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Coordinates: 44°26′59″N 84°59′09″E / 44.44972°N 84.98583°E / 44.44972; 84.98583
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Ili Prefecture
伊犁州 • ىله وبلىسى • ئىلى ئوبلاستى
(Chinese) • (Uyghur) • (Kazakh)
Sub-Provincial Autonomous Prefecture
Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture
伊犁哈萨克自治州
ئىلى قازاق ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى
ىله قازاق اۆتونومىيالى وبلىسى
Ili Prefecture (red) in Xinjiang (orange)
Ili Prefecture (red) in Xinjiang (orange)
CountryPeople's Republic of China
RegionXinjiang
Prefecture seatYining (Gulja)
Area
 • Land56,381.52 km2 (21,769.03 sq mi)
 • inc. Altay & Tacheng268,778.71 km2 (103,776.04 sq mi)
Population
 (2015)
 • Total
3,009,100
 • inc. Altay & Tacheng
4,736,400
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
GDP (2014)CNY 164.0 billion
US$25.2 billion (including Altay & Tacheng)
 - per capitaCNY 34,119
US$5,249 (including Altay & Tacheng)

Ili or Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture (Chinese: 伊犁哈萨克自治州 pinyin: Yīlí Hāsàkè Zìzhìzhōu; Kazakh: ىله قازاق اۆتونوميالى وبلىسى / Іле Қазақ аутономиялық облысы / İle Qazaq awtonomïyalıq oblısı; Uyghur: ئىلى قازاق ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى/ Ili Qazaq aptonom wilayiti / Или Қазақ аптоном вилайити; [Йили Хасакə Зыҗыҗу, Jili Hasakə Zьⱬьⱬu, اِلِ هَاصَاكْ ذِجِجِوْ] Error: {{Langx}}: text has italic markup (help)) in northernmost Xinjiang is the only Kazakh autonomous prefecture in China.

Geography and coordinates

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The Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture is west of Mongolia, south of Russia and east of Kazakhstan. Its foreign boundary is 2,000 km (1,200 mi), generally located between Altai Mountains and the main range of Tian Shan, occupying most of the Dzungarian Basin in northern Xinjiang and the Ili River Basin.

The prefecture-level city of Karamay is completely surrounded and divided by the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture but is not part of it.

The upper course of the Ili River and that of Irtysh River (Ertix River) flow through the prefecture.

Administrative divisions

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Main article: List of administrative divisions of Ili

As a Sub-provincial Autonomous Prefecture, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture is administratively divided into three parts -- Altay Prefecture and Tacheng Prefectures, together with a directly administrated county-level prefecture that includes Yining City, 2 other county-level cities, 7 counties, and 1 autonomous county (see Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#Levels). The directly administrated region is exactly coterminous with the historical area that in the past was often called by Russians and Westerners as Kulja or Kuldja.[1]

