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[[Image:Sex-magazines--www.y23.com--n20080428 n20050306 015806.JPG|thumb|[[Pornographic magazine]]s offered for sale]]
{{Redirect|Scuzzy|the British Columbian sternwheeler|Skuzzy (sternwheeler)}}
{{pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{redirect|Porn}}


'''Pornography''' or '''porn''' is the explicit depiction of [[sexual]] subject matter with the sole intention of sexually exciting the viewer. It is to a certain extent similar to [[erotica]], which is the use of sexually arousing imagery. Over the past few decades, an immense industry for the production and consumption of pornography has grown, due to emergence of the [[VCR]], the [[DVD]], and the [[Internet]], as well as the emergence of social attitudes more tolerant of sexual portrayals. Performers in pornography are referred to as [[pornographic actor]]s (or actresses), or the more commonly known title, "porn star", and are generally seen as qualitatively different from their non-pornographic counterparts.
[[Image:Scsi-1 gehaeuse.jpg|thumb|Two SCSI connectors.]]
'''Small Computer System Interface''', or '''SCSI''' (pronounced ''skuh-zee''<ref>"[http://www.bartleby.com/61/56/S0175650.html SCSI]." ''American Heritage Dictionary''.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Book of SCSI|last=Field|pages=1}}</ref>), is a set of standards for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and [[peripheral device]]s. The SCSI standards define [[SCSI command|commands]], protocols, and electrical and optical [[Interface (computer science)|interfaces]]. SCSI is most commonly used for hard disks and tape drives, but it can connect a wide range of other devices, including scanners and [[CD-ROM|CD]] [[optical drive|drive]]s. The SCSI standard defines command sets for specific [[SCSI Peripheral Device Type|peripheral device types]]; the presence of "unknown" as one of these types means that in theory it can be used as an interface to almost any device, but the standard is highly pragmatic and addressed toward commercial requirements.


Pornography may use any of a variety of media—printed [[literature]], [[photograph|photos]], [[sculpture]], [[drawing]], [[painting]], [[animation]], [[sound recording]], [[Pornographic film|film]], [[video]], or [[video game]]. However, when sexual acts are performed for a live audience, by definition it is not pornography, as the term applies to the depiction of the act, rather than the act itself. Thus, portrayals such as [[sex show]]s and [[striptease]] are not pornography.
* SCSI is an intelligent interface: it hides the complexity of physical format. Every device attaches to the SCSI bus in a similar manner.


In most countries pornography is treated as a separate entity, both culturally and legally, from depictions of naked persons in art or photography. See "[[nudity]]" for more information.
* SCSI is a peripheral interface: up to 8 or 16 devices can be attached to a single bus. There can be any number of hosts and peripheral devices but there should be at least one host.


==Etymology==
* SCSI is a buffered interface: it uses hand shake signals between devices, SCSI-1, SCSI-2 have the option of parity error checking. Starting with SCSI-U160 (part of SCSI-3) all commands and data is error checked by a [[Cyclic_redundancy_check|CRC32]] checksum.
The word derives from the [[Greek language|Greek]] πορνογραφία (''pornographia''), which derives from the Greek words πόρνη (''pornē'', "[[prostitute]]"), γράφω (''graphō'', "to write or record"), and the suffix -ία (''-ia'', meaning "state of", "property of", or "place of"), thus meaning "a place to record prostitutes".


==History==
* SCSI is a peer to peer interface: the SCSI protocol defines communication from host to host, host to a peripheral device, peripheral device to a peripheral device. However most peripheral devices are exclusively [[SCSI target]]s, incapable of acting as [[SCSI initiator]]s&mdash;unable to initiate SCSI transactions themselves. Therefore peripheral-to-peripheral communications are uncommon, but possible in most SCSI applications. The [[Symbios Logic]]<!-- former NCR division --> 53C810 chip is an example of a [[Peripheral Component Interconnect|PCI]] host interface that can act as a SCSI target.
{{Citations missing|date=November 2007|section}}
[[Image:LampArtifactDoggystyle.jpg|thumb|Oil lamp artifact depicting [[Doggy style|coitus more ferarum]]]]
{{details|History of erotic depictions}}
The depiction of sexual acts is as old as civilization (and can be found painted on various ancient buildings), but the concept of pornography as understood today did not exist until the [[Victorian era]]. Previous to that time, though some sex acts were regulated or stipulated in laws, looking at objects or images depicting them was not. In some cases, specific books, engravings or image collections were censored or outlawed, but the trend to compose laws that restricted viewing of sexually explicit things in general was a Victorian construct. When large scale excavations of [[Pompeii]] were undertaken in the 1860s, much of the erotic art of the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]]s came to light, shocking the Victorians who saw themselves as the intellectual heirs of the [[Roman Empire]]. They did not know what to do with the frank depictions of [[human sexuality|sexuality]], and endeavored to hide them away from everyone but upper class scholars.
The moveable objects were locked away in the [[Secret Museum, Naples|Secret Museum]] in [[Naples, Italy]] and what could not be removed was covered and cordoned off as to not corrupt the sensibilities of women, children and the working class. Soon after, the world's first law criminalizing pornography was enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1857 in the [[Obscene Publications Act]]. The Victorian attitude that pornography was for a select few can be seen in the wording of the [[Hicklin test]] stemming from a court case in 1868 where it asks, "whether the tendency of the matter charged as obscenity is to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences." Despite the fact of their suppression, depictions of erotic imagery were common throughout history.<ref name = libido7>{{cite web| last = Beck| first = Marianna| title = The Roots of Western Pornography: Victorian Obsessions and Fin-de-Siècle Predilections| publisher = Libido, The Journal of Sex and Sensibility| month= May | year= 2003| url = http://www.libidomag.com/nakedbrunch/archive/europorn07.html| accessdate = 2006-08-22}}</ref>


== History ==
==Sub-genres==
{{main|List of pornographic sub-genres}}
{{Content|SASI_as_a_part_of_SCSI_history|date=March 2008}}
In general, [[softcore]] refers to pornography that does not depict [[Sexual penetration|penetration]] (usually [[genitals]] are not shown), and [[hardcore pornography|hardcore]] refers to pornography that depicts penetration explicitly.
SCSI was derived from "SASI", the "[[Shugart Associates]] System Interface", introduced by that company in 1981<ref>ANSI Draft SASI Standard, Rev D, February 17, 1982, pg. ii states, "9/15/81 first presentation to ANSI committee X3T9-3 (2 weeks following announcement in Electronic Design)."</ref>. A SASI controller provided a bridge between a hard disk drive's low-level interface and a host computer, which needed to read blocks of data. SASI controller boards were typically the size of a hard disk drive and usually mounted on top of them. SASI, which was used in mini- and microcomputers, defined the interface as using a 50-pin flat ribbon connector which was adopted as the SCSI-1 connector. Many, if not all, of the then existing SASI controllers were SCSI-1 compatible<ref>ANSI SCSI Standard, X3.131-1986, [[June 23]] [[1986]], 2<sup>nd</sup>, foreword.</ref>


Pornography is of different forms depending on physical characteristics of the participants, fetish, sexual orientation etc. Reality and voyeur pornography, [[Animation|animated]] videos, legally prohibited acts also depicted. Some popular genres of pornography:
Larry Boucher is considered to be the "father" of SASI and SCSI due to his pioneering work first at [[Shugart Associates]] and then at [[Adaptec]].<ref name="CHM">[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OiLUIJ3ke-o "How Computer Storage Became a Modern Business," Computer History Museum, March 9, 2005]</ref>
*[[Amateur pornography]]
*[[Sexual Fetishism|Fetish pornography]]
*[[Sexual orientation|Orientation-based pornography]] ([[gay pornography]]; [[lesbian pornography]]; [[bisexual pornography]])
*[[Group sex|Orgy pornography]]
*[[Race-oriented pornography]] (e.g. [[Asian people|Asian]], [[black]], [[Latino]], [[interracial pornography|interracial]])
*[[Voyeurism|Voyeur pornography]] (e.g. hidden camera pornography, "upskirt" pornography)


==Economics==
The [[ANSI]] committee documenting the standard would not allow it to be named after a company. Almost a full day was devoted to agreeing to name the standard "Small Computer System Interface," which Boucher intended to be pronounced "sexy"; however, [http://www.merchantamerica.com/endl/index.php?ba=about_us ENDL's] Dal Allan pronounced the new acronym as "scuzzy" and that stuck.<ref name="CHM" />
{{main|Porn industry}}
[[Image:The making of an adult film 5 by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|Actors, producer, director, cameramen, lighting and makeup are a few of the jobs represented in the photograph of the making of a [[pornographic film]].]]
Revenues of the adult industry in the United States have been difficult to determine. In 1970, a Federal study estimated that the total retail value of all the hard-core porn in the United States was no more than $10 million<ref>[[President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography]]. ''Report of The Commission on Obscenity and Pornography'' 1970, [[Washington, D.C.]]: [[United States Government Printing Office|U. S. Government Printing Office]].</ref>


In 1998, [[Forrester Research]] published a report on the online "adult content" industry estimating $750 million to $1 billion in annual revenue. As an unsourced aside, the Forrester study speculated on an industry-wide aggregate figure of $8-10 billion, which was repeated out of context in many news stories,<ref name="AlternetNaked">{{cite news
The "small" part in SCSI is historical; since the mid-1990s, SCSI has been available on even the largest of computer systems.
| last = Richard
| first = Emmanuelle
| title = The Naked Untruth
| language = English
| publisher = Alternet
| date= 2002-05-23
| url = http://www.alternet.org/story/13212/
| accessdate = 2006-09-08
| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20040928182112/http://www.alternet.org/story/13212/
|archivedate = 2004-09-28
}}</ref> after being published in [[Eric Schlosser]]'s book on the American [[underground economy]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Schlosser
| first = Eric
| authorlink = Eric Schlosser
| title = Reefer Madness: Sex, Drugs, and Cheap Labor in the American Black Market
| date= 2003-05-08
| publisher = Houghton Mifflin
| isbn = 978-0618334667
| pages =
| chapter =
| chapterurl =
| quote =
| ref =
}}Schlosser's book repeats the $10 billion figure without additional evidence</ref><!-- Page number needed, preferably with quote. Is this book the source of the estimate? --> Studies in 2001 put the total (including video, pay-per-view, Internet and magazines) between $2.6 billion and $3.9 billion.<ref name="ForbesAckman">{{cite web
|url = http://www.forbes.com/2001/05/25/0524porn.html
|title = How Big Is Porn?
|accessdate = 2007-11-08
|last = Ackman
|first = Dan
|authorlink = Dan Ackman
|date= 2001-05-25
|work = Forbes.com
|publisher = Forbes.com
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20010609221146/http://www.forbes.com/2001/05/25/0524porn.html
|archivedate = 2001-06-09
|quote = $2.6 billion to $3.9 billion. Sources: Adams Media Research, Forrester Research, Veronis Suhler Communications Industry Report, IVD
}}</ref>


A significant amount of pornographic video is shot in the [[San Fernando Valley]], which has been a pioneering region for producing adult films since the 1970s, and has since become home for various models, actors/actresses, production companies, and other assorted businesses involved in the production and distribution of pornography.
Since its standardization in 1986, SCSI has been commonly used in the [[Amiga]], [[Macintosh|Apple Macintosh]] and [[Sun Microsystems]] computer lines and PC server systems. Apple started using [[AT Attachment|IDE]] for its low-end machines with the Macintosh Quadra 630 in 1994, and added it to its high-end desktops starting with the Power Macintosh G3 in 1997. Apple dropped on-board SCSI completely (in favor of IDE and [[FireWire]]) with the Blue & White G3 in 1999. Sun has switched its lower end range to [[Serial ATA]] (SATA). SCSI has never been popular in the low-priced IBM PC world, owing to the lower cost and adequate performance of its ATA hard disk standard. SCSI drives and even SCSI [[RAID]]s became common in PC workstations for video or audio production, but the appearance of large cheap SATA drives means that SATA is rapidly taking over this market.


The porn industry has been considered influential in deciding [[format war]]s in media; including being a factor in [[VHS]] v. [[Betamax]] (the [[videotape format war]])<ref name="Macworld" /><ref name="Inquirer" /> and a factor in the [[Blu-ray]] vs. [[HD DVD]] format war.<ref name="Macworld">{{cite web
Currently, SCSI is popular on high-performance workstations and servers. RAIDs on servers almost always use SCSI hard disks, though a number of manufacturers offer SATA-based RAID systems as a cheaper option. Desktop computers and notebooks more typically use the ATA/IDE or the newer SATA interfaces for hard disks, and USB, e-sata, and FireWire connections for external devices.
|url = http://www.macworld.com/news/2006/05/02/pornhd/index.php?lsrc=mwrss
|title = Porn industry may be decider in Blu-ray, HD-DVD battle
|accessdate = 2007-11-08
|last = Mearian
|first = Lucas
|authorlink = Computerworld
|date= 2006-05-02
|work = Macworld
|publisher = Mac Publishing
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060712001523/http://www.macworld.com/news/2006/05/02/pornhd/index.php?lsrc=mwrss
|archivedate = 2006-07-12
|quote =
}}Ron Wagner, Director of IT at a California porn studio: "If you look at the VHS vs. Beta standards, you see the much higher-quality standard dying because of [the porn industry’s support of VHS] ... The mass volume of tapes in the porn market at the time went out on VHS."</ref><ref name="Inquirer">{{cite web
|url = http://www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2007/01/17/blu-ray-loves-porn-after-all
|title = Blu-ray loves porn after all
|accessdate = 2007-11-08
|last = Lynch
|first = Martin
|date= 2007-01-17
|work = The Inquirer
|publisher = Incisive Media Investments
|archiveurl = http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2007/01/17/blu-ray-loves-porn-after-all
|archivedate = 2007-11-07
|quote = By many accounts VHS would not have won its titanic struggle against Sony’s Betamax video tape format if it hadn’t been for porn. This might be over-stating its importance but it was an important factor. ... There is no way that Sony can ignore the boost that porn can give the Blu-ray format.
}}</ref><ref name="Fox">{{cite web
|url = http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,245638,00.html
|title = Porn Industry May Decide DVD Format War
|accessdate = 2007-11-08
|last = Gardiner
|first = Bryan
|date= 2007-01-22
|work = FOXNews.com - Technology News
|publisher = Ziff Davis Media
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070210100959/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,245638,00.html
|archivedate = 2007-02-10
|quote = As was expected, the 2007 [[Consumer Electronics Show]] saw even more posturing and politics between the Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD camps, with each side announcing a new set of alliances and predicting that the end of the war was imminent.
}}</ref>


===Non-commercial pornography===
==SCSI interfaces==
As well as the porn industry, there is a large amount of non-commercial pornography. This should be distinguished from commercial pornography falsely marketed as featuring "amateurs". The [http://www.asstr.org Alt Sex Stories Text Repository] focuses on prose stories collected from [[Usenet]]. Various Usenet groups are focussed on non-commercial pornographic photographs.
SCSI is available in a variety of interfaces. The first, still very common, was [[parallel SCSI]] (now also called SPI), which uses a [[parallel communications|parallel]] [[electrical bus]] design. As of 2008, SPI is being replaced by [[Serial Attached SCSI]] (SAS), which uses a [[Serial communications|serial]] [[point-to-point]] design but retains other aspects of the technology. [[iSCSI]] drops physical implementation entirely, and instead uses [[TCP/IP]] as a transport mechanism. Many other interfaces which do not rely on complete SCSI standards still implement the [[#SCSI command protocol|SCSI command protocol]]


==Technology==
SCSI interfaces have often been included on computers from various manufacturers for use under [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Apple Macintosh]], [[Unix]] and [[Linux]] operating systems, either implemented on the [[motherboard]] or by the means of plug-in adaptors. With the advent of [[Serial Attached SCSI|SAS]] and [[Serial ATA|SATA]] drives, provision for SCSI on motherboards is being discontinued. A few companies still market SCSI interfaces for motherboards supporting PCIe and PCI-X.
Mass-distributed pornography is as old as the printing press. Almost as soon as photography was invented, it was being used to produce pornographic images. Some claim{{Who|date=October 2007}} that pornography has been a driving force in the development of technologies from the [[printing press]], through [[photography]] (still and motion), to [[video]], [[Satellite television|satellite TV]], [[DVD]], and the [[Internet]]. With the invention of tiny [[camera]]s and wireless equipments [[voyeur pornography]] is gaining ground. [[Mobile camera]]s are used to capture pornographic photos or videos, and forwarded as [[Multimedia Messaging Service|MMS]].


===Computer-generated images and manipulations===
Connector information: See [[SCSI connector]]
Digital manipulation requires the use of source photographs, but some pornography is produced without human actors at all. The idea of completely [[computer-generated imagery|computer-generated]] pornography was conceived very early as one of the most obvious areas of application for computer graphics and 3D rendering.


