Lakes in Bangalore

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Lakes or tanks in Bangalore refer to reservoirs of varying sizes constructed over a number of centuries for rainwater harvesting. The three main gentle natural valley systems have allowed for the creation of interconnected lakes and wetlands where water flows downstream through a series of channels or drains. This entire network of waterbodies in the modern administrative regions of Greater Bangalore, and the two districts of Bangalore Urban and Rural (formerly the unified Bangalore district), have seen accelerated change caused by urbanisation in the past four decades.

Historically, the need for creating and sustaining these man-made dammed freshwater reservoirs was created by the absence of a major river nearby coupled with a growing settlement. A stage had been reached by the end of the 19th century when there was hardly any space for new lakes in the city. When technology facilitated water to be brought from further away the narrative and usage of the lakes changed. While the need for the lakes has gone down in terms of the water security of the city, the lakes and the interconnected drain network is considered important with respect to sewage and channeling excess rainwater. The lakes have been redefined as recreational spaces and a place where biodiversity needs to be protected from the effects of unplanned urbanization. Other lakes have reduced in size and are in various stages of deterioration. While associated pollution is rampant such as the case of Bellandur Lake which is used as a sewage tank and a lot is left wanting by locals, numerous public and private efforts have been undertaken to address the pollution such sewage treatment and prevention of dumping and encroachment.

Terminology

Lakes are called keres (ಕೆರೆ) in Kannada language,[1] and are traditionally referred to as tanks.[2][3] Researcher R. D'Souza has suggested that the concept of kere and lake differ; for example kere also refers to the wetland and bund while a lake focuses more on a body of water surrounded by land.[4] When the forest department started to have a larger role in the administration of these waterbodies, the word 'lake' started to take prominence over 'tank'.[3] In accordance with this terminology, communication and practices related to these waterbodies were impacted.[3] There is no specific definition for what a lake is in India.[5][6]

Smaller waterbodies 1-3 acre in size are called gokattes and waterbodies less than 1 acre are called kuntes.[7] The words kere and katte go back to usage by the Hoysala's.[8] Kaluves can be translated as canals,[9] while in the context of Bangalore rajakaluves refer to bigger canals, channels or drains, specifically storm water drains, that connect lakes and create a series of cascading waterbodies.[10][11][12][13] Kalyanis refer to smaller square tanks, temple tanks.[14]

History

Freshwater has been stored in reservoirs, or tanks, in the Indian subcontinent for many centuries.[15] In Bangalore and the surrounding regions of Mysore these wetlands numbered in the thousands, varied in size according to the rains, and served multiple functions.[15] They were made for purposes of drinking water, irrigation, fishing, washing and other domestic needs.[16] Inscriptions provide some insight into their history.[17] Socio-economic factors, population distribution, caste, wealth, affected interaction with water bodies.[18] Cultural and religious associations abound.[19] Communities associated with waterbodies in Bangalore included the Vanniyakula Kshtriya, the Neergunty, and the Thigalas. The Vanniyakula Kshtriya were horticulturists associated with lakes such as Sampangi.[20] The neergunti were traditionally associated with regulating irrigation water.[21] The traditional well diggers are the Manu Waddar.[22][23] The roles of these communities were diluted over time.[24][25] The Thigala, horticulturists, celebrate the Karaga.[26][27]

The creation of the reservoirs is linked to different empires, dynasties and periods of colonial rule.[28][29][30] Until 1895 unfiltered water was supplied to Bangalore from tanks like Dharmambudhi, Millers, Sankey and Ulsoor tanks. The dependence on tanks and other sources of water such as wells reduced with the implementation of schemes that brought water from Hesaraghatta Lake in 1894, T G Halli Reservoir in 1933, and Cauvery River from the 1970s.[31][32] Borewells also reduced dependence on reservoirs.[33]

The Dharmambudhi Tank is used as an example to portray change, historical change, change of an urban commons, change due to urbanisation, in Bangalore over the centuries.[34][35][36][37] The tank goes back to at least the 16th century, and some historical references point to a much earlier reservoir at the same location.[38][36] The lake would be used until the end of the 19th century after which is saw unchecked decay as a waterbody.[39] However its lakebed was located in prime area and continued to be used for various events, festivals, and gatherings.[39][40] Part of the lakebed was still wetland and had wells.[35] In the 1960s a portion of the lakebed was set aside for the construction of a bus stand.[41] Of the many channels and lakes that were connected to Dharmabudhi in the past, such as Sampangi Lake, only Sankey Tank remains.[42]

Sampangi lake supported both the Pete and cantonment. It provided irrigation for millet and paddy cultivation. Construction in the area included Cubbon Park in 1879, St. Martha's Hospital in 1886 and St. Joseph's Indian High School in 1898.[20] Around 1895 the lake stopped being used officially as a water source and inflow channels severed. In the 19th century archival records can be found related to concern over damage to the lake.[20] There were contesting claims as to how the lake and lakebed should be used. By 1935 all that remained was a small square tank. On the lakebed several constructions followed.[20] An eponymously named stadium was constructed on a portion of Sampangi lake in 1946, now known as the Sree Kanteerava Stadium. This was followed by an increase in surrounding built up area. In 1995, another portion of the former wetland was used to build the Kanteerava Indoor Stadium.[20]