# Name Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Uyghur (UEY) Uyghur Latin (ULY) Kazakh (Arabic script) Kazakh Latin transcription Population (2010 Census) Area (km²) Density (/km²)
1 Yining [Gulja] 伊宁市 Yīníng Shì غۇلجا شەھىرى Ghulja Shehiri قۇلجا قالاسى Qulja qalası 515,082 629 818.89
2 Kuytun 奎屯市 Kuítún Shì كۈيتۇن شەھىرى Küytun Shehiri كۇيتۇن قالاسى Küytün qalası 166,261 1,171 141.98
3 Yining [Gulja] County 伊宁县 Yīníng Xiàn غۇلجا ناھىيىسى Ghulja Nahiyisi قۇلجا اۋدانى Qulja awdanı 372,590 4,486 83.05
4 Huocheng County 霍城县 Huòchéng Xiàn قورغاس ناھىيىسى Qorghas Nahiyisi قورعاس اۋدانى Qorğas awdanı 352,689 5,466 64.52
5 Gongliu [Tokkuztara] County 巩留县 Gǒngliú Xiàn توققۇزتارا ناھىيىسى Toqquztara Nahiyisi توعىزتاراۋ اۋدانى Toğıztaraw awdanı 164,860 4,124 39.97
6 Xinyuan [Künes] County 新源县 Xīnyuán Xiàn كۈنەس ناھىيىسى Künes Nahiyisi كۇنەس اۋدانى Künes awdanı 282,718 7,583 37.28
7 Zhaosu [Mongolküre] County 昭苏县 Zhāosū Xiàn موڭغۇلكۈرە ناھىيىسى Mongghulküre Nahiyisi موڭعۇلكۇرە اۋدانى Moñğulküre awdanı 148,187 10,465 14.16
8 Tekes County 特克斯县 Tèkèsī Xiàn تېكەس ناھىيىسى Tëkes Nahiyisi تەكەس اۋدانى Tekes awdanı 142,713 8,080 17.66
9 Nilka County 尼勒克县 Nílèkè Xiàn نىلقا ناھىيىسى Nilqa Nahiyisi نىلقى اۋدانى Nılqı awdanı 157,743 10,130 15.57
10 Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County 察布查尔锡伯自治县 Chábùchá'ěr Xībó Zìzhìxiàn چاپچال شىبە ئاپتونوم ناھىيىسى Chapchal Shibe Aptonom Nahiyisi شاپشال سىبە اۆتونوميالى اۋدانى Şapşal Sibe avtonomyalı awdanı 179,744 4,489 40.04
* Tacheng [Tarbagatay] Prefecture 塔城地区 Tǎchéng Dìqū تارباغاتاي ۋىلايىتى Tarbaghatay Wilayiti تارباعاتاي ايماعى Tarbağatay aymağı 1,219,369 104,546 11.66
* Altay Prefecture 阿勒泰地区 Ālètài Dìqū ئالتاي ۋىلايىتى Altay Wilayiti التاي ايماعى Altay aymağı 603,283 117,800 5.12
24 Korgas [Huocheng] 霍尔果斯市 Huò'ěrguǒsī Shì قورغاس شەھىرى Qorghas Shehiri قالاسى قورعاس Qorğas qalası 85,000(?) 1,900 44.73

History

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The map of the Ili region, c. 1809. It's "upside down", i.e. the south is on top, and the west, on the right. The nine fortified towns are shown as double squares

Early history

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Before the advent of the Qin dynasty (221 BC – 206 BC), Ili was occupied by the Ussuns, a tributary tribe of the Huns. The Ussuns were driven away in the 6th century AD by the northern Xiongnu, who established the Turkic Khaganate in 552. Later this Khulja territory became a dependency of Dzungaria. During the Tang dynasty (618–907), the khanate became the Protectorate General to Pacify the West of the Tang Empire.

The Uyghur Khaganate, and in the 12th century the Kara-Khitai, took possession of the area in turn. Genghis Khan conquered Kulja in the 13th century, and the Mongol Khans resided in the valley of the Ili. It is supposed that the Oirats conquered it at the end of the 16th or the beginning of the 17th century.[citation needed]

Qing dynasty

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The Oirats, or more precisely Dzungars, controlled both Dzungaria and the Ili Basin until 1755 as the Dzungar Khanate, when it was annexed by the Manchu-run Qing dynasty under the Qianlong Emperor. Having defeated the Dzungars in the Dzungarian and Ili Basins, as well as the Afaqi Khojas in Kashgaria, the Qing court decided to make the Ili basin the main base of their control in Xinjiang.

In the 1760s, the Qing built nine fortified towns (九城) in the Ili Basin:

