Jump to content

Mars One

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Patrick (talk | contribs) at 13:03, 12 January 2014 (→Crowd funding). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This article is about the one-way manned trip to Mars planned for 2025. For the first Soviet spacecraft for Mars, see Mars 1. For other uses, see Mars 1 (disambiguation).
Mars One
Program overview
CountryNetherlands
OrganizationMars One and Interplanetary Media Group
StatusActive
Program history
Duration2010 – Present
First flightJanuary 2018 (planned)
First crewed flightApril 2024 (planned)
Vehicle information
Vehicle typeCapsule
Crewed vehicle(s)Mars One Dragon (planned)
Crew capacityFour
Launch vehicle(s)Falcon Heavy (planned)

Mars One is a non-profit organization that plans to establish a permanent human colony on Mars by 2025. The private spaceflight project is led by Dutch entrepreneur Bas Lansdorp, who announced plans for the Mars One mission in May 2012.[1]

In 2024, Mars One intends on launching four carefully selected applicants in a Mars-bound spaceflight to become the first residents on Mars, and that every step of the crew’s journey will be documented for a reality television program that will broadcast non stop.

History

The Mars One website states that the team behind Mars One began planning of Mars One in 2011. The company states that they researched the feasibility of the idea with specialists and expert organizations, and discussed the financial, psychological and ethical aspects of it.[2]

Initial mission plans

Mars One initially publically announced plans for a one-way trip to Mars in May 2012, with a notional plan for an initial robotic precursor mission in 2016, and transporting the first human colonists to Mars in 2023.

The initial mission plan included:[3]

  • 2013: The first 40 astronauts were to have been selected;[4] a replica of the settlement was planned to be built for training purposes.[5]
  • 2014: The first communication satellite was to have been produced.
  • 2016: A supply mission would launch with 2500 kilograms of food in a modified SpaceX Dragon.
  • 2018: An exploration vehicle would launch to pick the location of the settlement.[5]
  • 2021: Six additional Dragon capsules and another rover would launch with two living units, two life support units and two supply units.
  • 2022: A SpaceX Falcon Heavy would launch with the first group of four colonists.[5]
  • 2023: The first colonists were to arrive on Mars in a modified Dragon capsule.
  • 2025: A second group of four colonists slated to arrive.[5]
  • 2033: The colony projected to reach 20 settlers.[6]

Recent history

In 2013, Mars One selected a first-round pool of astronaut candidates of 1058 people—"586 men and 472 women from 107 countries"—from a larger number of some 200,000 who showed interest on the Mars One website.[7]

In December 2013, Mars One announced plans for a robotic precursor mission in 2018, two years later than had been conceptually planned in the 2012 announcements. The robotic lander is to be "built by Lockheed Martin based on the design used for NASA’s Phoenix and InSight missions, as well as a communications orbiter built by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd."[7] Contracts released in late 2013 were merely study contracts, and plans have not been disclosed to raise the US$200 million or more needed to support the robotic mission.[7]

Current mission plans

The organization has mapped out the next several years in order to highlight major plans and goals for the mission:[citation needed]

  • January 2018 will mark the start of the Mars One colonization effort when a supply mission, carrying 2,500 kilograms (5,500 lb) in spare parts, solar panels, and other necessary supplies, will be launched and scheduled to land in 2018.[8]
  • In 2020, a settlement rover will explore the terrain of Mars in search of the ideal location for humans to reside.
  • In 2022, the rovers will prepare to assemble the landing of six separate units to sustain human life. Two living units, two life support units, another supply unit, and a third rover will all arrive in this year.
  • By 2024, the first Mars One team, consisting of four applicants, will be launched and will become the first expected residents of the Red Planet in 2025.
  • By 2026, a new four-person Mars One crew will be sent for residency.

The organization’s goal is to send four-person spaceflights to the Red Planet every two years after the successful landing of the initial crew. [8]

Mars One plans to establish the first human settlement on Mars. According to their schedule, the first crew of four astronauts would arrive on Mars in 2025, after a seven-month journey from Earth. Further teams would join their settlement every two years, with the intention that by 2033 there would be over twenty people living and working on Mars. The astronaut selection process began on April 22, 2013.[9]

As of April 2013,[inconsistent] the mission plan is as follows:[10]

The astronaut selection process was expected[by whom?][when?] to be completed in July 2015; six teams of four.[9]

