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Tortuga (Haiti)

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For the island with a similar name in the Gulf of California, see Isla Tortuga.
Tortuga
Île de la Tortue
Island
Tortuga seen from space
Tortuga seen from space
Nickname: 
Turtle Island
Country Haiti
DepartmentNord-Ouest
ArrondissementPort-de-Paix
DiscoveredDecember 6th 1492
Settled1625
Area
 • Total180 km2 (69 sq mi)
Elevation
459 m (1,506 ft)
Population
 (2003)
 • Total25,936
 • Density144/km2 (376/sq mi)
Time zone-5
 • Summer (DST)-4

Tortuga (French: Île de la Tortue, IPA: [il də la tɔʁty]; Haitian Creole: Latòti; Spanish: Isla Tortuga, IPA: [ˈisla torˈtuɣa], Turtle Island) is a Caribbean island that forms part of Haiti, off the northwest coast of Hispaniola. It constitutes the commune of Île de la Tortue in the Port-de-Paix arrondissement of the Nord-Ouest Department of Haiti.

Tortuga is 180 km² (69 mi²)[1] in size and had a population of 25,936 at the 2003 Census. In the 17th century, Tortuga was a major centre of Caribbean piracy. Its tourist industry and reference in many works has made it one of the most recognized regions of Haiti.

History

Although Tortuga was already known by the native peoples, it was never used as a permanent settlement until European pirates made it into a launching ground for piracy activities. The first Europeans to land on Tortuga were the Spaniards in 1492 during the first voyage of Christopher Columbus into the New World. On December 6, 1492, three Spanish ships entered the Windward Passage that separates Cuba and Haiti. At sunrise, Columbus noticed an island whose contours emerged from the morning mist. Because the shape reminded him of a turtle's shell, he chose the name of Tortuga.[2][3][4]

Tortuga was originally settled by a few Spanish colonists. In 1625 French and English settlers arrived on the island of Tortuga after initially planning to settle on the island of Hispaniola. The French and English settlers were attacked in 1629 by the Spanish commanded by Don Fadrique de Toledo, who fortified the island, and expelled the French and English. As most of the Spanish army left for Hispaniola to root out French colonists there, the French returned in 1630 to occupy the fort and expanded the Spanish-built fortifications.

From 1630 onward, the island of Tortuga was divided into French and English colonies, allowing buccaneers to use the island as their main base of operations. In 1633, the first slaves were imported from Africa to aid in the plantations. However, by 1635 the use of slaves had ended. The slaves were said to be out of control on the island, while at the same time there had been continuous disagreements and fighting between French and English colonies.

In 1635 Spain recaptured Tortuga from the English and expelled them. Quickly, Spain conquered the English and French colonies for a second time, only to leave again because the island was too small to be of major importance. This allowed the return of both French and English pirates. In 1638, the Spanish returned for a third time to take the island and rid it of all French and the newly settled Dutch. They occupied the island, but were expelled by the French and Dutch colonists in 1640, at which time the French built Fort de Rocher in a natural harbour; the fort enabled the French to defeat a Spanish invasion force the following year.

By 1640, the buccaneers of Tortuga were calling themselves the Brethren of the Coast. The pirate population was mostly made up of French and Englishmen, along with a small number of Dutchmen. In 1645, in an attempt to bring harmony and control over the island, the acting French governor imported roughly 1,650 prostitutes, hoping to normalize the unruly pirates' lives. In 1654 the Spanish captured the island for the fourth and last time.[5]

In 1655 Tortuga was reoccupied by English and French interlopers under Elias Watts, who secured a commission from Col. William Brayne, acting as military Governor on Jamaica, to serve as "Governor" of Tortuga. In 1660 the English appointed a Frenchman Jeremie Deschamps as Governor who proclaimed the King of France, set up French colours, and defeated several English attempts to reclaim the island.[6]

By 1670 the buccaneer era was in decline, and many of the pirates turned to log cutting and wood trading as a new income source. At this time a Welsh pirate named Henry Morgan started to promote himself and invited the pirates on the island of Tortuga to set sail under him. They were hired by the French as a striking force that allowed France to have a much stronger hold on the Caribbean region. Consequently, the pirates were never really controlled and kept Tortuga as a neutral hideout for pirate booty.