Original Chinese name Uyghur name[2] Modern name[3] Location Notes
Huiyuan Cheng (惠远城) Kürä Shahr Huiyuan Town (惠远镇) In Huocheng County The Old Huiyuan was the residence of the General of Ili from 1765 to 1866. The New Huiyuan was the residence of the General of Ili from 1894 to 1912, was known as New Kulja, Manchu Kulja, or Ili.
Ningyuan Cheng (宁远城) Kulja (Ghulja) Yining City (伊宁) County seat of Ningyuan County (1888–1914) and Yining County (1914–1952), was known as Old Kulja or Taranchi Kulja.
Huining Cheng (惠宁城) Bayandai Bayandai Town (巴彦岱镇) Within Yining City, 10[4] to 18[5] km west of city center
Taleqi Cheng (塔勒奇城) Tarchi In Huocheng County
Zhande Cheng (瞻德城) Chaghan Usu Qingshuihe Town (清水河镇) In Huocheng County
Guangren Cheng (广仁城) Ukurborosuk Lucaogou Town (芦草沟镇) In Huocheng County, NE of Qingshuihe
Gongchen Cheng (拱宸城) Khorgos Khorgas City (霍尔果斯市)
Xichun Cheng (熙春城) Khara Bulaq Hanbin Township (汉宾乡) Within Yining City, a few km west of city center Area is commonly referred to as Chengpanzi (城盘子).
Suiding Cheng (绥定城) Ukharliq Shuiding Town (水定镇) In Huocheng County General of Ili's residence 1762–1765 and 1883–1894, when it was known as New/Manchu/Chinese Kulja. County seat of Suiding County (1888–1965), Shuiding County (1965–1966) and Huocheng County since 1966. Renamed Shuiding in 1965.
Source: Xinjiang 2010 Census (2012, p. 34-73)
Region Total Uyghur — % Han — % Kazakh — % Hui — % Kirghiz — % Mongol — %
Xiniiang x 21,815,815 10,001,302 45.84% 8,829,994 40.48% 1,418,278 6.50% 983,015 4.51% 180,472 0.83% 156,280 0.72%
Kashgar_Prefecture x 3,979,321 3,606,779 90.64% 318,281 8.00% 306 0.01% 4,816 0.12% 5,528 0.14% 234 0.01%
Urumqi_PLC x 3,112,559 387,878 12.46% 2,331,654 74.91% 68,076 2.19% 280,186 9.00% 2,207 0.07% 10,454 0.34%
Ili_D Ili_Kazakh_AP 2,482,592 667,202 26.88% 874,379 35.22% 534,398 21.53% 277,238 11.17% 15,197 0.61% 29,390 1.18%
Aksu_Prefecture x 2,370,809 1,799,512 75.90% 542,713 22.89% 555 0.02% 11,334 0.48% 10,053 0.42% 617 0.03%
Hotan_Prefecture x 2,014,362 1,938,316 96.22% 72,279 3.59% 85 0.00% 1,189 0.06% 868 0.04% 65 0.00%
Changji_AP x 1,428,587 63,606 4.45% 1,075,852 75.31% 133,286 9.33% 136,013 9.52% 175 0.01% 5,214 0.36%
Bayangol_AP Bayin'gholin_AP 1,278,486 406,942 31.83% 757,983 59.29% 1,091 0.09% 60,451 4.73% 200 0.02% 43,484 3.40%
Tacheng_Prefecture X 1,219,369 38,476 3.16% 801,541 65.73% 240,890 19.76% 85,223 6.99% 1,913 0.16% 30,524 2.50%
Turpan_Prefecture x 622,903 429,527 68.96% 155,863 25.02% 399 0.06% 35,078 5.63% 15 0.00% 273 0.04%
Altay_Prefecture X 603,283 8,703 1.44% 232,563 38.55% 328,153 54.39% 23,656 3.92% 51 0.01% 5,376 0.89%
Hami_Prefecture Kumul_Prefecture 572,400 101,713 17.77% 396,955 69.35% 51,201 8.94% 17,117 2.99% 13 0.00% 2,028 0.35%
