to Lebanon was opened in June 1994. The Embassy of Lebanon was opened in Yerevan in September 1997.

Lebanon is host to the eighth largest Armenian population in the world. During the 2006 Lebanon War, Armenia announced that it would send humanitarian aid to Lebanon. According to the Armenian government, an unspecified amount of medicines, tents and fire-fighting equipment was allocated to Lebanese authorities on July 27, 2006.[39][40] On May 11, 2000, the Lebanese parliament voted to recognize the Armenian genocide.[41] Lebanon is the first Arab country and one of the few countries of the world to have done so.

  • Armenia has embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Yerevan.
 Azerbaijan 18 September 1992[42] See Azerbaijan–Lebanon relations
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Beirut.
 Bahrain 29 May 1972[43]
  • Bahrain has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Manama.
 Bangladesh 28 March 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 March 1973[44]
 China 1 November 1954 China and Lebanon established diplomatic relations on November 1, 1954 and the embassy in Taipei opened in 1957. Lebanon shifted recognition from the Taipei-based Republic to the People's Republic on 9 November 1971.[45]
  • China has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Beijing.

In June 2020, Lebanon was one of 53 countries that backed the Hong Kong national security law at the United Nations.[46]

China opened the first Confucius Institute in the Middle East in Lebanon in 2006.[47]

 Georgia 1 April 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1993[48]
 India 15 September 1948[49] See India-Lebanon relations
  • India has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in New Delhi.
 Indonesia 1950 See Indonesia–Lebanon relations
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Jakarta.
 Iran 1944 See Iran–Lebanon relations
  • Iran has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Tehran.
 Iraq 24 February 1944 See Iraq–Lebanon relations 24 February 1944 first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Iraq to Lebanon Mr. Tahsin Kadri presented his credentials as first foreign diplomatic representatives, who presented his letters of credentials to President Lebanon Mr.Bechara Khoury.

Lebanon and Iraq share the same language and mutual support for each other in conflicts, Lebanon's relations with Iraq have at most times been cold. Issues include the Lebanese Government's strong material and political assistance of Hezbollah and ongoing clashes in Iraq between the Sunnis and Shias.

  • Iraq has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Baghdad.
 Israel See Israel–Lebanon relations
 Japan November 1954[50] In 1954 Legation of Japan opened in Lebanon, in 1957 Legation of Lebanon opened in Tokyo. In 1959 both Legations was upgrades to Embassies
  • Japan has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Tokyo.
 Jordan September 1946 See Jordan–Lebanon relations
  • Jordan has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Amman.
 Kazakhstan 20 April 1993[51]
 Kuwait 27 September 1961[52]
 Kyrgyzstan 29 June 2017 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 June 2017[53]
 Laos 15 July 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 July 1963[54]
 Malaysia 1965[55] See Lebanon–Malaysia relations
 Maldives 25 February 1988 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1988[58]
 Mongolia 5 February 1998 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 February 1998[59]
   Nepal 18 August 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 August 1963[60]
 Oman 27 May 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 May 1972[61]
 Pakistan September 1948 See Lebanon–Pakistan relations
  • Pakistan does not recognize Israel, which has hostile relations with Lebanon, as a legitimate country.[62]
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Islamabad.
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Beirut.
 Palestine 27 November 2008
  • Palestine has an embassy in Beirut.
 Qatar 11 April 1972[63]
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Doha.
  • Qatar has an embassy in Beirut.
 Saudi Arabia 9 April 1944[64] See Lebanon–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Beirut.
 South Korea 12 February 1981[65]
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Seoul.
  • South Korea has an embassy in Beirut.
 Syria 15 October 2008[66] See Lebanon–Syria relations 15 October 2008 opened Embassies in both countries

The relationship between these two neighboring countries in Western Asia is complex: Syria has had troops stationed in Lebanon and has exerted political influence in the nation for many years.[67] However, Syria has only officially recognised Lebanon's sovereignty recently.[68]