The original concept plans called for a supply mission to be launched in January 2016 (arriving in October) with 2,500 kilograms (5,500 lb) of food in a 5-meter (16 ft) diameter variant of the SpaceX Dragon.[5] The fallback if this is not ready in time is either to use a 3.8-meter (12 ft) Dragon or to delay by two years.[11][needs update]

In December 2013, mission concept studies for a 2018 Mars mission were contracted with Lockheed Martin and Surrey Satellite Technology for a 2018 demonstration mission to provide proof of concept for a subset of the key technologies for a later permanent human settlement on Mars.[12]

The Mars One project has no connection with Inspiration Mars, a similarly-timed project to send a married couple on a Mars flyby and return them to Earth over a period of 500 days.[13]

Astronauts selection and training

The application period

Country-wise distribution of the 202,586 applicants in Round 1 (correct to the nearest percent)[14]

   United States (24%)
   India (10%)
   China (6%)
   Brazil (5%)
   United Kingdom (4%)
   Canada (4%)
   Russia (4%)
   Mexico (4%)
   Philippines (2%)
   Spain (2%)
   Colombia (2%)
   Argentina (2%)
   Australia (1%)
   France (1%)
   Turkey (1%)
   Chile (1%)
   Ukraine (1%)
   Peru (1%)
   Germany (1%)
   Italy (1%)
   Poland (1%)
  Other (22%)

The application was available from April 22, 2013 to August 31, 2013.[15][16] The application consists of applicant’s general information, a motivational letter, a résumé and a video. Mars One plans to hold several other application periods in the future.

Anyone over the age of 18 may apply, as long as the application is submitted in one of the 11 most used languages on Internet:[17] English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, German, Russian, Arabic, Indonesian, Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, or Korean. Applicants are judged on resiliency, adaptability, curiosity, ability to trust, and creativity.

By 9 September 2013, 2,782 applicants had paid their registration fee and submitted public videos in which they made their case for going to Mars in 2023.[18] The application fee varies from US $5 to US $75 (the amount depending on the relative wealth of the applicant's country).[19]

Application videos are available to be watched online.

The interview period

Continent-wise distribution of the 1,058 applicants selected for Round 2 of Mars One.

  Americas (43.29%)
  Europe (26.65%)
  Asia (20.60%)
  Africa (5.10%)
  Oceania (4.35%)

The results of applicants selected for round 2 were declared on December 30 of 2013. A total of 1,058 applicants from 107 countries were selected.[7] The gender split is 586 male (about 55%) and 472 female (about 45%).[20][21]

Continent No. of selected applicants Other details
Americas 458 United States of America - 297 (28%)
Canada - 75 (7%)
Mexico - 20
Chile - 4
Uruguay - 1
Europe 282 Russia - 52
United Kingdom - 40
Spain - 40
France - 22
Ukraine - 10
Belgium - 6
Belarus - 5
Czech Republic - 2
Norway - 2
Netherlands - 2
Cyprus - 1
Ireland - 1
Latvia - 1
Asia 218 India - 62
China - 40
Japan - 10
Thailand - 2
Palestinian territories - 1
Africa 54 South Africa - 25
Egypt - 10
Rwanda - 1
Oceania 46 Australia - 43
New Zealand - 3
Worldwide 1058 107 countries in all.

[20][22]

For those who didn't make it in, Mars One may take more applicants at an unspecified later date; but selected candidates must disclose themselves and provide a medical statement of good health from a physician before the interview.

Public candidates

The candidates will be interviewed in groups of 20 to 40 by region:

American regions

(10 to 20)

European regions

[2]

Asian regions
Oceania regions
African regions

Regional selection period

Medically cleared candidates will then be interviewed by one of the 300 regional selection committees who will select applicants to continue to the next step. Details of the 2014 selection phases have not been agreed upon due to ongoing negotiations with media companies for the rights to televise the selection processes. Expect further information to be released in early 2014 - See more at: http://www.mars-one.com/news/press-releases/mars-one-announces-round-2-astronaut-selection-results#sthash.YGZA1eoS.dpuf

The regional selection could be broadcast on TV and Internet in countries around the world. In each region, 20-40 applicants will participate in challenges that demonstrate their suitability to become one of the first humans on Mars. The audience will select one winner per region, and the experts can select additional participants, if needed, to continue to the international level.[23]

International selection

This international event will be broadcast throughout the world. The Mars One selection committee will create international groups from the individual candidates.[citation needed]

The groups will receive their first short-term training in a copy of the Mars outpost.[when?] Whole teams and individuals might be selected out during training when they prove not to be suitable for the mission.[citation needed]

