Religious affiliations of presidents of the United States

This is a list of the religious affiliations of Presidents of the United States. The particular religious affiliations of U.S. Presidents can affect their electability, shape their visions of society and how they want to lead it, and shape their stances on policy matters.

For example, a contributing factor to Alfred E. Smith's defeat in the presidential election of 1928 was his Roman Catholic faith. In the 1960s, President John F. Kennedy faced accusations that as a Catholic president he would do as Pope John XXIII would tell him to do. Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and several other presidents were accused of being infidels during election campaigns -- and at other times.

The church closest to the White House has been attended at least once by nearly every president since James Madison. St. John's Episcopal Church, just across Lafayette Square north of the White House, and built after the War of 1812, is one of about five sometimes referred to as "the Church of the Presidents".

Episcopalians are extraordinarily well represented among the presidents. This is in part because the Episcopal Church was the state religion in some states (such as Virginia) before their Constitutions were changed. Before the American Revolution, the Episcopal Church was the American branch of the Anglican Church of England. The first seven presidents listed below with Episcopalian affiliation were also the first seven from Virginia, and five of those were among the six presidents most closely identified with Deism. Since there have seldom been any churches of Deism, strictly speaking Deist is not an affiliation in the same way Episcopalian is; it is included in the list below, however, to give a more complete view of the religious thinkings of the presidents.

Throughout much of American history, the religion of past American presidents has been the subject of contentious debate. Some devout Americans have been disinclined to believe that there may have been agnostic or even non-Christian presidents, especially amongst the Founding Fathers of the United States. As a result, apocryphal stories of a religious nature have appeared over the years about particularly beloved presidents such as Washington and Lincoln. On the other hand, secular-minded Americans have sometimes downplayed the prominence that religion played in the private and political lives of the Founding Fathers.

With regard to Christianity, at issue, to a certain extent, is "What counts as belonging to a church?" Must one be a communicant to belong, or is baptism or attendance sufficient? Are Unitarians, Jehovah's Witnesses, and independents who generally hold Jesus in high regard, but do not believe he was divine, to be counted as Christians or not? Numerous presidents changed their affiliations during their lives. George Washington, for example, gravitated from conventional Christianity as a youth towards Deism as he aged.

Many people are interested not only in the religious affiliations of the presidents, but also in their inner beliefs. Some presidents, such as Madison and Monroe, were extremely reluctant to discuss their own religious views at all. In general, it is difficult to define with any certainty the faiths of presidents, because no one can truly be sure what relationship (if any) exists between another person and his deity, and because presidents, as public officials, have generally remained within the mainstream of American religious trends.

List of Presidential religious affiliations/beliefs (by President)

