The timeline signifies the major events in the development of women's rights and issues of gender inequality other than the right to vote. For those rights, see Timeline of women's suffrage.
Before the 19th century
1707
The efforts of Dorothea von Velen—mistress of Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine—led to the abolition of couverture in the Electoral Palatinate in 1707, making it an early beacon of women's rights. The Palatinate was the first German state to abolish couverture, but it was briefly re-instated by Karl III Philipp, Johann Wilhelm's successor. Dorothea protested from exile in Amsterdam. She published her memoirs, A Life for Reform, which were highly critical of Karl III Philipp's government. To avoid a scandal, Karl III Philipp yielded to Dorothea's demands, and couverture was once again abolished.[1]
Sweden: Female taxpaying members of the cities' guilds are allowed to vote and stand for election during the age of liberty; this right is banned (for local elections) in 1758 and (general elections) in 1771[3]
Province of Pennsylvania (now U.S. state of Pennsylvania): Married women allowed to own and manage property in their own name during the incapacity of their spouse[4]
Sweden: In the Civil Code of 1734, men are banned from selling the property of their wife without her consent, and both spouses regardless of gender are secured the right to divorce upon adultery, while the innocent party are secured custody of the children.[5]
Sweden: Unmarried women, normally under the guardianship of their closest male relative, are granted the right to be declared of legal majority by dispensation from the monarch.[6]
1741
Sweden: The profession of innkeeper are no longer to require the guild-membership, which effectively open the profession for women.[7]
1749
Sweden: Women are secured the rights to manage the street trade of knick-knacks, a permit which was normally to be given women unable to support themselves, and which became a very common profession for destitute women in Stockholm.[8]
1753
Russia: Married women granted separate economy [9]
Sweden: The permit to engage in Tobacco trade is foremost to be granted to (widowed and married) women in need to support themselves.[8]
1776
France: Female tailors are allowed into the guild of tailors[10]
1778
Sweden: Barnamordsplakatet; unmarried women are allowed to leave their home town to give birth anonymously and have the birth registered anonymously, to refrain from answering any questions about the birth and, if they choose to keep their child, to have their unmarried status not mentioned in official documents to avoid social embarrassment.
1779
Spain: The guild restrictions which prevented females from holding certain professions are abolished.[11]
1784
Spain: Women are by royal decree allowed to accept any profession compatible with her "sex, dignity and strength".[11]
France: Equal inheritance rights (abolished in 1804) [12]
1792
France: Divorce is legalized for both sexes[12] (abolished for women in 1804)
France: Local women-units of the defense army are founded in several cities; although the military was never officially open to women, about eight thousand women were estimated to have served openly in the French armée in local troops (but not in the battle fields) between 1792 and 1794, but women were officially barred from the armée in 1795[13]
France: The question of women's right to vote is discussed in the Parliament of France; women's right to vote is acknowledged as a principle, but it is still put aside with the explanation that the time is not right to make this a reality and is therefore postponed.[13]
1798
Sweden: Married business women are given legal majority and juridical responsibility within the affairs of their business enterprise, despite being otherwise under guardianship of their spouse.[14]
18th century
1800–1849
1810
Sweden: The right of an unmarried woman to be declared of legal majority by royal dispensation are officially confirmed by parliament[15]
1811
Austria: Married women are granted separate economy and the right to choose profession[16]
Sweden: Married businesswomen are granted the right to make decisions about their own affairs without their husband's consent [17]
1817
England: Public whipping of women abolished (public whipping of men followed in 1868).[18]
1818
India: Western Christian missionaries open the first schools open to girls.[19]
1821
US, Maine: Married women allowed to own and manage property in their own name during the incapacity of their spouse[4]
1822
Serbia: Girls are allowed to attend elementary schools with boys up until the fourth grade.[20]
1823
Argentina: The charitable Beneficial Society is charged by the government to establish and control (private) elementary schools for girls (they retain the control of the schools for girls until 1876).[21]
1827
Brazil: The first elementary schools for girls and the profession of school teacher are open[22]
1829
India: The Bengal Sati Regulation, 1829 bans the practice of Sati in British Bengal (the ban is extended to Madras and Bombay the following year).