Until the late 1990s, digitally manipulated pornography could not be produced cost-effectively. In the early 2000s, it became a growing segment, as the modelling and animation software matured and the rendering capabilities of computers improved. As of 2004, computer-generated pornography depicting situations involving children and sex with [[fictional character]]s, such as [[Lara Croft]], is already produced on a limited scale. The October 2004 issue of [[Playboy]] featured topless pictures of the title character from the [[BloodRayne]] video game.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://money.cnn.com/2004/08/25/commentary/game_over/column_gaming/ | title=Playboy undressed video game women - Aug. 25, 2004 | accessdate=2006-08-26}}</ref>
=== Parallel SCSI ===
<!--
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Table
impedance ohm site:t10.org
-->{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan=2 | Interface
! rowspan=2 | Alternative <br/> names
! rowspan=2 | Specification <br/> document
! rowspan=2 | Connector
! rowspan=2 | Width <br/> (bits)
! rowspan=2 | Clock<ref name="clock">Clock rate in [[Hertz|MHz]] for SPI, or [[bitrate]] (per second) for serial interfaces</ref>
! colspan=5 | Maximum
|-
! Throughput<ref name="megabyte">In [[megabyte]]s per second, not [[megabit]]s per second</ref>
! Length <br/> (single ended)<ref name="length">For daisy-chain designs, length of bus, from end to end; for point-to-point, length of a single link</ref>
! Length LVD
! Length [[Differential signaling#High-voltage differential signaling|HVD]]
! Devices <ref name="devices">Including any host adapters (i.e., computers count as a device)</ref>
! Impedance &#91;[[Ohm|Ω]]&#93;
! Voltage &#91;[[Volt|V]]&#93;
|-
| SCSI-1
| Narrow SCSI
| SCSI-1 (1986)
| IDC50; Centronics C50
| 8
| 5 MHz
| 5 MB/s
| 6 m
| NA
| 25m
| 8
| {{nowrap| SE 90 ± 6 Ω <ref name="random">{{cite web|title=Random Problems Encountered When Mixing SE and LVD SCSI Standards |url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/285013 |accessdate=2008-05-07}}</ref> }}
| 5
|-
| Fast SCSI
|
| SCSI-2 (1994)
| IDC50; Centronics C50
| 8
| 10 MHz
| 10 MB/s
| 1.5-3 m
| NA
| 25m
| 8
| {{nowrap| SE 90 ± 6 Ω <ref name="random"/> }}
| 5
|-
| Fast-Wide SCSI
|
| SCSI-2;<br/> SCSI-3 SPI (1996)
| 2 x 50-pin (SCSI-2);<br/> 1 x 68-pin (SCSI-3)
| 16
| 10 MHz
| 20 MB/s
| 1.5-3 m
| NA
| 25m
| 16
| {{nowrap| SE 90 ± 6 Ω <ref name="random"/> }}
| 5
|-
| Ultra SCSI
| Fast-20
| SCSI-3 SPI
| IDC50
| 8
| 20 MHz
| 20 MB/s
| 1.5-3 m
| NA
| 25m
| 8
| {{nowrap| SE 90 ± 6 Ω <ref name="random"/> }}
| 5
|-
| Ultra Wide SCSI
|
| SCSI-3 SPI
| 68-pin
| 16
| 20 MHz
| 40 MB/s
| 1.5-3 m
| NA
| 25m
| 16
| {{nowrap| SE 90 ± 6 Ω <ref name="random"/> }}
| 5
|-
| Ultra2 SCSI
| Fast-40
| SCSI-3 SPI-2 (1997)
| 50-pin
| 8
| 40 MHz
| 40 MB/s
| NA
| 12m
| 25m
| 8
| {{nowrap| LVD 125 ± 10 Ω <ref name="random"/> }}
|
|-
| Ultra2 Wide SCSI
|
| SCSI-3 SPI-2
| 68-pin; 80-pin ([[Single Connector Attachment|SCA]]/SCA-2)
| 16
| 40 MHz
| 80 MB/s
| NA
| 12m
| 25m
| 16
| {{nowrap| LVD 125 ± 10 Ω <ref name="random"/> }}
|
|-
| Ultra3 SCSI
| Ultra-160; Fast-80 wide
| SCSI-3 SPI-3 (1999)
| 68-pin; 80-pin ([[Single Connector Attachment|SCA]]/SCA-2)
| 16
| 40 MHz [[Double data rate|DDR]]
| 160 MB/s
| NA
| 12m
| NA
| 16
| {{nowrap| LVD 125 ± 10 Ω <ref name="random"/> }}
|
|-
| Ultra-320 SCSI
| Ultra4 SCSI
| (2002)
| 68-pin; 80-pin ([[Single Connector Attachment|SCA]]/SCA-2)
| 16
| 80 MHz DDR
| 320 MB/s
| NA
| 12m
| NA
| 16
| {{nowrap| LVD 125 ± 10 Ω <ref name="random"/> }}
|
|-
| Ultra-640 SCSI
|
| (2003)
| 68-pin; 80-pin
| 16
| 160 MHz DDR
| 640 MB/s
| ??
|
|
| 16
|
|
|}


==Production and distribution by region==
=== Other SCSI interfaces ===
{{main|Pornography by region}}
{| class="wikitable"
The [[Film production|production]] and [[distribution (business)|distribution]] of pornography are economic activities of some importance. The exact size of the economy of pornography and the influence that it has in political circles are matters of controversy.
|-
! rowspan=2 | Interface
! rowspan=2 | Alternative <br/> names
! rowspan=2 | Specification <br/> document
! rowspan=2 | Connector
! rowspan=2 | Width <br/> (bits)
! rowspan=2 | Clock<ref name="clock"/>
! colspan=5 | Maximum
|-
! Throughput<ref name="megabyte"/>
! Length<ref name="length"/>
! Devices<ref name="devices"/>
|-
| [[Serial Storage Architecture|SSA]]
|
|
|
| 1
| 200 MHz
| 40 MB/s<ref name="spatial_reuse">spatial reuse</ref><ref name="fdx">[[Duplex (telecommunications)|full duplex]]</ref>
| 25 m
| 96
|-
| SSA 40
|
|
|
| 1
| 400 MHz
| 80 MB/s<ref name="spatial_reuse"/><ref name="fdx"/>
| 25 m
| 96
|-
| [[Fibre Channel|FC-AL]] 1Gb
|
|
|
| 1
| 1 GHz
| 100 MB/s<ref name="per_dir">per direction</ref><ref name="fdx"/>
| 500m/3km<ref name="fcdist">500 meters for [[Multi-mode optical fiber|multi-mode]], 3 kilometers for [[Single-mode optical fiber|single-mode]]</ref>
| 127
|-
| FC-AL 2Gb
|
|
|
| 1
| 2 GHz
| 200 MB/s<ref name="per_dir"/><ref name="fdx"/>
| 500m/3km<ref name="fcdist"/>
| 127
|-
| FC-AL 4Gb
|
|
|
| 1
| 4 GHz
| 400 MB/s<ref name="per_dir"/><ref name="fdx"/>
| 500m/3km<ref name="fcdist"/>
| 127
|-
| [[Serial Attached SCSI|SAS]]
|
|
|
| 1
| 3 GHz
| 300 MB/s<ref name="per_dir"/><ref name="fdx"/>
| 6 m
| 16,256<ref name="128per">128 per expander</ref>
|-
| [[iSCSI]]
|
|
|
| colspan="5" style="text-align: center;" | Implementation- and network-dependent
|}


'''[[Pornography in Japan]]:'''
==SCSI cabling==
Rates of pornography use in Japan have climbed in the 20th century. A correlation has been found between pornography use, [[rape]] and other sex crimes. From 1972 when pornography changed from totally prohibited to freely available with no age restrictions there has been a significant drop in sex crime and particularly in the number of victims aged under 13. Japan has the lowest levels of reported rape and the highest levels of arrests and convictions in any developed nation in the world.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Diamond | first = Milton | authorlink = Milton Diamond | coauthors = Uchiyama, A. | title = Pornography, rape and sex crimes in Japan | journal = International Journal of Law and Psychiatry | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–22 | year = 1999 | url = http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/online_artcls/pornography/prngrphy_rape_jp.html| accessdate=2006-08-26 | doi = 10.1016/S0160-2527(98)00035-1}}</ref>
{{Unreferenced-section|date=June 2008}}
Internal SCSI cables are usually [[ribbon cables]] that have multiple 68 pin or 50 pin connectors. External cables are shielded and only have connectors on the ends.


=== iSCSI ===
==Legal status==
:''See [[List of pornography laws by region]] for detailed list''
'''[[iSCSI]]''' preserves the basic SCSI [[paradigm]], especially the command set, almost unchanged. iSCSI advocates project the iSCSI standard, an embedding of SCSI-3 over [[TCP/IP]], as displacing [[Fibre Channel]] in the long run, arguing that [[Ethernet]] data rates are currently increasing faster than data rates for Fibre Channel and similar disk-attachment [[technology|technologies]]. iSCSI could thus address both the low-end and high-end markets with a single [[commodity]]-based technology.
The legal status of pornography varies widely from country to country. Most countries allow at least some form of pornography. In some countries, softcore pornography is considered tame enough to be sold in general stores or to be shown on TV. Hardcore pornography, on the other hand, is usually regulated. The production and sale, and to a slightly lesser degree the possession, of [[child pornography]] is illegal in almost all countries, and most countries have restrictions on pornography involving [[Rape pornography|violence]] or [[Zoophilia|animals]].
[[Image:Peep Show by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|left|Pornographic entertainment on display in a [[sex shop]] window. There is usually a minimum age to go into pornographic stores.]]
Most countries attempt to restrict minors' access to hardcore materials, limiting availability to [[adult bookstore]]s, mail-order, via television channels that parents can restrict, among other means. There is usually an age minimum for entrance to pornographic stores, or the materials are displayed partly covered or not displayed at all. More generally, [[disseminating pornography to a minor]] is often illegal. Many of these efforts have been rendered practically irrelevant by widely available [[Internet pornography]].


In the United States, a person receiving unwanted [[Direct marketing|commercial mail]] he or she deems pornographic (or otherwise offensive) may obtain a [[Prohibitory Order]], either against all mail from a particular sender, or against all sexually explicit mail, by applying to the [[United States Postal Service]].
=== Serial SCSI ===
Three recent versions of SCSI&mdash;[[Serial Storage Architecture|SSA]], [[Fibre Channel|FC-AL]], and [[Serial Attached SCSI]] (SAS)&mdash;break from the traditional [[parallel SCSI]] standards and perform data transfer via serial communications. Although much of the documentation of SCSI talks about the [[Parallel SCSI|parallel interface]], most contemporary development effort is on serial SCSI. Serial SCSI has a number of advantages over parallel SCSI: faster data rates, [[hot swapping]] (some but not all parallel SCSI interfaces support it), and improved fault isolation. The primary reason for the shift to serial interfaces is the [[clock skew]] issue of high speed parallel interfaces, which makes the faster variants of parallel SCSI susceptible to problems caused by cabling and termination. Serial SCSI devices are more expensive than the equivalent parallel SCSI devices, but this is likely to change soon{{Fact|date=October 2007}}.


There are recurring [[urban legend]]s of [[snuff movie]]s, in which murders are filmed for pornographic purposes. Despite extensive work to ascertain the truth of these rumors, law enforcement officials have been unable to find any such works.
== SCSI command protocol ==
{{Unreferenced-section|date=June 2008}}
In addition to many different hardware implementations, the SCSI standards also include a complex set of command protocol definitions. The SCSI command architecture was originally defined for [[parallel SCSI]] buses but has been carried forward with minimal change for use with iSCSI and serial SCSI. Other technologies which use the SCSI command set include the [[ATAPI|ATA Packet Interface]], [[USB mass storage device class|USB Mass Storage class]] and [[Serial Bus Protocol 2|FireWire SBP-2]].


The Internet has also caused problems with the enforcement of age limits regarding performers and subjects. In most countries, males and females under the age of 18 are not allowed to appear in porn films, but in several European countries the age limit is 16, and in Denmark it is legal for women as young as 16 to appear topless in mainstream newspapers and magazines.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} This material often ends up on the Internet and can be viewed by people in countries where it constitutes child pornography, creating challenges for lawmakers wishing to restrict access to such material.
In SCSI terminology, communication takes place between an [[SCSI initiator|initiator]] and a [[SCSI target|target]]. The initiator sends a [[SCSI command|command]] to the target which then responds. SCSI commands are sent in a Command Descriptor Block ([[SCSI CDB|CDB]]). The CDB consists of a one byte operation code followed by five or more bytes containing command-specific parameters.


Some people, including pornography producer [[Larry Flynt]] and the writer [[Salman Rushdie]],<ref name="TimesRushdie">{{cite web|url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article466971.ece|title= Porn is vital to freedom, says Rushdie|accessdate= 2007-11-08|last= Baxter|first= Sarah|coauthors= Brooks, Richard|date= 2004-08-08|work= Times Online|publisher= Times Newspapers|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/5TD5Q8UAz|archivedate= 2007-11-08|quote= Pornography exists everywhere, of course, but when it comes into societies in which it’s difficult for young men and women to get together and do what young men and women often like doing, it satisfies a more general need.... While doing so, it sometimes becomes a kind of standard-bearer for freedom, even civilisation.}}</ref> have argued that pornography is vital to freedom and that a free and civilized society should be judged by its willingness to accept pornography.
At the end of the command sequence the target returns a [[SCSI Status Code|Status Code]] byte which is usually 00h for success, 02h for an error (called a [[SCSI check condition|Check Condition]]), or 08h for busy. When the target returns a Check Condition in response to a command, the initiator usually then issues a [[SCSI Request Sense Command|SCSI Request Sense command]] in order to obtain a Key Code Qualifier ([[KCQ]]) from the target. The Check Condition and Request Sense sequence involves a special SCSI protocol called a [[SCSI contingent allegiance condition|Contingent Allegiance Condition]].


The UK Government is planning to outlaw possession of what it terms "[[extreme pornography]]" after a campaign following the highly publicised murder of [[Jane Longhurst]].
There are 4 categories of SCSI commands: N (non-data), W (writing data from initiator to target), R (reading data), and B (bidirectional). There are about 60 different [[SCSI command]]s in total, with the most common being:


==Effect on sex crimes==
* [[SCSI Test Unit Ready Command|Test unit ready]]: Queries device to see if it is ready for data transfers (disk spun up, media loaded, etc.).
{{main|Public health effects of pornography}}
* [[SCSI Inquiry Command|Inquiry]]: Returns basic device information, also used to "ping" the device since it does not modify sense data.
A lower per capita crime rate and historically high availability of pornography in many developed European countries (e.g. [[Netherlands]], [[Sweden]]) has led some researchers to conclude that there is an inverse relationship between the two, such that an increased availability of pornography in a society equates to a decrease in sexual crime.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.law.stanford.edu/display/images/dynamic/events_media/Kendall%20cover%20+%20paper.pdf | title=Pornography, rape and the internet | accessdate=2006-10-25|format=PDF}}</ref> Some researchers speculate that wide availability of pornography may reduce crimes by giving potential offenders a socially accepted way of regulating their own sexuality. Moreover, there is some evidence that states within the U.S. that have lower rates of internet access have a greater incidence of rape, although general national trend and idiosyncratic factors relevant to these states were not controlled for, thus severely limiting the conclusions that can be drawn.<ref>{{cite web | last = D'Amato | first = Anthony | title = Porn Up, Rape Down | url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=913013 | date= June 23, 2006| accessdate=2006-12-19}}</ref>
* [[SCSI Request Sense Command|Request sense]]: Returns any error codes from the previous command that returned an error status.
* [[SCSI Send Diagnostic Command|Send diagnostic]] and [[SCSI Receive Diagnostic Results Command|Receive diagnostic results]]: runs a simple self-test, or a specialised test defined in a [[SCSI diagnostic pages|diagnostic page]].
* [[SCSI Start Stop Unit Command|Start/Stop unit]]: Spins disks up and down, load/unload media.
* [[SCSI Read Capacity Command|Read capacity]]: Returns storage capacity.
* [[SCSI Format Unit Command|Format unit]]: Sets all sectors to all zeroes, also allocates logical blocks avoiding defective sectors.
* [[SCSI Read format capacities]]: Retrieve the data capacity of the device.
* [[SCSI Read Commands|Read]] (four variants): Reads data from a device.
* [[SCSI Write Commands|Write]] (four variants): Writes data to a device.
* [[SCSI Log Sense Command|Log sense]]: Returns current information from [[SCSI log pages|log pages]].
* [[SCSI Mode Sense Command|Mode sense]]: Returns current device parameters from [[SCSI mode pages|mode pages]].
* [[SCSI Mode Select Command|Mode select]]: Sets device parameters in a mode page.


Japan, which is noted for its large output of [[Rape pornography|rape fantasy pornography]], has the lowest reported sex crime rate in the [[industrialization|industrialized]] world. However, some argue that reported sex crime rates are low in Japan because the culture (a culture that greatly emphasizes a woman's "honor") is such that victims of sex crime are less likely to report it (e.g. [[chikan (body contact)|chikan]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.belsona-strategic.com/hisandhers_subway.htm | title=The His and Hers Subway | accessdate=2006-08-26}}</ref>). However, a 1995 study comparing crime statistics since 1972 when pornography changed from totally prohibited to freely available with no age restrictions found that:<ref>[http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/BIB/DIAM/effects_pornography.htm The Effects of Pornography: An International Perspective] [[University of Hawaii]] Porn 101: Eroticism, Pornography,
Each device on the SCSI bus is assigned at least one [[Logical Unit Number]] (LUN). Simple devices have just one LUN, more complex devices may have multiple LUNs. A "direct access" (i.e. disk type) storage device consists of a number of logical blocks, usually referred to by the term Logical Block Address ([[SCSI LBA|LBA]]). A typical LBA equates to 512 bytes of storage. The usage of LBAs has evolved over time and so four different command variants are provided for reading and writing data. The [[SCSI Read Commands|Read(6)]] and [[SCSI Write Commands|Write(6)]] commands contain a 21-bit LBA address. The [[SCSI Read Commands|Read(10)]], [[SCSI Read Commands|Read(12)]], [[SCSI Read Commands|Read Long]], [[SCSI Write Commands|Write(10)]], [[SCSI Write Commands|Write(12)]], and [[SCSI Write Commands|Write Long]] commands all contain a 32-bit LBA address plus various other parameter options.
and the First Amendment: Milton Diamond Ph.D.</ref>


<blockquote>sex crimes in every category, from rape to public indecency, sexual offenses from both ends of the criminal spectrum, significantly decreased in incidence. Most significantly, despite the wide increase in availability of pornography to children, not only was there a decrease in sex crimes with juveniles as victims but the number of juvenile offenders also decreased significantly. We hypothesized that the increase in pornography, without age restriction and in comics, if it had any detrimental effect, would most negatively influence younger individuals. Just the opposite occurred. The number of victims decreased particularly among the females younger than 13. In 1972, 8.3% of the victims were younger than 13. In 1995 the percentage of victims younger than 13 years of age dropped to 4.0%; a reduction of greater than 50%. In 1972, 33.3 % of the offenders were between 14-19 years of age; by 1995 that percentage had decreased to 9.6%..</blockquote>
A "sequential access" (i.e. tape-type) device does not have a specific capacity because it typically depends on the length of the tape, which is not known exactly. Reads and writes on a sequential access device happen at the current position, not at a specific LBA. The block size on sequential access devices can either be fixed or variable, depending on the specific device. Tape devices such as half-inch [[IBM 9 track|9-track tape]], [[Digital Data Storage|DDS]] (4mm tapes physically similar to [[digital audio tape|DAT]]), [[Exabyte (company)|Exabyte]], etc.., support variable block sizes.