 Tajikistan 21 June 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 June 1996[69]
 Thailand 3 February 1958 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1958[70]
 Turkey 8 March 1946 See Lebanon–Turkey relations
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Beirut.
 Turkmenistan 6 May 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 May 1993[71]
 United Arab Emirates 8 January 1972[72] See Lebanon–United Arab Emirates relations
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai.
  • United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Beirut.
 Uzbekistan 22 October 1998 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 October 1998[73]
 Vietnam 12 February 1981 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 February 1981[74]

Europe

Lebanon concluded negotiations on an association agreement with the European Union in late 2001, and both sides initialed the accord in January 2002, the accord becoming known as the EU-Lebanon Association Agreement. The EU-Lebanon Action Plan from January 19, 2007, gave a new impetus to bilateral relations in the framework of the European Neighborhood Policy.

Lebanon is one of the main Mediterranean beneficiaries of community assistance and the EU through its various instruments is Lebanon's leading donor. Starting from 2007 financial support is channeled through the European Neighborhood Policy Instrument. A Lebanon Country Strategy Paper 2007–2013 and a National Indicative Program 2007–2010 have been adopted by the EU. The assistance provided was refocused after the Second Lebanon War to engage in real help for the government and the society in reconstruction and reform of the country.[75]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Andorra 24 March 1999 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 March 1999[76]
 Belarus 21 March 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 March 1996[77]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 22 June 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 June 1995[78]
 Bulgaria 19 September 1966[79]
 Croatia 5 December 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 December 1994[81]
 Denmark 1953
  • Denmark has an embassy in Beirut.[82]
  • Lebanon is accredited to Denmark from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.[83]
 Estonia 3 September 2001 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 September 2001[84]
 Finland 21 June 1954 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 June 1954[85]
 France 21 November 1944 See France–Lebanon relations

In 2007, French President Nicolas Sarkozy ordered ties with Syria to be suspended until proof Damascus was not interfering in the Lebanese political crisis was established.[86] A week after Sarkozy's statement in Cairo, Syrian Foreign Minister Walid al Muallem announced Syria was ceasing their ties with France.[87] "Syria has decided to cease cooperation with France on the Lebanese crisis" said Mouallem. In July 2008, France and Syria decided to open embassies in each other's countries.[88] In April 2009, French and Lebanese officials approved the framework of a security agreement that besides improving bilateral relations include drugs and arms trafficking, illegal immigration and cyber-crime.[89]

  • France has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon as an embassy in Paris and a consulate-general in Marseille.
 Germany 20 May 1953[90]
  • Germany has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Berlin.
 Greece 17 June 1947 See Greece–Lebanon relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 June 1947, when first Minister of Greece to Lebanon with residence in Cairo M. Georges Triantaphyllidis presented his credentials[91]

The relation between both people dates back to early antiquity, with the early trading activities between the ancient Greeks and the Phoenicians. In modern times, Greek-Lebanese bilateral relations are very good at all levels. Greece has an embassy in Beirut and Lebanon has an embassy in Athens. Both countries are members of the Union for the Mediterranean and the Francophonie.

  • Greece has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Athens.
 Holy See 17 March 1947 See Holy See–Lebanon relations

The Holy See has played a major role in the peace negotiations of Lebanon. It has sought to unify Christian factions that were separated after the Lebanese civil war. At the same time, it sought to reduce Christian-Muslim tensions and to preserve Christian communities that have been declining in many parts of Lebanon and elsewhere in the Middle East.

