Old Tagalog
| Old Tagalog | |
|---|---|
Lumang Tagalog | |
| Region | Philippines, particularly Southern Tagalog (Calabarzon and Mimaropa) |
| Era | 10th century AD (developed into Classical Tagalog in c. 16th century) |
Austronesian
| |
| Baybayin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
Old Tagalog (Filipino: Lumang Tagalog; Baybayin: , Pre-Kudlit: ᜎᜓᜋᜆᜄᜎᜓ ) is the earliest form of the Tagalog language and was the language of Central and Southern Luzon during the Classical period in Luzon. It is the language of the Tondo Dynasty, Namayan, state of Ma-i, Kingdom of Maynila, and other regions of the northern Philippines. The language originated from the Proto-Philippine language and evolved to Classical Tagalog, which was the basis for Modern Tagalog.
Etymology
The word Tagalog is derived from the endonym ᜆᜄ ᜁᜎᜓᜄ᜔ taga-ilog ("river dweller"), composed of ᜆᜄ (tagá-) ("native of" or "from") and ᜁᜎᜓᜄ᜔' (ílog) ("river"). Very little is known about the ancient history of the language; linguists such as Dr. David Zorc and Dr. Robert Blust speculate that the Tagalogs and other Central Philippine ethno-linguistic groups had originated in Northeastern Mindanao or the Eastern Visayas.[1][2]
The Language
Old Tagalog is one of the Central Philippine languages, which evolved from the Proto-Philippine language, which comes from the Austronesian peoples who settled in the Philippines, 2000 years ago. This is the language of the Wangdom of Ma-i, the Tondo Dynasty, Kingdom of Maynila, Namayan, and other regions of Central Luzon.
The early history of the Tagalog language remains relatively obscure, and a number of theories exist as to the exact origins of the Tagalog peoples and their language. Most scholars suggest that the Tagalog people originated in North-eastern Mindanao or the Eastern Visayas. The first written record of Tagalog is the Laguna Copperplate Inscription which dates to 900 CE, and exhibits fragments of the language along with Sanskrit, Malay, Javanese and Old Tagalog.[3] The first known complete book to be written in Tagalog is the Doctrina Christiana (Christian Doctrine), printed in 1593.[4]
The question has been raised about the origin of some words in the various dialects of the Philippines and their possible connection to ancient Buddhist and Hindu culture in the region as the language is influenced by Sanskrit, Malay, Tamil and Chinese.[5][6]
Writing system
Old Tagalog was written in Baybayin, which belongs to the Brahmic family of scripts. Loanwords from Malay and Sanskrit were written in the Kawi script because these words could not be represented in Baybayin.
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vowels
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b
|
k
|
d/r
|
g
|
h
|
l
|
m
|
n
|
ng
|
p
|
s
|
t
|
w
|
y
|
Phonology
| Height | Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ | u /u/ | |||||
| Mid | ə /ə/ | ||||||
| Open | a /a/ |
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Postalveolar/ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Stop | p b | t d | tʃ dʒ | k ɡ | ʔ |
| Fricative | s | ʃ | h | ||
| Tap | ɾ | ||||
| Approximant | l | j | w |
Examples of words
- The words and sentences of Old Tagalog are the roots of the Modern Tagalog language. Some of the words and sentences have evolved over time (like the word Babuy or Pig, which became Baboy in modern Tagalog), but some of the words in Old Tagalog (like Hari or King), have survived and are in common use in Modern Tagalog.