Yet, this result neglects the co-occurrence of feminist movements in the early 1970s that specifically targeted sexual attitudes and legal treatments of rape.<ref>Sable, M. & Danis, F. (2006). Barriers to reporting sexual assault for women and men: perspectives of college students. Journal of American College Health, 55 (3): 157.</ref> However, others argue it is likely that the emergence of cultural consciousness about rape and the first rape prevention and treatment centers can account for the decline in rape over this time period.<ref>Smith, L., White, T. (1980). Feminist community from 1969 to 1979. Off Our Backs, 10 (2) pg. 13</ref>
== How SCSI works ==
{{Unreferenced-section|date=June 2008}}
SCSI uses a protocol method to transfer data between devices on the bus. It is a circular process which starts and ends up in the same layer. From the first layer, all additional layers of protocol must be executed before any data is transferred to or from another device and the layers of protocol must be completed after the data has been transferred to the end of the process. The protocol layers are referred to as "SCSI bus phases". These phases are:


However, a review of controlled studies has found that extensive, extremely prolonged viewing of the type of pornographic material commonly sold at adult bookstores was positively correlated with leniency in the sentencing of a person convicted of rape in a mock trial setting, decreased satisfaction of participants with their sex lives and partners, and an increased self-reported willingness to commit rape or other forced sexual acts.<ref>Zillmann, Dolf: "Effects of Prolonged Consumption of Pornography", [http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/C/K/V/]</ref> Furthermore, Ariely and Loewenstein conducted a laboratory study that demonstrated an increased willingness of men to engage in "dater rape" like behaviors (e.g., slip a woman a drug to increase the chance to have sex with her) while sexually aroused. <ref>Ariely, D., Loewenstein, G. (2005). The heat of the moment: The effect of sexual arousal on sexual decision making. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 19, 87-98.</ref>
* BUS FREE
* ARBITRATION
* SELECTION
* MESSAGE OUT
* COMMAND OUT
* DATA OUT/IN
* STATUS IN
* MESSAGE IN
* RESELECTION


==Anti-pornography movement==
The SCSI bus can be in only one phase at a given time.
[[Image:La grande Epidemie de PORNOGRAPHIE.gif|thumb|A French [[caricature]] on "the great epidemic of pornography".]]
{{main|Anti-pornography movement}}


Opposition to pornography comes generally, though not exclusively, from several sources: [[law]], [[religion]] and [[feminism]]. Some critics from the latter two camps have expressed belief in the existence of "[[pornography addiction]]."
== SCSI device identification ==
{{Cleanup-jargon|date=June 2008}}
In the modern SCSI transport protocols, there is an automated process of "discovery" of the IDs. SSA initiators "walk the loop" to determine what devices are there and then assign each one a 7-bit "hop-count" value. FC-AL initiators use the LIP (Loop Initialization Protocol) to interrogate each device port for its WWN ([[World Wide Name]]). For iSCSI, because of the unlimited scope of the (IP) network, the process is quite complicated. These discovery processes occur at power-on/initialization time and also if the bus topology changes later, for example if an extra device is added.


===Effect on sexual aggression===
On a parallel SCSI bus, a device (e.g. host adapter, disk drive) is identified by a "SCSI ID", which is a number in the range 0-7 on a narrow bus and in the range 0–15 on a wide bus. On earlier models a physical jumper or switch controls the SCSI ID of the initiator ([[host adapter]]). On modern host adapters (since about 1997), doing I/O to the adapter sets the SCSI ID; for example, the adapter often contains a BIOS program that runs when the computer boots up and that program has menus that let the operator choose the SCSI ID of the host adapter. Alternatively, the host adapter may come with software that must be installed on the host computer to configure the SCSI ID. The traditional SCSI ID for a host adapter is 7, as that ID has the highest priority during bus arbitration (even on a 16 bit bus).
In the 1970s and 1980s, feminists such as Dr. [[Catharine MacKinnon]] and [[Andrea Dworkin]] criticized pornography as essentially dehumanizing women and as likely to encourage violence against them. It has been suggested that there was an alliance, tacit or explicit, between [[Anti-pornography movement#Feminist objections|anti-porn feminists]] and [[evangelical Christians|fundamentalist Christians]] to help censor the use of or production of pornography.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ashlandfreepress.com/The_Summer_of_Love_Issue/The_Anti-Pornography_Movement | title=The Anti-Pornography Movement - Ashland Free Press | accessdate=2006-08-26}}</ref>


According to researchers N.M. Malamuth, T. Addison and M. Koss, "high pornography use is not necessarily indicative of high risk for sexual aggression," but go on to say, "if a person has relatively aggressive sexual inclinations resulting from various personal and/or cultural factors, some pornography exposure may activate and reinforce associated coercive tendencies and behaviors".<ref> {{cite journal
The SCSI ID of a device in a drive enclosure that has a backplane is set either by jumpers or by the slot in the enclosure the device is installed into, depending on the model of the enclosure. In the latter case, each slot on the enclosure's back plane delivers control signals to the drive to select a unique SCSI ID. A SCSI enclosure without a backplane often has a switch for each drive to choose the drive's SCSI ID. The enclosure is packaged with connectors that must be plugged into the drive where the jumpers are typically located; the switch emulates the necessary jumpers. While there is no standard that makes this work, drive designers typically set up their jumper headers in a consistent format that matches the way that these switches implement.
| last = Malamuth
| first = NM
| coauthors = Addison T, Koss M
| title = Pornography and sexual aggression: are there reliable effects and can we understand them?
| journal = Annual Review of Sex Research
| volume = 2000
| issue = 11
| pages = 26–91
| publisher = Society for the Scientific Study of Sex
| year= 2000
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11351835&dopt=Citation
| doi =
| pmid = : 11351835
| accessdate = 2006-09-08 }}
(Malamuth, Addison, & Koss, 2000, p. 79-81)</ref>


===Feminist objections===
Note that a SCSI target device (which can be called a "physical unit") is often divided into smaller "logical units." For example, a high-end disk subsystem may be a single SCSI device but contain dozens of individual disk drives, each of which is a logical unit (more commonly, it is not that simple—virtual disk devices are generated by the subystem based on the storage in those physical drives, and each virtual disk device is a logical unit). The SCSI ID, WWN, etc. in this case identifies the whole subsystem, and a second number, the logical unit number (LUN) identifies a disk device within the subsystem.
[[Feminist]] critics of pornography, such as [[Andrea Dworkin]] and [[Catharine MacKinnon]], generally consider it demeaning to women. They believe that most pornography eroticizes the [[Male dominance|domination]], [[Erotic humiliation|humiliation]], and [[coercion]] of women, reinforces sexual and cultural attitudes that are complicit in [[rape]] and [[sexual harassment]], and contributes to the male-centered [[objectification]] of women. Some feminists distinguish between pornography and [[erotica]], which they say does not have the same negative effects of pornography. However, many [[Third-wave feminism|Third-wave feminists]] and [[Postmodern feminism|postmodern feminists]] disagree with this critique of porn, claiming that appearing in or using pornography can be explained as each individual woman's choice, and is not guided by socialization in a capitalist patriarchy.


====Pornography by and for women====
It is quite common, though incorrect, to refer to the logical unit itself as a "LUN." Accordingly, the actual LUN may be called a "LUN number" or "LUN id".
Some recent pornography has been produced under the rubric of "by and for women". According to [[Tristan Taormino]], "[[Sex-positive feminism|Feminist porn]] both responds to dominant images with alternative ones and creates its own iconography."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.villagevoice.com/people/0624,taormino,73480,24.html | title=Political Smut Makers by Tristan Taormino | accessdate=2006-08-26}}</ref>


===Legal objections===
Setting the bootable (or first) hard disk to SCSI ID 0 is an accepted IT community recommendation. SCSI ID 2 is usually set aside for the floppy disk drive while SCSI ID 3 is typically for a CD-ROM drive.<ref>{{cite book|last=Groth|first=David|authorlink=|coauthors=Dan Newland|editor=|others=|title=A+ Complete Study Guide (2nd Edition)
{{globalize/USA}}
|origdate=|origyear=|origmonth=|url=http://www.bookfinder4u.com/IsbnSearch.aspx?isbn=0782128025&mode=direct|format=|accessdate=|accessyear=|accessmonth=|edition=|series=|date=|year=2001|month=January|publisher=[http://www.sybex.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-290554.html Sybex]|location=Alameda, CA, USA|language=|isbn=0782142443|oclc=|doi=|id=|pages=183|chapter=|chapterurl=|quote=|ref=}}</ref>
In the United States, distribution of "obscene" materials is a Federal crime,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode18/usc_sec_18_00001462----000-.html
|title=U.S. Code: Title 18, 1462. Importation or transportation of obscene matters
|publisher=Cornell University Law School
|accessdate=2008-01-27}}</ref> The determination of what is obscene is up to a jury in a trial, which must apply the [[Miller test]]; however, due to the prominence of pornography in most communities most pornographic materials are not considered obscene by the Miller Test.


Partly because [[Denmark]] decriminalized pornography in 1967 with few adverse effects and partly because of the 1968 United States Supreme Court decision which held that people could view whatever they wished in the privacy of their own homes, in 1968 Congress created the [[President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography]] to investigate the effects of obscenity and pornography on the people of the United States with each member personally appointed by [[Lyndon B. Johnson|President Lyndon B. Johnson]]. In what became the most detailed and comprehensive investigation into pornography to date, the commission in its final report found that pornography could not be shown to do harm to individuals or to society, and recommended the repeal of obscenity and pornography legislation as it related to adults. Released during the presidency of [[Richard Nixon]] the report generated a brief bout of controversy but was ultimately ignored by the administration.
==SCSI enclosure services==
In larger SCSI servers, the disk-drive devices are housed in an intelligent enclosure that supports [[SCSI Enclosure Services|SCSI Enclosure Services (SES)]]. The initiator can communicate with the enclosure using a specialised set of SCSI commands to access power, cooling, and other non-data characteristics.


Attorney General for Ronald Reagan, [[Edwin Meese]], also courted controversy when he appointed the "[[Meese Commission]]" to investigate pornography in the United States; their report, released in July 1986, was highly critical of pornography and itself became a target of widespread criticism. That year, Meese Commission officials contacted convenience store chains and succeeded in demanding that widespread men's magazines such as ''[[Playboy]]'' and ''[[Penthouse (magazine)|Penthouse]]'' be removed from shelves,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://home.earthlink.net/~durangodave/html/writing/Censorship.htm | title=Politics and Pornography | accessdate=2006-08-26}}</ref>a ban which spread nationally<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mediacoalition.org/reports/wildmon.html | title=The Rev. Donald E. Wildmon | accessdate=2006-08-26}}</ref> until being quashed with a [[First Amendment]] admonishment against prior restraint by the D.C. Federal Court in Meese v. Playboy (639 F.Supp. 581).
== See also ==
* [[List of device bandwidths]]


In the United States in 2005, Attorney General Gonzales made obscenity and pornography a top prosecutorial priority of the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]].<ref name="Acosta">{{cite web
== References ==
|url = http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1125318960389
<references/>
|title = U.S. Attorney's Porn Fight Gets Bad Reviews
|accessdate = 2007-11-08
|last = Kay
|first = Julie
|authorlink =
|coauthors =
|date= 2005-08-30
|work = Daily Business Review
|publisher = ALM Properties
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20051025081709/http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1125318960389
|archivedate = 2005-10-25
|quote = The agents were stunned to learn that a top prosecutorial priority of [interim U.S. Attorney Alex] Acosta and the Department of Justice was none of the above. Instead, Acosta told them, it's obscenity. Not pornography involving children, but pornographic material featuring consenting adults. ... Acosta replied that this was Attorney General Gonzales' mandate.
}}</ref>


The conservative religious organization Concerned Women for America polled every U.S. attorney’s office to find out what they planned to do about obscenity. Except for a handful of offices that didn’t return calls, not one said it had any inclination to pursue anything other than child obscenity cases.<ref>
== Bibliography ==
{{cite web
* {{cite book|title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (AHD)|editor=Pickett, Joseph P., et al. (ed)|edition=Fourth Edition|year=2000|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/|isbn=0-395-82517-2}}
|url = http://abajournal.com/magazine/the_end_of_the_net_porn_wars/
* {{cite book|last=Field|first=Gary|coauthors=Peter Ridge, John Lohmeyer, Gerhard Islinger, Stefan Groll|title=The Book of SCSI|edition=2nd Edition|publisher=No Starch Press|year=2000|isbn=1-886411-10-7}}
|title = The End of the Net Porn Wars
|accessdate = 2008-07-08
|last = Krause
|first = Jason
|authorlink =
|coauthors =
|date= 2008-02-01
|work = ABA Journal
|publisher = ABA
|archiveurl = http://abajournal.com/magazine/the_end_of_the_net_porn_wars/
}}</ref>


U.S. Rep. Frank Wolf, R-Va., sponsored a grant in 2005 to Morality in Media to set up the website obscenitycrimes.org that would allow citizens to report obscene websites and materials. The site has generated tens of thousands of tips and complaints, and the organization has sent promising ones on to the Department of Justice, but the department has not followed up on a single one.
== External links ==
* [http://www.delec.com/guide/scsi/ SCSI Details, Wiring, Compaq/HP]
* [http://www.datapro.net/techinfo/scsi_doc.html All About SCSI]
* [http://utils.blinkenlights.nl/scsi/ SCSI Help: Identifying SCSI HDs and Connectors]
* [http://www.t10.org/ T10 Technical Committee] (SCSI standards)
* [http://www.scsita.org/terms/scsiterms.html SCSITA terminology]
* [http://www.bswd.com/cornucop.htm "Storage Cornucopia" SCSI links, maintained by a consultant]
* [http://home.nc.rr.com/woodsmall/SCSI.htm SCSI/iSCSI/RAID/SAS Information Sheet]
* [http://www.pcnineoneone.com/howto/scsi1.html SCSI basics]
* [http://www.scsilibrary.com/ WWW Virtual Library for SCSI]
* [http://pinouts.ru/pin_HD.shtml SCSI and ATA pinouts]
* [http://www.blackbox.com/files/applicationdiagrams/scsi-connectors4.gif Field guide to Common SCSI Connectors]
* [http://scsifaq.paralan.com/ SCSI FAQ]
* [http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-scsi-subsystem/?ca=dgr-lnxw57LinuxSCSIsub&S_TACT=105AGX59&S_CMP=GR Anatomy of the Linux SCSI subsystem]
* [http://www.scsi4me.com/scsi-connectors.htm List of Adapters by SCSI connector type ]
* [http://www-304.ibm.com/systems/support/supportsite.wss/docdisplay?brandind=5000008&lndocid=MIGR-4AQSCA SCSI connector photos]
[[Category:SCSI| ]]
[[Category:Computing acronyms]]
[[Category:Macintosh internals]]


===Religious objections===
[[bs:SCSI]]
Some religious groups often discourage their members from viewing or reading pornography, and support legislation restricting its publication. These positions derive from broader religious views about sexuality. In some religious traditions, for example, sexual intercourse is limited to the express function of procreation. Thus, sexual pleasure or sex-oriented entertainment, as well as lack of modesty, are considered to be sexual immorality by some.
[[cs:SCSI]]

[[da:SCSI]]
Other religions do not find sexual pleasure immoral, but see sex as a sacred, godly, highly-pleasurable activity. These traditions do not condemn sexual pleasure in and of itself, but they impose limitations on the circumstances under which sexual pleasure should be properly experienced. Pornography in this view is seen as the secularization of something sacred, and so, a violation of spouses' intimate relationship.
[[de:Small Computer System Interface]]

[[es:Small Computer System Interface]]
Though the Torah (Jewish written law) has a great many prohibitions of about sexual behaviors, pornography is not specifically mentioned. However, the [[Tzniut]] requires Jewish women to be covered from ankle to wrist (thereby forbidding pornographic modeling or acting for women). The [[halakhah]] states that sexually arousing images are to be avoided. <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tznius</ref>
[[fr:Small Computer System Interface]]

[[gl:SCSI]]
The Qur'an 24:31 states "And tell the believing women to lower their gaze and keep covered their private parts, and that they should not show-off their beauty except what is apparent, and let them cast their shawls over their cleavage. And let them not show-off their beauty except to their husbands... "<ref>http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Quran/24?oldid=506079</ref>
[[ko:SCSI]]

[[hr:SCSI]]
There is no simple direct prohibition of pornographic media in the Bible. Extrapolation and generalization of Matthew 5:27,28 is required.
[[id:SCSI]]
<blockquote>
[[it:Small Computer System Interface]]
You have heard that it was said, 'Do not commit adultery.' But I tell you that anyone who looks at a woman lustfully has already committed adultery with her in his heart.
[[he:SCSI]]
</blockquote>
[[nl:SCSI]]

[[ja:Small Computer System Interface]]
Paragraph 2354 of the [[Catechism of the Catholic Church]] states:
[[no:Small computer system interface]]
<blockquote>Pornography... offends against [[chastity]] because it perverts the conjugal act, the [[Intimacy|intimate]] giving of spouses to each another. It does grave injury to the [[dignity]] of its participants... since each one becomes an [[Object (philosophy)|object]] of base pleasure and illicit profit for others. It immerses all who are involved in the [[illusion]] of a [[fantasy]] world. It is a grave offense.</blockquote>
[[pl:SCSI]]

[[pt:SCSI]]
In addition to expressing concerns about sexual immorality, some people take an anti-pornography stance claiming that viewing pornography can be addictive, leading to self-destructive behavior. Proponents of this view compare [[pornography addiction]] to [[alcoholism]], both in asserting the seriousness of the problem and in developing treatment methods.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}
[[ru:SCSI]]

[[simple:SCSI]]
==See also==
[[sk:SCSI]]
{{Portal}}
[[fi:SCSI]]
====Forms====
[[sv:Scsi]]
[[th:SCSI]]
*[[Adult theater]]
[[tr:SCSI]]
*[[Carnography]]
*[[Cartoon Pornography]]
[[uk:SCSI]]
*[[Erotic art]]
[[zh:小型计算机系统接口]]
*[[Erotica]]
*[[Women's erotica]]
*[[Glamour photography]]
*[[Internet pornography]]
*[[Non-nude pornography]]
*[[Pornographic film]]

====Lists====
*[[List of authors of erotic works]]
*[[List of gay pornographic magazines]]
*[[List of men's magazines]]
*[[List of porn stars]]
*[[List of pornographic book publishers]]
*[[List of pornographic movie studios]]
*[[List of pornographic magazines]]
*[[List of pornographic sub-genres]]
*[[List of pornography laws by region]]

====People and groups====
*[[Anti-pornography movement]]
*[[Pornographic actor]]
*[[Pro-sex feminism]]
*[[Sex worker]]