Sweden: Midwives are allowed to use surgical instruments, which are unique in Europe at the time and gives them surgical status[23]
1832
Egypt: A school for the education of medical assistants is founded: the same decade, Christian missionaries are allowed to open elementary schools for girls.[24]
Guatemala: Divorce legalized (rescinded in 1840 and reintroduced in 1894) [25]
1834
Greece: Compulsory prime education for both boys and girls, in parallel with the foundation of the first private secondary educational schools for girls such as the Arsakeio.[26]
1835
US, Arkansas: Married women allowed to own (but not control) property in their own name[4]
US, Massachusetts: Married women allowed to own and manage property in their own name during the incapacity of their spouse[4]
US, Tennessee: Married women allowed to own and manage property in their own name during the incapacity of their spouse[4]
Iran, Urmia: First modern school for girls opened.[27]
1839
Great Britain: The Custody of Infants Act 1839 makes it possible for divorced mothers to be granted custody of their children.
US, California: Married Women's Property Act grant married women separate economy[40]
US, Wisconsin: Married Women's Property Act grant married women separate economy[40]
US, Oregon: Unmarried women are allowed to own land[16]
1851
Guatemala: Full citizenship are granted economically independent women (rescinded in 1879)[41]
Canada, New Brunswick : Married women granted separate economy[42]
1852
Nicaragua: Josefa Vega are granted dispensation to attend lectures at university, after which women are given the right to apply for permission to attend lectures at university (though not to an actual full university education).[43]
US, New Jersey: Married Women granted separate economy [32]
US, Indiana: Married women allowed to own (but not control) property in their own name[4]
US, Wisconsin: Married women allowed to own and manage property in their own name during the incapacity of their spouse[4]
1853
Colombia: Divorce is legalized (rescinded in 1856 and reintroduced in 1992) [25]
Egypt: The first Egyptian school for females is opened by the Copts minority.[44]
Serbia: The first secondary educational school for females is inaugurated (public schools for girls having opened in 1845-46).[45]
Sweden: The profession of teacher at public primary and elementary schools are opened to both sexes[46]
Chile: The first public elementary school for girls[47]
1855
Ottoman Empire: Factory work are open to both sexes when the first women are employed at the textile factory at Bursa, at the same time allowing them to mix unveiled with men.[48]
US, Iowa: University of Iowa becomes the first coeducational public or state university in the United States[49]
US, Michigan: Married women granted separate economy[30]
1856
US, Connecticut: Married women granted patent rights[4]
Haiti: Elementary schools for girls are founded[38]
Serbia: The University of Belgrade is founded: females are theoretically allowed from the start, though the first two female students did not graduate until 1891.[20]
Sweden: Unmarried women are granted the same rights within trade and commerce as men.[17]
Sweden: Husbands are forbidden to abuse their wives.[61]
Sweden: The gymnastics profession is open to women.[58]
Italy: A married woman is allowed to become the legal guardian of her children and their property if abandoned by her husband[62]
Romania: The educational reform grant all Romanians access to education, which, at least formally, gave also females the right to attend school from elementary education to the university.[63]
US, Louisiana: Married women allowed to own and manage property in their own name during the incapacity of their spouse[4]
1867
Portugal: The Civil Code of 1867 secure legal majority and freedom from guardianship for unmarried, legally separated or widowed women, allows for civil marriage and give married women the option to secure their right to separate economy by agreement prior to marriage.[64]
Switzerland: Zürich University formally open to women, though they had already been allowed to attend lectures a few years prior[65]
US, Alabama: Married women granted separate economy[4]
US, New Hampshire: Married women granted separate economy[4]
1868
Croatia: The first high school open to females[66]
US, North Carolina: Married women granted separate economy[4]
US, Arkansas: Married women granted trade license[4]
US, Kansas: Married women granted separate economy[4]
US, Kansas: Married women granted trade license[4]
US, Kansas: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
US, South Carolina: Married women allowed to own (but not control) property in their own name[4]
US, Georgia: Married women allowed to own (but not control) property in their own name[4]
1869
Austria-Hungary: The profession of public school teacher is open to women[16]
Costa Rica: Elementary education compulsory for both girls and boys[35]
Ottoman Empire: The law formally introduce compulsory elementary education for both boys and girls.[53]
Russia: University Courses for women are opened, which opens the profession of teacher, law assistant and similar lower academic professions for women (in 1876, the courses are no longer allowed to give exams, and in 1883, all outside of the capital is closed).[16]
Sweden: Women allowed to work in the railway office.[58]
USA: Arabella Mansfield becomes the first woman to enter the practice of law.
