Hiligaynon language

Hiligaynon
Ilonggo, Hiligaynon, Hiligainon
Pronunciation	ˌhɪlɪˈgeɪnən
Spoken in	Philippines USA
Region	Western Visayas, Mindanao and Hawaii
Native speakers	5.8 million  (2000 census) 4th-most-spoken native language in the Philippines
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Philippine Central Philippine Visayan Central Visayan Peripheral Visayan Hiligaynon
Writing system	Latin (Filipino alphabet) Baybayin (c. 13th–19th centuries)
Official status
Official language in	Regional language in the Philippines
Regulated by	Commission on the Filipino Language
Language codes
ISO 639-2	hil
ISO 639-3	hil

Hiligaynon, often referred to as Ilonggo, is an Austronesian language spoken in the Western Visayas region of the Philippines.

Hiligaynon is concentrated in the provinces of Iloilo, Negros Occidental and Capiz but is also spoken in the other provinces of the Panay Island group, including Antique, Aklan, Guimaras, and in many parts of Mindanao including Koronadal City, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat and parts of North Cotabato. Further, it is spoken as a second language by Karay-a speakers in Antique, Aklanon and Malaynon in Aklan, and Capiznon in Capiz.

There are approximately 7,000,000 people in and outside the Philippines who are native speakers of Hiligaynon, and an additional 4,000,000 who are capable of speaking it with a substantial degree of proficiency.

It is a member of the Visayan language family. It is distinctive from most Filipino languages for its sing-song intonation, much like Italian, particularly in the Bacolodnon dialect, a characteristic that is derived from the large number of mestizos de sangley (Chinese mestizos) in the region.

The language is referred to as "Ilonggo" (Spanish: ilongo) in Iloilo and in Negros Occidental. Many argue, however, that this is an incorrect usage of the word "Ilonggo." In precise usage, "Ilonggo" should only be used in relation to the ethnolinguistic group that are native inhabitants of Iloilo and the culture associated with native Hiligaynon speakers, they argue. The disagreement over the usage of "Ilonggo" to refer to the language extends to Philippine language specialists and native laymen.

Writing system

Until the second half of the 20th century, Hiligaynon was widely written based on Spanish orthography consisting of 32 letters called ABECEDARIO:

A B C Ch D E F G H I J K L Ll M N Ng Ñ N͠g/Ng̃/Ñg O P Q R Rr S T U V W X Y Z

The core alphabet consists of 20 letters used for expressing consonants and vowels in Hiligaynon, each of which comes in an upper case and lower case variety.

Alphabet

The 1st to 10th letters
Symbol	A a			B b	K k	D d	E e	G g	H h	I i		L l	M m
Name	a			ba	ka	da	e	ga	ha	i		la	ma
Pronunciation	[a/ə]	[aw]	[aj]	[b]	[k]	[d]	[ɛ/e]	[g]	[h]	[I/i]	[IO]	[l]	[m]
in context	a	aw/ao	ay	b	k	d	e	g	h	i	iw/io	l	m

The 11th to 20th letters
Symbol	N n	Ng ng	O o		P p	R r	S s		T t	U u		W w	Y y
Name	na	nga	o		pa	ra	sa		ta	u		wa	ya
Pronunciation	[n]	[ŋ]	[ɔ/o]	[oj]	[p]	[r]	[s]	[ʃʲ]	[t]	[ʊ/u]	[w]	[w]	[j]
in context	n	ng	o	oy	p	r	s	sy	t	u	ua	w	y

Additional symbols

The apostrophe(') and dash(-) also appear in Hiligaynon writing, and might be considered letters. In addition, some English letters may be used in borrowed words.

Grammar

Determiners

Hiligaynon has three types of case markers: absolutive, ergative, and oblique. These types in turn are divided into personal, that have to do with names of people and impersonal, that deal with everything else, and further into singular and plural types, though the plural impersonal case markers are just the singular impersonal case markers + mga, a particle used to denote plurality in Hiligaynon.

	Absolutive	Ergative	Oblique
singular impersonal	ang	sang, sing*	sa
plural impersonal	ang mga	sang mga, sing mga*	sa mga
singular personal	si	ni	kay
plural personal**	sanday	nanday	kanday

(*)The articles sing and sing mga means the following noun is indefinite, while sang tells of a definite noun, like the use of a in English as opposed to the, however, it is not as common in modern speech, being replace by sang. It appears in conservative translations of the Bible into Hiligaynon and in traditional or formal speech
(**)The plural personal case markers are not used very often and not even by all speakers. Again, this is an example of a case marker that has fallen largely into disuse, but is still occasionally used when speaking a more traditional form of Hiligaynon, using less Spanish loan words.