====Other====
*[[Adult documentary]]
*[[Copine scale]]
*[[Lust]]
*[[Porn creep]]
*[[Pornography addiction]]
*[[Pornography by region]]
*[[Secret Museum, Naples]]
*[[Sex in advertising]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
===Advocacy===
*[[Susie Bright]]. "Susie Sexpert's Lesbian Sex World and Susie Bright's Sexual Reality: A Virtual Sex World Reader", San Francisco, CA: Cleis Press, 1990 and 1992. Challenges any easy equation between feminism and anti-pornography positions.
*[[Betty Dodson]]. "Feminism and Free speech: Pornography." Feminists for Free Expression 1993. May 8, 2002<ref>[http://www.bettydodson.com/ffe-porn.htm Feminism and Free speech: Pornography]</ref>
*Kate Ellis. Caught Looking: Feminism, Pornography, and Censorship. New York: Caught Looking Incorporated, 1986.
*[[Susan Griffin]]. Pornography and Silence: Culture's Revenge Against Nature. New York: Harper, 1981.
*Matthew Gever. "Pornography Helps Women, Society"<ref>[http://www.dailybruin.ucla.edu/DB/issues/98/12.03/view.gever.html Pornography Helps Women, Society]</ref>, UCLA Bruin, 1998-12-03.
*Jason Russell. "The Canadian Past-Time" [http://www.standlikearock.com/forums "Stand Like A Rock"]
*Michele Gregory. "Pro-Sex Feminism: Redefining Pornography (or, a study in alliteration: the pro pornography position paper)<ref>[http://witsendzine.com/musings/michele/ppp.htm Pro-Sex Feminism: Redefining Pornography]</ref>
*Andrea Juno and V. Vale. Angry Women, Re/Search # 12. San Francisco, CA: Re/Search Publications, 1991. Performance artists and literary theorists who challenge Dworkin and MacKinnon's claim to speak on behalf of all women.
*[[Michael Kimmel]]. "Men Confront Pornography". New York: Meridian--Random House, 1990. A variety of essays that try to assess ways that pornography may take advantage of men.
*[[Wendy McElroy]] defends the availability of pornography, and condemns feminist anti-pornography campaigns.<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/mcelroy/mcelroy14.html You Are What You Read?]</ref>
**"A Feminist Overview of Pornography, Ending in a Defense Thereof"<ref>[http://www.wendymcelroy.com/freeinqu.htm A Feminist Overview of Pornography, Ending in a Defense Thereof]</ref>
**"A Feminist Defense of Pornography"<ref>[http://www.secularhumanism.org/library/fi/mcelroy_17_4.html A Feminist Defense of Pornography]</ref>
*Annalee Newitz. "Obscene Feminists: Why Women Are Leading the Battle Against Censorship" San Francisco Bay Guardian Online May 8, 2002. May 9, 2002<ref>[http://www.sfbg.com/36/32/news_womenvscensorship.html Obscene Feminists: Why Women Are Leading the Battle Against Censorship]</ref>
*[[Nadine Strossen]]:
**"Defending Pornography: Free Speech, Sex and the Fight for Women's Rights" (ISBN 0-8147-8149-7)
**"Nadine Strossen: Pornography Must Be Tolerated"<ref>[http://www.spectacle.org/1195/strossen.html Nadine Strossen: Pornography Must Be Tolerated]</ref>
*Scott Tucker. "Gender, Fucking, and Utopia: An Essay in Response to John Stoltenberg's Refusing to Be a Man"<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0231104472&id=am37yVCaQXAC&pg=PR14&lpg=PR14&dq=Gender,+Fucking,+and+Utopia:+An+Essay+in+Response+to+John+Stoltenberg%27s+Refusing+to+Be+a+Man&sig=7ozk4FCFqIFMpHsyUp3QWORaPmQ Gender, Fucking, and Utopia: An Essay in Response to John Stoltenberg's Refusing to Be a Man]</ref> in Social Text 27 (1991): 3-34. Critique of Stoltenberg and Dworkin's positions on pornography and power.
*Carole Vance, Editor. "Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality". Boston: Routledge, 1984. Collection of papers from 1982 conference; visible and divisive split between anti-pornography activists and lesbian S&M theorists.

===Porn studies===
*[[Linda Williams (film critic)|Linda Williams]]: ''Hard Core: Power, Pleasure and the Frenzy of the Visible'' (University of California Press, 1989). Expanded Paperback Edition: Univ of California Press, 1999, ISBN 0520219430
*Linda Williams (ed.): ''Porn Studies'', B&T, 2004, ISBN 0822333120

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{wiktionary}}
;Commentary
*[http://antonellagambotto.com/PornographyCyber00.htm "The Impact of Pornography on Men" by Antonella Gambotto-Burke]
*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/porn/ American Porn] Interactive web site companion to a Frontline documentary exploring the pornography industry within the United States.
*[http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FH18Df03.html Rushdie Turns India's Air Blue] Discussion of the debate over pornography within Indian society.
*[http://www.methodsreporter.com/2006/11/13/chicago-campus-crusade-michael-leahy-porn/ "Who wants to live in a Porn Nation?"] Discussion of pornography on college campuses

;Government
*[[Berl Kutchinsky|Kutchinsky, Berl]], Professor of Criminology: [http://www.fanny-hill.net/html/o1a_danish_pornography_laws.htm The first law that legalized pornography] (Denmark)
*Oppenheimer, Mark, {{YouTube|_YMDpvJ9xcw|Video of submission to South African parliament on virtual child pornography, Part 1}}, [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGkD6317Paw Part 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1IeG25zh0Gw Part 3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NwSjgHd9hw Part 4], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bY2Oet3InSA Part 5]

;History
*[http://www.xyclopedia.net/Main_Page xyclopedia: the history of pornography and sexual expression]


;Sociology
*Beck, Marianna Ph.D., "[http://www.libidomag.com/nakedbrunch/europorn01.html The Roots of Western Pornography]", [http://www.libidomag.com/nakedbrunch/europorn02.html part 2], history of pornography in the West.
*Diamond, M. and Uchiyama, A. (1999), [http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/online_artcls/pornography/prngrphy_rape_jp.html Pornography, Rape and Sex Crimes in Japan], International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 22(1): 1-22.
*[http://www.science.uva.nl/~seop/entries/pornography-censorship/index.html#1 ''Pornography and Censorship'' in: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]

{{sex}}
{{Photography}}

[[Category:Pornography| ]]
[[Category:Erotica]]
[[Category:Sex laws]]

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[[Image:Sex-magazines--www.y23.com--n20080428 n20050306 015806.JPG|thumb|[[Pornographic magazine]]s offered for sale]]
{{pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{redirect|Porn}}

'''Pornography''' or '''porn''' is the explicit depiction of [[sexual]] subject matter with the sole intention of sexually exciting the viewer. It is to a certain extent similar to [[erotica]], which is the use of sexually arousing imagery. Over the past few decades, an immense industry for the production and consumption of pornography has grown, due to emergence of the [[VCR]], the [[DVD]], and the [[Internet]], as well as the emergence of social attitudes more tolerant of sexual portrayals. Performers in pornography are referred to as [[pornographic actor]]s (or actresses), or the more commonly known title, "porn star", and are generally seen as qualitatively different from their non-pornographic counterparts.

Pornography may use any of a variety of media—printed [[literature]], [[photograph|photos]], [[sculpture]], [[drawing]], [[painting]], [[animation]], [[sound recording]], [[Pornographic film|film]], [[video]], or [[video game]]. However, when sexual acts are performed for a live audience, by definition it is not pornography, as the term applies to the depiction of the act, rather than the act itself. Thus, portrayals such as [[sex show]]s and [[striptease]] are not pornography.

In most countries pornography is treated as a separate entity, both culturally and legally, from depictions of naked persons in art or photography. See "[[nudity]]" for more information.

==Etymology==
The word derives from the [[Greek language|Greek]] πορνογραφία (''pornographia''), which derives from the Greek words πόρνη (''pornē'', "[[prostitute]]"), γράφω (''graphō'', "to write or record"), and the suffix -ία (''-ia'', meaning "state of", "property of", or "place of"), thus meaning "a place to record prostitutes".

==History==
{{Citations missing|date=November 2007|section}}
[[Image:LampArtifactDoggystyle.jpg|thumb|Oil lamp artifact depicting [[Doggy style|coitus more ferarum]]]]
{{details|History of erotic depictions}}
The depiction of sexual acts is as old as civilization (and can be found painted on various ancient buildings), but the concept of pornography as understood today did not exist until the [[Victorian era]]. Previous to that time, though some sex acts were regulated or stipulated in laws, looking at objects or images depicting them was not. In some cases, specific books, engravings or image collections were censored or outlawed, but the trend to compose laws that restricted viewing of sexually explicit things in general was a Victorian construct. When large scale excavations of [[Pompeii]] were undertaken in the 1860s, much of the erotic art of the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]]s came to light, shocking the Victorians who saw themselves as the intellectual heirs of the [[Roman Empire]]. They did not know what to do with the frank depictions of [[human sexuality|sexuality]], and endeavored to hide them away from everyone but upper class scholars.
The moveable objects were locked away in the [[Secret Museum, Naples|Secret Museum]] in [[Naples, Italy]] and what could not be removed was covered and cordoned off as to not corrupt the sensibilities of women, children and the working class. Soon after, the world's first law criminalizing pornography was enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1857 in the [[Obscene Publications Act]]. The Victorian attitude that pornography was for a select few can be seen in the wording of the [[Hicklin test]] stemming from a court case in 1868 where it asks, "whether the tendency of the matter charged as obscenity is to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences." Despite the fact of their suppression, depictions of erotic imagery were common throughout history.<ref name = libido7>{{cite web| last = Beck| first = Marianna| title = The Roots of Western Pornography: Victorian Obsessions and Fin-de-Siècle Predilections| publisher = Libido, The Journal of Sex and Sensibility| month= May | year= 2003| url = http://www.libidomag.com/nakedbrunch/archive/europorn07.html| accessdate = 2006-08-22}}</ref>

==Sub-genres==
{{main|List of pornographic sub-genres}}
In general, [[softcore]] refers to pornography that does not depict [[Sexual penetration|penetration]] (usually [[genitals]] are not shown), and [[hardcore pornography|hardcore]] refers to pornography that depicts penetration explicitly.

Pornography is of different forms depending on physical characteristics of the participants, fetish, sexual orientation etc. Reality and voyeur pornography, [[Animation|animated]] videos, legally prohibited acts also depicted. Some popular genres of pornography:
*[[Amateur pornography]]
*[[Sexual Fetishism|Fetish pornography]]
*[[Sexual orientation|Orientation-based pornography]] ([[gay pornography]]; [[lesbian pornography]]; [[bisexual pornography]])
*[[Group sex|Orgy pornography]]
*[[Race-oriented pornography]] (e.g. [[Asian people|Asian]], [[black]], [[Latino]], [[interracial pornography|interracial]])
*[[Voyeurism|Voyeur pornography]] (e.g. hidden camera pornography, "upskirt" pornography)

==Economics==
{{main|Porn industry}}
[[Image:The making of an adult film 5 by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|Actors, producer, director, cameramen, lighting and makeup are a few of the jobs represented in the photograph of the making of a [[pornographic film]].]]
Revenues of the adult industry in the United States have been difficult to determine. In 1970, a Federal study estimated that the total retail value of all the hard-core porn in the United States was no more than $10 million<ref>[[President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography]]. ''Report of The Commission on Obscenity and Pornography'' 1970, [[Washington, D.C.]]: [[United States Government Printing Office|U. S. Government Printing Office]].</ref>

In 1998, [[Forrester Research]] published a report on the online "adult content" industry estimating $750 million to $1 billion in annual revenue. As an unsourced aside, the Forrester study speculated on an industry-wide aggregate figure of $8-10 billion, which was repeated out of context in many news stories,<ref name="AlternetNaked">{{cite news
| last = Richard
| first = Emmanuelle
| title = The Naked Untruth
| language = English
| publisher = Alternet
| date= 2002-05-23
| url = http://www.alternet.org/story/13212/
| accessdate = 2006-09-08
| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20040928182112/http://www.alternet.org/story/13212/
|archivedate = 2004-09-28
}}</ref> after being published in [[Eric Schlosser]]'s book on the American [[underground economy]].<ref>{{cite book
| last = Schlosser
| first = Eric
| authorlink = Eric Schlosser
| title = Reefer Madness: Sex, Drugs, and Cheap Labor in the American Black Market
| date= 2003-05-08
| publisher = Houghton Mifflin
| isbn = 978-0618334667
| pages =
| chapter =
| chapterurl =
| quote =
| ref =
}}Schlosser's book repeats the $10 billion figure without additional evidence</ref><!-- Page number needed, preferably with quote. Is this book the source of the estimate? --> Studies in 2001 put the total (including video, pay-per-view, Internet and magazines) between $2.6 billion and $3.9 billion.<ref name="ForbesAckman">{{cite web
|url = http://www.forbes.com/2001/05/25/0524porn.html
|title = How Big Is Porn?
|accessdate = 2007-11-08
|last = Ackman
|first = Dan
|authorlink = Dan Ackman
|date= 2001-05-25
|work = Forbes.com
|publisher = Forbes.com
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20010609221146/http://www.forbes.com/2001/05/25/0524porn.html
|archivedate = 2001-06-09
|quote = $2.6 billion to $3.9 billion. Sources: Adams Media Research, Forrester Research, Veronis Suhler Communications Industry Report, IVD
}}</ref>

A significant amount of pornographic video is shot in the [[San Fernando Valley]], which has been a pioneering region for producing adult films since the 1970s, and has since become home for various models, actors/actresses, production companies, and other assorted businesses involved in the production and distribution of pornography.

The porn industry has been considered influential in deciding [[format war]]s in media; including being a factor in [[VHS]] v. [[Betamax]] (the [[videotape format war]])<ref name="Macworld" /><ref name="Inquirer" /> and a factor in the [[Blu-ray]] vs. [[HD DVD]] format war.<ref name="Macworld">{{cite web
|url = http://www.macworld.com/news/2006/05/02/pornhd/index.php?lsrc=mwrss
|title = Porn industry may be decider in Blu-ray, HD-DVD battle
|accessdate = 2007-11-08
|last = Mearian
|first = Lucas
|authorlink = Computerworld
|date= 2006-05-02
|work = Macworld
|publisher = Mac Publishing
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060712001523/http://www.macworld.com/news/2006/05/02/pornhd/index.php?lsrc=mwrss
|archivedate = 2006-07-12
|quote =
}}Ron Wagner, Director of IT at a California porn studio: "If you look at the VHS vs. Beta standards, you see the much higher-quality standard dying because of [the porn industry’s support of VHS] ... The mass volume of tapes in the porn market at the time went out on VHS."</ref><ref name="Inquirer">{{cite web
|url = http://www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2007/01/17/blu-ray-loves-porn-after-all
|title = Blu-ray loves porn after all
|accessdate = 2007-11-08
|last = Lynch
|first = Martin
|date= 2007-01-17
|work = The Inquirer
|publisher = Incisive Media Investments
|archiveurl = http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2007/01/17/blu-ray-loves-porn-after-all
|archivedate = 2007-11-07
|quote = By many accounts VHS would not have won its titanic struggle against Sony’s Betamax video tape format if it hadn’t been for porn. This might be over-stating its importance but it was an important factor. ... There is no way that Sony can ignore the boost that porn can give the Blu-ray format.
}}</ref><ref name="Fox">{{cite web
|url = http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,245638,00.html
|title = Porn Industry May Decide DVD Format War
|accessdate = 2007-11-08
|last = Gardiner
|first = Bryan
|date= 2007-01-22
|work = FOXNews.com - Technology News
|publisher = Ziff Davis Media
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070210100959/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,245638,00.html
|archivedate = 2007-02-10
|quote = As was expected, the 2007 [[Consumer Electronics Show]] saw even more posturing and politics between the Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD camps, with each side announcing a new set of alliances and predicting that the end of the war was imminent.
}}</ref>

===Non-commercial pornography===
As well as the porn industry, there is a large amount of non-commercial pornography. This should be distinguished from commercial pornography falsely marketed as featuring "amateurs". The [http://www.asstr.org Alt Sex Stories Text Repository] focuses on prose stories collected from [[Usenet]]. Various Usenet groups are focussed on non-commercial pornographic photographs.

==Technology==
Mass-distributed pornography is as old as the printing press. Almost as soon as photography was invented, it was being used to produce pornographic images. Some claim{{Who|date=October 2007}} that pornography has been a driving force in the development of technologies from the [[printing press]], through [[photography]] (still and motion), to [[video]], [[Satellite television|satellite TV]], [[DVD]], and the [[Internet]]. With the invention of tiny [[camera]]s and wireless equipments [[voyeur pornography]] is gaining ground. [[Mobile camera]]s are used to capture pornographic photos or videos, and forwarded as [[Multimedia Messaging Service|MMS]].

===Computer-generated images and manipulations===
Digital manipulation requires the use of source photographs, but some pornography is produced without human actors at all. The idea of completely [[computer-generated imagery|computer-generated]] pornography was conceived very early as one of the most obvious areas of application for computer graphics and 3D rendering.

Until the late 1990s, digitally manipulated pornography could not be produced cost-effectively. In the early 2000s, it became a growing segment, as the modelling and animation software matured and the rendering capabilities of computers improved. As of 2004, computer-generated pornography depicting situations involving children and sex with [[fictional character]]s, such as [[Lara Croft]], is already produced on a limited scale. The October 2004 issue of [[Playboy]] featured topless pictures of the title character from the [[BloodRayne]] video game.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://money.cnn.com/2004/08/25/commentary/game_over/column_gaming/ | title=Playboy undressed video game women - Aug. 25, 2004 | accessdate=2006-08-26}}</ref>

==Production and distribution by region==
{{main|Pornography by region}}
The [[Film production|production]] and [[distribution (business)|distribution]] of pornography are economic activities of some importance. The exact size of the economy of pornography and the influence that it has in political circles are matters of controversy.