US, Minnesota: Married women granted separate economy[4]
1870
Argentina: The 1870 Civil Code secure legal majority for unmarried women and widows, though it confirms married women as minors.[67]
Finland: Women allowed to study at the universities by dispensation (dispensation demand dropped in 1901) [68]
Mexico: Married women granted separate economy[69]
Ottoman Empire: The Teachers College for Girls are opened in Constantinople to educate women to professional teachers for girls school; the profession of teacher becomes accessible for women and education accessible to girls.[53]
Spain: The Asociación para la Enseñanza de la Mujer is founded: promoting education for women, it establishes secondary schools and training colleges all over Spain, which makes secondary and higher education open to females for the first time.[70]
Sweden: Universities open to women (at the same terms as men 1873).[33] The first female student is Betty Pettersson.
US, Georgia: Married women granted separate economy [71]
US, South Carolina: Married women granted separate economy[4]
US, South Carolina: Married women granted trade license[4]
US, Tennessee: Married women granted separate economy[4]
US, Iowa: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
1871
India: First training school for woman teachers.[72]
Japan: Women are allowed to study in the USA (though not yet in Japan itself)[73]
US, Mississippi: Married women granted separate economy[4]
US, Mississippi: Married women granted trade license[4]
US, Mississippi: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
US, Arizona: Married women granted separate economy[4]
US, Arizona: Married women granted trade license[4]
1872
Austria-Hungary: Women allowed to work in the post- and telegraph office[16]
Canada: Dominion Lands Act grant mothers without husbands homestead land.
Japan: Geisha and prostitutes are freed from guardianship and granted legal majority and the right to change profession[75]
Japan: Compulsory elementary education for both girls and boys.[76]
Ottoman Empire: The first government primary school for open to both genders.[77]
Spain: María Elena Maseras is allowed to enlist as a university student with special dispensation: having been formally admitted to a class in 1875, she was finally allowed to graduate 1882, which created a Precedent allowing females to enroll at universities from this point on.[78]
Sweden: Women are granted unlimited right to choose marriage partner without the need of any permission from her family, and arranged marriages are thereby banned (women of the nobility, however, are not granted the same right until 1882).[79]
Switzerland: The universities of Bern and Geneva open to women (Lausanne follow in 1876 and Basel in 1890)[65]
US, Pennsylvania: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
US, California: Married women granted separate economy[4]
US, Montana: Married women granted separate economy[4]
US, California: Married women granted trade license[4]
US, California: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
US, Wisconsin: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
1873
Egypt: The first public Egyptian primary school open to females: two years later, there are 32 primary schools for females in Egypt, three of whom also offered secondary education.[80]
India: First women admitted to college courses, although with special permission (at Madras Medical College).[83]
US, Delaware: Married women granted separate economy[4]
1876
Argentina: Girls are included in the national school system by the transference of the control of the private girls schools from the charitable Beneficent Society to the provincial government.[84]
Great Britain: Women can secure a separation on the grounds of cruelty, claim custody of their children and demand spousal and child support. Abused wives granted separation orders[91]
Montenegro: Legal majority for unmarried women [66]
1889
Argentina: Cecilia Grierson become the first female in Argentina to earn a medical university degree.
