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==Side effects==
==Side effects==
Azelastine is safe and well tolerated in both adults and children with [[allergic rhinitis]] aged [http://www.mydr.com.au/medicines/cmis/azep-nasal-spray 5 years and over in Australia], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9664202 6 years and older in the UK and some other European countries], and at 12 years and over in the US.<ref name="Ratner et al, 1994">{{cite journal |author=Ratner PH, Findlay SR, Hampel F, van Bavel J, Widlitz MD, Freitag JJ |title=A double-blind, controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in seasonal allergic rhinitis |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=818–25 |date=November 1994 |pmid=7963150 |doi=10.1016/0091-6749(94)90148-1}}</ref><ref name="LaForce et al, 1996">{{cite journal |author=LaForce C, Dockhorn RJ, Prenner BM, ''et al.'' |title=Safety and efficacy of azelastine nasal spray (Astelin NS) for seasonal allergic rhinitis: a 4-week comparative multicenter trial |journal=Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=181–8 |date=February 1996 |pmid=8595539 |doi=10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63420-5}}</ref> Bitter taste, headache, nasal burning and [[somnolence]] are the most frequently reported adverse events. US prescribing recommendations warn against the concurrent use of alcohol and/or other central nervous system depressants, but to date there have been no studies to assess the effects of azelastine nasal spray on the CNS in humans. More recent studies<ref name="Corren et al, 2005"/><ref name="Berger et al, 2006">{{cite journal |author=Berger W, Hampel F, Bernstein J, Shah S, Sacks H, Meltzer EO |title=Impact of azelastine nasal spray on symptoms and quality of life compared with cetirizine oral tablets in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis |journal=Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology |volume=97 |issue=3 |pages=375–81 |date=September 2006 |pmid=17042145 |doi=10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60804-6}}</ref> have shown similar degrees of somnolence (approx. 2%) compared with placebo treatment. The problem of bitter taste may be reduced by correct application of the nasal spray (i.e. slightly tipping the head forward and not inhaling the medication too deeply), or alternatively using the azelastine/sucralose formulation.
Azelastine is safe and well tolerated in both adults and children with [[allergic rhinitis]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=McNeely|first1=W|last2=Wiseman|first2=LR|title=Intranasal azelastine. A review of its efficacy in the management of allergic rhinitis.|journal=Drugs|date=July 1998|volume=56|issue=1|pages=91-114|pmid=9664202}}</ref><ref name="Ratner et al, 1994">{{cite journal |author=Ratner PH, Findlay SR, Hampel F, van Bavel J, Widlitz MD, Freitag JJ |title=A double-blind, controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in seasonal allergic rhinitis |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=818–25 |date=November 1994 |pmid=7963150 |doi=10.1016/0091-6749(94)90148-1}}</ref><ref name="LaForce et al, 1996">{{cite journal |author=LaForce C, Dockhorn RJ, Prenner BM, ''et al.'' |title=Safety and efficacy of azelastine nasal spray (Astelin NS) for seasonal allergic rhinitis: a 4-week comparative multicenter trial |journal=Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=181–8 |date=February 1996 |pmid=8595539 |doi=10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63420-5}}</ref> Bitter taste, headache, nasal burning and [[somnolence]] are the most frequently reported adverse events. US prescribing recommendations warn against the concurrent use of alcohol and/or other central nervous system depressants, but to date there have been no studies to assess the effects of azelastine nasal spray on the CNS in humans. More recent studies<ref name="Corren et al, 2005"/><ref name="Berger et al, 2006">{{cite journal |author=Berger W, Hampel F, Bernstein J, Shah S, Sacks H, Meltzer EO |title=Impact of azelastine nasal spray on symptoms and quality of life compared with cetirizine oral tablets in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis |journal=Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology |volume=97 |issue=3 |pages=375–81 |date=September 2006 |pmid=17042145 |doi=10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60804-6}}</ref> have shown similar degrees of somnolence (approx. 2%) compared with placebo treatment. The problem of bitter taste may be reduced by correct application of the nasal spray (i.e. slightly tipping the head forward and not inhaling the medication too deeply), or alternatively using the azelastine/sucralose formulation.