By 2015, six to ten teams of four people each will be selected for seven years of full-time training.[14][non-primary source needed] The selected people will become full-time employees of the Mars One astronaut corps. Each of these groups would obtain the qualifications and skills necessary for the trip to Mars, so in that respect, it should not matter who goes first. However, given the extraordinary symbolic and historic significance of this issue, the selection process will involve a democratic decision. "The people of Earth will have a vote on which group of four will be the first Earth ambassadors to Mars."[citation needed]

Mars inhabitants will be prepared for the mission by a full-time extensive training program. The training is split up into three programs: technical training, personal training and group training.[citation needed]

Technical training

The astronauts will be required to learn skills and gain proficiency in a wide variety of disciplines.

  • 2 astronauts must be proficient in the use and repair of all equipment in order to be able to identify and solve technical problems.
  • 2 astronauts will receive extensive medical training in order to be able to treat minor and critical health problems, including first aid and use of the medical equipment that will accompany them to Mars. Meaning at least two crewmembers will be trained in each essential skill-set in case a member becomes ill. Their training and preparations will take all the time between their admittance to the program, and the start of their journey to Mars.
  • 1 person will train in studies on Mars geology
  • another 1 will gain expertise in exobiology, the biology of alien life.

Personal training

The ability to cope with the difficult living environment on Mars will be an important selection criterion. The astronauts will be initially chosen for their inherent ability to cope with these environments, and will receive training on most effectively dealing with them.

Group training

Group training will take place in the form of simulation missions. A simulation mission is an extensive, fully immersive exercise that prepares the astronauts for the real mission to Mars. The simulated environment will invoke as many of the Mars conditions as possible. Immediately after selection, the groups will participate in these simulations for three months per year. During simulations, astronauts will only be able to leave the base when wearing their Mars suits. They will have to take care of their water supply and keep the life support systems up and running. They must also cultivate their own food, and all communications with the outside world will be artificially delayed by twenty minutes.

There will be several simulation bases, some easy to access for early stage, while others will be located in a harsh environments on Earth, providing realistic desert terrain and drastically cold conditions. These trials will demonstrate whether they are suitable for all elements of the task ahead.

Revenues and investment

Revenues that Mars One has received from merchandise sale and private donations until 31 October 2013.[24]
Country of buyer/donor Revenue amount (in US $)
United States of America
81,697
Canada
17,377
United Kingdom
13,211
Australia
11,770
Germany
7,211
Russia
5,605
Netherlands
5,579
Sweden
5,185
Norway
3,844
France
3,179
Brazil
2,315
Finland
2,059
Belgium
2,036
Switzerland
1,649
Denmark
1,636
Spain
1,487
Italy
1,343
Japan
1,175
South Africa
1,071
New Zealand
1,038
Others (62 countries)
13,403
Total (from 82 countries)
183,870

Reality TV

A one-way trip, excluding the cost of maintaining four astronauts on Mars until they die, is claimed to cost approximately 6 billion USD.[25] Lansdorp has declined questions regarding the cost estimate because he believes "it would be very stupid for us to give the prices that have been quoted per component".[26] For comparison, an "austere" manned Mars mission (including a temporary stay followed by a return of the astronauts) proposed by NASA in 2009 had a projected cost of 100 billion USD after an 18-year program.[27]

Mars One, the not-for-profit foundation, is the controlling stockholder of the for-profit Interplanetary Media Group.[28] A global reality-TV media event is intended to provide most of the funds to finance the expedition. It should begin with the astronaut selection process (with some public participation) and continue on through the first years of living on Mars.[29][30]

Mars One's investment of revenues[24]

  Concept design studies (78.3%)
  Travel expenses (11.6%)
  Legal expenses (3.3%)
  Website maintenance (2.4%)
  Communications (2.3%)
  Office and other (2.1%)

Sponsors

On 31 August 2012, company officials announced that funding from its first sponsors had been received.[25] Corporate sponsorship money will be used mostly to fund the conceptual design studies provided by the aerospace suppliers.[25]

Sponsors and contributors for Mars One include:[25][31][32]

Donations and merchandise

Since December 2012[citation needed] and the official announcement of their conversion to a Stichting, Mars One has been accepting one time and regular monthly donations through their website. As of October 31, 2013, Mars One has received $183,870 in donations and merchandise sales.[43]

The pie-chart alongside shows the break-up of Mars One's revenues into different areas. Over three quarters of the investment is in concept design studies. Mars One states that "income from donations and merchandise have not been used to pay salaries".[44]

