Enochian

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the reputed angelic language recorded in the journals of John Dee. For Dee's overall system of angel magic, see Enochian magic. For other examples of divine or angelic languages, see Divine language.
Enochian
John Dee Ashmolean.jpg
Created by John Dee, Edward Kelley
Setting and usage occult journals
Purpose
Writing system Enochian script
Language codes
ISO 639-3 None (mis)

Enochian is a name often applied to an occult or angelic language recorded in the private journals of John Dee and his colleague Edward Kelley in late 16th century England. Dee straddled the worlds of science and magic just as they were becoming distinguishable, and Kelley was a spirit medium who worked with Dee in his magical investigations. The men claimed that the language was revealed to them by angels. Some contemporary scholars of magic consider it a constructed language that is nonetheless viable for magical workings, while scholars of constructed languages simply consider it a very poor imitation of an ancient language, with grammar derived primarily from English.[citation needed] The language is integral to the practice of Enochian magic.

The language found in Dee and Kelley's journals encompasses a limited textual corpus, only some of it with English translations. Several linguists, notably Donald Laycock, have studied Enochian, and argue against any extraordinary features in the language.

Dee's journals did not describe the language as "Enochian", instead preferring descriptors like "Angelical", the "Celestial Speech", the "Language of Angels", the "First Language of God-Christ", the "Holy Language", or "Adamical" because, according to Dee's Angels, it was used by Adam in Paradise to name all things. The term "Enochian" comes from Dee's assertion that the Biblical Patriarch Enoch had been the last human (before Dee and Kelley) to know the language.

Contents

Dee's Angelic language [edit]

According to Tobias Churton in his text The Golden Builders,[1] the concept of an Angelic or antediluvian language was common during Dee's time. If one could speak with angels, it was believed one could directly interact with them.

In 1581, Dee mentioned in his personal journals that God had sent "good angels" to communicate directly with prophets. In 1582, Dee teamed up with the seer Edward Kelley, although Dee had used several other seers previously.[2] With Kelley's help as a scryer, Dee set out to establish lasting contact with the angels. Their work resulted, among other things, in the reception of the Enochian or Angelical language.

According to Dee's journals,[3] Angelical was supposed to have been the language God used to create the world, and which was later used by Adam to speak with God and the angels, and to name all things in existence. After his Fall from Paradise, Adam lost the language and constructed a form of proto-Hebrew based upon his vague memory of Angelical. This proto-Hebrew, then, was the universal human language until the time of the Confusion of Tongues at the Tower of Babel. After this, all the various human languages were developed, including an even more modified Hebrew (which we know as "Biblical Hebrew"). From the time of Adam to the time of Dee and Kelley, Angelical was hidden from humans with the single exception of the patriarch Enoch who, according to the angels, recorded the "Book of Loagaeth" (Speech From God) for humanity. The book was then lost again in the Deluge of Noah.

The reception of Enochian started on March 26, 1583, when Kelley reported visions in the crystal of the twenty-one lettered alphabet characteristic of the language. A few days later, Kelley started receiving what became the first corpus of texts in the purported Angelic language. This resulted in the book Liber Loagaeth ("Book [of] Speech from God"). The book consists of 49 great letter tables, or squares made of 49 by 49 letters (however, each table has a front and back side—making 98 49x49 tables in all).[4] Dee and Kelley said the angels never bothered translating the texts in this book.

The other set of Enochian texts was received through Kelley about a year later, in Krakow. These are more important since they come with English translations, thus providing the basis for the Enochian vocabulary. The texts comprise 48 poetic verses, which in Dee's manuscripts are called "Claves Angelicae", or "Angelic Keys". The Keys are assigned certain functions within the magical system. Dee was apparently intending to use these Keys to "open the 49 Gates of Wisdom/Understanding" represented by the 49 magic squares in Liber Loagaeth:

I am therefore to instruct and inform you, according to your Doctrine delivered, which is contained in 49 Tables. In 49 voices, or callings: which are the Natural Keys to open those, not 49 but 48 (for one is not to be opened) Gates of Understanding, whereby you shall have knowledge to move every Gate…[5]
But you shall understand that these 19 Calls are the Calls, or entrances into the knowledge of the mystical Tables. Every Table containing one whole leaf, whereunto you need no other circumstances.[6]

While these texts contain most of the vocabulary, dozens of further words are found hidden throughout Dee's journals, and thousands of undefined words are contained in the Liber Loagaeth. Marked stylistic differences between the words in Loagaeth and in the Keys have led some present-day magicians to assume that these represent two different "dialects" of the language[citation needed].