Kizilsu_AP x 525,570 339,926 64.68% 35,629 6.78% 88 0.02% 447 0.09% 143,582 27.32% 40 0.01%
Bortala_AP x 443,680 59,106 13.32% 288,220 64.96% 44,417 10.01% 23,180 5.22% 74 0.02% 25,125 5.66%
Karamay_PLC x 391,008 44,866 11.47% 319,265 81.65% 11,620 2.97% 8,238 2.11% 117 0.03% 2,348 0.60%
Shihczi_PLC X 380,130 7,574 1.99% 349,149 91.85% 3,042 0.80% 15,092 3.97% 319 0.08% 624 0.16%
Alar_PLC Aral_DACLC 158,593 9,481 5.98% 142,554 89.89% 439 0.28% 880 0.55% 147 0.09% 144 0.09%
Tumshuk_PLC Tumxuk_DACLC 135,727 91,472 67.39% 42,742 31.49% 0 0.00% 326 0.24% 1 0.00% 21 0.02%
W'ujiaqu_DACLC x 96,436 223 0.23% 92,372 95.79% 232 0.24% 2,541 2.63% 12 0.01% 319 0.33%
Source: Xinjiang 2010 Census (2012, p. 34-73)
Region Total Dongxiang — % Tajik — % Xibe — % Manchu — % Tujia — % Uzbek — % Russian — %
Xiniiang x 21,815,815 61,613 0.28% 47,261 0.22% 34,399 0.16% 18,707 0.09% 17,850 0.08% 10,114 0.05% 8,489 0.04%
Kashgar_Prefecture x 3,979,321 40 0.00% 40,111 1.01% 38 0.00% 150 0.00% 156 0.00% 2,050 0.05% 34 0.00%
Urumqi_PLC x 3,112,559 2,333 0.07% 367 0.01% 4,820 0.15% 8,541 0.27% 2,869 0.09% 1,581 0.05% 3,010 0.10%
Ili_D Ili_Kazakh_AP 2,482,592 44,202 1.78% 86 0.00% 25,958 1.05% 2 0.00% 962 0.04% 3,854 0.16% 1,006 0.04%
Aksu_Prefecture x 2,370,809 325 0.01% 39 0.00% 91 0.00% 368 0.02% 2 0.00% 70 0.00% 66 0.00%
Hotan_Prefecture x 2,014,362 42 0.00% 972 0.05% 25 0.00% 53 0.00% 70 0.00% 44 0.00% 2 0.00%
Changji_AP x 1,428,587 3,176 0.22% 18 0.00% 476 0.03% 2,264 0.16% 1,171 0.08% 1,727 0.12% 531 0.04%
Bayangol_AP Bayin'gholin_AP 1,278,486 1,148 0.09% 26 0.00% 142 0.01% 888 0.07% 2,336 0.18% 57 0.00% 153 0.01%
Tacheng_Prefecture X 1,219,369 5,818 0.48% 18 0.00% 1,526 0.13% 507 0.04% 1,711 0.14% 3 0.00% 2,588 0.21%
Turpan_Prefecture x 622,903 126 0.02% 4 0.00% 14 0.00% 276 0.04% 430 0.07% 19 0.00% 35 0.01%
Altay_Prefecture X 603,283 2,261 0.37% 4 0.00% 59 0.01% 200 0.03% 166 0.03% 80 0.01% 254 0.04%
Hami_Prefecture Kumul_Prefecture 572,400 188 0.03% 1 0.00% 105 0.02% 1,175 0.21% 224 0.04% 4 0.00% 79 0.01%
Kizilsu_AP x 525,570 0 0.00% 5,547 1.06% 12 0.00% 33 0.01% 49 0.01% 44 0.01% 2 0.00%
Bortala_AP x 443,680 1,455 0.33% 2 0.00% 273 0.06% 2 0.00% 267 0.06% 90 0.02% 114 0.03%
Karamay_PLC x 391,008 133 0.03% 35 0.01% 681 0.17% 754 0.19% 678 0.17% 177 0.05% 429 0.11%
Shihczi_PLC X 380,130 306 0.08% 18 0.00% 16 0.00% 620 0.16% 1,500 0.39% 18 0.00% 138 0.04%
Alar_PLC Aral_DACLC 158,593 18 0.01% 7 0.00% 12 0.01% 61 0.04% 2,836 1.79% 3 0.00% 11 0.01%
Tumshuk_PLC Tumxuk_DACLC 135,727 3 0.00% 6 0.00% 1 0.00% 21 0.02% 300 0.22% 6 0.00% 5 0.00%
W'ujiaqu_DACLC x 96,436 39 0.04% 0 0.00% 9 0.01% 128 0.13% 167 0.17% 6 0.01% 32 0.03%