Egypt: The first teacher training college for women.[111]
Palestine: The first school open to girls founded by missionaries.[112]
Sweden: Women eligible to boards of public authority such as public school boards, public hospital boards, inspectors, poor care boards and similar positions[33]
US, State of Washington: Married women granted separate economy[4]
US, State of Washington: Married women granted control over their earnings[4]
US, State of Washington: Married women granted trade license[4]
1890
Bohemia: The first secondary education school for females in Prague.[113]
Belgium: Women may act as legal witnesses in court[16]
Denmark: Juridical professions of lower rank open to women[50]
Denmark: Unmarried women are made legal guardian of their children[94]
Korea: Secondary education for females through the foundation of the Capital School for Girl's Higher Education.[139]
Ottoman Empire: The Young Turks introduce several reform in favor of gender equality: the professions of doctor, lawyer, and civil servant as well as public places such as restaurants, theatres and lecture halls open to both genders.[53]
Prussia, Alsace-Lorraine and Hesse, Germany: Universities open to women[128]
1909
France: Married women are given the legal right to be consulted by husband's before he dispose of family property, and to press charges against the economic mismanagement of the husband.[141]
Sweden: Women granted eligibility to municipal councils [133]
Sweden: The phrase "Swedish man" are removed from the application forms to public offices and women are thereby approved as applicants to most public professions[131]
Mecklenburg, Germany: Universities open to women[128]
Afghanistan: The first women are sent abroad to study (women banned from studying abroad in 1929).[168] Compulsory veiling, polygamy and forced concubinage is abolished (rescinded in 1929).[169]
Albania: The Civil Code of 1928 bans forced marriages and gives married women the right to divorce and equal inheritance.[114]
Bahrain: The first public primary school for girls.[170]
Egypt: The first Women students is admitted to Cairo University.[171]
Turkey: Equal right to university education for both men and women.[174]
1931
China: The new Civil Code grant equal inheritance rights, the right for women to choose marriage partner, equal right to divorce and right to control their own property after divorce[47]
Spain: Legal majority for married women (rescinded in 1939)[175]
Spain: Equal right to profession (rescinded in 1939)[175]
Spain: Divorce is legalized(rescinded in 1939)[175]
Luxembourg: A ban against firing women teachers after marriage.[177]
1934
Brazil: The constitution of 1934 grants all women quality before the law, maternity leave, access to all public professions.[178]
Haiti: The physician profession open to women.[38]
Iran: In order to prepare for an abolition of the veil and social gender segregation, women teachers and students are encouraged to appear unveiled: this is followed the next year by an order to male politicians to introduce their wives to representational gender mixed social life.[179]
Turkey (to stand for election)
1935
Iran: Women are admitted to Tehran University.[180] The access of university education to females is, in fact, also a reform regarding women's access to professions, as it open numerous professions to women.[181]
Luxembourg: The profession of nurse and social worker, though de facto already in existence, are formally legalized and regulated for women.[182]
Thailand: Polygamy is banned and women are entitled to an equal share of common property after divorce.[183]
1936
Colombia: The national University open to women.[184]
Iran: Reza Shah Pahlavi set the mandatory unveiling of women—a highly controversial policy which nonetheless was significant for the desegregation of women.[180] In order to enforce the abolition of gender segregation, male civil servants were ordered to bring their wives to official ceremonies.[185]
China: Statute grants women equal right to property, to seek divorce and to inheritance.