Crowd funding

On December 10, 2013, Mars One set up a crowd funding campaign on Indiegogo to fund their 2018 demonstration mission. The 2018 mission includes a lander and communications satellite, and aims to prove several mission critical technologies in addition to launch and landing. The campaign goal is to raise $400,000 USD by January 25, 2014. By January 11, 2014, their campaign had received $159,519 in funds.[45]

Intellectual property (IP)

Mars One has stated that it will retain ownership of technology developed for its mission, and that subsequent licensing fees from this technology will help fund future missions.[46]

Technology

Mars One has identified at least one potential supplier for each component of the mission.[10][47] The major components are to be acquired from proven suppliers.[48] As of May 2013, Mars One has a contract with only one company, Paragon Space Development Corporation, for a preliminary life support study.[49] Mars One plans to use SpaceX hardware for the launcher, lander and crew habitat but, as of May 2013, SpaceX has not yet been contracted to supply mission hardware and SpaceX has stated that it does "not currently have a relationship with Mars One."[49]

Launcher

The Falcon Heavy from SpaceX is the notional launcher in the Mars One conceptual plan.[48]

Mars transit vehicle

A manned interplanetary spacecraft which would transport the crew to Mars. It would be assembled in low earth orbit and comprise two propellant modules, a Transit Living Module (discarded just before arrival at Mars) and a lander (see "Human Lander" below).[48][50]

The likely supplier for the Transit living module is Thales Alenia Space.[51]

Communications system

A satellite in Mars orbit to relay video, speech and data between the settlement and Earth, and the related transceivers on Mars and Earth.[48] The likely supplier for the satellite is Surrey Satellite Technology.[51][52]

In December 2013 Mars One awarded a contract to Surrey Satellite Technology for a study of the satellite technology required to provide 24/7 communication between earth and the Mars base.[53][52] Mars One expects that there will be at least two satellites, one in geostationary orbit above Mars and a second at the Earth - Sun L4 or L5 point to relay the signal when Mars blocks the geosynchronous satellite from line of sight to earth.[52] It is possible that a third satellite will be required to relay the signal on the rare occasions when the sun blocks the first relay satellite from line of sight with earth.[52]

Lander

The notional Mars One lander is a 5 meters (16 ft)-diameter variant of SpaceX's Dragon capsule.[54][55] Preliminary plans call for a projected volume of ~25 cubic metres (880 cu ft).[54]

The lander is planned to be used in five roles:

  • Life Support Unit – a lander containing systems for generating from Martian resources the energy, water and breathable air needed by the settlers.[56] The likely supplier for these systems is Paragon Space Development.[51]
  • Supply Unit – a lander carrying only cargo (supplies).[48]
  • Living Unit – a lander containing an inflatable module to provide habitable space for the settlers on Mars.[57] The likely supplier of the inflatables is ILC Dover.[58]
  • Human Lander – a lander to carry the settlers to the surface of Mars (see "Mars Transit Vehicle" above).[48]
  • Rover Lander – a lander to carry the two rovers to the surface of Mars.[59]

Rover

The rover would be unpressurized and support travel distances of 80 km (50 miles).[60] The likely supplier for the rover is Astrobotic Technology.[51]

Mars suit

The Mars suit would be flexible to allow the settlers to work with both cumbersome construction materials and sophisticated machinery when they are outside the habitat while protecting them from the cold, low pressure and noxious gases of the Martian atmosphere.[61] The likely supplier of the suits is ILC Dover.[58] On March 12, 2013, Paragon Space Development Corporation was contracted to develop concepts for life support and the Mars Surface Exploration Spacesuit System.[62]

Advisors

As of January 2013 the Mars One advisory board includes:

Criticism

Mars One has received a variety of criticism, mostly relating to technical and financial feasibility.

Chris Welch, director of Masters Programs at the International Space University, has said "Even ignoring the potential mismatch between the project income and its costs and questions about its longer-term viability, the Mars One proposal does not demonstrate a sufficiently deep understanding of the problems to give real confidence that the project would be able to meet its very ambitious schedule."[79]

Space tourist Richard Garriott stated in response to Mars One, "Many have interesting viable starting plans. Few raise the money to be able to pull it off."[80]

Robert Zubrin, advocate for manned Martian exploration, said "I don't think the business plan closes it. We're going to go to Mars, we need a billion dollars, and we're going to make up the revenue with advertising and media rights and so on. You might be able to make up some of the money that way, but I don't think that anyone who is interested in making money is going to invest on that basis — invest in this really risky proposition, and if you're lucky you'll break even? That doesn't fly."[81] Despite his criticisms of some of the elements of Mars One, Zubrin became an advisor to Mars One on October 10, 2013.[82]