Lakes or tanks, including dry ones, have been converted to commercial areas, industries, government buildings, bus stands, sports facilities, playgrounds and residential colonies, a few tanks were breached under a malaria eradication programme.[43][44] When Bangalore Golf Course was formed in 1876, it was located in the center of the city, and then land was relatively easily obtained.[45] In 1973 the Karnataka Golf Association was formed and the members started looking for a location to set up a golf course. Among the several locations Challaghatta lake or tank was suggested, then located on the outskirts of the city.[45] At the time there were ample lakes in the city and not much fuss was made related to the lake itself.[46] After a number of administrative processes involving multiple departments of the local administration and multiple Chief Ministers, and conversion of the area into a golf course designed by an Australian architectural firm, the first 9 holes were inaugurated in 1986. Multiple national and international golf tournaments have been held at the course.[47]

In 1986 the Lakshman Rau Committee (under a retired administrative officer; see N. Madhava Rao) came out with a report highlighting the failure to maintain various tanks and made comments covering lake boundaries, water quality, the construction of tree parks in areas breached, to monitoring and conducting further study for new tanks.[48][49] The committee identified 127 lakes and transferred 90 to the forest department.[50] Since the 1980s, custody of the lakes has seen numerous changes. The former Lake Development Authority (LDA) experimented with public–private participation which included leasing out of four lakes.[51] Administration of the lakes mainly fall under two local government bodies,[52][53] and the state regulatory bodies.[54][55] Others forms of participation in the form of corporate social responsibility, general public involvement, including coordination with government efforts, and formation of lake groups, has resulted in some lakes seeing successful attempts at restoration.[56][57] There are numerous measures suggested, undertaken and debated in relation to the rejuvenation, restoration, (revival,[58] rehabilitation,[59] conservation[60]) of lakes and other waterbodies in the context of Bangalore.[60][61] Urbanization has impacted the lakes in various ways, some lakes have completely disappeared, others reduced to pools, some encroached upon, some in various stages of deterioration, some dried up, some have been leased.[62][63] The Koliwad committee, set up by the Karnataka legislature in 2014,[64][65] reported thousands of acres of encroachment of lake land.[66] Several lakes on which have been restored and rejuvenated have soon after deteriorated; reasons for this include lack of post rejuvenation maintenance and monitoring and corruption, weakness in rejuvenation or restoration processes and multi-agency inefficiency.[67] There could be divergence in expectations of locals and how the administration goes about restoring a lake.[68]

Topography and hydrology

The topographic setting of the city has radial slopes towards east and west with a smooth ridge running north to south; rainfall over the ridge area gets divided and flows east or west into the three gentle slopes and valleys of Koramangala–Challagatta, Hebbal and Vrishabavathi. Doddabettahalli at 1,062 m (3,484.3 ft) is the highest point on this ridge. These naturally undulating terrain of hills and valleys lends itself to the development of tanks that can capture and store rainwater. Small streams are formed by each valley starting with the ridge at the top. A series of shallow tanks varying in size are developed by the construction of bunds.[69][70] A tank generally consists of a shallow inflow area and a relatively deeper outflow area where the bund is.[71] The tank can further be zoned into a flooded area and a waterlogged zone.[72] Monsoons recharge the tanks and the outflow can be regulated for irrigation of monsoon crops during the last six months of the year. Most tanks are dry a couple of months before the onset of the new monsoon. A second crop can be considered on the basis of water levels. Other seasonal changes affect the water level. Urban sewage inflow allows some lakes to retain their water spread for a longer period.[73] Initially serving as a water source, these tanks over time also developed features of closed water lentic ecosystem habitats.[74] The catchments on the east and west of the ridge belong to the Ponnaiyar River and Arkavathi River respectively. Both these rivers flow into the Kaveri.[75]

Bangalore, with annual rainfall of 900 mm (3.0 ft) with three different rainy seasons covering nine months of the year. June to October is the rainy season accounting for 64% of the total annual rainfall in the S-W monsoon period and 324 mm (1.1 ft) during the N–E monsoons (November – December).[70][76] It has a salubrious climate with an annual mean temperature of 24 °C (75.2 °F) with extremes ranging from 37 °C (98.6 °F) to 15 °C (59.0 °F).[69][31]

Stormwater drains or rajakaluves interconnect lakes and allow for the channelisation of excess water.[11] There are 842 km in the drain network.[77] Urbanisation has impacted these.[11][78] Ensuring adequate water flow and no blockages is undertaken by the local administration.[79] Encroachment of storm drains and catchment areas can cause both drying up and flooding of lakes.[80] These drains often carry sewage in it, which results in the lakes getting polluted.[70][76] Sluices have a role in maintaining lake capacity.[81]

Quantity

Water bodies of the city have reduced from 3.40 per cent (2,324 ha, 5,742.7 acres) in 1973 to about 1.47 per cent (1,005 ha, 2,483.4 acres) in 2005 according to 2007 study.[82] Another study (2020) has found that Bangalore Urban district has seen a reduction of 14.8 km2 in water cover between 1965 and 2018.[83] Greater Bangalore has seen a reduction in water cover from 20.8 km2 in 1965 to 12.5 km2 in 2018.[83] 24 lakes within the metropolitan region are over 100 acres in size.[84] There are six cascading lake series- Varthur, Puttenahalli, Hulimavu, Byramangala, Yellamallappa Chetty and Madavara.[85]

