Mudanjiang

Coordinates: 44°33′N 129°38′E / 44.550°N 129.633°E / 44.550; 129.633
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For other uses, see Mudanjiang (disambiguation).
Mudanjiang
牡丹江市
Prefecture-level city
Mudanjiang City (red) in Heilongjiang (orange)
Mudanjiang City (red) in Heilongjiang (orange)
Mudanjiang is located in Heilongjiang
Mudanjiang
Mudanjiang
Location of the city centre in Heilongjiang
Coordinates: 44°33′N 129°38′E / 44.550°N 129.633°E / 44.550; 129.633
CountryPeople's Republic of China
ProvinceHeilongjiang
County-level divisions10
Government
 • TypePrefecture-level city
 • CPC Mudanjiang SecretaryZhang Jingchuan (张晶川)
 • MayorLin Kuanhai (林宽海)
Area
 • Prefecture-level city40,233 km2 (15,534 sq mi)
 • Urban
2,495 km2 (963 sq mi)
 • Metro
2,495 km2 (963 sq mi)
Elevation
233 m (764 ft)
Population
 (2010 census)
 • Prefecture-level city2,798,723
 • Density70/km2 (180/sq mi)
 • Urban
965,154
 • Urban density390/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
965,154
 [1]
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal Code
157000
Area code453
Licence plates黑C
ISO 3166-2cn-23-10
Websitewww.mudanjiang.gov.cn
Mudanjiang
"Mudanjiang", as written in Chinese
Chinese name
Chinese牡丹江
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᠮᡠᡩ᠋ᠠᠨ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ
Russian name
RussianМуданьцзян

Mudanjiang (Chinese: 牡丹江; Manchu: Mudan bira) is a prefecture-level city in southernmost Heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China. It was called Botankou under Japanese occupation. It serves as a regional transport hub with a railway junction and an international airport connecting with several major Chinese cities as well as Seoul of South Korea. Mudanjiang is located 248 km (154 mi) from Vladivostok, Russia. In 2011 Mudanjiang had a GDP of RMB 93.48 billion with a 15.1% growth rate. In 2015 Mudanjiang had a GDP of RMB 118.63 billion.[2]

Its population is 2,798,723 at the 2010 census whom 965,154 live in the built-up area made of 4 urban districts.[1] In 2007, the city is named China's top ten livable cities by Chinese Cities Brand Value Report, which was released at 2007 Beijing Summit of China Cities Forum.[3]

Administrative divisions

# Name Hanzi Hanyu Pinyin Population (2003 est.) Area (km²) Density (/km²)
1 Aimin District 爱民区 Àimín Qū 230,000 359 641
2 Dong'an District 东安区 Dōng'ān Qū 180,000 566 318
3 Yangming District 阳明区 Yángmíng Qū 160,000 358 447
4 Xi'an District 西安区 Xī'ān Qū 210,000 325 646
5 Muling City 穆棱市 Mùlíng Shì 330,000 6,094 54
6 Suifenhe City 绥芬河市 Suífēnhé Shi 60,000 427 141
7 Hailin City 海林市 Hǎilín Shì 440,000 9,877 45
8 Ning'an City 宁安市 Níng'ān Shì 440,000 7,870 56
9 Dongning City 东宁市 Dōngníng Shì 210,000 7,368 29
10 Linkou County 林口县 Línkǒu Xiàn 450,000 7,191 63

History

  • Mudanjiang Railway Station during the 1900s
    Mudanjiang Railway Station during the 1900s
  • Ginza street of Mudanjiang, 1942
    Ginza street of Mudanjiang, 1942

Mudanjiang was originally populated by the Sushen 2,300 years ago. They lived in the valley of the Mudan River, and established the Mo State (貊国).[4] During the Tang dynasty, Balhae established their capital Shangjing Longquanfu near Lake Jingpo south of Mudanjiang around 755 AD. On January 14, 926, Shangjing fell while Balhae was defeated by the Khitans.[5][6]

Mudanjiang is named after the Mudan River (literally, "Peony River") flowing through it. Imperial Russia built a train station for the Chinese Eastern Railway in Mudanjiang in 1903, after which local development started boosting. Both Chinese and Russian settlers established themselves here. Mudanjiang was little more than a large village until the 1920s. By that time, Mudanjiang was strongly overshadowed by the nearby county town of Ningan (Former Ninguta).[7] However, merchants from several countries including France, Russia, Britain and Denmark set up sub-agencies in Mudanjiang during this period, which led the trade area of the city to a rapid expansion.