The case markers do not determine which noun is the subject and which is the object; rather, the affix of the verb determines this, though the ang-marked noun is always the topic.

Example

Ang lalaki nagkaon sang tinapay.	≈	Ang tinapay ginkaon sang lalaki.
"The man ate the bread"		"The bread was eaten by the man" (literal)

Personal pronouns

	Absolutive	Ergative₁ (Postposed)	Ergative₂ (Preposed)	Oblique
1st person singular	ako, ko	nakon, ko	akon	sa akon
2nd person singular	ikaw, ka	nimo, mo	imo	sa imo
3rd person singular	siya	niya	iya	sa iya
1st person plural inclusive	kita	naton, ta	aton	sa aton
1st person plural exclusive	kami	namon	amon	sa amon
2nd person plural	kamo	ninyo	inyo	sa inyo
3rd person plural	sila	nila	ila	sa ila

Demonstrative pronouns

	Absolutive	Ergative/Oblique	Locative	Existential
Nearest to speaker (this, here) *	iní	siní	dirí	(y)ári
Near to addressee or closely removed from speaker and addressee (that, there)	inâ	sinâ	dirâ	(y)ára'
Remote (yon, yonder)	ató	sadtó	didtó	(y)á(d)to

In addition to this, there are two verbal deictics, karí, meaning come to speaker, and kadto, meaning to go yonder.

Copula

Hiligaynon lacks the marker of sentence inversion "ay" of Tagalog/Filipino or "hay" of Akeanon. Instead sentences in SV form (Filipino: Di karaniwang anyo) are written without any marker or copula.

Examples:

"Si Inday ay maganda" (Tagalog)

"Si Inday matahum" (Hiligaynon) = "Inday is beautiful."

"Inday is beautiful" (English)

There is no direct translation for the English copula "to be" in Hiligaynon. However, the prefixes mangin- and nangin- may be used to mean will be and became, respectively.

Example:

Manámî mangin manggaranon
"It is nice to become rich"

The Spanish copula "estar" (to be) has also become a part of the Hiligaynon lexicon. Its meaning and pronunciation have become corrupted. In Hiligaynon it is pronounced as "istar" and means "to live (in)/location"(Compare with the Hiligaynon word "puyo").

Example:

Nagaistar ako sa tabuc suba
"I live in tabuc suba" "tabuc suba" translates to "other side of the river" and is also a barangay in Jaro, Iloilo.

Existential

To indicate the existence of an object, the word may is used.

Example:

May idô (a)ko
"I have a dog"

Hiligaynon Linkers

When an adjective modifies a noun, the linker nga links the two.

Example:

Itom nga ido
Black dog

Sometimes, if the linker is preceded by a word that ends in a vowel, glottal stop or the letter N, it becomes acceptable to contract it into -ng, as in Filipino. This is often used to make the words sound more poetic or to reduce the number of syllables. Sometimes the meaning may change as in maayo nga aga and maayong aga. The first meaning: (the) good morning; while the other is the greeting for 'good morning'.

The linker ka is used if a number modifies a noun.

Example:

Anum ka ido
six dogs

Interrogative words

The interrogative words of Hiligaynon are as follows: diin, san-o, sin-o, nga-a, kamusta, ano, and pila

Diin means where.
Example:
Diin ka na subong?
"Where are you now?"

A derivation of diin, tagadiin, is used to inquire the birthplace or hometown of the listener.
Example:
Tagadiin ka?
"Where are you from?"

San-o means when
Example:
San-o inâ?
"When is that?"

Sin-o means who
Example:
Sin-o imo abyan?
"Who is your friend?"

Nga-a means why
Example:
Nga-a indi ka magkadto?
"Why won't you go?"

Kamusta means how, as in "How are you?"
Example:
Kamusta ang tindahan?
"How is the store?"

Ano means what
Example:
Ano ang imo ginabasa?
"What are you reading?"

A derivative of ano, paano, means how, as in "How do I do that?"
Example:
Paano ko makapulî?
"How can I get home?"

A derivative of paano is paanoano an archaic phrase which can be compared with kamusta
Example:
Paanoano ikaw?
"How art thou?"

Pila means how much/how many
Example:
Pila ang maupod sa imo?
"How many are with you?"