As well, many have criticized the project's $US 6 billion budget as being far too low to successfully transport humans to Mars. Criticisms have also been raised regarding the reality TV aspect of the expedition. Given the transient nature of most reality TV ventures, many believe that as viewership declines, funding could significantly decrease thereby harming the entire expedition.[83]

Wired magazine gave it a plausibility score of 2 out of 10 as part of their 2012 Most Audacious Private Space Exploration Plans.[84]

Former German astronaut Ulrich Walter highly criticised the project in January 2014 for ethical reasons. The chance to reach Mars alive is according to him close to only 30 percent, and living after three months less than 20. 'They make their money with that [TV] show. They don't care what happens to those people in space. [...] If my tax money was used for such a mission, I would organise a protest.'[85]

See also

References

  1. ^ "About". Mars One. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  2. ^ "Mission, Vision and Feasibility". Mars One. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  3. ^ Staff (3 June 2012). "Mars One plans to establish human settlement on Mars in 2023". Kurzweil. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  4. ^ Michael Bradbury (5 June 2012). "Reality TV Sets Sights on Mars for New Show". Real Science. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Black, Charles (18 October 2012). "Mars One plans human settlement on the Red Planet by 2023". SEN TV LIMITED.
  6. ^ Anne Sewell (1 June 2012). "Mars One: Human settlement on Mars in 2023". Digital Journal. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  7. ^ a b c d Foust, Jeff (1 January 2014). "http://www.newspacejournal.com/2014/01/01/year-in-preview-going-to-the-red-planet-requires-a-lot-of-green/". NewSpace Journal. Retrieved 7 January 2014. {{cite news}}: External link in |title= (help)
  8. ^ a b "Road map". Mars One. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  9. ^ a b "Private Mars One Colony Project Seeks Astronaut Settlers". Space.com. 22 April 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  10. ^ a b Staff (3 June 2012). "Mars One plans to establish human settlement on Mars in 2023". Kurzweil. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  11. ^ "Mars One Dragon". Mars One Fan Forums. Retrieved 11 November 2012. {{cite web}}: |first= missing |last= (help)
  12. ^ Messier, Doug (10 December 2013). "Mars One Contracts Lockheed Martin, Surrey Satellite for Mission Concept Studies". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  13. ^ "Billionaire Dennis Tito unveils plan to send married couple to Mars". The London Telegraph. 27 February 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
  14. ^ a b "Over 200,000 apply to first ever recruitment for Mars settlement". Mars One. 9 September 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  15. ^ "How will the astronaut selection proceed?". Mars One. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  16. ^ "Can I Apply to Become an Astronaut?" Mars One. Retrieved on 02 Sept. 2013.
  17. ^ "What are the qualifications to apply?". Mars One. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  18. ^ Boyle, Alan (9 September 2013). "More than 2,700 pay up for a chance to take a one-way trip to Mars". NBC News. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  19. ^ Wall, Mike (7 May 2013). "78,000 Apply for Private Mars Colony Project In 2 Weeks". Space.com. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
  20. ^ a b http://www.theverge.com/2013/12/30/5249354/mars-one-narrows-applicant-pool-to-1058-in-first-cut-for-2025
  21. ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/mars-picks-1058-potential-astronauts-mission/story?id=21382119
  22. ^ http://www.mars-one.com/news/press-releases/mars-one-announces-round-2-astronaut-selection-results
  23. ^ http://www.mars-one.com/en/faq-en/21-faq-selection/204-how-will-the-astronauts-be-chosen
  24. ^ a b http://www.mars-one.com/en/donate
  25. ^ a b c d e Staff (31 August 2012). "Private Manned Mars Mission Gets First Sponsors". Space.com. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  26. ^ Boyle, Alan (22 April 2013). "Thousands want to take one-way trip to Mars, but will you pay their way?". NBC News. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
  27. ^ "Page 32 of Discussion Document" (PDF). Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  28. ^ Nicola Clark (8 March 2013). "Reality TV for the Red Planet". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  29. ^ Dario Borghino (4 June 2012). "Mission to Mars meets reality TV". Gizmag. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
  30. ^ Rob Waugh (4 June 2012). "There will be life on Mars: Mission to create first human colony by 2023 – and it will be filmed for reality TV show". Daily Mail. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  31. ^ "Mars One Receives First Funding". Space Industry News. 20 August 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  32. ^ [1][dead link]
