Hakkâri (city)
Hakkâri
ܐܲܟܵܪܹ̈ܐ Akkārē | |
|---|---|
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Hakkâri |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Dilek Hatipoğlu (BDP) |
| Area | |
| • District | 2,237.19 km2 (863.78 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,720 m (5,640 ft) |
| Population | |
| • Urban | Template:Turkey district populations |
| • District | Template:Turkey district populations |
Hakkâri (Template:Lang-syr Hakkārī, Template:Lang-ku), is a city and the capital of the Hakkâri Province of Turkey. It is located a few kilometres away from the Turkish - Iraqi border.The name Hakkâri is derived from the Syriac word ܐܲܟܵܪܹ̈ܐ (Akkārē) meaning farmers or cultivators. Akkārē itself is derived from Akkadian ikkaru[2] The population of the city at the 2010 census was 57,844.[1]
History
Hubushkia
Hubushkia was an Iron Age kingdom located between the Urartian and Assyrian sphere of influence. The exact location of Hubushkia is unknown, but scholars suggests that the kingdom of Hubushkia was centred on the headwaters of the Great Zap River, in what is now Hakkâri Province in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey.[3] In its long history, the region has come under the rule of the Kardukh, Gutian, Kassite, Hurrian, Mitanni, Urartian, Nayiri, Median and Persian civilizations.[4]
Hakkari kurgan stelae
Thirteen stelae, never before seen in Anatolia or the Near East, were found in 1998 in their original location at the centre of Hakkari, a city in the southeastern corner of Turkey. The stelae were carved on upright flagstone-like slabs measuring between 0.7 m to 3.10 m in height. The stones contain only one cut surface, upon which human figures are chiseled. The theme of each stele reveals the foreview of an upper human body. The legs are not represented. Eleven of the stelae depict naked warriors with daggers, spears, and axes—masculine symbols of war. They always hold a drinking vessel made of skin in both hands. Two stelae contain female figures without arms. The stelae may have been carved by different craftsmen using different techniques. Stylistic differences shift from bas relief to a more systematic linearity. The earliest stelae are in the style of bas relief while the latest ones are in a linear style. They were made during a period from the fifteenth century BC to the eleventh century BC in Hakkari. Stelae with this type of relief are not common in the ancient Near East however there are many close parallels between these and those produced by a variety of peoples from the Eurasian steppes between the third millennium BC and the eleventh century AD.[5]
Genocide
About 20,000 to 30,000 Assyrians in the area were killed by the Kurds and Turks,[6] during the Assyrian Genocide.[7] The majority of the Assyrian affected by the massacres were adherents of the Assyrian Church of the East (often dubbed Nestorian), who have originally inhabited the mountainous Hakkari and Barwari regions covering parts of the modern provinces of the Hakkâri, Şırnak and Van in Turkey and Dohuk in Iraq, with a population ranging between 75,000 and 150,000.[8][9] Most of these Assyrians were massacred during the Genocide of 1915. The rest endured two winter marches to Urmia in 1915 and to Hamadan in 1918. Many of them were relocated to refugee camps by the British in Baquba and later to Habbaniyah, and in 1921 some were enlisted in the pro-British Assyrian Levies which helped quell Kurdish revolts in the British Mandate of Mesopotamia.[10] [dead link] Most Hakkari Assyrians were resettled after 1925 in a cluster of villages in northern Iraq.[11] [dead link] Some of the villages where the Assyrians settled were leased directly by the government, while others belonged to Kurdish landlords who had the right to evict them at any time.[12] [dead link]
Climate
Hâkkari has a hot dry-summer continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dsa) with a very dry and hot summer. The winters are cold and snowy with an average of −5 °C (23 °F). The lowest recorded temperature was −22.7 °C (−8.86 °F) on 7 February 1997. The summer are hot and dry with an average of 25 °C (76 °F). The highest recorded temperature was 37 °C (98.6 °F) on 2 August 1991.
| Climate data for Hâkkari (1960-2012) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.5 (31.1) |
0.9 (33.6) |
6.3 (43.3) |
12.6 (54.7) |
19.2 (66.6) |
25.7 (78.3) |
30.7 (87.3) |
30.8 (87.4) |
26.4 (79.5) |
18.5 (65.3) |
9.7 (49.5) |
2.5 (36.5) |
15.2 (59.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.7 (23.5) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
1.9 (35.4) |
8.0 (46.4) |
14.2 (57.6) |
20.3 (68.5) |
25.0 (77.0) |
24.7 (76.5) |
20.1 (68.2) |
13.0 (55.4) |
5.1 (41.2) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
10.2 (50.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −8.2 (17.2) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
3.7 (38.7) |
9.0 (48.2) |
13.9 (57.0) |
18.1 (64.6) |
17.9 (64.2) |
13.8 (56.8) |
7.7 (45.9) |
0.9 (33.6) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
5.2 (41.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 87.4 (3.44) |
104.6 (4.12) |
117.5 (4.63) |
125.7 (4.95) |
61.9 (2.44) |
14.3 (0.56) |
4.1 (0.16) |
2.5 (0.10) |
6.7 (0.26) |
57.4 (2.26) |
85.5 (3.37) |
91.6 (3.61) |
759.2 (29.9) |
| Average precipitation days | 11.1 | 10.7 | 12.9 | 13.5 | 11.7 | 4.1 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 8.3 | 8.6 | 9.8 | 94.9 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 130.2 | 145.6 | 189.1 | 201 | 282.1 | 360 | 381.3 | 359.6 | 306 | 229.4 | 162 | 124 | 2,870.3 |
| Source: Weatherbase[13] | |||||||||||||
See also
- 1930 Hakkari earthquake
- 2010 Hakkâri bus attack
- 2011 Hakkâri attack
- Assyrian settlements
- Emirate of Hakkâri
- Jilu
- List of Assyrian tribes
- Massacres of Badr Khan
- Tyari
References
- ^ a b "Area of regions (including lakes), km²". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.
- ^ [1]. (2016-10-20). Retrieved on 2016-10-20.
- ^ Veli Sevin, Mystery Stelae, Archaeology, Volume 53 Number 4, (July/August 2000).
- ^ http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=3000-years-later-kings-of-hakkari-see-the-light-of-day-1998-10-13
- ^ Mystery Stelae. Archaeology.org. Retrieved on 2011-02-11.
- ^ The Christian minorities in Turkey, 2006, p. 98.
- ^ Ishaya, Arian. "Ph.D". JAAS.
- ^ Joseph 2000, p. 60
- ^ Gaunt & Bet-Sawoce 2006, pp. 125–126
- ^ Stafford 2006, pp. 62–63
- ^ Stafford 2006, pp. 42–43
- ^ Stafford 2006, pp. 53–54
- ^ "Weatherbase: Hakkari, Turkey". Weatherbase. Retrieved 2011-09-09.
External links
Hakkâri (city) in Hakkâri Province of Turkey | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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