  • Holy See has a nunciature in Harissa.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Rome accredited to the Holy See.
 Hungary 30 November 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1965[92] Hungary opened its Embassy in Beirut in 1970 amd Lebanon opened Embassy in Budapest in 1994[93]
 Iceland 28 March 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 March 1973[94]
 Ireland 1 January 1974
  • Ireland is accredited to Lebanon from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
  • Lebanon is accredited to Ireland from its embassy in London, UK.
 Italy 20 November 1946 See Italy–Lebanon relations

Lebanon opened a legation in 1946, which was transformed into an embassy in 1955.[citation needed] Both countries signed a Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Navigation in 1949.[citation needed] Rome supported the reconstruction of Lebanon after the Taef Agreement.[citation needed] Also, Italian companies, from almost all sectors, operate in Lebanon.[citation needed]

  • Italy has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Rome.
 Latvia 16 January 1998 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 January 1998[95]
 Lithuania 18 March 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 March 1993[96]
 Moldova 8 June 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 June 1994[97]
 Montenegro 4 December 2008 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 December 2008[98]
 Netherlands 4 November 1949
  • Lebanon has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Beirut.
 Norway 10 August 1948 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 August 1948[99]
 Poland 20 October 1956 1 August 1944 Lebanon established diplomatic relations with Polish Government in exile in London. On October 20, 1956, the government of Lebanon accepted the initiative of the government of the Polish People's Republic regarding the establishment of diplomatic relations at the level of the deputies, which meant simultaneous withdrawal of the recognition of the Polish government in exile.[100]
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Beirut.
 Romania 6 January 1965[101] See Lebanon–Romania relations
 Russia 3 August 1944[103] See Lebanon–Russia relations
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Beirut.
 Serbia 18 May 1946 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 May 1946[104]
 Spain 5 March 1948[105] See Lebanon–Spain relations
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Beirut.
 Sweden 24 June 1947 24 June 1947 accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Sweden to Lebanon with residence in Baghdad Mr. Widar Bagge[106]
  • Lebanon has an Embassy in Stockholm
  • Sweden has an Embassy in Beirut
 Ukraine 14 December 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 December 1992. Embassy of Ukraine in Beirut was opened in August 1995[107]
 United Kingdom 27 March 1942 Both countries established full diplomatic relations on 27 March 1942, when General Sir Edward Spears of the United Kingdom presented letters of credence to President Naccache of Lebanon[108]
  • Lebanon has an embassy in London.
  • United Kingdom has an embassy in Beirut.

Oceania

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia 5 February 1967[109] 20 February 1967 opened Australian Embassy in Beirut. It was closed in 1984 because of the security situation in Beirut. The Embassy was formally re-opened on 18 July 1995[110]
  • 74,000 Lebanese-born people live in Australia, mainly in Sydney, and there are more people of Lebanese descent including Marie Bashir, Steve Bracks and Hazem El Masri.
  • Australia has a modest trade relationship with Lebanon and has also given foreign aid in the aftermath of the Lebanese civil war of 1975–1990.
  • Australia has an embassy in Beirut.
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Canberra and consulates-general in Melbourne and Sydney.
 Fiji 10 October 2010 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 October 2010[111]
 Marshall Islands 26 September 2019 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 2019[112]
 New Zealand 25 November 1980 25 November 1980 first Lebanese Ambassador to New Zealand with residence in Canberra Mr. Raymond Heneine presented his letters of credentials to Governor General of New Zealand[113]
  • Lebanon is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Lebanon from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
 Vanuatu 25 September 2019 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 September 2019[114]