There are various boundaries and methods that have been considered when counting lakes or tanks.[86] This includes the different jurisdictions of concerned government bodies such as BBMP, BDA, BMRDA; the different limits of Bangalore Metropolitan Area, Greater Bangalore, Bangalore Rural district, Bangalore Urban district; and counts mentioned in reports such as the N Lakshman Rao report of 1986.[87] Over time, the expansion of the limits of the city has resulted in a transfer of lakes in the rural district to the urban district.[88]

Greater Bangalore has grown in area from 69 km2 (17,000 acres) in 1949 to 712–716–741 km2 (176,000–177,000–183,000 acres) by 2007.[89][85][90] The N Lakshman Rao report (1986) listed 127 lakes in the city.[87] A study published in 2008 found that in the heart of the city only 17 good lakes exist as against 51 healthy lakes in 1985.[82] A 2020 report listed 211 lakes within BBMP boundary limits.[91]

In 2015, a survey of all lakes in Bangalore Urban totaling 834 was completed.[92] BMRDA in 2001 identified 2789 lakes (2-50 hectares in size) within its limits.[93][94] In 2013, the jurisdiction of the minor irrigation department, BMRDA and BDA was 3578, 2789 and 596 tanks/lakes respectively.[95] The Koliwad committee (2014-2016) listed 1545 lakes.[64] An 2018 Environmental Management and Policy Research Institute (EMPRI) study counted 1521 water bodies in the Bangalore Metropolitan Area, out of which 837 were disused.[96] Out of these 395 were existing keres while the remaining water bodies were kattes or kuntes.[96] In 2022, an initiative by Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment crowdsourced and mapped 1350 lakes in the Bangalore Urban and Rural districts.[97][98]

Quality

The largest lake in the city Bellandur Lake is "severely polluted".[99] The lake receives 520 million litres per day of sewage and other waste that amounts to about 40% of the city's total.[99] Out of this roughly half is treated and diverted for irrigation. Otherwise the only inflow is rainwater.[99] When aquatic systems around the world are taken into consideration, Bellandur Lake has methane emissions that are among the highest in the world.[99] The lake has been in the news for its pollution, froth, and fire.[100] Byramangala Lake has also seen froth.[101][102] Heavy metal contamination in Bellandur Lake impacts concentration of heavy metals in the soil and crop in areas irrigated using untreated lake water.[103] The resulting levels of heavy metals in food grown in adjoining areas may be more than permissible standards.[103] A number of factors impact measurements and interpretation of water quality and pollution.[104][105][further explanation needed]

India's National Water Quality Monitoring Programme is implemented in Bangalore by the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board through a network of over 100 monitoring stations located at lakes and tanks.[106] Monthly monitoring data is classified under pre-defined water quality criteria A-E.[106] In 2022, according to this data water in all the lakes in Bangalore were undrinkable with no lake falling under categories A-C.[107]

Fish kills have been reported between 1995 and 2022.[108][109][110] Common causes include depletion of oxygen and sewage inflow.[110] In 2004–2005 over ten tonnes of dead fish were reported from three incidents in three lakes.[111] While causes include general reference to oxygen levels and sewage, other causes attempt to zone down upon more specific reasons associated with the lake in question and the factors that cause the lethal oxygen levels.[112][110] In the case of one incident at Ulsoor Lake, the introduction of chemicals during cleaning of the swimming pool located at the lake. Another reason associated with Ulsoor Lake is rivalry between fisherfolk.[111][112]

Water quality is impacted by immersing Ganesha idols that are made with specific types of material.[113][114] Some types of painted idol immersion has had significant effects on aquatic life.[115] Over 150,000 idols were submerged in 2022, measures to minimize pollution during the festival include use of earthen idols and use of smaller disconnected artificial tanks.[116]

Water hyacinth, and other macrophytes and phytoplankton, are an indicator of certain characteristics of water quality. Using satellite imagery between 1988 and 2019 (see #Ecology) significant areas of these have been observed covering various lakes in Bangalore, varying in coverage of the wetland according to lake, season and other factors.[117][33]

A 2018 study sampled 303 keres; water temperature varied between 16.8 °C to 31.8 °C.[118] Dissolved oxygen varied from 0 to 12 mg/l.[119] Light transparency varied between 1 and 58 cm.[120] Total suspended solids varied between 0 mg/l to 1045 mg/l. Turbidity varied from 2.1 to 856 mg/l.[121] pH in over 90% of the lakes sampled was between 6.5 and 8.5.[121]

Conducting basic water quality tests with respect to lakes and tanks in Bangalore is being made easier.[122][123]