==Dosage==
==Dosage==

Revision as of 10:07, 6 April 2015

Azelastine
Clinical data
Trade namesOptivar
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa603009
Routes of
administration		intranasal, ocular
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • Rx Only (US)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability40% (intranasal)
Elimination half-life22 hours
Identifiers
  • (RS)-4-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2- (1-methylazepan-4-yl)-phthalazin-1-one
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.133.278 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC22H24ClN3O
Molar mass381.898 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • Clc1ccc(cc1)CC\3=N\N(C(=O)c2ccccc2/3)C4CCCN(C)CC4
  • InChI=1S/C22H24ClN3O/c1-25-13-4-5-18(12-14-25)26-22(27)20-7-3-2-6-19(20)21(24-26)15-16-8-10-17(23)11-9-16/h2-3,6-11,18H,4-5,12-15H2,1H3 checkY
  • Key:MBUVEWMHONZEQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Azelastine is a potent, second-generation, selective, histamine antagonist (histamine-H1-receptor antagonist). According to the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) treatment guidelines, intranasal anti-histamines are recommended for the first line therapy of mild intermittent, moderate/severe intermittent and mild persistent rhinitis (new classification system for rhinitis).

The chemical nomenclature of azelastine is (±)-1-(2H)-phthalazinone, 4-[(4-chlorophenyl) methyl]-2-(hexahydro-1-methyl-1H-azepin-4-yl)-monohydrochloride. It is white, almost odorless with a bitter taste.

Azelastine has been formulated both as a nasal spray (0.1% and 0.15% solutions) and as eye drops (0.05% solution). The nasal spray has been approved in over 60 countries and is marketed under various brand names including Allergodil in mainland Europe, Rhinolast in the UK, Astelin/Astepro in the US, Azep in Australia, and Lastin in Finland. The eye drops have been launched in over 30 countries including the UK (Optilast) and the USA (Optivar). The nasal spray and eye drops are available over the counter in some countries.

Medical uses

Azelastine nasal spray is indicated for the local treatment of the symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis and perennial allergic rhinitis, such as rhinorrhea, sneezing and nasal pruritis in adults and children 5 years of age and older.[1][2] In some countries, it is also indicated for the treatment of vasomotor rhinitis in adults and children ≥ 12 years old.[2] Azelastine eyes drops are indicated for the local treatment of seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis.[3][4]

Side effects

Azelastine is safe and well tolerated in both adults and children with allergic rhinitis.[5][6][7] Bitter taste, headache, nasal burning and somnolence are the most frequently reported adverse events. US prescribing recommendations warn against the concurrent use of alcohol and/or other central nervous system depressants, but to date there have been no studies to assess the effects of azelastine nasal spray on the CNS in humans. More recent studies[8][9] have shown similar degrees of somnolence (approx. 2%) compared with placebo treatment. The problem of bitter taste may be reduced by correct application of the nasal spray (i.e. slightly tipping the head forward and not inhaling the medication too deeply), or alternatively using the azelastine/sucralose formulation.

Dosage

Azelastine nasal spray

Azelastine nasal spray offers both flexibility of dose and dosage. For adults and children ≥ 12 years the recommend dosage is 1 or 2 sprays/nostril twice daily.[1][2] One spray/nostril twice daily is effective and has an improved tolerability profile compared with the two spray regimen in patients with moderate-to-severe seasonal allergic rhinitis.[10] For children aged between 5 and 11 years 1 spray/nostril twice daily is the recommended dosage.[1][2] Because azelastine starts working within 15 minutes,[11] it can be used on an as-needed basis, as and when symptoms arise (on-demand).[12] On-demand use of azelastine nasal spray results in acceptable clinical control of rhinitis symptoms, although it does not significantly reduce allergic inflammation as observed at fixed doses of 0.28 and 0.56 mg/day.[12]

Azelastine eye drops

The usual dosage of azelastine eye drops for adults and children (≥ 4 years) is one drop in each eye twice daily. This can be increased to 4 times daily if necessary.[3][4]

Pharmacokinetics and metabolism

The systemic bioavailability of azelastine is approximately 40% when administered intranasally. Maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) are observed within 2–3 hours. The elimination half life, steady-state volume of distribution and plasma clearance are 22 h, 14.5 l/kg and 0.5 l/h/kg respectively (based on intravenous and oral administration data). Azelastine is oxidatively metabolized by the cytochrome P450 family into its active metabolite, desmethylazelastine, and two inactive carboxylic acid metabolites. Approximately 75% of an oral dose is excreted in feces. Pharmacokinetics of orally administered azelastine are not affected by age, gender or hepatic impairment.[13]

