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Rosuvastatin

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Rosuvastatin
Clinical data
Pronunciation/roʊˈsuːvəstætɪn/ roh-SOO-və-stat-in
Trade namesCrestor, Rosulip, Zuvamor
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa603033
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: D
Routes of
administration		By mouth (tablets)
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
  • UK: POM (Prescription only)
  • US: ℞-only
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability20%[1]
Protein binding88%[1]
MetabolismLiver: CYP2C9 (major) and CYP2C19-mediated; ~10% metabolized[1]
MetabolitesN-desmethyl rosuvastatin (major; 1/6–1/9 of rosuvastatin activity)[2]
Elimination half-life19 hours[1]
ExcretionFaeces (90%)[1]
Identifiers
  • (3R,5S,6E)-7-[4-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-(N-methylmethanesulfonamido)-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
PDB ligand
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.216.011 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC22H28FN3O6S
Molar mass481.539 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • OC(=O)C[C@H](O)C[C@H](O)\C=C\c1c(C(C)C)nc(N(C)S(=O)(=O)C)nc1c2ccc(F)cc2
  • InChI=1S/C22H28FN3O6S/c1-13(2)20-18(10-9-16(27)11-17(28)12-19(29)30)21(14-5-7-15(23)8-6-14)25-22(24-20)26(3)33(4,31)32/h5-10,13,16-17,27-28H,11-12H2,1-4H3,(H,29,30)/b10-9+/t16-,17-/m1/s1 ☒N
  • Key:BPRHUIZQVSMCRT-VEUZHWNKSA-N ☒N
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)
Rosuvastatin (marketed by AstraZeneca as Crestor) 10 mg tablets

Rosuvastatin (INN),[3] marketed under the tradename Crestor, is a member of the drug class of statins, used in combination with exercise, diet, and weight-loss to treat high cholesterol and related conditions, and to prevent cardiovascular disease. It was developed by Shionogi. In 2013 Crestor was the fourth-highest selling drug in the United States, accounting for approx. $5.2 billion in sales.[4] A generic version became available in the United States in 2016.[5]

Medical uses

The primary use of rosuvastatin is for the treatment of dyslipidemia.[6]

Effects on cholesterol levels

The effects of rosuvastatin on LDL cholesterol are dose-related. Higher doses were more efficacious in improving the lipid profile of patients with hypercholesterolemia than milligram-equivalent doses of atorvastatin and milligram-equivalent or higher doses of simvastatin and pravastatin.[7]

Meta-analysis showed that rosuvastatin is able to modestly increase levels of HDL cholesterol as well, as with other statins.[8] A 2014 Cochrane review determined there was good evidence for rosuvastatin lowering non-HDL levels linearly with dose.[9] HDL increases by 7% with no dose effect noted.

Side effects and contraindications

Side effects are uncommon. The following side effects should be reported to the prescribing doctor if they persist or get worse:[10]

The following rare side effects are more serious. Like all statins, rosuvastatin can possibly cause myopathy, rhabdomyolysis. Stop taking rosuvastatin and contact the prescribing doctor if any of these occur:[10][11]

If any signs of an allergic reaction develop, contact an emergency medical service immediately:[11]

Rosuvastatin has multiple contraindications, conditions that warrant withholding treatment with rosuvastatin, including hypersensitivity to rosuvastatin or any component of the formulation, active liver disease, elevation of serum transaminases, pregnancy, or breastfeeding.[2] Rosuvastatin must not be taken while pregnant as it can cause serious harm to the unborn baby.[11] In the case of breastfeeding, it is unknown whether rosuvastatin is passed through breastmilk, but due to the potential of disrupting the infant's lipid metabolism, patients should not breast feed while on rosuvastatin.[11][12]

Drug interactions

The following drugs can have negative interactions with rosuvastatin and should be discussed with the prescribing doctor:[10][2]

Structure

Rosuvastatin has structural similarities with most other synthetic statins, e.g., atorvastatin, cerivastatin and pitavastatin, but unlike other statins, rosuvastatin contains sulfur (in sulfonyl functional group).

Crestor is actually a calcium salt of rosuvastatin, i.e. rosuvastatin calcium,[14] in which calcium replaces the hydrogen in the carboxylic acid group on the right of the skeletal formula at the top right of this page.