Ecology

The Birdwatchers' Field Club of Bangalore released their first list of birds in Bangalore in the 1970s. The revised list of 1994 also contains recorded sightings such as that of little grebe at Ulsoor tank in 1930 and data from the waterfowl census conducted since 1987.[124] The 1994 list records over 220 regularly sighted birds.[124] 109 birds are wetland birds and additional 30 species are favoured by the presence of water.[124] A study conducted by the same group in 1989 observed economic activities in and around the tanks which affected their ecology. Out of 97 tanks that were observed in a radius of 30 km, unregulated mudlifting and brickmaking were practiced in a large number of the lakes.[125] Micro-habitats for aquatic birds in Bangalore can be grouped into roughly five categories: open water birds, waders and shoreline birds, meadow and grassland birds, birds of reedbeds and other vegetation, birds of open airspace above wetlands.[126] Some birds frequent multiple micro-habitats. The ninth and tenth edition of the census of wetland and water birds in 1995 and 1996 conducted by the Birdwatchers' Field Club in coordination with the state forest department found 29 lakes which had twenty or more species such as Hebbal, Hosakote and Kalkere.[126] 25 lakes were found with over 500 birds.[126] The pond heron was found to be the most prevalent species among all the lakes, however no one species was present in all the lakes. Common waders include egret, sandpiper and brahminy kite.[126] Kingfisher was the most common open water bird.[126] The most common duck was Garganey.[126] Pintail and Coot were common reed and other vegetation birds.[126]

Hosakote lake
Kaikondrahalli lake

A study using eBird data from 2014 to 2019 from 44 lakes in the city had a sample size that included a total of 263 species.[127] In this study, the area of the lake and its position in the city impacted bird richness.[127] Most resident species saw an increase while most migratory species decreased.[127] An earlier study of 15 lakes in the city identified birds such as kingfishers, purple moorhen, little grebes, darter, purple heron, grey herons and pond herons.[128] A 2005-2007 study observed 112 bird species at seven lakes; Hebbal Lake had 74 species while Yediur Lake had 15 species.[129] Another localised study of aquatic birds found that the two of the most abundant species are Anas querquedula, a species of duck, and Bubulcus ibis, a species of heron.[130] Bird poaching and hunting was rampant in 1989.[131] It now occurs to a much lesser extent.[132]

Water hyacinth has favoured types of moorhen, heron, and egret, and has caused the loss of a type of wader.[124] Imagery from the Indian Remote Sensing Programme for the years 1988-2001 were used to assess growth of water hyacinth in six lakes in Bangalore.[117] Among the largest areas in this study under water hyacinth was observed in Hebbal Lake at 20 ha (49 acres) out of a total water spread of 30 ha (74 acres).[117] Nagavara Lake had the highest ratio of water hyacinth to water spread; in March 1989 the lake was completely covered.[117] In the mid-1980s Neochetina eichhorniae, used in the biocontrol of water hyacinth, was released on an experimental basis in a specific area of Bellandur Lake.[133] An impact on water hyacinth was observed. The insect had also been recorded in the coming months in downstream Varthur Lake signifying a capability to migrate.[133] Within a few months infestation of all water hyacinth in Varthur Lake was observed.[133] Analysis of freely available Google Earth imagery between 2002 and 2019 for macrophytes and phytoplankton cover in Bellandur and Varthur lakes showed that macrophyte cover never fell below 29% of the total wetland cover with a perennial average of nearly 60%. Algae was about half that of the macrophyte cover.[33]

One of the, or the, most vital modern use of lakes is for the storage of freshwater and subsequent recharge of groundwater in Bangalore. This comes into question during efforts to enhance the biodiversity of the lakes through the creation of artificial islands and tree parks, and opposition to "soup bowl" structured restoration.[134][135] Creating "soup-bowls" during the rejuvenation of some lakes in Bangalore has been called out by birdwatchers. Using earthmoving equipment to deepen the shallow areas of lakes is detrimental to some aquatic birds. On the other hand the soup bowl structure has a capability to store more water.[135] The creation of islands and tree parks from water cover area is contested.[134] Naturalist Zafar Futehally suggests a balance by restricting soup bowl structure to select lakes, and allowing the others to develop with more concern for aquatic birds and recreation.[135]

A 2016 study identified 116 butterfly species.[136] Doddakallasandra lake and Madivala lake have seen efforts specific to butterfly biodiversity.[137][138] Lilac Silverline (Apharitis lilacinus) has been spotted at Hesaraghatta Lake.[139] An inventory of lakes in Bangalore conducted between 2016 and 2018 identified 142 types of flora 191 types of fauna,[140] belonging to nine categories of the biota (flora: trees, herbs and shrubs, aquatic flora; fauna: insects, macro benthic fauna, fish, herpetofauna, avifauna, mammals) in and around the water bodies.[141]

Appropriate water bodies are leased out for fishing purposes.[142] Fishes bred for food include carps such as catla, labeo, mrigal, and other types such as tilapia, catfish. Labeo rohita or rohu is the most commonly bred fish.[142] In 2021 Jakkur Lake supported a number of fishing families.[143] There is a fish farm and research center beside Hebbal Lake.[142] 20 types of fish have been observed in the lakes.[144] Cyprinidae family is dominant.[144]

In a doctoral study on algae from 2017 to 2019 one downstream and one upstream lake from each of the 6 lake series were targeted.[145] Algal diversity observed included 124 species belonging to 58 genera of the four classes Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Euglenophyceae.[145] Dominant taxa includes the species Scenedesmus dimorphus and species from the genus Anabaena.[145] In a targeted study of 7 lakes between 2010 and 2012 the dominant classes were the same.[146] The main zooplankton were rotifera, cladocera, ostracoda and copepoda. Microcystis aeruginosa was the most dominant algal bloom.[146] The 1989 Birdwatchers' Field Club study recorded 113 forms of plankton; in terms of plankton diversity six out of the 72 lakes showed high diversity.[125]