1951
Bahrain: First Secondary education school open to females.[189]
1953
Afghanistan: The age of marriage for women are raised to sixteen, dowries are made the property of the wife, females are appointed judges in family courts and numerous professions, such as flight attendants, police officers, telephone operators and receptionists, are opened to women.[190]
Mexico (to stand for election)
South Africa: The Matrimonial Affairs Act in 1953, restricts but did not abolish the marital power.[191]
Afghanistan: Veiling is not banned but the compulsory veiling is abolished and women in official positions, as well as the wives and daughters of male officials, are asked to discard the veil in public.[193]
Iraq: The new personal status law provide equal inheritance rights, raise women's age of marriage to 18, prohibit men's right to divorce unilaterally and virtually abolish polygamy.[194]
1960
Afghanistan: The University of Kabul open to women.[195]
Canada (to stand for election, with no restrictions/conditions)
1961
El Salvador (to stand for election)
Kuwait: Mandatory veiling is abolished for female public servants.[196]
Democratic Republic of the Congo (to stand for election)
Ecuador: Married women granted separate economy[69]
France: The paternal authority of a man over his family was ended in 1970 (before that parental responsibilities belonged solely to the father who made all legal decisions concerning the children).[205]
1971
Egypt: The new constitution confirm equality before the law and women's right to inheritance, property, education, employment and divorce.[206]
Switzerland: Women allowed to stand for election at federal level[207]
USA: Barring women from practicing law was prohibited in the U.S. in 1971.[208]
1972
Bolivia: Married women granted separate economy.[69]
Spain: abolition of the permiso marital (which required married women to have their husbands' consent for nearly all economic activities, including employment, ownership of property and traveling away from home)[210]
Austria: reform to family law providing gender equality in parental rights over children, and ownership of property and assets, ending the legal authority of the husband [217]
Afghanistan: Mandatory literacy and education of all females.[218]
Dominican Republic: Abolition of the requirement that married women must have their husbands' permission to initiate judicial proceedings[211]
Sweden: Gender discrimination forbidden by law.[61]
1981
Spain: Abolition of the requirement that married women must have their husbands' permission to initiate judicial proceedings[211]
Italy: repeal of the law which provided for mitigated punishment in case of honor killings; prior to 1981, the law read: Art. 587: He who causes the death of a spouse, daughter, or sister upon discovering her in illegitimate carnal relations and in the heat of passion caused by the offence to his honour or that of his family will be sentenced to three to seven years. The same sentence shall apply to whom, in the above circumstances, causes the death of the person involved in illegitimate carnal relations with his spouse, daughter, or sister.[219][220]
South Africa: The Matrimonial Property Act of 1984 abolished it prospectively (i.e. for marriages contracted after the act came into force) but not for marriages between black people.
Switzerland: Abolition of the requirement that married women must have their husbands' permission to initiate judicial proceedings[211]
Australia: Sex Discrimination Act 1984
1985
France: A new reform in 1985 abolishes the stipulation that the father has the sole power to administer the children's property.[205]
Argentina: divorce is legalized; the new law also provides for gender equality between the wife and husband.[224]
Paraguay: Abolition of the requirement that married women must have their husbands' permission to initiate judicial proceedings[211]
1988
Switzerland: legal reforms providing gender equality in marriage, abolishing the legal authority of the husband, come into force (these reforms had been approved in 1985 by voters in a referendum) [225][226][227]
South Africa: Marital power is abolished prospectively for marriages of black people under the civil law, but not for marriages contracted under customary law.
Brazil: husband no longer "head of the household" (which gave him certain legal powers over his wife)[211]
Rwanda: Abolition of the requirement that married women must have their husbands' permission to initiate judicial proceedings[211]
South Africa: Marital power is repealed for all civil marriages, whenever they were contracted.[191] The marital power persisted, however, in the Transkei (which was nominally independent from 1976 to 1994) but it was held to be unconstitutional for civil marriages by the High Court in 1999.[191]
Namibia: The marital power is abolished in 1996 by the Married Persons Equality Act.
Angola: Abolition of the requirement that married women must have their husbands' permission to initiate judicial proceedings[211]
Guatemala: the Guatemalan Constitutional Court struck down the adultery law, which was gendered, based both on the Constitution’s gender equality clause and on human rights treaties including CEDAW[229]
Venezuela: enacts Organic Law on the Right of Women to a Life Free of Violence (Ley Organica Sobre el Derecho de las Mujeres a una Vida Libre de Violencia)[239]
2008
Guatemala: enacts Law against Femicide and Other Forms of Violence Against Women (Ley contra el Femicidio y otras Formas de Violencia Contra la Mujer)[240]
Colombia: enacts Law 1257 of 2008 for establishing rules of awareness, prevention and punishment of all forms of violence and discrimination against women (Ley 1257 de 2008, por la cual se dictan normas de sensibilización, prevención y sanción de formas de violenci a y discriminación contra las mujeres)[241]
2009
Argentina: enacts The Comprehensive Law on the Prevention, Punishment and Elimination of Violence against Women in their Interpersonal Relations [Law 26.485] ( Ley de protección integral para prevenir, sancionar y erradicar la violencia contra las mujeres en los ámbitos en que desarrollen sus relacion es interpersonales [Ley 26.485])[242] which protects women from violence against women and domestic violence
Panama: enacts Law 82 - Typifying Femicide and Violence Against Women (Ley 82 - Tipifica el Femicidio y la Violencia contra las Mujeres)[248]
Swaziland: marital power is restricted, but not abolished: (Sihlongonyane v Sihlongonyane (470/2013) [2013] SZHC 144 (18 July 2013) [249]).