'''[[Pornography in Japan]]:'''
Rates of pornography use in Japan have climbed in the 20th century. A correlation has been found between pornography use, [[rape]] and other sex crimes. From 1972 when pornography changed from totally prohibited to freely available with no age restrictions there has been a significant drop in sex crime and particularly in the number of victims aged under 13. Japan has the lowest levels of reported rape and the highest levels of arrests and convictions in any developed nation in the world.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Diamond | first = Milton | authorlink = Milton Diamond | coauthors = Uchiyama, A. | title = Pornography, rape and sex crimes in Japan | journal = International Journal of Law and Psychiatry | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–22 | year = 1999 | url = http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/online_artcls/pornography/prngrphy_rape_jp.html| accessdate=2006-08-26 | doi = 10.1016/S0160-2527(98)00035-1}}</ref>

==Legal status==
:''See [[List of pornography laws by region]] for detailed list''
The legal status of pornography varies widely from country to country. Most countries allow at least some form of pornography. In some countries, softcore pornography is considered tame enough to be sold in general stores or to be shown on TV. Hardcore pornography, on the other hand, is usually regulated. The production and sale, and to a slightly lesser degree the possession, of [[child pornography]] is illegal in almost all countries, and most countries have restrictions on pornography involving [[Rape pornography|violence]] or [[Zoophilia|animals]].
[[Image:Peep Show by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|left|Pornographic entertainment on display in a [[sex shop]] window. There is usually a minimum age to go into pornographic stores.]]
Most countries attempt to restrict minors' access to hardcore materials, limiting availability to [[adult bookstore]]s, mail-order, via television channels that parents can restrict, among other means. There is usually an age minimum for entrance to pornographic stores, or the materials are displayed partly covered or not displayed at all. More generally, [[disseminating pornography to a minor]] is often illegal. Many of these efforts have been rendered practically irrelevant by widely available [[Internet pornography]].

In the United States, a person receiving unwanted [[Direct marketing|commercial mail]] he or she deems pornographic (or otherwise offensive) may obtain a [[Prohibitory Order]], either against all mail from a particular sender, or against all sexually explicit mail, by applying to the [[United States Postal Service]].

There are recurring [[urban legend]]s of [[snuff movie]]s, in which murders are filmed for pornographic purposes. Despite extensive work to ascertain the truth of these rumors, law enforcement officials have been unable to find any such works.

The Internet has also caused problems with the enforcement of age limits regarding performers and subjects. In most countries, males and females under the age of 18 are not allowed to appear in porn films, but in several European countries the age limit is 16, and in Denmark it is legal for women as young as 16 to appear topless in mainstream newspapers and magazines.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} This material often ends up on the Internet and can be viewed by people in countries where it constitutes child pornography, creating challenges for lawmakers wishing to restrict access to such material.

Some people, including pornography producer [[Larry Flynt]] and the writer [[Salman Rushdie]],<ref name="TimesRushdie">{{cite web|url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article466971.ece|title= Porn is vital to freedom, says Rushdie|accessdate= 2007-11-08|last= Baxter|first= Sarah|coauthors= Brooks, Richard|date= 2004-08-08|work= Times Online|publisher= Times Newspapers|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/5TD5Q8UAz|archivedate= 2007-11-08|quote= Pornography exists everywhere, of course, but when it comes into societies in which it’s difficult for young men and women to get together and do what young men and women often like doing, it satisfies a more general need.... While doing so, it sometimes becomes a kind of standard-bearer for freedom, even civilisation.}}</ref> have argued that pornography is vital to freedom and that a free and civilized society should be judged by its willingness to accept pornography.

The UK Government is planning to outlaw possession of what it terms "[[extreme pornography]]" after a campaign following the highly publicised murder of [[Jane Longhurst]].

==Effect on sex crimes==
{{main|Public health effects of pornography}}
A lower per capita crime rate and historically high availability of pornography in many developed European countries (e.g. [[Netherlands]], [[Sweden]]) has led some researchers to conclude that there is an inverse relationship between the two, such that an increased availability of pornography in a society equates to a decrease in sexual crime.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.law.stanford.edu/display/images/dynamic/events_media/Kendall%20cover%20+%20paper.pdf | title=Pornography, rape and the internet | accessdate=2006-10-25|format=PDF}}</ref> Some researchers speculate that wide availability of pornography may reduce crimes by giving potential offenders a socially accepted way of regulating their own sexuality. Moreover, there is some evidence that states within the U.S. that have lower rates of internet access have a greater incidence of rape, although general national trend and idiosyncratic factors relevant to these states were not controlled for, thus severely limiting the conclusions that can be drawn.<ref>{{cite web | last = D'Amato | first = Anthony | title = Porn Up, Rape Down | url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=913013 | date= June 23, 2006| accessdate=2006-12-19}}</ref>

Japan, which is noted for its large output of [[Rape pornography|rape fantasy pornography]], has the lowest reported sex crime rate in the [[industrialization|industrialized]] world. However, some argue that reported sex crime rates are low in Japan because the culture (a culture that greatly emphasizes a woman's "honor") is such that victims of sex crime are less likely to report it (e.g. [[chikan (body contact)|chikan]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.belsona-strategic.com/hisandhers_subway.htm | title=The His and Hers Subway | accessdate=2006-08-26}}</ref>). However, a 1995 study comparing crime statistics since 1972 when pornography changed from totally prohibited to freely available with no age restrictions found that:<ref>[http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/BIB/DIAM/effects_pornography.htm The Effects of Pornography: An International Perspective] [[University of Hawaii]] Porn 101: Eroticism, Pornography,
and the First Amendment: Milton Diamond Ph.D.</ref>

<blockquote>sex crimes in every category, from rape to public indecency, sexual offenses from both ends of the criminal spectrum, significantly decreased in incidence. Most significantly, despite the wide increase in availability of pornography to children, not only was there a decrease in sex crimes with juveniles as victims but the number of juvenile offenders also decreased significantly. We hypothesized that the increase in pornography, without age restriction and in comics, if it had any detrimental effect, would most negatively influence younger individuals. Just the opposite occurred. The number of victims decreased particularly among the females younger than 13. In 1972, 8.3% of the victims were younger than 13. In 1995 the percentage of victims younger than 13 years of age dropped to 4.0%; a reduction of greater than 50%. In 1972, 33.3 % of the offenders were between 14-19 years of age; by 1995 that percentage had decreased to 9.6%..</blockquote>

Yet, this result neglects the co-occurrence of feminist movements in the early 1970s that specifically targeted sexual attitudes and legal treatments of rape.<ref>Sable, M. & Danis, F. (2006). Barriers to reporting sexual assault for women and men: perspectives of college students. Journal of American College Health, 55 (3): 157.</ref> However, others argue it is likely that the emergence of cultural consciousness about rape and the first rape prevention and treatment centers can account for the decline in rape over this time period.<ref>Smith, L., White, T. (1980). Feminist community from 1969 to 1979. Off Our Backs, 10 (2) pg. 13</ref>

However, a review of controlled studies has found that extensive, extremely prolonged viewing of the type of pornographic material commonly sold at adult bookstores was positively correlated with leniency in the sentencing of a person convicted of rape in a mock trial setting, decreased satisfaction of participants with their sex lives and partners, and an increased self-reported willingness to commit rape or other forced sexual acts.<ref>Zillmann, Dolf: "Effects of Prolonged Consumption of Pornography", [http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/C/K/V/]</ref> Furthermore, Ariely and Loewenstein conducted a laboratory study that demonstrated an increased willingness of men to engage in "dater rape" like behaviors (e.g., slip a woman a drug to increase the chance to have sex with her) while sexually aroused. <ref>Ariely, D., Loewenstein, G. (2005). The heat of the moment: The effect of sexual arousal on sexual decision making. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 19, 87-98.</ref>

==Anti-pornography movement==
[[Image:La grande Epidemie de PORNOGRAPHIE.gif|thumb|A French [[caricature]] on "the great epidemic of pornography".]]
{{main|Anti-pornography movement}}

Opposition to pornography comes generally, though not exclusively, from several sources: [[law]], [[religion]] and [[feminism]]. Some critics from the latter two camps have expressed belief in the existence of "[[pornography addiction]]."

===Effect on sexual aggression===
In the 1970s and 1980s, feminists such as Dr. [[Catharine MacKinnon]] and [[Andrea Dworkin]] criticized pornography as essentially dehumanizing women and as likely to encourage violence against them. It has been suggested that there was an alliance, tacit or explicit, between [[Anti-pornography movement#Feminist objections|anti-porn feminists]] and [[evangelical Christians|fundamentalist Christians]] to help censor the use of or production of pornography.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ashlandfreepress.com/The_Summer_of_Love_Issue/The_Anti-Pornography_Movement | title=The Anti-Pornography Movement - Ashland Free Press | accessdate=2006-08-26}}</ref>

According to researchers N.M. Malamuth, T. Addison and M. Koss, "high pornography use is not necessarily indicative of high risk for sexual aggression," but go on to say, "if a person has relatively aggressive sexual inclinations resulting from various personal and/or cultural factors, some pornography exposure may activate and reinforce associated coercive tendencies and behaviors".<ref> {{cite journal
| last = Malamuth
| first = NM
| coauthors = Addison T, Koss M
| title = Pornography and sexual aggression: are there reliable effects and can we understand them?
| journal = Annual Review of Sex Research
| volume = 2000
| issue = 11
| pages = 26–91
| publisher = Society for the Scientific Study of Sex
| year= 2000
| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11351835&dopt=Citation
| doi =
| pmid = : 11351835
| accessdate = 2006-09-08 }}
(Malamuth, Addison, & Koss, 2000, p. 79-81)</ref>

===Feminist objections===
[[Feminist]] critics of pornography, such as [[Andrea Dworkin]] and [[Catharine MacKinnon]], generally consider it demeaning to women. They believe that most pornography eroticizes the [[Male dominance|domination]], [[Erotic humiliation|humiliation]], and [[coercion]] of women, reinforces sexual and cultural attitudes that are complicit in [[rape]] and [[sexual harassment]], and contributes to the male-centered [[objectification]] of women. Some feminists distinguish between pornography and [[erotica]], which they say does not have the same negative effects of pornography. However, many [[Third-wave feminism|Third-wave feminists]] and [[Postmodern feminism|postmodern feminists]] disagree with this critique of porn, claiming that appearing in or using pornography can be explained as each individual woman's choice, and is not guided by socialization in a capitalist patriarchy.

====Pornography by and for women====
Some recent pornography has been produced under the rubric of "by and for women". According to [[Tristan Taormino]], "[[Sex-positive feminism|Feminist porn]] both responds to dominant images with alternative ones and creates its own iconography."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.villagevoice.com/people/0624,taormino,73480,24.html | title=Political Smut Makers by Tristan Taormino | accessdate=2006-08-26}}</ref>

===Legal objections===
{{globalize/USA}}
In the United States, distribution of "obscene" materials is a Federal crime,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode18/usc_sec_18_00001462----000-.html
|title=U.S. Code: Title 18, 1462. Importation or transportation of obscene matters
|publisher=Cornell University Law School
|accessdate=2008-01-27}}</ref> The determination of what is obscene is up to a jury in a trial, which must apply the [[Miller test]]; however, due to the prominence of pornography in most communities most pornographic materials are not considered obscene by the Miller Test.

Partly because [[Denmark]] decriminalized pornography in 1967 with few adverse effects and partly because of the 1968 United States Supreme Court decision which held that people could view whatever they wished in the privacy of their own homes, in 1968 Congress created the [[President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography]] to investigate the effects of obscenity and pornography on the people of the United States with each member personally appointed by [[Lyndon B. Johnson|President Lyndon B. Johnson]]. In what became the most detailed and comprehensive investigation into pornography to date, the commission in its final report found that pornography could not be shown to do harm to individuals or to society, and recommended the repeal of obscenity and pornography legislation as it related to adults. Released during the presidency of [[Richard Nixon]] the report generated a brief bout of controversy but was ultimately ignored by the administration.

Attorney General for Ronald Reagan, [[Edwin Meese]], also courted controversy when he appointed the "[[Meese Commission]]" to investigate pornography in the United States; their report, released in July 1986, was highly critical of pornography and itself became a target of widespread criticism. That year, Meese Commission officials contacted convenience store chains and succeeded in demanding that widespread men's magazines such as ''[[Playboy]]'' and ''[[Penthouse (magazine)|Penthouse]]'' be removed from shelves,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://home.earthlink.net/~durangodave/html/writing/Censorship.htm | title=Politics and Pornography | accessdate=2006-08-26}}</ref>a ban which spread nationally<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mediacoalition.org/reports/wildmon.html | title=The Rev. Donald E. Wildmon | accessdate=2006-08-26}}</ref> until being quashed with a [[First Amendment]] admonishment against prior restraint by the D.C. Federal Court in Meese v. Playboy (639 F.Supp. 581).

In the United States in 2005, Attorney General Gonzales made obscenity and pornography a top prosecutorial priority of the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]].<ref name="Acosta">{{cite web
|url = http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1125318960389
|title = U.S. Attorney's Porn Fight Gets Bad Reviews
|accessdate = 2007-11-08
|last = Kay
|first = Julie
|authorlink =
|coauthors =
|date= 2005-08-30
|work = Daily Business Review
|publisher = ALM Properties
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20051025081709/http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1125318960389
|archivedate = 2005-10-25
|quote = The agents were stunned to learn that a top prosecutorial priority of [interim U.S. Attorney Alex] Acosta and the Department of Justice was none of the above. Instead, Acosta told them, it's obscenity. Not pornography involving children, but pornographic material featuring consenting adults. ... Acosta replied that this was Attorney General Gonzales' mandate.
}}</ref>

The conservative religious organization Concerned Women for America polled every U.S. attorney’s office to find out what they planned to do about obscenity. Except for a handful of offices that didn’t return calls, not one said it had any inclination to pursue anything other than child obscenity cases.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://abajournal.com/magazine/the_end_of_the_net_porn_wars/
|title = The End of the Net Porn Wars
|accessdate = 2008-07-08
|last = Krause
|first = Jason
|authorlink =
|coauthors =
|date= 2008-02-01
|work = ABA Journal
|publisher = ABA
|archiveurl = http://abajournal.com/magazine/the_end_of_the_net_porn_wars/
}}</ref>

U.S. Rep. Frank Wolf, R-Va., sponsored a grant in 2005 to Morality in Media to set up the website obscenitycrimes.org that would allow citizens to report obscene websites and materials. The site has generated tens of thousands of tips and complaints, and the organization has sent promising ones on to the Department of Justice, but the department has not followed up on a single one.

===Religious objections===
Some religious groups often discourage their members from viewing or reading pornography, and support legislation restricting its publication. These positions derive from broader religious views about sexuality. In some religious traditions, for example, sexual intercourse is limited to the express function of procreation. Thus, sexual pleasure or sex-oriented entertainment, as well as lack of modesty, are considered to be sexual immorality by some.

Other religions do not find sexual pleasure immoral, but see sex as a sacred, godly, highly-pleasurable activity. These traditions do not condemn sexual pleasure in and of itself, but they impose limitations on the circumstances under which sexual pleasure should be properly experienced. Pornography in this view is seen as the secularization of something sacred, and so, a violation of spouses' intimate relationship.

Though the Torah (Jewish written law) has a great many prohibitions of about sexual behaviors, pornography is not specifically mentioned. However, the [[Tzniut]] requires Jewish women to be covered from ankle to wrist (thereby forbidding pornographic modeling or acting for women). The [[halakhah]] states that sexually arousing images are to be avoided. <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tznius</ref>

The Qur'an 24:31 states "And tell the believing women to lower their gaze and keep covered their private parts, and that they should not show-off their beauty except what is apparent, and let them cast their shawls over their cleavage. And let them not show-off their beauty except to their husbands... "<ref>http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Quran/24?oldid=506079</ref>

There is no simple direct prohibition of pornographic media in the Bible. Extrapolation and generalization of Matthew 5:27,28 is required.
<blockquote>
You have heard that it was said, 'Do not commit adultery.' But I tell you that anyone who looks at a woman lustfully has already committed adultery with her in his heart.
</blockquote>

Paragraph 2354 of the [[Catechism of the Catholic Church]] states:
<blockquote>Pornography... offends against [[chastity]] because it perverts the conjugal act, the [[Intimacy|intimate]] giving of spouses to each another. It does grave injury to the [[dignity]] of its participants... since each one becomes an [[Object (philosophy)|object]] of base pleasure and illicit profit for others. It immerses all who are involved in the [[illusion]] of a [[fantasy]] world. It is a grave offense.</blockquote>

In addition to expressing concerns about sexual immorality, some people take an anti-pornography stance claiming that viewing pornography can be addictive, leading to self-destructive behavior. Proponents of this view compare [[pornography addiction]] to [[alcoholism]], both in asserting the seriousness of the problem and in developing treatment methods.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}

==See also==
{{Portal}}
====Forms====
*[[Adult theater]]
*[[Carnography]]
*[[Cartoon Pornography]]
*[[Erotic art]]
*[[Erotica]]
*[[Women's erotica]]
*[[Glamour photography]]
*[[Internet pornography]]
*[[Non-nude pornography]]
*[[Pornographic film]]

====Lists====
*[[List of authors of erotic works]]
*[[List of gay pornographic magazines]]
*[[List of men's magazines]]
*[[List of porn stars]]
*[[List of pornographic book publishers]]
*[[List of pornographic movie studios]]
*[[List of pornographic magazines]]
*[[List of pornographic sub-genres]]
*[[List of pornography laws by region]]

====People and groups====
*[[Anti-pornography movement]]
*[[Pornographic actor]]
*[[Pro-sex feminism]]
*[[Sex worker]]

====Other====
*[[Adult documentary]]
*[[Copine scale]]
*[[Lust]]
*[[Porn creep]]
*[[Pornography addiction]]
*[[Pornography by region]]
*[[Secret Museum, Naples]]
*[[Sex in advertising]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
===Advocacy===
*[[Susie Bright]]. "Susie Sexpert's Lesbian Sex World and Susie Bright's Sexual Reality: A Virtual Sex World Reader", San Francisco, CA: Cleis Press, 1990 and 1992. Challenges any easy equation between feminism and anti-pornography positions.
*[[Betty Dodson]]. "Feminism and Free speech: Pornography." Feminists for Free Expression 1993. May 8, 2002<ref>[http://www.bettydodson.com/ffe-porn.htm Feminism and Free speech: Pornography]</ref>
*Kate Ellis. Caught Looking: Feminism, Pornography, and Censorship. New York: Caught Looking Incorporated, 1986.
*[[Susan Griffin]]. Pornography and Silence: Culture's Revenge Against Nature. New York: Harper, 1981.
*Matthew Gever. "Pornography Helps Women, Society"<ref>[http://www.dailybruin.ucla.edu/DB/issues/98/12.03/view.gever.html Pornography Helps Women, Society]</ref>, UCLA Bruin, 1998-12-03.
*Jason Russell. "The Canadian Past-Time" [http://www.standlikearock.com/forums "Stand Like A Rock"]
*Michele Gregory. "Pro-Sex Feminism: Redefining Pornography (or, a study in alliteration: the pro pornography position paper)<ref>[http://witsendzine.com/musings/michele/ppp.htm Pro-Sex Feminism: Redefining Pornography]</ref>
*Andrea Juno and V. Vale. Angry Women, Re/Search # 12. San Francisco, CA: Re/Search Publications, 1991. Performance artists and literary theorists who challenge Dworkin and MacKinnon's claim to speak on behalf of all women.
*[[Michael Kimmel]]. "Men Confront Pornography". New York: Meridian--Random House, 1990. A variety of essays that try to assess ways that pornography may take advantage of men.
*[[Wendy McElroy]] defends the availability of pornography, and condemns feminist anti-pornography campaigns.<ref>[http://www.lewrockwell.com/mcelroy/mcelroy14.html You Are What You Read?]</ref>
**"A Feminist Overview of Pornography, Ending in a Defense Thereof"<ref>[http://www.wendymcelroy.com/freeinqu.htm A Feminist Overview of Pornography, Ending in a Defense Thereof]</ref>
**"A Feminist Defense of Pornography"<ref>[http://www.secularhumanism.org/library/fi/mcelroy_17_4.html A Feminist Defense of Pornography]</ref>
*Annalee Newitz. "Obscene Feminists: Why Women Are Leading the Battle Against Censorship" San Francisco Bay Guardian Online May 8, 2002. May 9, 2002<ref>[http://www.sfbg.com/36/32/news_womenvscensorship.html Obscene Feminists: Why Women Are Leading the Battle Against Censorship]</ref>
*[[Nadine Strossen]]:
**"Defending Pornography: Free Speech, Sex and the Fight for Women's Rights" (ISBN 0-8147-8149-7)
**"Nadine Strossen: Pornography Must Be Tolerated"<ref>[http://www.spectacle.org/1195/strossen.html Nadine Strossen: Pornography Must Be Tolerated]</ref>
*Scott Tucker. "Gender, Fucking, and Utopia: An Essay in Response to John Stoltenberg's Refusing to Be a Man"<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0231104472&id=am37yVCaQXAC&pg=PR14&lpg=PR14&dq=Gender,+Fucking,+and+Utopia:+An+Essay+in+Response+to+John+Stoltenberg%27s+Refusing+to+Be+a+Man&sig=7ozk4FCFqIFMpHsyUp3QWORaPmQ Gender, Fucking, and Utopia: An Essay in Response to John Stoltenberg's Refusing to Be a Man]</ref> in Social Text 27 (1991): 3-34. Critique of Stoltenberg and Dworkin's positions on pornography and power.
*Carole Vance, Editor. "Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality". Boston: Routledge, 1984. Collection of papers from 1982 conference; visible and divisive split between anti-pornography activists and lesbian S&M theorists.