Huiyuan Cheng, as the seat of the General of Ili, the chief commander of the Qing troops in Xinjiang, became the administrative capital of the region. It was provided with a large penal establishment and a strong garrison. This city was called New Kulja, Manhcu Kulja, Chinese Kulja, or Ili by the Russians and Westerners, to distinguish it from Nigyuan/Yining, known as Old Kulja or Taranchi Kulja.

The first General of Ili was Ming Rui. The Qing tradition, unbroken until the days of Zuo Zongtang in the 1870s, was to only appoint Manchus as officials in Xinjiang.

Tacheng (Chuguchak) was among the towns that suffered grievously during the fighting in 1865

During the insurrection of 1864 the Dungans and Taranchis of the area formed the Taranchi Sultanate. Huiyuan (Manchu Kulja) was the last Qing fortress in the Ili Valley to fall to the rebels. The insurgent Dungans massacred most of Manchu Kulja's inhabitants; Governor General Mingsioi (Ming Xü) assembled his family and staff in his mansion, and blew it up, dying under its ruins.

The sultanate led to the occupation of the Ili basin (Kulja in contemporary Western terms) by the Russians in 1871. Ten years later the territory was restored to China, and its boundary with Russia was assigned in accordance to the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881).

After Chinese authority was restored, a new Huiyuan Town was built, some 4 km (2.5 mi) north of the old Huiyuan site.

On January 7, 1912, Yang Cuanxu [zh] of Ili occupied Huiyuan Town and shot the last Qing General of Ili, Zhi Rui [zh].

The Republic of China

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In July 1945, Chingil, Bole and Quanxi (精河、博乐、温泉) of Ili were made into a new autonomous prefecture now not part of Ili: Bortala.

The People's Republic of China

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In 1949, Ili was made a special area (专区) of Xinjiang, with one city and nine counties, and was upgraded to a city in 1952. On November 27, 1954, the Ili Autonomous Prefecture was established to include the prefectures of Ili, Altay, and Tacheng. The Ili Prefecture was abolished in 1955. Its one city and nine counties are now under the direct control of the autonomous prefecture.

Demographics

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Tourism

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Scene from Ili valley

Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture is a famous tourist destination for its relatively humid climate, which earned its reputation as 'wetland in Central Asia'. Major tourist attractions include Narati Grassland, Guozigou and Kanas Lake. In 2015 alone, Ili has seen over 25 million travellers and earned over 19 billion CNY (US$2.92 billion) tourism receipts.[6]

Transport

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Road and Railway

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An extensive road network is being built across the prefecture for economic development. In 2015, 66 million passengers travelled on road.

The railway has extended to both the very north part of Altay City and the westmost city of Khorgas on the China-Kazakhstan border.

Border crossings

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Ili Kazak's 8 functioning ports of entry are:

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911.
  2. ^ As per Kim (2004), pp. 54, 229
  3. ^ Info from Chinese Wikipedia and Yining County Historical Development
  4. ^ Direct distance from modern maps
  5. ^ Road distance from Lansdell (1885), p. 190
  6. ^ "National Data". Retrieved 18 April 2016.

Sources

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  • Henry Lansdell, "Russian Central Asia: Including Kuldja, Bokhara, Khiva and Merv". Full text available at Google Books; there is also a 2001 facsimile reprint of the 1885 edition, ISBN 1-4021-7762-3. (Chapters XIV-XVI describe Lansdell visit to the area in the early 1880s, soon after the Russian withdrawal). (in English)
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture.

44°26′59″N 84°59′09″E / 44.44972°N 84.98583°E / 44.44972; 84.98583

Category:Altai Mountains Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Xinjiang Category:Autonomous prefectures of the People's Republic of China Category:Kazakhs in China Category:States and territories established in 1954 Category:1954 establishments in China

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