Other terms influenced by India
| Tagalog | Sanskrit | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Aghám | Agama | Science |
| Asawa | Swami | Spouse |
| Bathalà | Bathara | Supreme Being |
| Balità | Vartta | News |
| Budhi | Bodhi | Conscience |
| Kathâ | Gatha | Fabrication, Tall Story |
| Diwata | Devata | Fairy, Goddess, Nymph |
| Diwà | Deva | Spirit, Soul |
| Dukhâ | Dukkha | Poverty |
| Gadyá | Gaja | Elephant |
| Guró | Guru | Mentor, Teacher |
| Halimaw / Halimao | Harimao | Beast , Tiger |
| Lahò | Rahu | Eclipse |
| Mahárlika | Mahardikka | Nobility |
| Mahalagâ | Maharga | Important |
| Mukhâ | Mukha | Face |
| Pana | Bana | Arrow |
| Saksí | Saksi | Witness |
| Sampalataya | Sampratyaya | Faith |
| Saranggola | Layang gula (via Malay)gaffa | Kite |
| Sutlá | Sutra | Silk |
| Tala | Tara | Star |
| Baybayin characters | IPA / Pronunciation | Transcription in Latin / Translation to Modern Tagalog |
|---|---|---|
| ᜀᜍᜂ | *arãɜ (arao) | Araw (Sun/Days) |
| ᜀᜐᜓ | *ǎĵû (Asu) | Aso (Dog) |
| ᜀᜄ᜔ᜑᜋ᜔᜵ᜆᜎ | *áRĥAm tAĵá (Aghamtala) | (Kalendaryo, Calendar) |
| ᜀᜄ᜔ᜑᜋ᜔ | *áRĥAm | Agham' (Syensya, Science) |
| ᜀᜐᜓᜏᜅ᜔ | *aʂũɐ̯n̩ | Aswang (Ghoul/Monster) |
| ᜊᜓᜎᜏᜈ᜔ | *bUlɐ̯ɜn̩ (Bulawan) | Ginto (Gold) |
| ᜊᜓᜇ᜔ᜑᜒ | *bɘɖjɞ̯ (Budhi) | Bodhi (Konsensya) Conscience) |
| ᜊᜓᜎᜅᜌ᜔ | *bɒlɐ̯ɲAj (Balangay) | Barangay |
| ᜊᜓᜈ᜔ᜏ | *bɐ̃n̪wɛ (Banua) | Pook/Vanua (Village) |
| ᜊᜆ᜔ᜑᜎ | *bɐtʜãʟ̩a | Bathala (God/Deity) |
| ᜊᜊᜌ᜔ᜎᜈ᜔ | *bãɓɜjaɲ̩ | Babaylan (Priestess) |
| ᜊᜌᜒ | *bãjɜ̯ (Bayi) | Babae (Woman/Girl/Lady) |
| ᜊᜎᜌ᜔ | *ba̯Lãj (Balay) | Bahay (House/Structure/Buildings) |
| ᜊᜊᜓᜌ᜔ | *babə̃j (Babuy) | Baboy (Pig) |
| ᜊᜃ | *bàKa (Baka)* | Cow , Cattle. Ox, Bull |
| ᜇᜆᜓ | * dàTǒ | (Datu)* (Lordships) |
| ᜇᜌᜅ᜔ | *dãjãɳ (Dayang) | Reyna (Queen) or Prinsesa (Princess) |
| ᜇᜒᜃᜒ | *dəkət | Dikit (adhesive/stick) |
| ᜇᜓᜍᜓ / ᜇᜓᜄᜓ | *zuRuʔ | Dugo (Blood) |
| ᜇᜇ᜔ᜌ | *rɑːdʒɑ | Radya / Raha (Raja)* |
| ᜄᜓᜎᜓᜆ᜔ | *ɠUlu̯t (golot') | Kabundukan (Mountain Ranges) |
| ᜁᜎᜓᜄ᜔ | *ĔlÓg | Ilog (River) |
| ᜄᜍᜓᜇ | *gAŕUda | Garuda |
| ᜎᜅᜒᜆ | *jəŋ̍eʃ | Langit (Sky, Heaven , Nirvana) |
| ᜑᜍᜒ | *ʜãRi (Hari) | Hari (King, Emperor) |
| ᜑᜎᜒᜃ᜔ | *hajək | Halik (Kiss) |
| ᜎᜃᜈ᜔ | *lákáN | Lakan (King, Emperor) |
| ᜎᜓᜈᜆᜒᜀᜈ᜔ | *jɜnTiãn (luntian) | Luntian (Lush)/ Berde (Green) |
| ᜃᜒᜈᜍ | *kěnÀřá | Kinara (Kinnara) (Celestial beings) |
| ᜃᜎᜊᜒᜃ | *kɘjaɓiká | Kalabika , Kalavinka (Celestial beings) |
| ᜃᜏᜎ᜔ | *kão̯ɐL Kaual | Kawal (Knight) |
| ᜋᜓᜆᜒᜌ | *ɱuʈɪa (mutiya) | Mutya or Perlas (Pearl) |
| ᜋᜅ᜔ᜋᜅ᜔ | *Mɐnɠ-Mɑŋɠ | Mang mang (Fool) / Bobo (Stupid) |
| ᜉᜈ᜔ᜆᜐ᜔ | *pãɳ̩ta̯ʂ | Pantas (Genius/Wise/Gifted) |
| ᜉᜓᜂᜇ᜔ | *pũɜd (Puod) | Bayan (Town) |
| ᜉᜉᜄᜌᜓ | *papɐgAyɔ (Papagayo) | Karpintero (Carpenter) |