===Porn studies===
*[[Linda Williams (film critic)|Linda Williams]]: ''Hard Core: Power, Pleasure and the Frenzy of the Visible'' (University of California Press, 1989). Expanded Paperback Edition: Univ of California Press, 1999, ISBN 0520219430
*Linda Williams (ed.): ''Porn Studies'', B&T, 2004, ISBN 0822333120

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{wiktionary}}
;Commentary
*[http://antonellagambotto.com/PornographyCyber00.htm "The Impact of Pornography on Men" by Antonella Gambotto-Burke]
*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/porn/ American Porn] Interactive web site companion to a Frontline documentary exploring the pornography industry within the United States.
*[http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FH18Df03.html Rushdie Turns India's Air Blue] Discussion of the debate over pornography within Indian society.
*[http://www.methodsreporter.com/2006/11/13/chicago-campus-crusade-michael-leahy-porn/ "Who wants to live in a Porn Nation?"] Discussion of pornography on college campuses

;Government
*[[Berl Kutchinsky|Kutchinsky, Berl]], Professor of Criminology: [http://www.fanny-hill.net/html/o1a_danish_pornography_laws.htm The first law that legalized pornography] (Denmark)
*Oppenheimer, Mark, {{YouTube|_YMDpvJ9xcw|Video of submission to South African parliament on virtual child pornography, Part 1}}, [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGkD6317Paw Part 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1IeG25zh0Gw Part 3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NwSjgHd9hw Part 4], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bY2Oet3InSA Part 5]

;History
*[http://www.xyclopedia.net/Main_Page xyclopedia: the history of pornography and sexual expression]


;Sociology
*Beck, Marianna Ph.D., "[http://www.libidomag.com/nakedbrunch/europorn01.html The Roots of Western Pornography]", [http://www.libidomag.com/nakedbrunch/europorn02.html part 2], history of pornography in the West.
*Diamond, M. and Uchiyama, A. (1999), [http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/online_artcls/pornography/prngrphy_rape_jp.html Pornography, Rape and Sex Crimes in Japan], International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 22(1): 1-22.
*[http://www.science.uva.nl/~seop/entries/pornography-censorship/index.html#1 ''Pornography and Censorship'' in: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]

{{sex}}
{{Photography}}

[[Category:Pornography| ]]
[[Category:Erotica]]
[[Category:Sex laws]]

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[[de:Pornografie]]
[[el:Πορνογραφία]]
[[es:Pornografía]]
[[eo:Pornografio]]
[[fr:Pornographie]]
[[ko:포르노그래피]]
[[id:Pornografi]]
[[is:Klám]]
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[[he:פורנוגרפיה]]
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[[hu:Pornográfia]]
[[nl:Pornografie]]
[[ja:ポルノグラフィ]]
[[no:Pornografi]]
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[[pt:Pornografia]]
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[[ru:Порнография]]
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[[sl:Pornografija]]
[[sr:Порнографија]]
[[sh:Pornografija]]
[[fi:Pornografia]]
[[sv:Pornografi]]
[[ta:ஆபாசம்]]
[[tr:Pornografi]]
[[uk:Порнографія]]
[[yi:פארנאגראפיע]]
[[bat-smg:Pornograpėjė]]
[[zh:色情]]

Revision as of 17:50, 5 September 2008

File:Sex-magazines--www.y23.com--n20080428 n20050306 015806.JPG
Pornographic magazines offered for sale

Pornography or porn is the explicit depiction of sexual subject matter with the sole intention of sexually exciting the viewer. It is to a certain extent similar to erotica, which is the use of sexually arousing imagery. Over the past few decades, an immense industry for the production and consumption of pornography has grown, due to emergence of the VCR, the DVD, and the Internet, as well as the emergence of social attitudes more tolerant of sexual portrayals. Performers in pornography are referred to as pornographic actors (or actresses), or the more commonly known title, "porn star", and are generally seen as qualitatively different from their non-pornographic counterparts.

Pornography may use any of a variety of media—printed literature, photos, sculpture, drawing, painting, animation, sound recording, film, video, or video game. However, when sexual acts are performed for a live audience, by definition it is not pornography, as the term applies to the depiction of the act, rather than the act itself. Thus, portrayals such as sex shows and striptease are not pornography.

In most countries pornography is treated as a separate entity, both culturally and legally, from depictions of naked persons in art or photography. See "nudity" for more information.

Etymology

The word derives from the Greek πορνογραφία (pornographia), which derives from the Greek words πόρνη (pornē, "prostitute"), γράφω (graphō, "to write or record"), and the suffix -ία (-ia, meaning "state of", "property of", or "place of"), thus meaning "a place to record prostitutes".

History

Oil lamp artifact depicting coitus more ferarum

The depiction of sexual acts is as old as civilization (and can be found painted on various ancient buildings), but the concept of pornography as understood today did not exist until the Victorian era. Previous to that time, though some sex acts were regulated or stipulated in laws, looking at objects or images depicting them was not. In some cases, specific books, engravings or image collections were censored or outlawed, but the trend to compose laws that restricted viewing of sexually explicit things in general was a Victorian construct. When large scale excavations of Pompeii were undertaken in the 1860s, much of the erotic art of the Romans came to light, shocking the Victorians who saw themselves as the intellectual heirs of the Roman Empire. They did not know what to do with the frank depictions of sexuality, and endeavored to hide them away from everyone but upper class scholars. The moveable objects were locked away in the Secret Museum in Naples, Italy and what could not be removed was covered and cordoned off as to not corrupt the sensibilities of women, children and the working class. Soon after, the world's first law criminalizing pornography was enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1857 in the Obscene Publications Act. The Victorian attitude that pornography was for a select few can be seen in the wording of the Hicklin test stemming from a court case in 1868 where it asks, "whether the tendency of the matter charged as obscenity is to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences." Despite the fact of their suppression, depictions of erotic imagery were common throughout history.[1]

Sub-genres

In general, softcore refers to pornography that does not depict penetration (usually genitals are not shown), and hardcore refers to pornography that depicts penetration explicitly.

Pornography is of different forms depending on physical characteristics of the participants, fetish, sexual orientation etc. Reality and voyeur pornography, animated videos, legally prohibited acts also depicted. Some popular genres of pornography:

Economics

File:The making of an adult film 5 by David Shankbone.jpg
Actors, producer, director, cameramen, lighting and makeup are a few of the jobs represented in the photograph of the making of a pornographic film.

Revenues of the adult industry in the United States have been difficult to determine. In 1970, a Federal study estimated that the total retail value of all the hard-core porn in the United States was no more than $10 million[2]

In 1998, Forrester Research published a report on the online "adult content" industry estimating $750 million to $1 billion in annual revenue. As an unsourced aside, the Forrester study speculated on an industry-wide aggregate figure of $8-10 billion, which was repeated out of context in many news stories,[3] after being published in Eric Schlosser's book on the American underground economy.[4] Studies in 2001 put the total (including video, pay-per-view, Internet and magazines) between $2.6 billion and $3.9 billion.[5]

A significant amount of pornographic video is shot in the San Fernando Valley, which has been a pioneering region for producing adult films since the 1970s, and has since become home for various models, actors/actresses, production companies, and other assorted businesses involved in the production and distribution of pornography.

The porn industry has been considered influential in deciding format wars in media; including being a factor in VHS v. Betamax (the videotape format war)[6][7] and a factor in the Blu-ray vs. HD DVD format war.[6][7][8]

Non-commercial pornography

As well as the porn industry, there is a large amount of non-commercial pornography. This should be distinguished from commercial pornography falsely marketed as featuring "amateurs". The Alt Sex Stories Text Repository focuses on prose stories collected from Usenet. Various Usenet groups are focussed on non-commercial pornographic photographs.

Technology

Mass-distributed pornography is as old as the printing press. Almost as soon as photography was invented, it was being used to produce pornographic images. Some claim[who?] that pornography has been a driving force in the development of technologies from the printing press, through photography (still and motion), to video, satellite TV, DVD, and the Internet. With the invention of tiny cameras and wireless equipments voyeur pornography is gaining ground. Mobile cameras are used to capture pornographic photos or videos, and forwarded as MMS.

Computer-generated images and manipulations

Digital manipulation requires the use of source photographs, but some pornography is produced without human actors at all. The idea of completely computer-generated pornography was conceived very early as one of the most obvious areas of application for computer graphics and 3D rendering.

Until the late 1990s, digitally manipulated pornography could not be produced cost-effectively. In the early 2000s, it became a growing segment, as the modelling and animation software matured and the rendering capabilities of computers improved. As of 2004, computer-generated pornography depicting situations involving children and sex with fictional characters, such as Lara Croft, is already produced on a limited scale. The October 2004 issue of Playboy featured topless pictures of the title character from the BloodRayne video game.[9]

Production and distribution by region

The production and distribution of pornography are economic activities of some importance. The exact size of the economy of pornography and the influence that it has in political circles are matters of controversy.

Pornography in Japan: Rates of pornography use in Japan have climbed in the 20th century. A correlation has been found between pornography use, rape and other sex crimes. From 1972 when pornography changed from totally prohibited to freely available with no age restrictions there has been a significant drop in sex crime and particularly in the number of victims aged under 13. Japan has the lowest levels of reported rape and the highest levels of arrests and convictions in any developed nation in the world.[10]

See List of pornography laws by region for detailed list

The legal status of pornography varies widely from country to country. Most countries allow at least some form of pornography. In some countries, softcore pornography is considered tame enough to be sold in general stores or to be shown on TV. Hardcore pornography, on the other hand, is usually regulated. The production and sale, and to a slightly lesser degree the possession, of child pornography is illegal in almost all countries, and most countries have restrictions on pornography involving violence or animals.

Pornographic entertainment on display in a sex shop window. There is usually a minimum age to go into pornographic stores.

Most countries attempt to restrict minors' access to hardcore materials, limiting availability to adult bookstores, mail-order, via television channels that parents can restrict, among other means. There is usually an age minimum for entrance to pornographic stores, or the materials are displayed partly covered or not displayed at all. More generally, disseminating pornography to a minor is often illegal. Many of these efforts have been rendered practically irrelevant by widely available Internet pornography.

In the United States, a person receiving unwanted commercial mail he or she deems pornographic (or otherwise offensive) may obtain a Prohibitory Order, either against all mail from a particular sender, or against all sexually explicit mail, by applying to the United States Postal Service.

There are recurring urban legends of snuff movies, in which murders are filmed for pornographic purposes. Despite extensive work to ascertain the truth of these rumors, law enforcement officials have been unable to find any such works.

The Internet has also caused problems with the enforcement of age limits regarding performers and subjects. In most countries, males and females under the age of 18 are not allowed to appear in porn films, but in several European countries the age limit is 16, and in Denmark it is legal for women as young as 16 to appear topless in mainstream newspapers and magazines.[citation needed] This material often ends up on the Internet and can be viewed by people in countries where it constitutes child pornography, creating challenges for lawmakers wishing to restrict access to such material.

Some people, including pornography producer Larry Flynt and the writer Salman Rushdie,[11] have argued that pornography is vital to freedom and that a free and civilized society should be judged by its willingness to accept pornography.

The UK Government is planning to outlaw possession of what it terms "extreme pornography" after a campaign following the highly publicised murder of Jane Longhurst.

Effect on sex crimes

A lower per capita crime rate and historically high availability of pornography in many developed European countries (e.g. Netherlands, Sweden) has led some researchers to conclude that there is an inverse relationship between the two, such that an increased availability of pornography in a society equates to a decrease in sexual crime.[12] Some researchers speculate that wide availability of pornography may reduce crimes by giving potential offenders a socially accepted way of regulating their own sexuality. Moreover, there is some evidence that states within the U.S. that have lower rates of internet access have a greater incidence of rape, although general national trend and idiosyncratic factors relevant to these states were not controlled for, thus severely limiting the conclusions that can be drawn.[13]

Japan, which is noted for its large output of rape fantasy pornography, has the lowest reported sex crime rate in the industrialized world. However, some argue that reported sex crime rates are low in Japan because the culture (a culture that greatly emphasizes a woman's "honor") is such that victims of sex crime are less likely to report it (e.g. chikan[14]). However, a 1995 study comparing crime statistics since 1972 when pornography changed from totally prohibited to freely available with no age restrictions found that:[15]

sex crimes in every category, from rape to public indecency, sexual offenses from both ends of the criminal spectrum, significantly decreased in incidence. Most significantly, despite the wide increase in availability of pornography to children, not only was there a decrease in sex crimes with juveniles as victims but the number of juvenile offenders also decreased significantly. We hypothesized that the increase in pornography, without age restriction and in comics, if it had any detrimental effect, would most negatively influence younger individuals. Just the opposite occurred. The number of victims decreased particularly among the females younger than 13. In 1972, 8.3% of the victims were younger than 13. In 1995 the percentage of victims younger than 13 years of age dropped to 4.0%; a reduction of greater than 50%. In 1972, 33.3 % of the offenders were between 14-19 years of age; by 1995 that percentage had decreased to 9.6%..

Yet, this result neglects the co-occurrence of feminist movements in the early 1970s that specifically targeted sexual attitudes and legal treatments of rape.[16] However, others argue it is likely that the emergence of cultural consciousness about rape and the first rape prevention and treatment centers can account for the decline in rape over this time period.[17]

However, a review of controlled studies has found that extensive, extremely prolonged viewing of the type of pornographic material commonly sold at adult bookstores was positively correlated with leniency in the sentencing of a person convicted of rape in a mock trial setting, decreased satisfaction of participants with their sex lives and partners, and an increased self-reported willingness to commit rape or other forced sexual acts.[18] Furthermore, Ariely and Loewenstein conducted a laboratory study that demonstrated an increased willingness of men to engage in "dater rape" like behaviors (e.g., slip a woman a drug to increase the chance to have sex with her) while sexually aroused. [19]

Anti-pornography movement

A French caricature on "the great epidemic of pornography".

Opposition to pornography comes generally, though not exclusively, from several sources: law, religion and feminism. Some critics from the latter two camps have expressed belief in the existence of "pornography addiction."

Effect on sexual aggression

In the 1970s and 1980s, feminists such as Dr. Catharine MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin criticized pornography as essentially dehumanizing women and as likely to encourage violence against them. It has been suggested that there was an alliance, tacit or explicit, between anti-porn feminists and fundamentalist Christians to help censor the use of or production of pornography.[20]

According to researchers N.M. Malamuth, T. Addison and M. Koss, "high pornography use is not necessarily indicative of high risk for sexual aggression," but go on to say, "if a person has relatively aggressive sexual inclinations resulting from various personal and/or cultural factors, some pornography exposure may activate and reinforce associated coercive tendencies and behaviors".[21]

Feminist objections

Feminist critics of pornography, such as Andrea Dworkin and Catharine MacKinnon, generally consider it demeaning to women. They believe that most pornography eroticizes the domination, humiliation, and coercion of women, reinforces sexual and cultural attitudes that are complicit in rape and sexual harassment, and contributes to the male-centered objectification of women. Some feminists distinguish between pornography and erotica, which they say does not have the same negative effects of pornography. However, many Third-wave feminists and postmodern feminists disagree with this critique of porn, claiming that appearing in or using pornography can be explained as each individual woman's choice, and is not guided by socialization in a capitalist patriarchy.

Pornography by and for women

Some recent pornography has been produced under the rubric of "by and for women". According to Tristan Taormino, "Feminist porn both responds to dominant images with alternative ones and creates its own iconography."[22]

Template:Globalize/USA In the United States, distribution of "obscene" materials is a Federal crime,[23] The determination of what is obscene is up to a jury in a trial, which must apply the Miller test; however, due to the prominence of pornography in most communities most pornographic materials are not considered obscene by the Miller Test.

Partly because Denmark decriminalized pornography in 1967 with few adverse effects and partly because of the 1968 United States Supreme Court decision which held that people could view whatever they wished in the privacy of their own homes, in 1968 Congress created the President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography to investigate the effects of obscenity and pornography on the people of the United States with each member personally appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. In what became the most detailed and comprehensive investigation into pornography to date, the commission in its final report found that pornography could not be shown to do harm to individuals or to society, and recommended the repeal of obscenity and pornography legislation as it related to adults. Released during the presidency of Richard Nixon the report generated a brief bout of controversy but was ultimately ignored by the administration.