Mechanism of action

Further information: Statin

Rosuvastatin is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, having a mechanism of action similar to that of other statins.[15]

Putative beneficial effects of rosuvastatin therapy on chronic heart failure may be negated by increases in collagen turnover markers as well as a reduction in plasma coenzyme Q10 levels in patients with chronic heart failure.[16]

Pharmacodynamics

In a Cochrane systematic review the dose-related magnitude of rosuvastatin on blood lipids was determined. Over the dose range of 1 to 80 mg/day total cholesterol was reduced by 22.1% to 44.8%, LDL cholesterol by 31.2% to 61.2%, non-HDL cholesterol by 28.9% to 56.7% and triglycerides by 14.4% to 26.6%. [17]

Pharmacokinetics

Absolute bioavailability of rosuvastatin is about 20% and Cmax is reached in 3 to 5 hours; administration with food did not affect the AUC according to the original sponsor submitted clinical study and as per product label.[2] However, a subsequent clinical study has shown a marked reduction in rosuvastatin exposure when administered with food.[18] It is 88% protein bound, mainly to albumin.[19] Fraction absorbed of rosuvastatin is frequently misquoted in the literature as approximately 0.5 (50%)[20] due to a miscalculated hepatic extraction ratio in the original submission package subsequently corrected by the FDA reviewer.[21] It is likely that closer to 0.25 (25%) of the administered dose is absorbed.

Rosuvastatin is metabolized mainly by CYP2C9 and not extensively metabolized; approximately 10% is recovered as metabolite N-desmethyl rosuvastatin. It is excreted in feces (90%) primarily and the elimination half-life is approximately 19 hours.[2][19]

Society and culture

Indications and regulation

Rosuvastatin is approved in the United States for the treatment of high LDL cholesterol (dyslipidemia), total cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia), and/or triglycerides (hypertriglyceridemia).[22] In February 2010, rosuvastatin was approved by the FDA for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events.[23]

As of 2004, rosuvastatin had been approved in 154 countries and launched in 56. Approval in the United States by the FDA came on August 12, 2003.[24]

The results of the JUPITER trial (2008) suggested rosuvastatin may decrease the relative risk of heart attack and stroke in patients without hyperlipidemia, but with elevated levels of highly sensitive C-reactive protein. This could strongly impact medical practice by placing many patients on statin prophylaxis who otherwise would have been untreated.[25][26] As a result of this clinical trial, the FDA approved rosuvastatin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events.[23]

The AURORA trial randomized 2776 patients undergoing hemodialysis due to kidney damage to receive either rosuvastatin or placebo. The randomized, double-blind study (2005 to 2009) found no difference in the two groups in the primary end-point, a combination of cardiovascular mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. The study found no difference in all-cause mortality among this population at a mean follow-up of 3.8 years.[27]

FDA advisory for East Asian patients

According to the FDA, the risk of myopathy during rosuvastatin therapy may be increased in Asian Americans:

Because Asians appear to process the drug differently, half the standard dose can have the same cholesterol-lowering benefit in those patients, though a full dose could increase the risk of side-effects, a study by the drug's manufacturer, AstraZeneca, indicated.[28]

Therefore, physicians should start Asian-American or East Asian patients at the lowest dose level.[29]

Patent protection and generic versions

The main patent protecting rosuvastatin (RE37,314 — due to expire in 2016) was challenged as being an improper reissue of an earlier patent. This challenge was rejected in 2010, confirming protection until 2016.[30][31][32][33]

In April 2016 the FDA approved the first generic version of rosuvastatin (from Watson Pharmaceuticals Inc).[34]

In July 2016 Mylan gained approval for its generic rosuvastatin calcium.[35]

Marketing

The drug was billed as a "super-statin" during its clinical development; the claim was that it offers high potency and improved cholesterol reduction compared to rivals in the class. The main competitors to rosuvastatin are atorvastatin (Lipitor) and simvastatin (Zocor). However, people can also combine ezetimibe with either simvastatin or atorvastatin and other agents on their own, for somewhat similar augmented response rates. As of 2006 some published information for comparing rosuvastatin, atorvastatin, and ezetimibe/simvastatin results is available, but many of the relevant studies are still in progress.[15]

First launched in 2003, sales of rosuvastatin were $129 million and $908 million in 2003 and 2004, respectively, with a total patient treatment population of over 4 million by the end of 2004.[citation needed] Typical per patient costs to the UK NHS are £18.03–26.02/month (compared to £0.85–1.37/month for simvastatin).