A derivative of pila, ikapila, asks the numerical order of the person, as in, "What place were you born in your family?"(first-born, second-born, etc.) This word is notoriously difficult to translate into English, as English has no equivalent.
Example:
Ikapila ka sa inyo pamilya?
"What place were you born into your family?"

A derivative of pila, tagpila, asks the monetary value of something, as in, "How much is this beef?"
Example:
Tagpila ini nga karne sang baka?
"How much is this beef?"

Verbs

Focus

See also: Austronesian alignment

As it is essential for sentence structure and meaning, focus is a key concept in Hiligaynon and other Philippine languages. In English, in order to emphasize a part of a sentence, variation in intonation is usually employed – the voice is stronger or louder on the part emphasized. For example:

1. The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister.
2. The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister.
3. The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister.
4. The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister.
5. The man is stealing rice from the market for his sister with his hands.

Furthermore, active and passive grammatical constructions can be used in English to place focus on the actor or object as the subject:

The man stole the rice. vs. The rice was stolen by the man.

In contrast, sentence focus in Philippine languages is built into the construction by grammatical elements. Focus is marked by verbal affixes and a special particle prior to the noun in focus. Consider the following Hiligaynon translations of the above sentences:

1. Nagakawat ang lalaki sang bugas sa tinda para sa iya utod.
2. Ginakawat sang lalaki ang bugas sa tinda para sa iya utod.
3. Ginakawatan sang lalaki sang bugas ang tinda para sa iya utod.
4. Ginakawatan sang lalaki sang bugas sa tinda ang iya utod.
5. Ikawat sang lalaki sang bugas sa tinda para sa iya utod ang iya kamot.

(lalaki = man; kawat = to steal; bugas = rice; tinda = market; sister = utod; kamot = hand)

Summary

Trigger, Mode and Aspect Affixes for Hiligaynon

TRIGGER		ASPECT	MODE
			Neutral	Purposive	Durative	Causative	Distributive	Cooperative	Dubitative
Agent	Goal	Unreal	-on	pag—on	paga—on	pa—on	pang—on	pakig—on	iga—on
		Real	gin-	gin-	gina-	ginpa-	ginpang-	ginpakig-	ø
	Referent	Unreal	-an	pag—an	paga—an	pa—an	pang—an	pakig—an	iga—an
		Real	gin—an	gin—an	gina—an	ginpa—an	ginpang—an	ginpakig—an	ø
	Accessory	Unreal	i-	ipag-	ipaga-	ipa-	ipang-	ipakig-	iga-
		Real	gin-	gin-	gina-	ginpa-	ginpang-	ginpakig-	ø
	Actor	Unreal	-um-	mag-	maga-	ø	mang-	makig-	ø
		Real	-um-	nag-	naga-	ø	nang-	nakig-	ø
Patient	Actor	Unreal	maka-	makapag-	makapaga-	makapa-	makapang-	mapapakig-	ø
		Real	naka-	nakapag-	nakapaga-	nakapa-	nakapang-	napapakig-	ø
	Goal	Unreal	ma-	mapag-	mapaga-	mapa-	mapang-	mapakig-	ø
		Real	na-	napag-	napaga-	napa-	napang-	napakig-	ø

Reduplication

Hiligaynon, like other Philippine languages, employs reduplication, the repetition of a root or stem of a word or part of a word for grammatical or semantic purposes. Reduplication in Hiligaynon tends to be limited to roots instead of affixes, as the only inflectional or derivational morpheme that seems to reduplicate is -pa-. Root reduplication suggests 'non-perfectiveness' or 'non-telicity'. Used nominally, reduplication of roots indicate particulars which are not fully actualized members of their class. Note the following examples.

(1)	balày-bálay
	house-house
	toy-house, playhouse

(2)	maèstra-maéstra
	teacher-teacher
	make-believe teacher

Reduplication of verbal roots suggests a process lacking a focus or decisive goal. The following examples describe events which have no apparent end, in the sense of lacking purpose or completion. A lack of seriousness may also be implied. Similarly, reduplication can suggest a background process in the midst of a foreground activity, as shown in (5).

(3)	Nag-a-	hìbî-híbî	ang	bátâ.
	NAG-IMP-	cry-cry	FOC	child
	The child has been crying and crying.

(4)	Nag-a-	tìnlo-tínlo	akò	sang	lamésa
	NAG-IMP-	clean-clean	1SG.FOC	UNFOC	table
	I'm just cleaning off the table (casually).