Mode of action

Azelastine has a triple mode of action:[13]

  1. Anti-histamine effect,
  2. Mast-cell stabilizing effect and
  3. Anti-inflammatory effect.

Azelastine has a rapid onset of action; 15 minutes with the nasal spray[11] and 3 minutes with the eye drops.[14] The effect lasts for 12 hours.[15]

Clinical efficacy

Azelastine nasal spray

The clinical efficacy of azelastine nasal spray has been confirmed for the treatment of allergic, mixed and vasomotor rhinitis.[16] Data from 4364 patients revealed that after 2 weeks sole treatment with azelastine nasal spray 78% of vasomotor rhinitis patients reported some or complete control of the symptom of post-nasal drip and 90% of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis reported some or complete control of their sneezing. Additionally, more than 85% of patients reported improvements in sleeping patterns as well as reduction in impairment of daytime activities.[16] Both doses of azelastine nasal spray currently available (0.1% and 0.15%) have been shown to significantly improve the nasal symptoms associated with seasonal allergic rhinitis.[17]

Azelastine vs intranasal corticosteroids

Azelastine nasal spray has shown comparable efficacy to the intranasal corticosteroid fluticasone propionate in improving patients’ quality of life and rhinitis symptoms[18] and is superior to intranasal budesonide in improving the symptom of rhinorrhea in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis.[19] Additive effects have been reported when azelastine and fluticasone are co-administered.[20][21] Although azelastine has a weaker anti-inflammatory effect compared to corticosteroids, it has a significantly more rapid onset of action.[22] Intranasal corticosteroids require days or even weeks to produce maximum benefit.[23]

Azelastine vs leukotriene receptor antagonists

A review comparing the efficacy of azelastine and the leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis showed that in terms of the Rhinitis Severity Score, azelastine has the greatest overall benefit in alleviating the symptoms of allergic rhinitis.[19] Azelastine’s effect was greater than montelukast for reduction of rhinorrhea. However, systemic montelukast, as expected, provided better relief for symptoms distant from the nasal cavity such as ocular itching and throat/palate itching.[19]