Debate and criticisms

In October 2003, several months after its introduction in Europe, Richard Horton, the editor of the medical journal The Lancet, criticized the way Crestor had been introduced. "AstraZeneca's tactics in marketing its cholesterol-lowering drug, rosuvastatin, raise disturbing questions about how drugs enter clinical practice and what measures exist to protect patients from inadequately investigated medicines," according to his editorial. The Lancet's editorial position is that the data for Crestor’s superiority rely too much on extrapolation from the lipid profile data (surrogate end-points) and too little on hard clinical end-points, which are available for other statins that had been on the market longer. The manufacturer responded by stating that few drugs had been tested so successfully on so many patients. In correspondence published in The Lancet, AstraZeneca's CEO Sir Tom McKillop called the editorial "flawed and incorrect" and slammed the journal for making "such an outrageous critique of a serious, well-studied medicine."[36]

In 2004, the consumer interest organization Public Citizen filed a Citizen's Petition with the FDA, asking that Crestor be withdrawn from the US market. On March 11, 2005, the FDA issued a letter to Sidney M. Wolfe, M.D. of Public Citizen both denying the petition and providing an extensive detailed analysis of findings that demonstrated no basis for concerns about rosuvastatin compared with the other statins approved for marketing in the United States.[37]

Myopathy

As with all statins, there is a concern of rhabdomyolysis, a severe undesired side effect. The FDA has indicated that "it does not appear that the risk [of rhabdomyolysis] is greater with Crestor than with other marketed statins", but has mandated that a warning about this side-effect, as well as a kidney toxicity warning, be added to the product label.[14]