Attorney General for Ronald Reagan, Edwin Meese, also courted controversy when he appointed the "Meese Commission" to investigate pornography in the United States; their report, released in July 1986, was highly critical of pornography and itself became a target of widespread criticism. That year, Meese Commission officials contacted convenience store chains and succeeded in demanding that widespread men's magazines such as Playboy and Penthouse be removed from shelves,[24]a ban which spread nationally[25] until being quashed with a First Amendment admonishment against prior restraint by the D.C. Federal Court in Meese v. Playboy (639 F.Supp. 581).

In the United States in 2005, Attorney General Gonzales made obscenity and pornography a top prosecutorial priority of the Department of Justice.[26]

The conservative religious organization Concerned Women for America polled every U.S. attorney’s office to find out what they planned to do about obscenity. Except for a handful of offices that didn’t return calls, not one said it had any inclination to pursue anything other than child obscenity cases.[27]

U.S. Rep. Frank Wolf, R-Va., sponsored a grant in 2005 to Morality in Media to set up the website obscenitycrimes.org that would allow citizens to report obscene websites and materials. The site has generated tens of thousands of tips and complaints, and the organization has sent promising ones on to the Department of Justice, but the department has not followed up on a single one.

Religious objections

Some religious groups often discourage their members from viewing or reading pornography, and support legislation restricting its publication. These positions derive from broader religious views about sexuality. In some religious traditions, for example, sexual intercourse is limited to the express function of procreation. Thus, sexual pleasure or sex-oriented entertainment, as well as lack of modesty, are considered to be sexual immorality by some.

Other religions do not find sexual pleasure immoral, but see sex as a sacred, godly, highly-pleasurable activity. These traditions do not condemn sexual pleasure in and of itself, but they impose limitations on the circumstances under which sexual pleasure should be properly experienced. Pornography in this view is seen as the secularization of something sacred, and so, a violation of spouses' intimate relationship.

Though the Torah (Jewish written law) has a great many prohibitions of about sexual behaviors, pornography is not specifically mentioned. However, the Tzniut requires Jewish women to be covered from ankle to wrist (thereby forbidding pornographic modeling or acting for women). The halakhah states that sexually arousing images are to be avoided. [28]

The Qur'an 24:31 states "And tell the believing women to lower their gaze and keep covered their private parts, and that they should not show-off their beauty except what is apparent, and let them cast their shawls over their cleavage. And let them not show-off their beauty except to their husbands... "[29]

There is no simple direct prohibition of pornographic media in the Bible. Extrapolation and generalization of Matthew 5:27,28 is required.

You have heard that it was said, 'Do not commit adultery.' But I tell you that anyone who looks at a woman lustfully has already committed adultery with her in his heart.

Paragraph 2354 of the Catechism of the Catholic Church states:

Pornography... offends against chastity because it perverts the conjugal act, the intimate giving of spouses to each another. It does grave injury to the dignity of its participants... since each one becomes an object of base pleasure and illicit profit for others. It immerses all who are involved in the illusion of a fantasy world. It is a grave offense.

In addition to expressing concerns about sexual immorality, some people take an anti-pornography stance claiming that viewing pornography can be addictive, leading to self-destructive behavior. Proponents of this view compare pornography addiction to alcoholism, both in asserting the seriousness of the problem and in developing treatment methods.[citation needed]

See also

Forms

Lists

People and groups

Other

References

  1. ^ Beck, Marianna (2003). "The Roots of Western Pornography: Victorian Obsessions and Fin-de-Siècle Predilections". Libido, The Journal of Sex and Sensibility. Retrieved 2006-08-22. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ^ President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography. Report of The Commission on Obscenity and Pornography 1970, Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office.
  3. ^ Richard, Emmanuelle (2002-05-23). "The Naked Untruth". Alternet. Archived from the original on 2004-09-28. Retrieved 2006-09-08.
  4. ^ Schlosser, Eric (2003-05-08). Reefer Madness: Sex, Drugs, and Cheap Labor in the American Black Market. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0618334667. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (help)Schlosser's book repeats the $10 billion figure without additional evidence
  5. ^ Ackman, Dan (2001-05-25). "How Big Is Porn?". Forbes.com. Forbes.com. Archived from the original on 2001-06-09. Retrieved 2007-11-08. $2.6 billion to $3.9 billion. Sources: Adams Media Research, Forrester Research, Veronis Suhler Communications Industry Report, IVD
  6. ^ a b Mearian, Lucas (2006-05-02). "Porn industry may be decider in Blu-ray, HD-DVD battle". Macworld. Mac Publishing. Archived from the original on 2006-07-12. Retrieved 2007-11-08.Ron Wagner, Director of IT at a California porn studio: "If you look at the VHS vs. Beta standards, you see the much higher-quality standard dying because of [the porn industry’s support of VHS] ... The mass volume of tapes in the porn market at the time went out on VHS."
  7. ^ a b Lynch, Martin (2007-01-17). "Blu-ray loves porn after all". The Inquirer. Incisive Media Investments. Archived from the original on 2007-11-07. Retrieved 2007-11-08. By many accounts VHS would not have won its titanic struggle against Sony's Betamax video tape format if it hadn't been for porn. This might be over-stating its importance but it was an important factor. ... There is no way that Sony can ignore the boost that porn can give the Blu-ray format.
  8. ^ Gardiner, Bryan (2007-01-22). "Porn Industry May Decide DVD Format War". FOXNews.com - Technology News. Ziff Davis Media. Archived from the original on 2007-02-10. Retrieved 2007-11-08. As was expected, the 2007 Consumer Electronics Show saw even more posturing and politics between the Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD camps, with each side announcing a new set of alliances and predicting that the end of the war was imminent.
  9. ^ "Playboy undressed video game women - Aug. 25, 2004". Retrieved 2006-08-26.
  10. ^ Diamond, Milton (1999). "Pornography, rape and sex crimes in Japan". International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 22 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1016/S0160-2527(98)00035-1. Retrieved 2006-08-26. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Baxter, Sarah (2004-08-08). "Porn is vital to freedom, says Rushdie". Times Online. Times Newspapers. Archived from the original on 2007-11-08. Retrieved 2007-11-08. Pornography exists everywhere, of course, but when it comes into societies in which it's difficult for young men and women to get together and do what young men and women often like doing, it satisfies a more general need.... While doing so, it sometimes becomes a kind of standard-bearer for freedom, even civilisation. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ "Pornography, rape and the internet" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-10-25.
  13. ^ D'Amato, Anthony (June 23, 2006). "Porn Up, Rape Down". Retrieved 2006-12-19.
  14. ^ "The His and Hers Subway". Retrieved 2006-08-26.
  15. ^ The Effects of Pornography: An International Perspective University of Hawaii Porn 101: Eroticism, Pornography, and the First Amendment: Milton Diamond Ph.D.
  16. ^ Sable, M. & Danis, F. (2006). Barriers to reporting sexual assault for women and men: perspectives of college students. Journal of American College Health, 55 (3): 157.
  17. ^ Smith, L., White, T. (1980). Feminist community from 1969 to 1979. Off Our Backs, 10 (2) pg. 13
  18. ^ Zillmann, Dolf: "Effects of Prolonged Consumption of Pornography", [1]
  19. ^ Ariely, D., Loewenstein, G. (2005). The heat of the moment: The effect of sexual arousal on sexual decision making. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 19, 87-98.
  20. ^ "The Anti-Pornography Movement - Ashland Free Press". Retrieved 2006-08-26.
  21. ^ Malamuth, NM (2000). "Pornography and sexual aggression: are there reliable effects and can we understand them?". Annual Review of Sex Research. 2000 (11). Society for the Scientific Study of Sex: 26–91. PMID 11351835 : 11351835. Retrieved 2006-09-08. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmid= value (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) (Malamuth, Addison, & Koss, 2000, p. 79-81)
  22. ^ "Political Smut Makers by Tristan Taormino". Retrieved 2006-08-26.
  23. ^ "U.S. Code: Title 18, 1462. Importation or transportation of obscene matters". Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
  24. ^ "Politics and Pornography". Retrieved 2006-08-26.
  25. ^ "The Rev. Donald E. Wildmon". Retrieved 2006-08-26.
  26. ^ Kay, Julie (2005-08-30). "U.S. Attorney's Porn Fight Gets Bad Reviews". Daily Business Review. ALM Properties. Archived from the original on 2005-10-25. Retrieved 2007-11-08. The agents were stunned to learn that a top prosecutorial priority of [interim U.S. Attorney Alex] Acosta and the Department of Justice was none of the above. Instead, Acosta told them, it's obscenity. Not pornography involving children, but pornographic material featuring consenting adults. ... Acosta replied that this was Attorney General Gonzales' mandate. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  27. ^ Krause, Jason (2008-02-01). "The End of the Net Porn Wars". ABA Journal. ABA. Retrieved 2008-07-08. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  28. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tznius
  29. ^ http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Quran/24?oldid=506079

Further reading

Advocacy

  • Susie Bright. "Susie Sexpert's Lesbian Sex World and Susie Bright's Sexual Reality: A Virtual Sex World Reader", San Francisco, CA: Cleis Press, 1990 and 1992. Challenges any easy equation between feminism and anti-pornography positions.
  • Betty Dodson. "Feminism and Free speech: Pornography." Feminists for Free Expression 1993. May 8, 2002[1]
  • Kate Ellis. Caught Looking: Feminism, Pornography, and Censorship. New York: Caught Looking Incorporated, 1986.
  • Susan Griffin. Pornography and Silence: Culture's Revenge Against Nature. New York: Harper, 1981.
  • Matthew Gever. "Pornography Helps Women, Society"[2], UCLA Bruin, 1998-12-03.
  • Jason Russell. "The Canadian Past-Time" "Stand Like A Rock"
  • Michele Gregory. "Pro-Sex Feminism: Redefining Pornography (or, a study in alliteration: the pro pornography position paper)[3]
  • Andrea Juno and V. Vale. Angry Women, Re/Search # 12. San Francisco, CA: Re/Search Publications, 1991. Performance artists and literary theorists who challenge Dworkin and MacKinnon's claim to speak on behalf of all women.
  • Michael Kimmel. "Men Confront Pornography". New York: Meridian--Random House, 1990. A variety of essays that try to assess ways that pornography may take advantage of men.
  • Wendy McElroy defends the availability of pornography, and condemns feminist anti-pornography campaigns.[4]
    • "A Feminist Overview of Pornography, Ending in a Defense Thereof"[5]
    • "A Feminist Defense of Pornography"[6]
  • Annalee Newitz. "Obscene Feminists: Why Women Are Leading the Battle Against Censorship" San Francisco Bay Guardian Online May 8, 2002. May 9, 2002[7]
  • Nadine Strossen:
    • "Defending Pornography: Free Speech, Sex and the Fight for Women's Rights" (ISBN 0-8147-8149-7)
    • "Nadine Strossen: Pornography Must Be Tolerated"[8]
  • Scott Tucker. "Gender, Fucking, and Utopia: An Essay in Response to John Stoltenberg's Refusing to Be a Man"[9] in Social Text 27 (1991): 3-34. Critique of Stoltenberg and Dworkin's positions on pornography and power.
  • Carole Vance, Editor. "Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality". Boston: Routledge, 1984. Collection of papers from 1982 conference; visible and divisive split between anti-pornography activists and lesbian S&M theorists.

Porn studies

  • Linda Williams: Hard Core: Power, Pleasure and the Frenzy of the Visible (University of California Press, 1989). Expanded Paperback Edition: Univ of California Press, 1999, ISBN 0520219430
  • Linda Williams (ed.): Porn Studies, B&T, 2004, ISBN 0822333120
Commentary
Government
History


Sociology
File:Sex-magazines--www.y23.com--n20080428 n20050306 015806.JPG
Pornographic magazines offered for sale

Pornography or porn is the explicit depiction of sexual subject matter with the sole intention of sexually exciting the viewer. It is to a certain extent similar to erotica, which is the use of sexually arousing imagery. Over the past few decades, an immense industry for the production and consumption of pornography has grown, due to emergence of the VCR, the DVD, and the Internet, as well as the emergence of social attitudes more tolerant of sexual portrayals. Performers in pornography are referred to as pornographic actors (or actresses), or the more commonly known title, "porn star", and are generally seen as qualitatively different from their non-pornographic counterparts.

Pornography may use any of a variety of media—printed literature, photos, sculpture, drawing, painting, animation, sound recording, film, video, or video game. However, when sexual acts are performed for a live audience, by definition it is not pornography, as the term applies to the depiction of the act, rather than the act itself. Thus, portrayals such as sex shows and striptease are not pornography.

In most countries pornography is treated as a separate entity, both culturally and legally, from depictions of naked persons in art or photography. See "nudity" for more information.

Etymology

The word derives from the Greek πορνογραφία (pornographia), which derives from the Greek words πόρνη (pornē, "prostitute"), γράφω (graphō, "to write or record"), and the suffix -ία (-ia, meaning "state of", "property of", or "place of"), thus meaning "a place to record prostitutes".

History

Oil lamp artifact depicting coitus more ferarum

The depiction of sexual acts is as old as civilization (and can be found painted on various ancient buildings), but the concept of pornography as understood today did not exist until the Victorian era. Previous to that time, though some sex acts were regulated or stipulated in laws, looking at objects or images depicting them was not. In some cases, specific books, engravings or image collections were censored or outlawed, but the trend to compose laws that restricted viewing of sexually explicit things in general was a Victorian construct. When large scale excavations of Pompeii were undertaken in the 1860s, much of the erotic art of the Romans came to light, shocking the Victorians who saw themselves as the intellectual heirs of the Roman Empire. They did not know what to do with the frank depictions of sexuality, and endeavored to hide them away from everyone but upper class scholars. The moveable objects were locked away in the Secret Museum in Naples, Italy and what could not be removed was covered and cordoned off as to not corrupt the sensibilities of women, children and the working class. Soon after, the world's first law criminalizing pornography was enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1857 in the Obscene Publications Act. The Victorian attitude that pornography was for a select few can be seen in the wording of the Hicklin test stemming from a court case in 1868 where it asks, "whether the tendency of the matter charged as obscenity is to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences." Despite the fact of their suppression, depictions of erotic imagery were common throughout history.[10]

Sub-genres

In general, softcore refers to pornography that does not depict penetration (usually genitals are not shown), and hardcore refers to pornography that depicts penetration explicitly.

Pornography is of different forms depending on physical characteristics of the participants, fetish, sexual orientation etc. Reality and voyeur pornography, animated videos, legally prohibited acts also depicted. Some popular genres of pornography:

Economics

File:The making of an adult film 5 by David Shankbone.jpg
Actors, producer, director, cameramen, lighting and makeup are a few of the jobs represented in the photograph of the making of a pornographic film.

Revenues of the adult industry in the United States have been difficult to determine. In 1970, a Federal study estimated that the total retail value of all the hard-core porn in the United States was no more than $10 million[11]

In 1998, Forrester Research published a report on the online "adult content" industry estimating $750 million to $1 billion in annual revenue. As an unsourced aside, the Forrester study speculated on an industry-wide aggregate figure of $8-10 billion, which was repeated out of context in many news stories,[12] after being published in Eric Schlosser's book on the American underground economy.[13] Studies in 2001 put the total (including video, pay-per-view, Internet and magazines) between $2.6 billion and $3.9 billion.[14]

A significant amount of pornographic video is shot in the San Fernando Valley, which has been a pioneering region for producing adult films since the 1970s, and has since become home for various models, actors/actresses, production companies, and other assorted businesses involved in the production and distribution of pornography.

The porn industry has been considered influential in deciding format wars in media; including being a factor in VHS v. Betamax (the videotape format war)[15][16] and a factor in the Blu-ray vs. HD DVD format war.[15][16][17]

Non-commercial pornography

As well as the porn industry, there is a large amount of non-commercial pornography. This should be distinguished from commercial pornography falsely marketed as featuring "amateurs". The Alt Sex Stories Text Repository focuses on prose stories collected from Usenet. Various Usenet groups are focussed on non-commercial pornographic photographs.

Technology

Mass-distributed pornography is as old as the printing press. Almost as soon as photography was invented, it was being used to produce pornographic images. Some claim[who?] that pornography has been a driving force in the development of technologies from the printing press, through photography (still and motion), to video, satellite TV, DVD, and the Internet. With the invention of tiny cameras and wireless equipments voyeur pornography is gaining ground. Mobile cameras are used to capture pornographic photos or videos, and forwarded as MMS.

Computer-generated images and manipulations

Digital manipulation requires the use of source photographs, but some pornography is produced without human actors at all. The idea of completely computer-generated pornography was conceived very early as one of the most obvious areas of application for computer graphics and 3D rendering.

Until the late 1990s, digitally manipulated pornography could not be produced cost-effectively. In the early 2000s, it became a growing segment, as the modelling and animation software matured and the rendering capabilities of computers improved. As of 2004, computer-generated pornography depicting situations involving children and sex with fictional characters, such as Lara Croft, is already produced on a limited scale. The October 2004 issue of Playboy featured topless pictures of the title character from the BloodRayne video game.[18]

Production and distribution by region

The production and distribution of pornography are economic activities of some importance. The exact size of the economy of pornography and the influence that it has in political circles are matters of controversy.

Pornography in Japan: Rates of pornography use in Japan have climbed in the 20th century. A correlation has been found between pornography use, rape and other sex crimes. From 1972 when pornography changed from totally prohibited to freely available with no age restrictions there has been a significant drop in sex crime and particularly in the number of victims aged under 13. Japan has the lowest levels of reported rape and the highest levels of arrests and convictions in any developed nation in the world.[19]

See List of pornography laws by region for detailed list

The legal status of pornography varies widely from country to country. Most countries allow at least some form of pornography. In some countries, softcore pornography is considered tame enough to be sold in general stores or to be shown on TV. Hardcore pornography, on the other hand, is usually regulated. The production and sale, and to a slightly lesser degree the possession, of child pornography is illegal in almost all countries, and most countries have restrictions on pornography involving violence or animals.

Pornographic entertainment on display in a sex shop window. There is usually a minimum age to go into pornographic stores.

Most countries attempt to restrict minors' access to hardcore materials, limiting availability to adult bookstores, mail-order, via television channels that parents can restrict, among other means. There is usually an age minimum for entrance to pornographic stores, or the materials are displayed partly covered or not displayed at all. More generally, disseminating pornography to a minor is often illegal. Many of these efforts have been rendered practically irrelevant by widely available Internet pornography.