George Washington – Deist; Episcopalian (VA)
- The religious views of George Washington are a matter of some controversy. There is strong evidence that he (like many of the Founding Fathers) was a Deist - believing in Divine Providence, but not believing in divine intervention in the world after the initial design. Before the revolution, when the Episcopal Church was still the state religion in Virginia, he served as a vestryman (lay officer) for his local church. He spoke often of the value of religion in general, and he sometimes accompanied his wife to Christian church services. However, there is no record of his ever becoming a communicant in any Christian church and he would regularly leave services before communion - with the other non-communicants. When Rev. Dr. James Abercrombie, rector of St. Peter's Episcopal Church in Philadelphia mentioned in a weekly sermon that those in elevated stations set an unhappy example by leaving at communion, Washington ceased attending at all on communion Sundays. Long after Washington died, asked about Washington's beliefs, Abercrombie replied: "Sir, Washington was a Deist." Various prayers said to have been composed by him in his later life are highly edited. He did not ask for any clergy on his deathbed, though one was available. His funeral services were those of the Freemasons.
John Adams – Unitarian (MA)
- The Adamses were originally members of Congregational churches in New England. Congregationalist churches became more diverse than other Reformed churches such as Presbyterians, where higher courts ensure doctrinal uniformity. Many New England congregations reacted against the First Great Awakening and were influenced by Arminianism, Deism, Unitarianism, and (later) Transcendentalism – moving away from Calvinism and its doctrine of Predestination. By the 1750s several Congregational preachers were teaching the possibility of universal salvation. The first Unitarian church in America was established in Boston in 1785. By 1800, all but one Congregationalist church in Boston had Unitarian preachers teaching the strict unity of God, the subordinate nature of Christ, and salvation by character. Harvard University, founded by Congregationalists, itself became a source of Unitarian training.
Thomas Jefferson – Deist; Episcopalian (VA)
- Though a vestryman (lay officer) of the Episcopal Church in Virginia, his beliefs were primarily Deist. Unlike its effect on Congregational churches, Deism had little influence on Episcopal churches, which have a more hierarchical structure making them slower to modify their teachings. Jefferson's views are considered very close to Unitarian. The Famous UUs website says:
  Like many others of his time (he died just one year after the founding of institutional Unitarianism in America), Jefferson was a Unitarian in theology, though not in church membership. He never joined a Unitarian congregation: there were none near his home in Virginia during his lifetime. He regularly attended Joseph Priestley's Pennsylvania church when he was nearby, and said that Priestley's theology was his own, and there is no doubt Priestley should be identified as Unitarian. Jefferson remained a member of the Episcopal congregation near his home, but removed himself from those available to become godparents, because he was not sufficiently in agreement with the trinitarian theology.
James Madison – Deist; Episcopalian (VA)
- In 1779 the Virginia Assembly deprived Church of England ministers of tax support. Patrick Henry sponsored a bill for a general religious assessment in 1784. Madison's Memorial and Remonstrance was written in opposition to a 1785 bill, introduced into the General Assembly of Virginia, to levy a general assessment for the support of religions. The assessment bill was tabled, and in its place the legislature in 1786 enacted Jefferson's Bill for Religious Liberty. Virginia was thus the first state to disestablish religion. (Rhode Island might never have had established religion.)
James Monroe – Deist; Episcopalian (VA)
John Quincy Adams – Unitarian (MA)
Andrew Jackson – Presbyterian (NC/SC)
- became a member about a year after retiring the presidency
Martin Van Buren – Dutch Reformed (NY)
William Henry Harrison – Episcopalian possibly (VA)
- bought a Bible day after his inauguration, died just 1 month later; rector at St. John's Episcopal Church in Washington, DC said Harrison planned to soon become a communicant
John Tyler – Deist; Episcopalian (VA)
James Knox Polk – raised Presbyterian; at age 38 considered himself Methodist, but participation limited by family (NC/TN)
- Raised a Presbyterian, Polk had never been baptized due to an early family argument with the local Presbyterian minister in rural North Carolina. Polk's father and grandfather were Deists, and the minister refused to baptize James unless his father affirmed Christianity, which he would not do. At age thirty-eight, Polk had a religious conversion to Methodism at a camp meeting, and thereafter he thought of himself as a Methodist. Out of respect for his mother and wife, however, he continued to attend Presbyterian services. But whenever his wife was out of town, or too ill to attend church, Polk worshiped at the local Methodist chapel. On his deathbed less than 4 months after leaving the Presidency, he summoned the man who had converted him years before, the Rev. John B. McFerrin, who then baptized Polk as a Methodist.
Zachary Taylor – Episcopalian (VA)
Millard Fillmore – Unitarian (NY)