Various trees, herbs and shrubs are found in and around the lakes.[147] Common emergent aquatic plants include alligator weed, pink morning glory and cattail.[148] Common submerged aquatic plants include those from the genus Aponogeton, Potamogeton and the highly invasive Hydrilla, Elodea.[149] Free floating Lemna, Wolffia and Eichhornia are common. Rooted floating plants include weeds, lilies and lotus.[149] Around 22 types of aquatic weeds are found in the lakes including algae, duckweed, water hyacinth, musk grass, water thyme, pondweed.[150] Aacia nilotica has been planted at various tanks.[151]

List of lakes

Map
Map of this section's coordinates with Greater Bangalore, Urban, Rural boundaries. Former reservoirs also included in grey. Not exhaustive.
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Name[a] Area (acres)[b] Coordinates
Abbigere 75[158] 13°04′45″N 77°31′40″E / 13.0793°N 77.5278°E / 13.0793; 77.5278 (Abbigere Lake)
Agara 97.32[159] 12°55′16″N 77°38′28″E / 12.9212°N 77.6412°E / 12.9212; 77.6412 (Agara Lake)
Akshayanagara 6[160] 12°52′18″N 77°36′50″E / 12.8716°N 77.6140°E / 12.8716; 77.6140 (Akshayanagara Kere)
Alahalli 23[161] 12°51′55″N 77°34′00″E / 12.8653°N 77.5666°E / 12.8653; 77.5666 (Alahalli Lake)
Allalasandra 44[162] 13°05′28″N 77°35′14″E / 13.0910°N 77.5871°E / 13.0910; 77.5871 (Allalasandra Lake)
Amrutahalli 24.89[163] 13°03′42″N 77°35′52″E / 13.0617°N 77.5977°E / 13.0617; 77.5977 (Amrutahalli Lake)
Anchepalya 16.08[citation needed] 13°03′05″N 77°28′45″E / 13.0515°N 77.4793°E / 13.0515; 77.4793 (Anchepalya Lake)
Avalahalli 21.63[164] 12°51′54″N 77°33′58″E / 12.8651°N 77.5661°E / 12.8651; 77.5661 (Avalahalli Lake)
Bagmane 12°58′45″N 77°39′19″E / 12.9792°N 77.6554°E / 12.9792; 77.6554 (Bagmane Lake)
Banaswadi[c] 25[165] 13°00′46″N 77°38′41″E / 13.0128°N 77.6448°E / 13.0128; 77.6448 (Banaswadi (D) Lake)
Begur 137.24[166] 12°52′31″N 77°37′47″E / 12.8754°N 77.6298°E / 12.8754; 77.6298 (Begur Lake)
Bellandur 892[167] 12°56′05″N 77°39′50″E / 12.9347°N 77.6640°E / 12.9347; 77.6640 (Bellandur Lake)
Benniganahalli 15[168] 12°59′51″N 77°39′54″E / 12.9974°N 77.6651°E / 12.9974; 77.6651 (Benniganahalli Lake)
Byramangala 1018[169] 12°45′55″N 77°25′28″E / 12.7654°N 77.4244°E / 12.7654; 77.4244 (Byramangala Lake)
Byrasandra 12°55′49″N 77°35′45″E / 12.9302°N 77.5958°E / 12.9302; 77.5958 (Byrasandra Lake)
Chele 25[156] 13°01′35″N 77°38′41″E / 13.0265°N 77.6446°E / 13.0265; 77.6446 (Chele Kere)
Chikkabanavara 170[170] 13°04′57″N 77°30′24″E / 13.0825°N 77.5068°E / 13.0825; 77.5068 (Chikkabanavara Lake)
Chinnappanahalli 11.33[160] 12°57′57″N 77°42′24″E / 12.9658°N 77.7068°E / 12.9658; 77.7068 (Chinnappanahalli Lake)
Chunchanghatta 18[56] 12°57′57″N 77°42′24″E / 12.9658°N 77.7068°E / 12.9658; 77.7068 (Chunchanghatta Lake)
Dasarahalli 27[171] 13°02′27″N 77°30′42″E / 13.0409°N 77.5118°E / 13.0409; 77.5118 (Dasarahalli Lake)
Devasandra 16.8[172] 13°00′18″N 77°41′37″E / 13.0049°N 77.6935°E / 13.0049; 77.6935 (Devasandra Lake)
Doddabidarakallu 40[173] 13°02′35″N 77°29′43″E / 13.0431°N 77.4954°E / 13.0431; 77.4954 (Doddabidarakallu Lake)
Doddabommasandra 124[174] 13°03′54″N 77°33′43″E / 13.0650°N 77.5619°E / 13.0650; 77.5619 (Doddabommasandra Lake)
Doddanekundi 130[175] 12°58′30″N 77°41′15″E / 12.9750°N 77.6875°E / 12.9750; 77.6875 (Doddanekundi Lake)
Doddakallasandra 21.16[176] 12°52′56″N 77°33′41″E / 12.8821°N 77.5615°E / 12.8821; 77.5615 (Doddanekundi Lake)