See also

References and footnotes

  • Eisenberg, Laura Zittrain; Caplan, Neil (1998). Negotiating Arab-Israeli Peace: Patterns, Problems, Possibilities. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21159-X.
  • Schiff, Ze'ev; Ya'ari, Ehud (1984). Israel's Lebanon War. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-47991-1.
  • Shlaim, Avi (2001). The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-32112-6.
  1. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Lebanon and Angola as of 3 July 1996 (United Nations Digital Library)".
  2. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Cabo Verde and Lebanon as of 20 May 2021 (United Nations Digital Library)".
  3. ^ Middle East Record Volume 2, 1961, Volume 2. The Moshe Dayan Center, 1961. p. 414.
  4. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Equatorial Guinea and Lebanon as of 21 Nov. 2008 (United Nations Digital Library)".
  5. ^ Eritrea Update, October 1993 - 6. Provisional Government of Eritrea (EPLF), Mission to the USA and Canada.
  6. ^ British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Arabia, The Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Jordan and General, 1952. LexisNexis, 2006. p. 311.
  7. ^ British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Ethiopia, Egypt, Morocco, Libya, and Africa (general), 1951. LexisNexis, 2005. p. 87.
  8. ^ Volume 18 of Foreign relations of the United States, 1955-1957. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989. p. 412.
  9. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Mozambique and Lebanon as of 20 Apr. 1998 (United Nations Digital Library)".
  10. ^ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts, Issues 50-51. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1962. p. 7.
  11. ^ Middle East Record Volume 2, 1961, Volume 2. The Moshe Dayan Center, 1961. p. 415.
  12. ^ Middle East Record Volume 2, 1961, Volume 2. The Moshe Dayan Center, 1961. p. 416.
  13. ^ Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960, Volume 1. The Moshe Dayan Center, 1960. p. 371.
  14. ^ "Biblioteca Digital de Tratados Argentina".
  15. ^ Embassy of Argentina in Lebanon
  16. ^ Embassy of Lebanon in Argentina
  17. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Belize and Lebanon as of 29 June 2001 (United Nations Digital Library)".
  18. ^ Embassy of Brazil in Lebanon
  19. ^ Embassy of Lebanon in Brazil
  20. ^ "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019".
  21. ^ "Embassy of Canada in Lebanon". Archived from the original on November 19, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
  22. ^ Embassy of Lebanon in Canada
  23. ^ Memoria. Chile. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 1945. p. 228.
  24. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Lebanon and Costa Rica as of 24 Aug. 2007 (United Nations Digital Library)".
  25. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Lebanon and El Salvador as of 25 Sept. 2007 (United Nations Digital Library)".
  26. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Lebanon and Guyana as of 2 Mar. 1995 (United Nations Digital Library)".
  27. ^ "Countries with which Jamaica has Established Diplomatic Relations (MFA Jamaica)". Archived from the original on March 8, 2016.
  28. ^ "Mexico Strengthens Ties with Lebanon (Gobierno de Mexico)".
  29. ^ Embassy of Lebanon in Mexico City (in Arabic and Spanish)
  30. ^ Embassy of Mexico in Beirut (in Spanish)
  31. ^ "Manual de Protocolo. Page 227" (PDF).
  32. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Lebanon and Suriname as of 26 Apr. 1995 (United Nations Digital Library)".
  33. ^ "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Lebanon".
  34. ^ "Embassy of Lebanon in the United States". Archived from the original on May 17, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
  35. ^ Embassy of the United States in Lebanon
  36. ^ Embassy of Uruguay in Lebanon
  37. ^ "Embajada de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela en Líbano".
  38. ^ "Bilateral Relations (MFA Armenia)".
  39. ^ Armenia To Provide Relief To Lebanon, Armenialiberty.org
  40. ^ Armenia Sent Humanitarian Assistance To Lebanon, PanArmenian.Net
  41. ^ International Affirmation of the Armenian Genocide, Armenia Foreign Ministry
  42. ^ "Azərbaycan Respublikası və Livan Respublikası arasında ikitərəfli münasibətlər (MFA Azerbaijan) (in Azerbaijani)".
  43. ^ "العلاقات الثنائية (MFA Bahrain) (in Arabic)".
  44. ^ ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited, 1973. p. 132.
  45. ^ "50th Anniversary of the Establishment of China-Lebanon Diplomatic Relations (MFA People's Republic of China)".