In the United States, a person receiving unwanted commercial mail he or she deems pornographic (or otherwise offensive) may obtain a Prohibitory Order, either against all mail from a particular sender, or against all sexually explicit mail, by applying to the United States Postal Service.

There are recurring urban legends of snuff movies, in which murders are filmed for pornographic purposes. Despite extensive work to ascertain the truth of these rumors, law enforcement officials have been unable to find any such works.

The Internet has also caused problems with the enforcement of age limits regarding performers and subjects. In most countries, males and females under the age of 18 are not allowed to appear in porn films, but in several European countries the age limit is 16, and in Denmark it is legal for women as young as 16 to appear topless in mainstream newspapers and magazines.[citation needed] This material often ends up on the Internet and can be viewed by people in countries where it constitutes child pornography, creating challenges for lawmakers wishing to restrict access to such material.

Some people, including pornography producer Larry Flynt and the writer Salman Rushdie,[20] have argued that pornography is vital to freedom and that a free and civilized society should be judged by its willingness to accept pornography.

The UK Government is planning to outlaw possession of what it terms "extreme pornography" after a campaign following the highly publicised murder of Jane Longhurst.

Effect on sex crimes

A lower per capita crime rate and historically high availability of pornography in many developed European countries (e.g. Netherlands, Sweden) has led some researchers to conclude that there is an inverse relationship between the two, such that an increased availability of pornography in a society equates to a decrease in sexual crime.[21] Some researchers speculate that wide availability of pornography may reduce crimes by giving potential offenders a socially accepted way of regulating their own sexuality. Moreover, there is some evidence that states within the U.S. that have lower rates of internet access have a greater incidence of rape, although general national trend and idiosyncratic factors relevant to these states were not controlled for, thus severely limiting the conclusions that can be drawn.[22]

Japan, which is noted for its large output of rape fantasy pornography, has the lowest reported sex crime rate in the industrialized world. However, some argue that reported sex crime rates are low in Japan because the culture (a culture that greatly emphasizes a woman's "honor") is such that victims of sex crime are less likely to report it (e.g. chikan[23]). However, a 1995 study comparing crime statistics since 1972 when pornography changed from totally prohibited to freely available with no age restrictions found that:[24]

sex crimes in every category, from rape to public indecency, sexual offenses from both ends of the criminal spectrum, significantly decreased in incidence. Most significantly, despite the wide increase in availability of pornography to children, not only was there a decrease in sex crimes with juveniles as victims but the number of juvenile offenders also decreased significantly. We hypothesized that the increase in pornography, without age restriction and in comics, if it had any detrimental effect, would most negatively influence younger individuals. Just the opposite occurred. The number of victims decreased particularly among the females younger than 13. In 1972, 8.3% of the victims were younger than 13. In 1995 the percentage of victims younger than 13 years of age dropped to 4.0%; a reduction of greater than 50%. In 1972, 33.3 % of the offenders were between 14-19 years of age; by 1995 that percentage had decreased to 9.6%..

Yet, this result neglects the co-occurrence of feminist movements in the early 1970s that specifically targeted sexual attitudes and legal treatments of rape.[25] However, others argue it is likely that the emergence of cultural consciousness about rape and the first rape prevention and treatment centers can account for the decline in rape over this time period.[26]

However, a review of controlled studies has found that extensive, extremely prolonged viewing of the type of pornographic material commonly sold at adult bookstores was positively correlated with leniency in the sentencing of a person convicted of rape in a mock trial setting, decreased satisfaction of participants with their sex lives and partners, and an increased self-reported willingness to commit rape or other forced sexual acts.[27] Furthermore, Ariely and Loewenstein conducted a laboratory study that demonstrated an increased willingness of men to engage in "dater rape" like behaviors (e.g., slip a woman a drug to increase the chance to have sex with her) while sexually aroused. [28]

Anti-pornography movement

A French caricature on "the great epidemic of pornography".

Opposition to pornography comes generally, though not exclusively, from several sources: law, religion and feminism. Some critics from the latter two camps have expressed belief in the existence of "pornography addiction."

Effect on sexual aggression

In the 1970s and 1980s, feminists such as Dr. Catharine MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin criticized pornography as essentially dehumanizing women and as likely to encourage violence against them. It has been suggested that there was an alliance, tacit or explicit, between anti-porn feminists and fundamentalist Christians to help censor the use of or production of pornography.[29]

According to researchers N.M. Malamuth, T. Addison and M. Koss, "high pornography use is not necessarily indicative of high risk for sexual aggression," but go on to say, "if a person has relatively aggressive sexual inclinations resulting from various personal and/or cultural factors, some pornography exposure may activate and reinforce associated coercive tendencies and behaviors".[30]

Feminist objections

Feminist critics of pornography, such as Andrea Dworkin and Catharine MacKinnon, generally consider it demeaning to women. They believe that most pornography eroticizes the domination, humiliation, and coercion of women, reinforces sexual and cultural attitudes that are complicit in rape and sexual harassment, and contributes to the male-centered objectification of women. Some feminists distinguish between pornography and erotica, which they say does not have the same negative effects of pornography. However, many Third-wave feminists and postmodern feminists disagree with this critique of porn, claiming that appearing in or using pornography can be explained as each individual woman's choice, and is not guided by socialization in a capitalist patriarchy.

Pornography by and for women

Some recent pornography has been produced under the rubric of "by and for women". According to Tristan Taormino, "Feminist porn both responds to dominant images with alternative ones and creates its own iconography."[31]

Template:Globalize/USA In the United States, distribution of "obscene" materials is a Federal crime,[32] The determination of what is obscene is up to a jury in a trial, which must apply the Miller test; however, due to the prominence of pornography in most communities most pornographic materials are not considered obscene by the Miller Test.

Partly because Denmark decriminalized pornography in 1967 with few adverse effects and partly because of the 1968 United States Supreme Court decision which held that people could view whatever they wished in the privacy of their own homes, in 1968 Congress created the President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography to investigate the effects of obscenity and pornography on the people of the United States with each member personally appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. In what became the most detailed and comprehensive investigation into pornography to date, the commission in its final report found that pornography could not be shown to do harm to individuals or to society, and recommended the repeal of obscenity and pornography legislation as it related to adults. Released during the presidency of Richard Nixon the report generated a brief bout of controversy but was ultimately ignored by the administration.

Attorney General for Ronald Reagan, Edwin Meese, also courted controversy when he appointed the "Meese Commission" to investigate pornography in the United States; their report, released in July 1986, was highly critical of pornography and itself became a target of widespread criticism. That year, Meese Commission officials contacted convenience store chains and succeeded in demanding that widespread men's magazines such as Playboy and Penthouse be removed from shelves,[33]a ban which spread nationally[34] until being quashed with a First Amendment admonishment against prior restraint by the D.C. Federal Court in Meese v. Playboy (639 F.Supp. 581).

In the United States in 2005, Attorney General Gonzales made obscenity and pornography a top prosecutorial priority of the Department of Justice.[35]

The conservative religious organization Concerned Women for America polled every U.S. attorney’s office to find out what they planned to do about obscenity. Except for a handful of offices that didn’t return calls, not one said it had any inclination to pursue anything other than child obscenity cases.[36]

U.S. Rep. Frank Wolf, R-Va., sponsored a grant in 2005 to Morality in Media to set up the website obscenitycrimes.org that would allow citizens to report obscene websites and materials. The site has generated tens of thousands of tips and complaints, and the organization has sent promising ones on to the Department of Justice, but the department has not followed up on a single one.

Religious objections

Some religious groups often discourage their members from viewing or reading pornography, and support legislation restricting its publication. These positions derive from broader religious views about sexuality. In some religious traditions, for example, sexual intercourse is limited to the express function of procreation. Thus, sexual pleasure or sex-oriented entertainment, as well as lack of modesty, are considered to be sexual immorality by some.

Other religions do not find sexual pleasure immoral, but see sex as a sacred, godly, highly-pleasurable activity. These traditions do not condemn sexual pleasure in and of itself, but they impose limitations on the circumstances under which sexual pleasure should be properly experienced. Pornography in this view is seen as the secularization of something sacred, and so, a violation of spouses' intimate relationship.

Though the Torah (Jewish written law) has a great many prohibitions of about sexual behaviors, pornography is not specifically mentioned. However, the Tzniut requires Jewish women to be covered from ankle to wrist (thereby forbidding pornographic modeling or acting for women). The halakhah states that sexually arousing images are to be avoided. [37]

The Qur'an 24:31 states "And tell the believing women to lower their gaze and keep covered their private parts, and that they should not show-off their beauty except what is apparent, and let them cast their shawls over their cleavage. And let them not show-off their beauty except to their husbands... "[38]

There is no simple direct prohibition of pornographic media in the Bible. Extrapolation and generalization of Matthew 5:27,28 is required.

You have heard that it was said, 'Do not commit adultery.' But I tell you that anyone who looks at a woman lustfully has already committed adultery with her in his heart.

Paragraph 2354 of the Catechism of the Catholic Church states:

Pornography... offends against chastity because it perverts the conjugal act, the intimate giving of spouses to each another. It does grave injury to the dignity of its participants... since each one becomes an object of base pleasure and illicit profit for others. It immerses all who are involved in the illusion of a fantasy world. It is a grave offense.

In addition to expressing concerns about sexual immorality, some people take an anti-pornography stance claiming that viewing pornography can be addictive, leading to self-destructive behavior. Proponents of this view compare pornography addiction to alcoholism, both in asserting the seriousness of the problem and in developing treatment methods.[citation needed]

See also

Forms

Lists

People and groups

Other

References

  1. ^ Feminism and Free speech: Pornography
  2. ^ Pornography Helps Women, Society
  3. ^ Pro-Sex Feminism: Redefining Pornography
  4. ^ You Are What You Read?
  5. ^ A Feminist Overview of Pornography, Ending in a Defense Thereof
  6. ^ A Feminist Defense of Pornography
  7. ^ Obscene Feminists: Why Women Are Leading the Battle Against Censorship
  8. ^ Nadine Strossen: Pornography Must Be Tolerated
  9. ^ Gender, Fucking, and Utopia: An Essay in Response to John Stoltenberg's Refusing to Be a Man
  10. ^ Beck, Marianna (2003). "The Roots of Western Pornography: Victorian Obsessions and Fin-de-Siècle Predilections". Libido, The Journal of Sex and Sensibility. Retrieved 2006-08-22. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ^ President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography. Report of The Commission on Obscenity and Pornography 1970, Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office.
  12. ^ Richard, Emmanuelle (2002-05-23). "The Naked Untruth". Alternet. Archived from the original on 2004-09-28. Retrieved 2006-09-08.
  13. ^ Schlosser, Eric (2003-05-08). Reefer Madness: Sex, Drugs, and Cheap Labor in the American Black Market. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0618334667. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (help)Schlosser's book repeats the $10 billion figure without additional evidence
  14. ^ Ackman, Dan (2001-05-25). "How Big Is Porn?". Forbes.com. Forbes.com. Archived from the original on 2001-06-09. Retrieved 2007-11-08. $2.6 billion to $3.9 billion. Sources: Adams Media Research, Forrester Research, Veronis Suhler Communications Industry Report, IVD
  15. ^ a b Mearian, Lucas (2006-05-02). "Porn industry may be decider in Blu-ray, HD-DVD battle". Macworld. Mac Publishing. Archived from the original on 2006-07-12. Retrieved 2007-11-08.Ron Wagner, Director of IT at a California porn studio: "If you look at the VHS vs. Beta standards, you see the much higher-quality standard dying because of [the porn industry’s support of VHS] ... The mass volume of tapes in the porn market at the time went out on VHS."
  16. ^ a b Lynch, Martin (2007-01-17). "Blu-ray loves porn after all". The Inquirer. Incisive Media Investments. Archived from the original on 2007-11-07. Retrieved 2007-11-08. By many accounts VHS would not have won its titanic struggle against Sony's Betamax video tape format if it hadn't been for porn. This might be over-stating its importance but it was an important factor. ... There is no way that Sony can ignore the boost that porn can give the Blu-ray format.
  17. ^ Gardiner, Bryan (2007-01-22). "Porn Industry May Decide DVD Format War". FOXNews.com - Technology News. Ziff Davis Media. Archived from the original on 2007-02-10. Retrieved 2007-11-08. As was expected, the 2007 Consumer Electronics Show saw even more posturing and politics between the Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD camps, with each side announcing a new set of alliances and predicting that the end of the war was imminent.
  18. ^ "Playboy undressed video game women - Aug. 25, 2004". Retrieved 2006-08-26.
  19. ^ Diamond, Milton (1999). "Pornography, rape and sex crimes in Japan". International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 22 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1016/S0160-2527(98)00035-1. Retrieved 2006-08-26. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Baxter, Sarah (2004-08-08). "Porn is vital to freedom, says Rushdie". Times Online. Times Newspapers. Archived from the original on 2007-11-08. Retrieved 2007-11-08. Pornography exists everywhere, of course, but when it comes into societies in which it's difficult for young men and women to get together and do what young men and women often like doing, it satisfies a more general need.... While doing so, it sometimes becomes a kind of standard-bearer for freedom, even civilisation. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ "Pornography, rape and the internet" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-10-25.
  22. ^ D'Amato, Anthony (June 23, 2006). "Porn Up, Rape Down". Retrieved 2006-12-19.
  23. ^ "The His and Hers Subway". Retrieved 2006-08-26.
  24. ^ The Effects of Pornography: An International Perspective University of Hawaii Porn 101: Eroticism, Pornography, and the First Amendment: Milton Diamond Ph.D.
  25. ^ Sable, M. & Danis, F. (2006). Barriers to reporting sexual assault for women and men: perspectives of college students. Journal of American College Health, 55 (3): 157.
  26. ^ Smith, L., White, T. (1980). Feminist community from 1969 to 1979. Off Our Backs, 10 (2) pg. 13
  27. ^ Zillmann, Dolf: "Effects of Prolonged Consumption of Pornography", [2]
  28. ^ Ariely, D., Loewenstein, G. (2005). The heat of the moment: The effect of sexual arousal on sexual decision making. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 19, 87-98.
  29. ^ "The Anti-Pornography Movement - Ashland Free Press". Retrieved 2006-08-26.
  30. ^ Malamuth, NM (2000). "Pornography and sexual aggression: are there reliable effects and can we understand them?". Annual Review of Sex Research. 2000 (11). Society for the Scientific Study of Sex: 26–91. PMID 11351835 : 11351835. Retrieved 2006-09-08. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmid= value (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) (Malamuth, Addison, & Koss, 2000, p. 79-81)
  31. ^ "Political Smut Makers by Tristan Taormino". Retrieved 2006-08-26.
  32. ^ "U.S. Code: Title 18, 1462. Importation or transportation of obscene matters". Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
  33. ^ "Politics and Pornography". Retrieved 2006-08-26.
  34. ^ "The Rev. Donald E. Wildmon". Retrieved 2006-08-26.
  35. ^ Kay, Julie (2005-08-30). "U.S. Attorney's Porn Fight Gets Bad Reviews". Daily Business Review. ALM Properties. Archived from the original on 2005-10-25. Retrieved 2007-11-08. The agents were stunned to learn that a top prosecutorial priority of [interim U.S. Attorney Alex] Acosta and the Department of Justice was none of the above. Instead, Acosta told them, it's obscenity. Not pornography involving children, but pornographic material featuring consenting adults. ... Acosta replied that this was Attorney General Gonzales' mandate. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  36. ^ Krause, Jason (2008-02-01). "The End of the Net Porn Wars". ABA Journal. ABA. Retrieved 2008-07-08. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  37. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tznius
  38. ^ http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Quran/24?oldid=506079

Further reading

Advocacy

  • Susie Bright. "Susie Sexpert's Lesbian Sex World and Susie Bright's Sexual Reality: A Virtual Sex World Reader", San Francisco, CA: Cleis Press, 1990 and 1992. Challenges any easy equation between feminism and anti-pornography positions.
  • Betty Dodson. "Feminism and Free speech: Pornography." Feminists for Free Expression 1993. May 8, 2002[1]
  • Kate Ellis. Caught Looking: Feminism, Pornography, and Censorship. New York: Caught Looking Incorporated, 1986.
  • Susan Griffin. Pornography and Silence: Culture's Revenge Against Nature. New York: Harper, 1981.
  • Matthew Gever. "Pornography Helps Women, Society"[2], UCLA Bruin, 1998-12-03.
  • Jason Russell. "The Canadian Past-Time" "Stand Like A Rock"
  • Michele Gregory. "Pro-Sex Feminism: Redefining Pornography (or, a study in alliteration: the pro pornography position paper)[3]
  • Andrea Juno and V. Vale. Angry Women, Re/Search # 12. San Francisco, CA: Re/Search Publications, 1991. Performance artists and literary theorists who challenge Dworkin and MacKinnon's claim to speak on behalf of all women.
  • Michael Kimmel. "Men Confront Pornography". New York: Meridian--Random House, 1990. A variety of essays that try to assess ways that pornography may take advantage of men.
  • Wendy McElroy defends the availability of pornography, and condemns feminist anti-pornography campaigns.[4]
    • "A Feminist Overview of Pornography, Ending in a Defense Thereof"[5]
    • "A Feminist Defense of Pornography"[6]
  • Annalee Newitz. "Obscene Feminists: Why Women Are Leading the Battle Against Censorship" San Francisco Bay Guardian Online May 8, 2002. May 9, 2002[7]
  • Nadine Strossen:
    • "Defending Pornography: Free Speech, Sex and the Fight for Women's Rights" (ISBN 0-8147-8149-7)
    • "Nadine Strossen: Pornography Must Be Tolerated"[8]
  • Scott Tucker. "Gender, Fucking, and Utopia: An Essay in Response to John Stoltenberg's Refusing to Be a Man"[9] in Social Text 27 (1991): 3-34. Critique of Stoltenberg and Dworkin's positions on pornography and power.
  • Carole Vance, Editor. "Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality". Boston: Routledge, 1984. Collection of papers from 1982 conference; visible and divisive split between anti-pornography activists and lesbian S&M theorists.

Porn studies

  • Linda Williams: Hard Core: Power, Pleasure and the Frenzy of the Visible (University of California Press, 1989). Expanded Paperback Edition: Univ of California Press, 1999, ISBN 0520219430
  • Linda Williams (ed.): Porn Studies, B&T, 2004, ISBN 0822333120
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