Tangut script
| Tangut |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| Type | Logographic |
| Languages | Tangut language |
| Creator | Yeli Renrong |
| Time period | 1036–1502 |
| Parent systems |
Chinese
|
| ISO 15924 | Tang, 520 |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols. | |
The Tangut script (Chinese: 西夏文 xī xià wén) was a logographic writing system, used for writing the extinct Tangut language of the Western Xia Dynasty. According to the latest count, 5863 Tangut characters are known, excluding variants.[1] The Tangut characters are similar in appearance to Chinese characters, with the same type of strokes, but the methods of forming characters in the Tangut writing system are significantly different from those of forming Chinese characters. As in Chinese calligraphy, regular, running, cursive and seal scripts were used Tangut writing. The codification of the Tangut script in Unicode is still in progress,[2] but there are some Tangut fonts available, including the set provided by Mojikyo.
According to the Songshi (宋史, English: "History of Song Dynasty"), the script was designed by the high-ranking official Yeli Renrong under Western Xia Emperor Li Yuanhao's supervision in 1036.[3] The script was invented in a short period of time, and was put into use quickly. Government schools were founded to teach the script. Official documents were written in the script (with diplomatic ones written bilingually). A great number of Buddhist scriptures were translated from Tibetan and Chinese, and block printed in the script.[4] Although the dynasty collapsed in 1227, the script continued to be used for another few centuries. One of the last examples is a stone tower inscribed in 1502. The script was inspired by Chinese characters, being of the same design.[5][6] The Tangut script is part of the Chinese family of scripts.[7]
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[edit] Structure
Tangut characters can be divided into two classes: simple and composite. The latter are more numerous. The simple characters can be either semantic or phonetic. None of the Tangut characters are pictographic, while some of the Chinese characters were at the time of their creations; this is one of the major differences between Tangut and Chinese characters.
Most composite characters comprise two components. A few comprise three or four. A component can be a simple character, or part of a composite character. The composite characters include semantic-semantic ones and semantic-phonetic ones. A few special composite characters were made for transliterating Chinese and Sanskrit.
There are a number of pairs of special composite characters worth noting. The members of such a pair have the same components, only the location of the components in them is different (e.g. AB vs. BA, ABC vs. ACB). The members of such a pair have very similar meanings.
[edit] References
- Grinstead, Eric (1972). Analysis of the Tangut Script. Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies Monograph Series No. 10. Lund: Studentlitteratur.
- Kychanov, E.I. (1996). "Tangut", in Peter T. Daniels & William Bright (ed.), The World's Writing Systems, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195079930, pp. 228–9.
- (Japanese) Nishida Tatsuo 西田龍雄 (1994). Seika moji: sono kaidoku no purosesu (西夏文字 : その解讀のプロセス "Xixia script: the process of its decipherment"). Tokyo: Kinokuniya shoten. ISBN 4314006323.
- (Chinese) Shi Jinbo 史金波 (1981). "Lüelu Xixia wenzi de gouzao" (略论西夏文字的构造 "A sketch of the structure of the Tangut script"), in Minzu yuwen lunji (民族语文论集 "A collection of essays concerning the languages of the ethnic minorities"), Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, pp. 192–226.
[edit] Notes
- ^ (Chinese) 《西夏文字共有５８６３个正字》，宁夏新闻网
- ^ Dr. Richard S. Cook, "Xīxià Orthography and Unicode: Research notes toward a Unicode encoding of Xīxià (Tangut)", Unicode Organization
- ^ (Chinese) 《宋史‧卷四百八十五‧列传第二百四十四‧外国一‧夏国上》
- ^ (Chinese) 徐庄，《略谈西夏雕版印刷在中国出版史中的地位》，出版学术网
- ^ Jacques Gernet (1996). A history of Chinese civilization. Cambridge University Press. p. 356. ISBN 0521497817. http://books.google.com/books?id=jqb7L-pKCV8C&dq=A+history+of+Chinese+civilization&q=hsia+script#v=snippet&q=hsia%20script%20tibeto%20burman&f=false. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- ^ Jacques Gernet (1996). A history of Chinese civilization. Cambridge University Press. p. 34. ISBN 0521497817. http://books.google.com/books?id=jqb7L-pKCV8C&dq=A+history+of+Chinese+civilization&q=hsia+script#v=onepage&q=hsia%20script%20%20writing%20inspired%20east%20asia&f=false. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- ^ Professor ZHOU Youguang (September 1991). "The Family of Chinese Character-Type Scripts (Twenty Members and Four Stages of Development)". In Victor H. Mair. Sino-Platonic Papers, 28. http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp028_chinese_scripts.html. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
[edit] External links
- Tangut script at Omniglot
- Andrew West, Tangut coins
- (Japanese) Sample Tangut characters at Mojikyo
- (Japanese) 大西 磨希子・北本 朝展，『文字が語りかける民族意識：カラホトと西夏文字』，ディジタル・シルクロード
- (Chinese) 史金波，《西夏文字是有规律的文字吗？》，宁夏新闻网