In 1680, new Acts of Parliament forbade sailing under foreign flags (in opposition to former practice). This was a major legal blow to the Caribbean pirates. Settlements were made in the Treaty of Ratisbon of 1684, signed by the European powers, that put an end to piracy. Most of the pirates after this time were hired out into the Royal services to suppress their former buccaneer allies. The capital of the French Colony of Saint-Domingue was moved from Tortuga to Port-de-Paix on the mainland of Hispaniola in 1676.

A drawing of Tortuga island from the 17th century.

Geography

The island of Tortuga stands off the northern coast of Haiti. It is very mountainous and rocky; the rocks are especially abundant on the northern part of the island. At the beginning of the 17th century, the population lived on the southern coast of the island, where there was a port for ships to enter.

The southern part of the island was divided into four parts; the first part was called Low Land or Low Country. This was the main part of the southern coast because it contained the island's port. The town was called Cayona, and the richest planters of the island lived there. The second part was called the Middle Plantation; this region could only grow tobacco. The third part was named Ringot. The fourth part was called the Mountain; it is there that the first cultivated plantation was established upon the island.

Tortuga in fiction

Tortuga was portrayed in many works depicting piracy in the Caribbean in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Tortuga in the Pirates of the Caribbean films

Main article: Geography of Pirates of the Caribbean § Tortuga

Tortuga in Rafael Sabatini’s works

Tortuga is featured in Sabatini’s Captain Blood series and the movies based on it (the most famous one is Captain Blood with Errol Flynn). It is the place where Blood and his crew find refuge after their escape from Barbados in 1685. Blood receives a Letter of Marque from Tortuga’s governor, D’Ogeron, and the island becomes his main base for the next four years. He starts his raids from Cayona, and several events in the books take place on Tortuga itself or on ships anchoring in the harbour of Cayona.

Sabatini used Exquemelin’s History of the Bouccaneers of America as a main source for his description of Tortuga, and therefore the island is portrayed as a place where many buccaneers, prostitutes and other dubious professions operate, but the French West India Company, which rules Tortuga, makes profit off of those affairs.

Tortuga also features in Sabatini’s novel, The Black Swan and the 1942 movie based on it.

Other appearances

Tortuga has been featured in the films Captain Blood (1935), The Black Swan (1942), The Spanish Main (1945), Double Crossbones (1950), Abbott and Costello Meet Captain Kidd (1952), and Pirates of Tortuga (1961). It has been featured in the video games Crimson Skies, Sea Legend, Tortuga - Two Treasures, Cutthroats: Terror on the High Seas, Tortuga: Pirates of the New World, Sid Meier's Pirates!, Curse of Monkey Island, Pirates of the Caribbean Online, Pirates of the Caribbean: Armada of the Damned, Age of Pirates: Caribbean Tales, Etrian Odyssey III: The Drowned City, Voyage Century Online, Pirates of the Burning Sea and Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (2013)

Books featuring the island include "Tortuga" by Valerio Evangelisti, James Michener's Caribbean, and Michael Crichton's final novel, Pirate Latitudes.

Tortuga is mentioned in the song "Jonas Psalter" (1973) by the rock band Styx. The island is also mentioned in the chorus of the song "Jack Sparrow" by The Lonely Island which also features Michael Bolton. Tortuga is also prominently featured in the song "Tortuga" by Starwood.

See also

References

  1. ^ Schutt-Ainé, Patricia (1994). Haiti: A Basic Reference Book. Miami, Florida: Librairie Au Service de la Culture. p. 20. ISBN 0-9638599-0-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "Ile de la tortue, HISTOIRE. Petite histoire de l'île de la tortue". VILLA CAMP MANDINGUE. HAITI. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  3. ^ "CRISTÓBAL COLÓN EN LA ESPAÑOLA". AMAUTACUNA DE HISTORIA. 2010-10-24.
  4. ^ "Diario de a bordo del primer viaje de Cristóbal Colón: texto completo. 6 de Diciembre". Wikisource. 1492. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  5. ^ The Buccaneers In The West Indies In The XVII Century - Chapter IV
  6. ^ The Buccaneers In The West Indies In The XVII Century - Chapter IV
  • (2003) Pancorbo, Luis: "El Canal de la Tortuga" en "Río de América". pp. 321–333. Laertes, Barcelona. ISBN 84-7584-506-1
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