(5)	Nag-a-	kàon-káon	gid	silá	sang	mag-abót	ang	íla	bisíta.
	NAG-IMP-	eat-eat	just	3PL.FOC	UNFOC	MAG-arrive	FOC	3PL.UNFOC	visitor
	They were just eating when their visitor arrived.

When used with adjectival roots, non-telicity may suggest a gradualness of the quality, such as the comparison in (6). In comparative constructions the final syllables of each occurrence of the reduplicated root are accented. If the stress of the second occurrence is shifted to the first syllable, then the reduplicated root suggests a superlative degree, as in (7). Note that superlatives can also be created through prefixation of pinaka- to the root, as in pinaka-dakô. While non-telicity can suggest augmentation, as shown in (7), it can also indicate diminishment as in shown in (9), in contrast with (8) (note the stress contrast). In (8b), maàyoáyo, accented in the superlative pattern, suggests a trajectory of improvement that has not been fully achieved. In (9b), maàyoayó suggests a trajectory of decline when accented in the comparative pattern. The reduplicated áyo implies sub-optimal situations in both cases; full goodness/wellness is not achieved.

(6)	Iní	nga	kwárto	ma-dulùm-dulúm	sang	sa	sinâ
	this.FOC	LINK	room	MA-dark-dark	UNFOC	OBL	that.UNFOC
	This room is darker than that one.

(7)	(a)	dakô-dakô
		big-big
		bigger
	(b)	dakô-dákô (gid)
		big-big (really)
		biggest

(8)	(a)	Ma-áyo	ang	reló.
		MA-good	FOC	watch
		The watch is good/functional.
	(b)	Ma-àyo-áyo	na	ang	reló.
		MA-good-good	now	FOC	watch
		The watch is semi-fixed.

(9)	(a)	Ma-áyo	akó.
		MA-good	1SG.FOC
		I'm well.
	(b)	Ma-àyo-ayó	na	akó.
		MA-good-good	now	1SG.FOC
		I'm so so.

Sounds

Hiligaynon has sixteen consonants: /p t k b d ɡ m n ŋ s h w l ɾ j/. There are three main vowels: /a/, /ɛ ~ i/, and /o ~ ʊ/. [i] and [ɛ] (both spelled i) are allophones, with [i] in the beginning and middle and sometimes final syllables and [ɛ] in final syllables. The vowels [ʊ] and [o] are also allophones, with [ʊ] always being used when it is the beginning of a syllable, and [o] always used when it ends a syllable. Consonants [d] and [ɾ] were once allophones but cannot interchange as in other Philippine languages: patawaron (to forgive) [from patawad, forgiveness] but not patawadon, and tagadiín (from where) [from diín, where] but not tagariín.

Loan words

Hiligaynon has a large number of words that derive from Spanish words including nouns (e.g., santo from santo, saint), adjectives (e.g., berde from verde, green), prepositions (e.g., antes from antes, before), and conjunctions (e.g., pero from pero, but). Moreover, Spanish provides the Ilonggo base for items introduced by Spain, e.g., barko (barco, ship), sapatos (zapatos, shoes), kutsilyo (cuchillo, knife), kutsara (cuchara, spoon), tenedor (fork), plato (plate), kamiseta (camiseta, shirt), and kambiyo (cambio, change).

Spanish verbs used in Hiligaynon often remain unconjugated (have the verb endings -ar, -er or -ir) which in Filipino would almost always be conjugated in the 'vos' form, e.g., komparar, mandar, pasar, tener, disponer, mantener, and asistir.

Examples

Numbers

Number	Hiligaynon
1	Isá
2	Duhá
3	Tatlo
4	Apat
5	Limá
6	Anum
7	Pitó
8	Waló
9	Siyám
10	Púlô
100	Gatús
1000	Libó
First	Tig-una
Second	Ika-duhá
Third	Ikatlo / Ika-tatlo
Fourth	Ikap-at / ika-apat
Fifth	Ika-limá
Sixth	Ikan-um / ika-anum
Seventh	Ika-pitó
Eighth	Ika-waló
Ninth	Ika-siyám
Tenth	Ika-púlô

Days of the week

The names of the days of the week are derived from their Spanish equivalents.

Day	Adlaw
Sunday	Domingo
Monday	Lunes
Tuesday	Martes
Wednesday	Miyerkoles
Thursday	Huwebes
Friday	Biyernes
Saturday	Sabadó

Months of the year

The first set of Hiligaynon names of the months are derived from Spanish.