  46. ^ Lawler, Dave (July 2, 2020). "The 53 countries supporting China's crackdown on Hong Kong". Axios. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  47. ^ Yellinek, Roie; Mann, Yossi; Lebel, Udi (November 1, 2020). "Chinese Soft-Power in the Arab world – China's Confucius Institutes as a central tool of influence". Comparative Strategy. 39 (6): 517–534. doi:10.1080/01495933.2020.1826843. ISSN 0149-5933.
  48. ^ "Bilateral Relations between Georgia and the Lebanese Republic (MFA of Georgia)".
  49. ^ India News, Volume 9, Issues 16-29. ndia. High Commissioner in the United Kingdom. Public Relations Department. 1948. p. 18.
  50. ^ "Japan-Lebanon Relations (Basic Data) (MFA of Japan)".
  51. ^ "Lebanon, Kazakhstan Enjoy Strong Mutual Bonds, Ambassador Says (The Astana Times)".
  52. ^ Middle East Record Volume 2, 1961, Volume 2. The Moshe Dayan Center, 1961. p. 139.
  53. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Kyrgyzstan and Lebanon as of 29 June 2017 (United Nations Digital Library)".
  54. ^ "LIST OF STATES WHICH THE LAO PDR HAS ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS SINCE 1950" (PDF).
  55. ^ "History (Embassy of Malaysia,Beirut)".
  56. ^ "Lebanese Embassies, Missions, Consulates, Honorary Consulates abroad" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants of the Republic of Lebanon. p. 13. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
  57. ^ "Official Website of Embassy of Malaysia, Beirut". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
  58. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Maldives and Lebanon as of 25 Feb. 1988 (United Nations Digital Library)".
  59. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia".
  60. ^ "Bilateral Relations (MFA of Nepal)".
  61. ^ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts, Issues 101-110. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1972.
  62. ^ Messages to Lebanon Pakistan MOFA
  63. ^ News Review on West Asia. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1972. p. 15.
  64. ^ Sélim Takla 1895-1945. Une contribution à l'indépendance du Liban. KARTHALA Editions, 2004. p. 376.
  65. ^ "Overview (MFA Republic of Korea)".
  66. ^ "The countries formally opened diplomatic ties for the first time since their independence more than 60 years ago. (France 24)".
  67. ^ "BBC NEWS – Middle East – Q&: Syria and Lebanon". Retrieved February 21, 2015.
  68. ^ Ten steps to Syria-Lebanon ties BBC News
  69. ^ "LIST OF STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS" (PDF).
  70. ^ "สาธารณรัฐเลบานอน The Republic of Lebanon (MFA Thailand) (in Thai)".
  71. ^ "STATES WITH WHICH TURKMENISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS (MFA of Turkmenistan)".
  72. ^ News Review on West Asia. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1972. p. 13.
  73. ^ "STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS (MFA Uzbekistan)".
  74. ^ "Vietnam Government Portal".
  75. ^ Republic of Lebanon Archived December 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. European Commission: External Relations
  76. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Andorra and Lebanon as of 24 Mar. 1999 (United Nations Digital Library)".
  77. ^ "Political relations (Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in the Syrian Arab Republic)".
  78. ^ "Lista zemalja koje su priznale Bosnu i Hercegovinu i datumi uspostavljanja diplomatskih odnosa (MFA Bosnia and Herzegovina)".
  79. ^ a b "History of the Embassy of Lebanon, Sofia".
  80. ^ Bulgarian embassy in Beirut
  81. ^ "Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations (MFA Croatia)".
  82. ^ Libanon Danske kontaktoplysninger
  83. ^ "Lebanon Embassy in Stockholm". Retrieved February 21, 2015.
  84. ^ "Republic of Estonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs".
  85. ^ "Finland and Lebanon (Embassy of Finland, Beirut)".
  86. ^ "France to cut Syria ties over Lebanon presidential crisis". Haaretz. December 30, 2007. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
  87. ^ "France and Syria divorce over Lebanon crises". Ya Libnan. LB. January 2, 2008. Archived from the original on March 8, 2008. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
  88. ^ "International News". ABC news. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
  89. ^ "Naharnet — Lebanon's leading news destination". Naharnet. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
  90. ^ "Libanon: Steckbrief (MFA of Germany) (in German)".
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  114. ^ "Vanuatu has entered into diplomatic relations with Lebanon".

External links

Representations of foreign nations in Lebanon

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