Diabetes mellitus

Statins increase the risk of diabetes,[38] consistent with FDA's review of the JUPITER trial, which reported a 27% increase in investigator-reported diabetes mellitus in rosuvastatin-treated patients compared to placebo-treated patients.[39]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Aggarwal, RK; Showkathali, R (June 2013). "Rosuvastatin calcium in acute coronary syndromes". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 14 (9): 1215–1227. doi:10.1517/14656566.2013.789860. PMID 23574635.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Crestor (rosuvastatin calcium) Tablets. Full Prescribing Information" (PDF). AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  3. ^ "International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN). Recommended International Nonproprietary Names (Rec. INN): List 45" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2001. p. 50. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  4. ^ "Top 100 Drugs for Q2 2013 by Sales". Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  5. ^ "FDA approves first generic Crestor". FDA. April 29, 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  6. ^ "Crestor". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  7. ^ Jones PH, Davidson MH, Stein EA, Bays HE, McKenney JM, Miller E, Cain VA, Blasetto JW (2003). "Comparison of the efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin across doses (STELLAR Trial)". Am J Cardiol. 92 (2): 152–60. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(03)00530-7. PMID 12860216.
  8. ^ McTaggart F (Aug 2008). "Effects of statins on high-density lipoproteins: a potential contribution to cardiovascular benefit". Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 22 (4): 321–38. doi:10.1007/s10557-008-6113-z. PMC 2493531. PMID 18553127.
  9. ^ "Lipid-lowering efficacy of rosuvastatin". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 11: CD010254. Nov 2014. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010254.pub2. PMID 25415541.
  10. ^ a b c "Rosuvastatin". MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  11. ^ a b c d e f "Crestor". RxList. 14 November 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  12. ^ "Rosuvastatin". LactMed. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  13. ^ "Viberzi (eluxadoline) Tablets, for Oral Use, CIV. Full Prescribing Information". Actavis Pharma, Inc. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  14. ^ a b "FDA Alert (03/2005) - Rosuvastatin Calcium (marketed as Crestor) Information". The Food and Drug Administration. March 14, 2005. Archived from the original on 2005-03-05. Retrieved 2005-03-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) - This page is subject to change; the date reflects the last revision date.
  15. ^ a b Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Sipahi I, et al. (2006). "Effect of very high-intensity statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis: the ASTEROID trial" (PDF). JAMA. 295 (13): 1556–65. doi:10.1001/jama.295.13.jpc60002. PMID 16533939. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-29. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Ashton E, Windebank E, Skiba M, et al. (January 2010). "Why did high-dose rosuvastatin not improve cardiac remodeling in chronic heart failure? Mechanistic insights from the UNIVERSE study". Int J Cardiol. 146 (3): 404–7. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.12.028. PMID 20085851.
  17. ^ Adams, Stephen P.; Sekhon, Sarpreet S.; Wright, James M. (2014-11-21). Rosuvastatin for lowering lipids. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010254.pub2.
  18. ^ Li, Yunxia; Jiang, Xuehua; Lan, Ke; Zhang, Ruoqi; Li, Xue; Jiang, Qian (2007-10-01). "Pharmacokinetic Properties of Rosuvastatin After Single-Dose, Oral Administration in Chinese Volunteers: A Randomized, Open-Label, Three-Way Crossover Study". Clinical Therapeutics. 29 (10): 2194–2203. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2007.10.005. ISSN 0149-2918.
  19. ^ a b "Rosuvastatin Calcium". pp. Professional. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  20. ^ Bergman, Ebba; Lundahl, Anna; Fridblom, Patrik; Hedeland, Mikael; Bondesson, Ulf; Knutson, Lars; Lennernäs, Hans (2009-12-01). "Enterohepatic Disposition of Rosuvastatin in Pigs and the Impact of Concomitant Dosing with Cyclosporine and Gemfibrozil". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 37 (12): 2349–2358. doi:10.1124/dmd.109.029363. ISSN 1521-009X. PMID 19773540.
  21. ^ "Page 45 of FDA Drug Approval Package, Clinical Pharmacology Biopharmaceutics Review(s) (PDF)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 29 January 2004. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  22. ^ "Core Data Sheet, Crestor Tablets" (PDF). AstraZeneca PLC. June 17, 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2005. Retrieved March 20, 2005. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) - NOTE: this is provider-oriented information and should not be used without the supervision of a physician.
  23. ^ a b http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2010/021366s016ltr.pdf
  24. ^ "FDA Approves New Drug for Lowering Cholesterol". The Food and Drug Administration. August 12, 2003. Archived from the original on 2005-02-07. Retrieved 2005-03-20. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ Everett, BM; Glynn, RJ; MacFadyen, JG; Ridker, PM (21 December 2009). "Rosuvastatin in the Prevention of Stroke Among Men and Women with Elevated Levels of C-Reactive Protein: Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER)" (PDF). Circulation. 121 (1): 143–50. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.874834. PMID 20026779.
  26. ^ Ridker, PM; Danielson, E; Fonseca, FAH; Genest, J; Gotto, AM; Kastelein, JJP; Koenig, W; Libby, P; Lorenzatti, AJ; MacFadyen, JG; Nordestgaard, BG; Shepherd, J; Willerson, JT; Glynn, RJ (20 November 2008). "Rosuvastatin to Prevent Vascular Events in Men and Women with Elevated C-Reactive Protein". New England Journal of Medicine. 359 (21): 2195–207. doi:10.1056/nejmoa0807646. PMID 18997196.
  27. ^ Fellstrom BC, Jardine AG, et al. (April 2009). "Rosuvastatin and Cardiovascular Events in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis". N. Engl. J. Med. 360 (14): 1395–1407. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0810177. PMID 19332456.
  28. ^ FDA Advisory Targets Asian Patients (Los Angeles Times).
  29. ^ Asian-Americans Among Groups More at Risk of Serious Muscle Damage (WebMD).
  30. ^ "AstraZeneca's Crestor patent upheld;No generic competition until 2016".[dead link‍]
  31. ^ AstraZeneca (June 29, 2010). "CRESTOR Patent Upheld By US Court". PR Newswire. United Business Media. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
  32. ^ Berkrot, Bill; Tom Hals (June 29, 2010). "UPDATE 2-U.S. judge rules AstraZeneca Crestor patent valid". Reuters. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
  33. ^ Starkey, Jonathan (July 1, 2010). "AstraZeneca patent upheld". The News Journal. Wilmington, Delaware. Retrieved 2012-04-25. (subscription required)
  34. ^ FDA approves first generic Crestor. April 2016
  35. ^ Mylan Launches Generic Crestor® Tablets. July 2016
  36. ^ Horton, Richard (October 25, 2003). "The statin wars: why AstraZeneca must retreat". Lancet. 362 (9393): 1341. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14669-7. PMID 14585629.
    McKillop T (November 1, 2003). "The statin wars". Lancet. 362 (9394): 1498. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14698-3. PMID 14602449.
  37. ^ Food and Drug Administration. "Docket No. 2004P-0113/CP1" (PDF).
  38. ^ Sattar, N; Preiss, D; Murray, HM; Welsh, P; Buckley, BM; de Craen, AJ; Seshasai, SR; McMurray, JJ; Freeman, DJ; Jukema, JW; Macfarlane, PW; Packard, CJ; Stott, DJ; Westendorp, RG; Shepherd, J; Davis, BR; Pressel, SL; Marchioli, R; Marfisi, RM; Maggioni, AP; Tavazzi, L; Tognoni, G; Kjekshus, J; Pedersen, TR; Cook, TJ; Gotto, AM; Clearfield, MB; Downs, JR; Nakamura, H; Ohashi, Y; Mizuno, K; Ray, KK; Ford, I (February 27, 2010). "Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials". Lancet. 375 (9716): 735–42. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61965-6. PMID 20167359.
  39. ^ "FDA Drug Safety Communication: Important safety label changes to cholesterol-lowering statin drugs".

References

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