Month	Bulan
January	Enero; ulalong
February	Pebrero; dagangkahoy
March	Marso; dagangbulan
April	Abril; kiling
May	Mayo; himabuyan
June	Hunio; kabay
July	Hulyo; hidapdapan
August	Agosto; lubad-lubad
September	Septiyembre; kangurolsol
October	Oktubre; bagyo-bagyo
November	Nobiyembre; panglot-diotay
December	Dissiyembre; panglot-daku

Quick phrases

English	Hiligaynon
Yes.	Hu-o.
No.	Indî.
Thank you.	Salamat.
I'm sorry.	Patawaron mo ako. / Pasaylo-a 'ko. / Pasensyahon mo ako. / Pasensya na.
Help me!	Buligi ako! / Tabangi (a)ko! /
Delicious!	Namit!
Take care.	Halong.
Are you mad?	Akig ka?
I don't know.	Ambot. / Wala ko kabalo.
That's wonderful!	Námì-námì bala! / Nami ah!

Greetings

English	Hiligaynon
Good morning.	Maayong aga.
Good noon.	Maayong ugto./Maayong udto
Good afternoon.	Maayong hapon.
Good evening.	Maayong gab-i.
How are you?	Kamusta ka?/Kamusta ikaw?/Musta na?
I'm fine.	Maayo man.
I am fine, how about you?	Maayo man, ikaw ya?
How old are you?	Pila na ang edad (ni)mo? / Ano ang edad mo? / Pila ka-tuig ka na?
I am 25 years old.	Beinte singko anyos na (a)ko./ Duha ka pulo kag lima ka tuig na (a)ko.
I am Erman.	Ako si Erman./Si Erman ako.
What is your name?	Ano imo ngalan?/ Ano ngalan (ni)mo?
I love you.	Palangga ta ka./Ginahigugma ko ikaw.
Thank you very much.	Salamat gid./ Madamo gid nga salamat.

This, that, and whatnot...

English	Hiligaynon
What is this?	Ano (i)ni?
This is a sheet of paper.	Isa ni ka panid sang papel./Isa ka panid ka papel ini.
What is that?	Ano (i)nâ?
That is a book.	Libro (i)nâ.
What will you do?	Ano ang himu-on (ni)mo? / Ano ang buhaton (ni)mo? / Maano ka?
What are you doing?	Ano ang ginahimo (ni)mo? / Gaano ka?
I don't know.	Ambot / wala ko kabalo
My girl friend/boy friend	Ang akon miga/migo
My girlfriend/boyfriend	Ang akon uyab

Space and time

English	Hiligaynon
Where are you now?	Diin ka subong?
Where shall we go?	Diin (ki)ta makadto?
Where are we going?	Diin (ki)ta pakadto?
Where are you going?	(Sa) diin ka makadto?
We shall go to Bacolod.	Makadto (ki)ta sa Bacolod.
I am going home.	Mapa-uli na ko (sa balay). / (Ma)puli na ko.
Where do you live?	Diin ka naga-istar?/Diin ka naga-puyô?
Where did you come from? (Where have you just been?)	Diin ka (nag)-halin?
Have you been here long?	Dugay ka na di(ri)?
(To the) left.	(Sa) wala.
(To the) right.	(Sa) tuô.
What time is it?	Ano('ng) takna na?/Ano('ng) oras na?
It's ten o'clock.	Alas diyes na.
What time is it now?	Ano ang oras subong? or Ano oras na?

The marketplace

English	Hiligaynon
May I buy?	Pwede ko ma(g)-bakal?
How much is this/that?	Tag-pilá iní/inâ?

The Lord's Prayer

The Ten Commandments in Hiligaynon in Molo Church at Molo, Iloilo.

Amay namon, nga yara ka sa mga langit
Pagdayawon ang imo ngalan
Umabot sa amon ang imo ginharian
Matuman ang imo buot
Diri sa duta subong sang sa langit
Hatagan mo kami nian sing kan-on namon
Sa matag-adlaw
Kag ipatawad mo ang mga sala namon
Subong nga ginapatawad namon ang nakasala sa amon
Kag dili mo kami nga ipagpadaug sa mga panulay
Gino-o luwason mo kami sa kalaut
Amen.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Ang Kalibutanon nga Pahayag sang mga Katarungang Pangkataohan)

“

Ang tanan nga tao ginbun-ag nga hilway kag may pag-alalangay sa dungog kag katarungan. Sila ginhatagan sang pagpamat-od kag konsensya kag nagakadapat nga magbinuligay sa kahulugan sang pag-inuturay.