Dore 28[177] 12°54′10″N 77°33′01″E / 12.9027°N 77.5504°E / 12.9027; 77.5504 (Dore Kere Lake)
Garvebhavipalya 12°53′47″N 77°38′14″E / 12.8964°N 77.6372°E / 12.8964; 77.6372 (Garvebhavipalya Lake)
Gottigere 37[178] 12°51′11″N 77°35′24″E / 12.8530°N 77.5901°E / 12.8530; 77.5901 (Gottigere Tank)
Haralur 12°53′47″N 77°39′45″E / 12.8964°N 77.6624°E / 12.8964; 77.6624 (Haralur Lake)
Hebbagodi[d] 34[180] 12°49′52″N 77°40′27″E / 12.8312°N 77.6743°E / 12.8312; 77.6743 (Hebbagodi Lake)
Hebbal 150[181] 13°02′49″N 77°35′09″E / 13.0469°N 77.5858°E / 13.0469; 77.5858 (Hebbal Lake)
Hennagara [182] 12°46′39″N 77°39′41″E / 12.7776°N 77.6614°E / 12.7776; 77.6614 (Hennagara Lake)
Herohalli 25[183] 12°59′21″N 77°29′23″E / 12.9891°N 77.4896°E / 12.9891; 77.4896 (Herohalli Lake)
Hesaraghatta 1912[184] 13°09′27″N 77°29′20″E / 13.1574°N 77.4888°E / 13.1574; 77.4888 (Hesaraghatta Lake)
Hoodi 15[185] 12°59′12″N 77°43′22″E / 12.9868°N 77.7227°E / 12.9868; 77.7227 (Hoodi Lake)
Hormavu Agara 51[186] 13°02′08″N 77°39′30″E / 13.0355°N 77.6584°E / 13.0355; 77.6584 (Hormavu Agara Lake)
Hosa 12°53′05″N 77°39′54″E / 12.8846°N 77.6649°E / 12.8846; 77.6649 (Hosa Lake)
Hosakerehalli 59.36[187] 12°55′34″N 77°32′01″E / 12.9262°N 77.5337°E / 12.9262; 77.5337 (Hosakerehalli Lake)
Hoskere 54.14[164] 12°55′33″N 77°28′49″E / 12.9259°N 77.4804°E / 12.9259; 77.4804 (Hosakerehalli Lake)
Hulimavu 127[188] 12°52′18″N 77°36′13″E / 12.8716°N 77.6036°E / 12.8716; 77.6036 (Hulimavu Lake)
Hunasamaranahalli 13°08′25″N 77°36′57″E / 13.1404°N 77.6159°E / 13.1404; 77.6159 (Hunasamaranahalli Lake)
Iblur 10[189] 12°55′21″N 77°40′00″E / 12.9224°N 77.6668°E / 12.9224; 77.6668 (Iblur Lake)
ISRO Layout[e] 7.2[190] 12°53′52″N 77°33′15″E / 12.8977°N 77.5543°E / 12.8977; 77.5543 (ISRO Layout Lake)
Jakkur 157.32[160] 13°05′12″N 77°36′36″E / 13.0867°N 77.6101°E / 13.0867; 77.6101 (Jakkur Lake)
Jaraganahalli[f] 12°53′58″N 77°33′55″E / 12.8994°N 77.5654°E / 12.8994; 77.5654 (Jaraganahalli Lake)
Kacharkanahalli 13°01′06″N 77°37′35″E / 13.0183°N 77.6263°E / 13.0183; 77.6263 (Kacharkanahalli lake)
Kaggadasapura 47[191] 12°58′55″N 77°40′10″E / 12.9819°N 77.6695°E / 12.9819; 77.6695 (Kaggadasapura Lake)
Kamakshipalya 6[192]
Kasavanahalli 80[193] 12°54′14″N 77°39′59″E / 12.9040°N 77.6665°E / 12.9040; 77.6665 (Kasavanahalli Lake)
Kaikondrahalli 48[193] 12°54′48″N 77°40′22″E / 12.9133°N 77.6729°E / 12.9133; 77.6729 (Kaikondrahalli Lake)
Kal 180[194] 13°02′50″N 77°39′51″E / 13.0473°N 77.6642°E / 13.0473; 77.6642 (Kalkere Lake)
Kalena Agrahara 7.3[195]
Kelagina [196] 12°58′43″N 77°39′42″E / 12.9787°N 77.6618°E / 12.9787; 77.6618 (Kelagina Kere)
Kammasandra 12°49′31″N 77°41′37″E / 12.8254°N 77.6937°E / 12.8254; 77.6937 (Kammasandra Lake)
Kempambudhi 36[197] 12°57′06″N 77°33′33″E / 12.9518°N 77.5593°E / 12.9518; 77.5593 (Kempambudhi Lake)
Kengeri 38[198] 12°54′59″N 77°29′15″E / 12.9163°N 77.4874°E / 12.9163; 77.4874 (Kengeri Lake)
Konasandra 37[199] 12°53′32″N 77°29′00″E / 12.8923°N 77.4834°E / 12.8923; 77.4834 (Konasandra Lake)
Kothanur 18[200] 12°52′26″N 77°34′44″E / 12.8739°N 77.5789°E / 12.8739; 77.5789 (Kempambudhi Lake)
Kowdenahalli 55[201] 13°00′45″N 77°41′06″E / 13.0125°N 77.6850°E / 13.0125; 77.6850 (Kowdenahalli Lake)
KR Puram[g] 64[203] 13°00′59″N 77°41′54″E / 13.0165°N 77.6984°E / 13.0165; 77.6984 (KR Puram Lake)
Kundalahalli 30.5[204] 12°58′09″N 77°43′13″E / 12.9693°N 77.7203°E / 12.9693; 77.7203 (Kundalahalli Lake)
Lalbagh 40[205] 12°56′46″N 77°34′57″E / 12.9460°N 77.5826°E / 12.9460; 77.5826 (Lalbagh Lake)