- In the early 1830s, he worked to overturn the New York test law that required all witnesses in New York courts to swear an oath affirming their belief in God and the hereafter.
Franklin Pierce – Episcopalian (NH)
- 1853 inauguration: affirmed instead of swearing the oath; did not kiss Bible
- 1861: 4 years after retiring the presidency, he was baptized, confirmed, and became a regular communicant in St. Paul's Episcopal Church, in Concord, NH.
James Buchanan – Presbyterian (PA)
- raised a Presbyterian, he joined its church after he retired the presidency
Abraham Lincoln – Deist, no affiliation known (KY/IN/IL)
- For much of his life, Lincoln was undoubtedly Deist (see [1], [2]). In his younger days he openly challenged orthodox religions, but as he matured he kept his Deist views more to himself, and would sometimes attend Presbyterian services with his wife. He loved to read the Bible, and even quoted from it, but he almost never made reference to Jesus, and is not known to have ever indicated a belief in the divinity of Jesus.
- A number of pastors claimed a late conversion for Lincoln, but these are hard to substantiate. One notable claim is an entry in a memory book attributed to An Illinois clergyman (unnamed) in The Lincoln Memorial Album—Immortelles (edited by Osborn H. Oldroyd, 1882, New York: G.W. Carleton & Co., p. 366) which reads "When I left Springfield I asked the people to pray for me. I was not a Christian. When I buried my son, the severest trial of my life, I was not a Christian. But when I went to Gettysburg and saw the graves of thousands of our soldiers, I then and there consecrated myself to Christ. Yes, I do love Jesus."
  - Other entries in the memory book are attributed by name. See a discussion of this story in They Never Said It, by Paul F. Boller & John George, (Oxford Univ. Press, 1989, p. 91).
  - Some pastors date a conversion following the death of his son Eddie in 1850, and some following the death of his son Willie in 1862.
Andrew Johnson – no affiliation (NC/TN)
- Some sources refer to Johnson having Baptist parents. He accompanied his wife to Methodist services sometimes, belonged to no church himself, and sometimes attended Catholic services - remarking favorably it had no reserved seating. Accused of being an infidel, he replied: "As for my religion, it is the doctrine of the Bible, as taught and practiced by Jesus Christ." (See The Age of Hate, 1930, by G.F. Milton, p. 80.)
Ulysses S. Grant – no affiliation known (OH)
- Grant was never baptized into any church, though he accompanied his wife to Methodist services. Many sources list his religious affiliation as Methodist based on a Methodist minister's account of a deathbed conversion. He did leave a note for his wife in which he hoped to meet her again in a better world.
Rutherford B. Hayes – no affiliation (OH)
- In his 1890 May 17 diary entry, he states: "I am not a subscriber to any creed. I belong to no Church. But in a sense satisfactory to myself, and believed by me to be important, I try to be a Christian and to help do Christian work." (page 435)
James Garfield – Disciples of Christ (OH)
- In his early adulthood, Garfield sometimes preached and held revival meetings.
Chester A. Arthur – Episcopalian (VT/NY)
Grover Cleveland – Presbyterian (NJ/NY)
Benjamin Harrison – Presbyterian (OH/IN)
- Harrison became a church elder, and taught Sunday school
- Franklin Steiner, in his book The Religious Beliefs Of Our Presidents[3], categorized Harrison as the first President who was unquestionably a communicant in an orthodox Church at the time he was elected
Grover Cleveland – Presbyterian (NJ/NY)
- During his second (non-consecutive) term, Cleveland included mention of Jesus Christ in his Thanksgiving Proclamation, something no other President had ever done.
William McKinley – Methodist (OH)
- McKinley believed the U.S. government had a duty to help spread Christianity and Western civilization to the rest of the world.
Theodore Roosevelt – Dutch Reformed (NY)
- 1908: opposed putting In God We Trust on coins as sacrilegious
William Howard Taft – Unitarian (OH)
Woodrow Wilson – Presbyterian (VA/GA/NJ)
Warren G. Harding – Baptist (OH)
Calvin Coolidge – Congregationalist (VT/MA)
Herbert Hoover – Quaker (IA/OR/CA)
Franklin Delano Roosevelt – Episcopalian (NY)
Harry S. Truman – Baptist (MO)
Dwight D. Eisenhower – Jehovah's Witness, Presbyterian (TX/KS/PA)
- Brought up Jehovah's Witness, Eisenhower abandoned that before joining the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. (See [4], [5], and [6].) He was baptized, confirmed, and became a communicant in the Presbyterian church in a single ceremony 1953 February 1, just weeks after his first inauguration. He is the only president known to be baptized, or to be confirmed, or to become a communicant while in office. Eisenhower was instrumental in the addition of the words "under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance in 1954, and the 1956 adoption of "In God We Trust" as the motto of the USA, and its 1957 introduction on paper currency. The chapel at his presidential library is intentionally inter-denominational.
John F. Kennedy – Roman Catholic (MA)
Lyndon Johnson – Disciples of Christ (TX)
Richard Nixon – raised as a Quaker (CA)
Gerald R. Ford – Episcopalian (NE/MI)
Jimmy Carter – Baptist, born again (GA)
- In 2000, Carter left the Southern Baptist Convention, disagreeing over the role of women in society. See [7]
Ronald Reagan – Disciples of Christ (IL/CA)
George H. W. Bush – Episcopalian (MA/CT/TX)
Bill Clinton – Baptist (AR)
George W. Bush – raised Episcopalian, at age 40 became Methodist, born again, religious teetotaler (CT/TX)