”

“

Every person is born free and equal with honor and rights. They are given reason and conscience and they must always trust each other for the spirit of brotherhood.

”

Children's books

Ang Bukid Nga Nagpalangga Sang Pispis

Ang Bukid Nga Nagpalangga Sang Pispis is a fully illustrated, colored children's picture book. The original story is The Mountain That Loved A Bird by Alice McLerran. Originally published in the United States with illustrations by Eric Carle, the story has been translated to Hiligaynon by Genevieve L. Asenjo and illustrated with new art by Beaulah Pedregosa Taguiwalo drawn from the landscapes of the Philippines.

The publisher is Mother Tongue Publishing Inc.[1], a new publishing company based in Manila, Philippines formed in November 2006 by Mario and Beaulah Taguiwalo. Their mission is to publish books in as many languages as possible. They are inspired by the words of science fiction writer Ursula K. Le Guin: “Literature takes shape and life in the body, in the wombs of the mother tongue.”^{[citation needed]} They also agree with neuro-scientist Elkhonon Goldberg who refers to mother tongues as “an extremely adaptive and powerful device for modeling not only what is, but also what will be, what could be, and what we want and do not want to be.”^{[citation needed]}

See also

• Languages of the Philippines
• Kinaray-a language

Noted Hiligaynon Writers

• Antonio Ledesma Jayme (1854–1937) Lawyer, revolutionary, provincial governor and assemblyman. Born in Jaro.
• Graciano López Jaena (1856–1896) Journalist, orator, and revolutionary from Iloilo, well known for his written works, La Solidaridad and Fray Botod. Born in Jaro.
• Flavio Zaragoza y Cano (1892–1994) Lawyer, journalist and the "Prince of Visayan poets". Born in Janipaan. [2][3].
• Conrado Saquian Norada (1921– ) Lawyer, intelligence officer and governor of Iloilo from 1969–1986. Co-founder and editor of Yuhum magazine. Born in Iloilo City. [4]
• Ramon Muzones (?-?) Born in Molo. [5]
• Magdalena Jalandoni (1891–1978) Prolific writer, novelist and feminist. Born in Jaro.[6]
• Angel Magahum Sr. (1876–1931) Writer, editor and composer. Composed the classic Iloilo ang Banwa Ko, the unofficial song of Iloilo. Born in Molo.[7][8]
• Jimeno Damaso
• Serapion Torre Born in Mandurriao.
• Valente Cristobal (1875–1945) Noted Hiligaynon playwright. Born in Polo (now Valenzuela City), Bulacan. [9]
• Agustin Sayno of Arevalo
• Salvador Magnoer

References

• English-Tagalog Ilongo Dictionary (2007) by Tomas Alvarez Abuyen, National Book Store. ISBN 9710868659.

External links

• Ethnologue report for Hiligaynon
• Omniglot on Hiligaynon Writing
• Ilonggo Community & Discussion Board

Dictionaries

• Hiligaynon to English Dictionary
• English to Hiligaynon Dictionary
• Bansa.org Hiligaynon Dictionary
• Kaufmann's 1934 Hiligaynon dictionary on-line
• Diccionario de la lengua Bisaya Hiligueina y Haraya de la Isla de Panay (by Alonso de Méntrida, published in 1841)

Learning Resources

• Some information about learning Ilonggo
• Hiligaynon Lessons (by Cecile L. Motus. 1971)
• Hiligaynon Reference Grammar (by Elmer Wolfenden 1971)

Writing System (Baybayin)

• Baybayin – The Ancient Script of the Philippines
• The evolution of the native Hiligaynon alphabet
• The evolution of the native Hiligaynon alphabet: Genocide
• The importance of the Hiligaynon 32-letter alphabet

Primary Texts

• Online E-book of Ang panilit sa pagcasal ñga si D.ª Angela Dionicia: sa mercader ñga contragusto in Hiligaynon, published in Mandurriao, Iloilo (perhaps, in the early 20th century)

Secondary Literature

• Language and Desire in Hiligaynon (by Corazón D. Villareal. 2006)
• Missionary Linguistics: selected papers from the First International Conference on Missionary Linguistics, Oslo, March 13–16th, 2003 (ed. by Otto Zwartjes and Even Hovdhaugen