Lakkasandra[c] [206] 12°56′38″N 77°36′03″E / 12.9439°N 77.6007°E / 12.9439; 77.6007 (Lakkasandra (D) Lake)
Madiwala 272[207] 12°54′25″N 77°36′58″E / 12.9069°N 77.6161°E / 12.9069; 77.6161 (Madiwala Lake)
Malathalli 72[208] 12°57′54″N 77°29′33″E / 12.9651°N 77.4924°E / 12.9651; 77.4924 (Malathalli Lake)
Maragondanahalli[h] 187[209] 13°02′52″N 77°41′03″E / 13.0477°N 77.6841°E / 13.0477; 77.6841 (Maragondanahalli Lake)
Mathikere 80[210] 13°02′07″N 77°33′03″E / 13.0354°N 77.5508°E / 13.0354; 77.5508 (Mathikere Lake)
Mahadevpura 26[211] 12°59′14″N 77°41′32″E / 12.9873°N 77.6921°E / 12.9873; 77.6921 (Mahadevpura Lake)
Mestripalya 9[212] 12°55′56″N 77°37′33″E / 12.9322°N 77.6259°E / 12.9322; 77.6259 (Mestripalya Lake)
Munnekolala 15.38[213] 12°57′39″N 77°42′29″E / 12.9608°N 77.7080°E / 12.9608; 77.7080 (Munnekolala Lake)
Muthanallur 600[214] 12°49′20″N 77°43′42″E / 12.8221°N 77.7282°E / 12.8221; 77.7282 (Muthanallur Lake)
Nagavara 75.1[215] 13°02′42″N 77°36′29″E / 13.0449°N 77.6080°E / 13.0449; 77.6080 (Nagavara Lake)
Narasappanahalli 37.09[216] 13°01′18″N 77°29′42″E / 13.0216°N 77.4950°E / 13.0216; 77.4950 (Nagavara Lake)
Pattandur Agrahara 12°58′34″N 77°44′43″E / 12.9760°N 77.7452°E / 12.9760; 77.7452 (Pattandur Agrahara Lake)
Puttenahalli Lake, Yelahanka 13°06′41″N 77°34′35″E / 13.1113°N 77.5764°E / 13.1113; 77.5764 (Puttenahalli Lake, Yelahanka)
Puttenahalli Lake, JP Nagar 13.23[160] 12°53′25″N 77°35′14″E / 12.8903°N 77.5871°E / 12.8903; 77.5871 (Puttenahalli Lake, JP Nagar)
Rachenahalli 104[217] 13°03′45″N 77°36′48″E / 13.0626°N 77.6134°E / 13.0626; 77.6134 (Rachenahalli Lake)
Sadaramangala 12°59′58″N 77°43′43″E / 12.9995°N 77.7285°E / 12.9995; 77.7285 (Sadaramangala Lake)
Sankey tank 37[218] 13°00′35″N 77°34′26″E / 13.0096°N 77.5738°E / 13.0096; 77.5738 (Sankey tank)
Sarakki 82[219] 12°53′57″N 77°34′45″E / 12.8993°N 77.5792°E / 12.8993; 77.5792 (Sarakki Lake)
Saul 61[220] 12°55′04″N 77°40′47″E / 12.9179°N 77.6796°E / 12.9179; 77.6796 (Saul Lake)
Seegehalli 31.13[221] 13°01′02″N 77°42′46″E / 13.0172°N 77.7128°E / 13.0172; 77.7128 (Seegehalli Lake)
Seetharampalya 23[222] 12°58′55″N 77°42′46″E / 12.9819°N 77.7129°E / 12.9819; 77.7129 (Seetharampalya Lake)
Shikaripalya 19.5[223] 12°49′58″N 77°39′09″E / 12.8329°N 77.6526°E / 12.8329; 77.6526 (Shikaripalya Lake)
Subramanyapura 12°53′46″N 77°32′34″E / 12.8962°N 77.5427°E / 12.8962; 77.5427 (Subramanyapura Lake)
Talaghattapura 19[224] 12°51′59″N 77°31′53″E / 12.8664°N 77.5315°E / 12.8664; 77.5315 (Talaghattapura Lake)
Thirumenahalli 13°05′34″N 77°37′42″E / 13.0927°N 77.6284°E / 13.0927; 77.6284 (Thirumenahalli Lake)
Ulsoor 123[225] 12°58′57″N 77°37′09″E / 12.9825°N 77.6191°E / 12.9825; 77.6191 (Ulsoor Lake)
Uttarahalli 16[226] 12°54′29″N 77°32′29″E / 12.9081°N 77.5413°E / 12.9081; 77.5413 (Uttarahalli Lake)
Varthur 445[227] 12°56′55″N 77°44′21″E / 12.9487°N 77.7392°E / 12.9487; 77.7392 (Varthur Kere)
Veerasandra 8[228] 12°50′27″N 77°40′15″E / 12.8409°N 77.6707°E / 12.8409; 77.6707 (Veerasandra Lake)
Vibhutipura 40[229] 12°58′05″N 77°40′33″E / 12.9680°N 77.6758°E / 12.9680; 77.6758 (Vibhutipura Lake)
Yediyur 18[230] 12°56′01″N 77°34′35″E / 12.9336°N 77.5764°E / 12.9336; 77.5764 (Yediyur Lake)
Yelahanka 300[231] 13°06′39″N 77°35′43″E / 13.1108°N 77.5952°E / 13.1108; 77.5952 (Yelahanka Lake)
Yele Mallappa Shetty 260[232][233] 13°01′29″N 77°43′39″E / 13.0246°N 77.7274°E / 13.0246; 77.7274 (Yele Mallappa Shetty Lake)