Azelastine eye drops

Azelastine eye drops are effective and well tolerated at a concentration of 0.05% for the treatment of the symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, such as itching, lacrimation and conjunctival redness in both adults [24] and children (4–12 years old).[25] The drops start working within 3 minutes, with the effect lasting at least 8–10 hours.[14]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Rhinolast Nasal Spray Summary of Product Characteristics". Oct 2009. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
  2. ^ a b c d "Astelin FDA Prescribing Information". Retrieved 2010-04-27.
  3. ^ a b "Optilast Eye Drops Summary of Product Characteristics". Jan 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
  4. ^ a b "Optivar Eye Drops FDA Prescribing Information". Jan 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
  5. ^ McNeely, W; Wiseman, LR (July 1998). "Intranasal azelastine. A review of its efficacy in the management of allergic rhinitis". Drugs. 56 (1): 91–114. PMID 9664202.
  6. ^ Ratner PH, Findlay SR, Hampel F, van Bavel J, Widlitz MD, Freitag JJ (November 1994). "A double-blind, controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in seasonal allergic rhinitis". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 94 (5): 818–25. doi:10.1016/0091-6749(94)90148-1. PMID 7963150.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ LaForce C, Dockhorn RJ, Prenner BM; et al. (February 1996). "Safety and efficacy of azelastine nasal spray (Astelin NS) for seasonal allergic rhinitis: a 4-week comparative multicenter trial". Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 76 (2): 181–8. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63420-5. PMID 8595539. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference Corren et al, 2005 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Berger W, Hampel F, Bernstein J, Shah S, Sacks H, Meltzer EO (September 2006). "Impact of azelastine nasal spray on symptoms and quality of life compared with cetirizine oral tablets in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis". Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 97 (3): 375–81. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60804-6. PMID 17042145.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Lumry W, Prenner B, Corren J, Wheeler W (September 2007). "Efficacy and safety of azelastine nasal spray at a dose of 1 spray per nostril twice daily". Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 99 (3): 267–72. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60663-1. PMID 17910331.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ a b Horak F, Zieglmayer UP, Zieglmayer R; et al. (January 2006). "Azelastine nasal spray and desloratadine tablets in pollen-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis: a pharmacodynamic study of onset of action and efficacy". Current Medical Research and Opinion. 22 (1): 151–7. doi:10.1185/030079906X80305. PMID 16393441. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ a b Ciprandi G, Ricca V, Passalacqua G; et al. (March 1997). "Seasonal rhinitis and azelastine: long- or short-term treatment?". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 99 (3): 301–7. doi:10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70046-0. PMID 9058684. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ a b Horak, Friedrich; Zieglmayer, Ursula Petra (2009). "Azelastine nasal spray for the treatment of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis". Expert Review of Clinical Immunology. 5 (6): 659–69. doi:10.1586/eci.09.38. PMID 20477689.
  14. ^ a b Friedlaender MH, Harris J, LaVallee N, Russell H, Shilstone J (December 2000). "Evaluation of the onset and duration of effect of azelastine eye drops (0.05%) versus placebo in patients with allergic conjunctivitis using an allergen challenge model". Ophthalmology. 107 (12): 2152–7. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(00)00349-3. PMID 11097587.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Greiff L, Andersson M, Svensson C, Persson CG (April 1997). "Topical azelastine has a 12-hour duration of action as assessed by histamine challenge-induced exudation of alpha 2-macroglobulin into human nasal airways". Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 27 (4): 438–44. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00730.x. PMID 9146938.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ a b Lieberman P, Kaliner MA, Wheeler WJ (April 2005). "Open-label evaluation of azelastine nasal spray in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and nonallergic vasomotor rhinitis". Current Medical Research and Opinion. 21 (4): 611–8. doi:10.1185/030079905X41408. PMID 15899111.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Shah S, Berger W, Lumry W, La Force C, Wheeler W, Sacks H (2009). "Efficacy and safety of azelastine 0.15% nasal spray and azelastine 0.10% nasal spray in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis". Allergy and Asthma Proceedings. 30 (6): 628–33. doi:10.2500/aap.2009.30.3296. PMID 19930788.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Behncke, V; Alemar, G; Kaufman, D; Eidelman, F (2006). "Azelastine Nasal Spray and Fluticasone Nasal Spray in the Treatment of Geriatric Patients with Rhinitis". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 117 (2): S263. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.1040.
  19. ^ a b c Sardana N, Santos C, Lehman E, Craig T (January 2010). "A comparison of intranasal corticosteroid, leukotriene receptor antagonist, and topical antihistamine in reducing symptoms of perennial allergic rhinitis as assessed through the Rhinitis Severity Score". Allergy and Asthma Proceedings. 31 (1): 5–9. doi:10.2500/aap.2010.31.3308. PMID 20167140.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Ratner PH, Hampel F, Van Bavel J; et al. (January 2008). "Combination therapy with azelastine hydrochloride nasal spray and fluticasone propionate nasal spray in the treatment of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis". Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 100 (1): 74–81. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60408-5. PMID 18254486. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ "Novel Nasal Spray Bests Current First-Line Therapies for SAR". 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
  22. ^ Patel P, D'Andrea C, Sacks HJ (2007). "Onset of action of azelastine nasal spray compared with mometasone nasal spray and placebo in subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis evaluated in an environmental exposure chamber". American Journal of Rhinology. 21 (4): 499–503. doi:10.2500/ajr.2007.21.3058. PMID 17882923.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Al Suleimani YM, Walker MJ (June 2007). "Allergic rhinitis and its pharmacology". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 114 (3): 233–60. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.01.012. PMID 17433446.
  24. ^ Horak F, Berger UE, Menapace R, Toth J, Stübner PU, Marks B (April 1998). "Dose-dependent protection by azelastine eye drops against pollen-induced allergic conjunctivitis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study". Arzneimittel-Forschung. 48 (4): 379–84. PMID 9608880.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ Raymond JE, O'Donnell HL, Tipper SP (October 1998). "Priming reveals attentional modulation of human motion sensitivity". Vision Research. 38 (19): 2863–7. doi:10.1016/S0042-6989(98)00145-X. PMID 9797982.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

External links

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