  33. ^ "What's keeping us busy?". Mars One. 14 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  34. ^ "Verkkokauppa.com". Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  35. ^ "Mars One - Human Settlement of Mars". Facebook. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  36. ^ "Twitter / MarsOneProject: Mars One is pleased to announce". Twitter. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  37. ^ "Space Dream Studios / MarsOneProject: Mars One is pleased to announce". Twitter. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  38. ^ "Twitter / MarsOneProject: We're pleased to announce that". Twitter. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  39. ^ "Twitter / MarsOneProject: We're pleased to announce a". Twitter. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  40. ^ "Twitter / MarsOneProject: We're pleased to announce new". Twitter. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  41. ^ "Great Communicators". Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  42. ^ "Twitter / MarsOneProject: We're pleased to announce a". Twitter. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  43. ^ "Donate". Mars One. 31 October 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  44. ^ http://www.mars-one.com/en/donate
  45. ^ http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/mars-one-first-private-mars-mission-in-2018
  46. ^ Bas Lansdorp speaking at the 16th Annual International Mars Society Convention http://new.livestream.com/accounts/4950775/events/2308259/videos/27657223
  47. ^ "About the suppliers". Mars One. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  48. ^ a b c d e f "Technology". Mars One. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  49. ^ a b Shubber, Kadhim (13 May 2013). "Mars One will take you to the Red Planet, if it can raise the cash". Wired.co.uk. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
  50. ^ "Mars Transit Vehicle". Mars One. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  51. ^ a b c d "Suppliers". Mars One. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  52. ^ a b c d Henry, Caleb (07). "Mars One Plans Two, Possibly Three Communications Satellites for the Red Planet". Via Satellite. Access Intelligence Satellite Group. Retrieved 11 January 2014. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  53. ^ "Lockheed Martin and SSTL selected for Mars One's first unmanned mission to Mars". Mars One. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
  54. ^ a b "Mars One Dragon". MarsOneFans.com. 4 November 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2012. {{cite web}}: |first= missing |last= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  55. ^ "Is this really possible?". Mars One. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
  56. ^ "Life Support Unit". Mars One. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  57. ^ "Living Unit". Mars One. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  58. ^ a b hbm11. "Mars One Dragon". Mars One Fans Forum. Retrieved 11 November 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  59. ^ "Rover". Mars One. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  60. ^ "Is this really possible?". Mars One. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  61. ^ "Mars Suit". Mars One. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  62. ^ Mars One Contracts Paragon for Mars Life Support Systems
  63. ^ "Tanja Masson-Zwaan". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  64. ^ "Brian Enke". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  65. ^ "Prof. Pascale Ehrenfreund". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  66. ^ "Dr. Gino Ormeno". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  67. ^ "Steve Carsey". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  68. ^ "Dr. Raye Kass". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  69. ^ "Prof. Thais Russomano". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  70. ^ "Dr. Christopher P. McKay". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  71. ^ a b McKay, Chris. "Chris McKay". NASA. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  72. ^ "Dr. John D. Rummel". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  73. ^ "Dr. John W. Traphagan". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  74. ^ "Dr. James R. Kass". Mars One. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  75. ^ "Jamie Guined, M.Ed., MBA (USA)". Mars One. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
  76. ^ "Prof. Stefano Stramigioli, M.Sc., PhD (IT / NL)". Mars One. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
  77. ^ "Günther Reitz, PhD (Germany)". Mars One. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
  78. ^ "Prof. Leo F.M. Marcelis, PhD (NL)". Retrieved 11 January 2013.
  79. ^ Holligan, Anna (19 June 2012). "Can the Dutch do reality TV in space?". BBC. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
  80. ^ Howard, Jacqueline (5 June 2012). "Mars One: Dutch Startup Aims To Colonize Red Planet In 2023". Huffington Post. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
  81. ^ Taylor, Adam (8 June 2012). "This Incredible Plan For A Mission To Mars In 2023 Is No Hoax". Business Insider. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
  82. ^ Zubrin joins the Advisory Board
  83. ^ West, Kesha. "Ethical questions over one-way Mars trip". Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  84. ^ Mann, Adam (27 December 2012). "The Year's Most Audacious Private Space Exploration Plans". Wired. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  85. ^ Tagesspiegel: Raumfahrtexperte geht mit Mars-Projekt hart ins Gericht, January 6, 2014, last seen January 11, 2014.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mars One.

Template:Mars One

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars_One&oldid=590356678"