Ivory Coast: legal reforms provide for gender equality in marriage.[199]
Bolivia: enacts Law 348 - Integral law guaranteeing women a Life Free of Violence (Ley 348 - Ley Integral para Garantizar a las Mujeres una Vida Libre de Violencia)[250]
United States: enacts the Transport for Female Genital Mutilation Act, which prohibits knowingly transporting a girl out of the United States for the purpose of undergoing FGM.[251]
Denmark: reforms its legislation on sexual offenses,[252][253][254] after having been harshly criticized by Amnesty International for lack of adequate laws in this area[255][256]
Nicaragua: new Family Code [261] which provides for gender equality comes into force; replacing the old family law[199][262] which gave the husband authority
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^Farzaneh Milani: Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers.Syracuse University Press, 1992
^ abEsfandiari, Haleh (2004). The Role of Women Members of Parliament, 1963–88 in Women in Iran from 1800 to the Islamic Republic By Lois Beck and Guity Nashat. University of Illinois Press. ISBN978-0-252-07189-8.
^Farzaneh Milani: Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers.Syracuse University Press, 1992
^Jules Mersch: Biographie nationale du pays de Luxembourg depuis ses origines jusgu'a nos jours: collection présentée par Jules Mersch, Volym 6. Imprimerie de la Cour Victor Buck, 1962
^Suwana Satha-Anand: Women's Studies in Thailand: Power, Knowledge, and Justice, 2004
^Modernization in Colombia: the Laureano Gómez years, 1889–1965
by James D. Henderso
^Farzaneh Milani: Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers.Syracuse University Press, 1992
^Ghada Talhami:Historical Dictionary of Women in the Middle East and North Africa (Historical Dictionaries of Women in the World), 2012
^Farzaneh Milani: Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers.Syracuse University Press, 1992
^Ghada Talhami:Historical Dictionary of Women in the Middle East and North Africa (Historical Dictionaries of Women in the World), 2012
^Ghada Talhami:Historical Dictionary of Women in the Middle East and North Africa (Historical Dictionaries of Women in the World), 2012
^Barry Rubin: The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture. 2012
^ abcBoberg's law of persons and the family (2nd ed.). Cape Town: Juta Law. 1999. pp. 161–164. ISBN9780702151163.
^Ghada Talhami:Historical Dictionary of Women in the Middle East and North Africa (Historical Dictionaries of Women in the World), 2012
^Barry Rubin: The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture. 2012
^Barry Rubin: The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture. 2012
^Barry Rubin: The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture. 2012
^Ghada Talhami:Historical Dictionary of Women in the Middle East and North Africa (Historical Dictionaries of Women in the World), 2012
^Bonnie G. Smith: The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History: 4 Volume Set.Oxford University Press, USA, 2008
^Solsten, Eric; Meditz, Sandra W., eds. (1988), "Social Values and Attitudes", Spain: A Country Study, Washington: Government Printing Office for the Library of Congress
^Contemporary Western European Feminism, by Gisela Kaplan, pp. 133
^Barry Rubin: The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture. 2012
^Reconciliation Policy in Germany 1998–2008, Construing the ’Problem’ of the Incompatibility of Paid Employment and Care Work, by Cornelius Grebe; pg 92: "However, the 1977 reform of marriage and family law by Social Democrats and Liberals formally gave women the right to take up employment without their spouses' permission. This marked the legal end of the 'housewife marriage' and a transition to the ideal of 'marriage in partnership'."[1]
^Contemporary Western European Feminism, by Gisela Kaplan, pp. 133
^Barry Rubin: The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture. 2012
^Demos, Vasilikie. (2007) “The Intersection of Gender, Class and Nationality and the Agency of Kytherian Greek Women.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association. August 11.
^Sex and the State: Abortion, Divorce, and the Family Under Latin. American Dictatorships and Democracies, by Mala Htun, pp 102
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