Other lakes in Bangalore are Attur Lake (13°06′41″N 77°33′46″E / 13.1114°N 77.5629°E / 13.1114; 77.5629 (Attur Lake)), Medahalli Lake (12°58′13″N 77°50′33″E / 12.9704°N 77.8425°E / 12.9704; 77.8425 (Medahalli Lake)), Thubarahalli Lake[234] (12°57′31″N 77°43′29″E / 12.9585°N 77.7246°E / 12.9585; 77.7246 (Thubarahalli Lake)), Malgan, Kogilu (13°06′29″N 77°37′08″E / 13.1080°N 77.6189°E / 13.1080; 77.6189 (Kogilu Lake)), Janardhana Kere (7.25[154]).

Former reservoirs

Map
About OpenStreetMaps
Maps: terms of use
4km
2.5miles
none
Venkatarayana kere
Venkatarayana
Sunkal tank
Sunkal
Srinivagilu tank
Srinivagilu
Siddikatte lake
Siddikatte
Shoolay tank
Shoolay
Saneguruvanahalli lake
Saneguruvanahalli
Sampangi lake
Sampangi
Ramshetty Palya Kere
Ramshetty Palya
Puttennahalli tank
Puttennahalli
HSR layout
Parangipalya
Nagashettihalli lake
Nagashettihalli
Millers lake
Millers
Koramangala lake
Koramangala
Konena Agrahara lake
Konena Agrahara
Karanji tank
Karanji
Kamakshipalya lake
Kamakshipalya
Kadugondanahalli lake
Kadugondanahalli
Jakkarayana kere
Jakkarayana
Domlur lake
Domlur
Dharmambudhi tank
Dharmambudhi
Dasarahalli tank
Dasarahalli
Challaghatta lake
Challaghatta
Akkithimmanahalli lake
Akkithimmanahalli
23[i] former reservoirs in Greater Bangalore (map is not exhaustive)

References

Notes
  1. ^ Lakes, keres and tanks.[70][152] See BBMP usage on its official website.[153] Sometimes both kere and lake is used, for example "Janardhana Kere lake",[154] or Sankey tank or lake.[155] Tank is considered as a word that was used before the usage of lake came to prominence.[3]
  2. ^ Size of 167 lakes listed by BBMP.[153] Encroachment has been considered using rights, tenancy and crop (RTC) records as a baseline in "Wetlands: Treasure of Bangalore. ENVIS Technical Report 101" for examples.[156] Maps depicting lakes include base maps from 1880s onwards and Record of Rights, Tenancy and Crops (RTC) records.[157]
  3. ^ a b Has lost its former characteristics
  4. ^ Largest floating island in the country[179]
  5. ^ Also known as Devarakere Lake
  6. ^ Yelachenahalli Lake
  7. ^ Also known as Vengaihna Kere[202]
  8. ^ Also called Huvinane, Rampura-Kalkere[209]
  9. ^ The 23 mapped former reservoirs:
Citations
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Works cited
  • Nagendra, Harini (2016). Nature in the City: Bengaluru in the Past, Present, and Future. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-908968-0.
  • Thippaiah, P (2009), Vanishing Lakes: A Study of Bangalore City (PDF), Social and Economic Change Monograph Series 17, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore, ISBN 978-81-7791-116-9
  • Chakrapani, B. K.; Desai, Milind; George, Joseph; Karthikeyan, S.; Krishna, M. B.; Kumar, U. Harish; Naveein, O. C.; Sridhar, S.; Srinivasa, T. S.; N., Srinivasan; S., Subramanya (1990). Survey of Irrigation Tanks as Wetland Bird Habitats in the Bangalore area, India, January 1989. Birdwatchers' Field Club of Bangalore.
  • (Final Report) Inventorisation of Water Bodies in Bengaluru Metropolitan Area (BMA), vol. 1, Submitted to Karnataka Lake Conservation and Development Authority (KLCDA), Centre for Lake Conservation (CLC), Environmental Management and Policy Research Institute (EMPRI) (Department of Forest, Ecology and Environment, Government of Karnataka), March 2018{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

Further reading

Journals
Thesis
Reports
Mapping
Photos

External links

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