| ᜅᜎᜒᜈ᜔ | *ŋɡajan (Ngalan) | Pangalan (Name) |
| ᜐᜈ᜔ᜇᜒᜄ᜔ | *sɑ̃n̩dĩg) (Sandig) | Sundalo (Soldier) |
| ᜐᜓᜏᜀᜍ᜔ᜈ | *jəɜrnā (Suwarna) | Ginto (Gold) |
| ᜆᜎ | *táĹa | Tala (Star / Tara (deity)) |
| ᜆᜓᜊᜒᜍ᜔ | *tubiR | Tubig (Water) |
| ᜆᜍᜅ᜔ᜃᜑᜈ᜔ | *taRãŋkaħɐ̃ɳ | Tarangkahan (Gate) |
| ᜆᜒᜋᜋᜈᜓᜃ | *TěGmāmənùKən | Tigmamanukan (Eagle, Bird, Omen) |
| ᜌᜌ | *ĵáĴá | Yaya (Nurse/ Care giver) |
| ᜌᜈ᜔ᜆᜓᜃ᜔ | *yÁńTók | Yantok (Stick / Pole / Rod /Batog) |
| ᜌᜓᜆ | *yəʃa | Yuta (Cloth) |
Pronouns
| Old Tagalog | Translation | Translation in Modern Tagalog | Translation in English |
|---|---|---|---|
| ᜊᜎᜑᜎ ‖ | balahala | Kataas-Taasan | Highest (Authority). |
| ᜈᜊᜓᜃ ᜈ ᜊ ‖ | Nabuká na ba? | Nag-bukás na ba? | Is it open now? |
| ᜋ ᜈ ᜎ| ᜇᜃᜒᜆ᜔‖ | Labâ ma na lâ, dakit | Dalhín mo ang pag-kakataóng itó, sa Dakit (punò). | Take this opportunity to the Dakit (tree). |
| ᜋ ᜈᜒᜌ| ᜋᜀᜈᜄ᜔ᜄ‖ | Nínu ma niya mangga | Iyán ay napagkámaláng manggá. | That was mistaken for a mango. |
| ᜑᜒᜌ| ᜎᜀ| ᜅᜌ᜔ ᜀᜈ᜔ | Gakatkat hiya lâ ngay-an | Iyán ba ay nakararamdám ng hiyâ? | Has that (person) ever felt shame? |
| ᜊᜌ ᜑ ᜇᜃᜒᜆ᜔ ᜈ ᜈᜓ‖ | Bayâ ha dakit na, nu? | Pakiusap, lisanin mo na ang punò ng Dakit. | Leave the dakit tree now, will you? |
| ᜇ ᜃᜎᜄ᜔ ᜊᜒᜈᜄᜆ᜔ ᜑ‖ | Da kalág binagat, ha? | Pakibalík mo ang kaluluwáng iyóng kinuhà, ha? | Return the soul that you took away, will you? |
See also
- Proto-Philippine language
- Tagalog language
- Filipino language
- Baybayin
- Filipino alphabet
- Languages of the Philippines
References
- ^ Zorc, David. 1977. The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction. Pacific Linguistics C.44. Canberra: The Australian National University
- ^ Blust, Robert. 1991. The Greater Central Philippines hypothesis. Oceanic Linguistics 30:73–129
- ^ Postma, Antoon. (1992). The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary. Philippine Studies vol. 40, no. 2:183-203
- ^ Zorc, David. 1977. The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction. Pacific Linguistics C.44. Canberra: The Australian National University
- ^ "Indian Origins of Filipino Customs". Vedic Empire. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
- ^ "The Indian in the Filipino - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos". Globalnation.inquirer.net. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
External links
- A Handbook and Grammar of the Tagalog Language by W.E.W. MacKinlay, 1905.
- Online E-book of Doctrina Christiana in Old Tagalog and Old Spanish, the first book published in the Philippines. Manila. 1593
- Online E-book of Arte de la Lengua Tagala y Manual Tagalog by Sebastián de Totanes published in Binondo, Manila in 1865
- http://unicode-table.com/en/sections/tagalog/