After the Japanese invasion of Manchuria began on September 19, 1931, the whole Manchuria was seized by Japan following the Mukden Incident. Mudanjiang experienced a substantial growth in the 1930s under the Japanese occupation. Mudanjiang also became a military and administrative center going by the name Botankou, particularly after the railway from Tumen to Jiamusi was constructed in 1933. By that time several light industries including light engineering, lumbering, and food processing was established in the town. On December 1, 1937, Botankou City was established by the Manchukuo government, administering five counties. On October 15, 1938, Japanese Government set up a consulate in Botankou and promoted Botankou as a municipality directly under the Manchukuo Government. As Manchukuo collapsed, Mudanjiang was captured by the Soviet Army on August 16, 1945.[8]

Mudanjiang was controlled by the Communist force and became the capital of Songjiang Province in 1948. However, after Songjiang Province was merged into Heilongjiang Province on June 19, 1954, Mudanjiang was reduced to a prefecture-level city.

Geography

Mudanjiang
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
4.7
 
 
−11
−23
 
 
5.5
 
 
−5
−18
 
 
11
 
 
3
−9
 
 
26
 
 
14
0
 
 
54
 
 
21
7
 
 
91
 
 
25
14
 
 
121
 
 
28
18
 
 
109
 
 
27
17
 
 
60
 
 
21
9
 
 
35
 
 
13
0
 
 
13
 
 
1
−10
 
 
7.9
 
 
−8
−19
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: CMA [9]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.2
 
 
13
−9
 
 
0.2
 
 
22
−1
 
 
0.4
 
 
38
16
 
 
1
 
 
57
33
 
 
2.1
 
 
70
45
 
 
3.6
 
 
77
56
 
 
4.8
 
 
82
64
 
 
4.3
 
 
80
62
 
 
2.4
 
 
70
48
 
 
1.4
 
 
55
32
 
 
0.5
 
 
34
15
 
 
0.3
 
 
18
−2
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Mudanjiang, spanning from 128° 02' to 131° 18' E longitude and 43° 24' to 45° 59' N latitude, is located in southeastern Heilongjiang province. It is also the province's southernmost prefecture. Neighbouring prefectures are:

It also borders Russia's Primorsky Krai to the east. The average elevation in the prefecture is 230 metres (755 ft), with the terrain primarily consisting of mountains and hills. The east of the prefecture begins to ascend to the Changbai Mountains, while the central parts belong to the Hegu Basin. The lowest part of the prefecture is Suifenhe City, bordering Russia, at a minimum elevation of 86.5 metres (283.8 ft), while the highest point is Zhangguangcai, at 1,686.9 metres (5,534 ft).

Climate

Mudanjiang features a monsoon-influenced, humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa) with hot, humid summers and very cold and dry winters; spring and autumn are brief. However, winter temperatures here are far warmer than much of the rest of the province, and the city's basin location helps protect it from biting winds. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −17.3 °C (0.9 °F) in January to 22.3 °C (72.1 °F) in July; the annual mean is 4.28 °C (39.7 °F). Close to three-fifths of the annual rainfall occurs from June to August. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 46% in July to 62% in February and March, the city receives 2,368 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −35.1 °C (−31 °F) to 38.4 °C (101 °F). 、

Climate data for Mudanjiang (1971−2000)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −10.5
(13.1) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		3.2
(37.8) 		13.7
(56.7) 		20.9
(69.6) 		25.1
(77.2) 		27.9
(82.2) 		26.6
(79.9) 		21.0
(69.8) 		12.6
(54.7) 		1.1
(34.0) 		−8
(18) 		10.7
(51.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −22.6
(−8.7) 		−18.4
(−1.1) 		−9
(16) 		0.4
(32.7) 		7.3
(45.1) 		13.6
(56.5) 		17.6
(63.7) 		16.5
(61.7) 		8.7
(47.7) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−9.7
(14.5) 		−18.8
(−1.8) 		−1.2
(29.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 4.7
(0.19) 		5.5
(0.22) 		10.5
(0.41) 		25.6
(1.01) 		53.8
(2.12) 		90.6
(3.57) 		121.4
(4.78) 		108.9
(4.29) 		59.7
(2.35) 		35.2
(1.39) 		13.2
(0.52) 		7.9
(0.31) 		537.0
(21.14)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 5.0 5.5 6.5 8.5 12.9 15.9 14.8 13.9 11.0 8.5 6.8 5.8 115.1
Average relative humidity (%) 69 64 55 53 56 69 75 77 73 65 65 70 66
Mean monthly sunshine hours 162.4 180.2 228.4 218.2 237.3 221.1 215.8 208.3 206.6 195.6 156.8 136.8 2,367.5
Percent possible sunshine 57 62 62 54 52 48 46 48 55 58 55 50 53
Source: China Meteorological Administration [9]

Economy

In 2010, the city's GDP rose 18.5% to RMB 78.1 billion, ranked fourth in Heilongjiang Province after Harbin, Daqing and Qiqihar.[10] Tourist industry and light manufacturing are the mainstays of Mudanjiang's economy. Mudanjiang's pillar industries include accessory industry for automobiles, paper making, forest industry, petrochemicals, new materials, pharmacy and energy industry.[11] The foreign trade value increased 71.8% to US$9 billion in 2010, making up three-fourth of Heilongjiang Province's gross.

Development Zones

  • Mudanjiang to Russia Economic and Technological Development Zone
  • Sino-Russian Information Industrial Garden
  • Mudanjiang Jiangnan Economic and Technological Development Area
  • Mudanjiang Bioindustry Development Zone
  • Heilongjiang Northern Pharmaceutical Technological Development Zone

Transport

Railway

Mudanjiang railway station, lunar new year 2008

Mudanjiang is a railway hub in eastern Heilongjiang Province. Binsui(Harbin-Suifenhe) Railway and Tujia(Tumen-Jiamusi) Railway meet here. Trains from Mudanjiang Railway Station connect the city with Beijing, Jinan, Dalian, Harbin, Changchun and several other cities in China.

Air

Main article: Mudanjiang Hailang Airport

Mudanjiang Hailang Airport is the second largest international airport in Heilongjiang Province. It operates daily flights to Beijing, Dalian and several other major cities in China. In addition there are also scheduled international flights between Mudanjiang and Seoul and Incheon in South Korea.

Highway

Mudanjiang is linked to the national highway network through the G11 Hegang–Dalian Expressway and Manzhouli-Suifenhe Highway.

International relations

Mudanjiang is twinned with:

  • Walking along the Mudan River
    Walking along the Mudan River
  • Monument to the women fallen in war
    Monument to the women fallen in war
  • The main street of the city
    The main street of the city
  • Panoramic view on the river
    Panoramic view on the river

References

  1. ^ a b "2010年黑龙江省第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报（Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China）". National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ http://www.phbang.cn/finance/data/152416.html. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ^ "China's Top 10 Most Livable Cities". hnloudi.gov.cn. Hunan Loudi Official Government. 2012-03-28. Archived from the original on 2013-04-10. Retrieved 2014-08-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ "Several Problems about the History of Ancient Northeast". DU Xing-zhi(School of History,Culture and Tourism,Liaoning Normal University,Dalian,Liaoning,116029,China). 2006. Retrieved 2012-08-18.
  5. ^ Template:Ko icon "Sanggyeong Yongcheonbu", Naver encyclopedia
  6. ^ Template:Ko icon "Dongjingcheng site", Naver encyclopedia
  7. ^ 牡丹江旅游局 (1990). 雪城牡丹江. 中国旅游出版社. ISBN 978-7-5032-2302-0.
  8. ^ LTC David M. Glantz, "August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria" Archived 2011-07-23 at the Wayback Machine. Leavenworth Papers No. 7, Combat Studies Institute, February 1983, Fort Leavenworth Kansas.
  9. ^ a b 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年） (in Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2010-11-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ 2010年牡丹江市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 Archived 2011-10-25 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ Profiles of China Provinces, Cities and Industrial Parks

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mudanjiang.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mudanjiang.
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