Alphabet [edit]

The Enochian script is written from right to left, and may include accents. Different documents have slightly different forms of the script. Some of the letter names are pronounced as they would be in English, but many are pronounced differently. The Enochian letters have English letter equivalents.[7] A number of different fonts for the Enochian alphabet are available, which use the English letter equivalents to access the Enochian glyphs.[8][9][10][11]

The Enochian alphabet with letter forms, letter names, English equivalents, and pronunciation of the letter names (pronunciation in quotes if different than English).[7][12] The Enochian letters in this chart are read from right to left, as written in John Dee's diary.[13]

Skeptical and linguistic evaluations [edit]

Skeptics have pointed to this discrepancy between the two revealed sets of Enochian texts as an indication that Enochian is not a consistent language.[14] For instance, it has been noted, especially by the Australian linguist Donald Laycock, that the texts in the Loagaeth material show phonetic features that do not generally appear in natural languages.[15] Rather, the features shown are commonly found in instances of glossolalia, suggesting that Kelley actually produced at least this set of writings via "speaking in tongues."

Building on Laycock’s linguistic analysis, skeptics also point out that there are even problems with holding that the texts of the Enochian keys represent a genuine natural language. It is observed that the syntax of the Enochian calls is almost identical with that of English.[16] Also, the very scant evidence of Enochian verb conjugation seems quite reminiscent of English, more so than with Semitic languages as Hebrew or Arabic, which Dee claimed were debased versions of the original Angelic language.[16] There are only two known verbs with conjugations, one of which, "to be," is highly irregular.[17] While some phonetic features of Enochian show a connection to glossolalia, others show similarities to the English language. Both languages have soft and hard consonants such as c and g, and combine s and h to make the sh sound.

As for the semantics of Enochian, additional similarities to English have been found. For example, luciftias, a term meaning brightness, may very possibly have a connection to Lucifer, whose name means "light bringer." Londoh, a word meaning kingdom, may have come from Dee's admiration for the Queen of England. These and other examples have led skeptics to believe that many of these terms are derived from notions that would have been contemporary in Dee and Kelley's time.

Enochian in popular culture [edit]

Games [edit]

  • In Platinum Games' action game Bayonetta, spells and certain bits of dialogue are in Enochian.[18]
  • The final spell in The Black Mirror point-and-click horror adventure game and its sequel Black Mirror II is in Enochian.
  • The vocal sections of the soundtrack of Dante's Inferno are sung in Enochian.
  • Some clues left by John Dee in Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception are written in Enochian text.
  • In Valve Software's Dota 2, the timer for Roshan's resurrection displays Enochian characters instead of a typical clock's numerical system.
  • In Ubisoft's Zombi U, The Black Prophecy is delivered from Dee's Enochian Manuscript.

Music [edit]

Novels [edit]

  • In John Connolly's 2009 novel The Lovers, the two evil angels Anmael and Semjaza each have a letter tattooed or burned on one arm (Un for Anmael and Fam for Semjaza, although Connolly misidentifies Un as "Und"). Each one also leaves his or her letter carved on or near a victim.
  • The Horus Heresy novel A Thousand Sons by Graham McNeill, Book 12 in the Horus Heresy book series, references the Enochian language. In the story, a scribe to the Primarch Magnus, has written numerous entries in Magnus' grimoire in an unknown language. Another Thousand Sons character recognizes the writings as Enochian.[19]
  • Sir Terry Pratchett's Discworld series uses English, written with Enochian letters as a cipher alphabet, as the language of the Golems.
  • Cotten Stone of the Cotten Stone thriller novels, by authors Lynn Sholes and Joe Moore, can speak Enochian because she is the daughter of Furmiel, a fallen angel.[citation needed]
  • Charles Stross' The Laundry series uses Enochian as a magical programming language.
  • In the 1997 comic book/graphic novel Manga Shi (comics) and Vampirella crossover, the former steals an artifact worn by the latter and discovers that it bears an Enochian inscription which reads simply, "I will always love you, mother."

Television and movies [edit]

Text document with red question mark.svg
 This section's listed sources may not meet Wikipedia's guidelines for reliable sources. Please help by checking whether the references meet the criteria for reliable sources. (November 2011)
  • In season five of the television series Angel, recurring villain Lindsey McDonald has symbols derived from Enochian tattooed on his body to avoid detection by any means other than the naked eye, including the powers of the Senior Partners. Later in the same season, his lover Eve hides out in a house with the same symbols painted on the walls.[original research?]
  • In the anime Hetalia, England is shown casting an Enochian curse on Germany, describing it as his secret weapon.
  • In the 2010 movie Legion, the tattoos on the body of Michael, and later on Jeep's body, are Enochian.[20]
  • Several episodes of Supernatural feature references to Enochian. Castiel, an angel, etches Enochian sigils into the ribs of Sam and Dean Winchester to hide them from the sight of all angels. According to Castiel, the phrase 'you breed with the mouth of a goat' is funnier in Enochian.
  • In television, The Simpsons episode with "Sideshow Bob" satirizes a Republican party gathering where the participants greet each other with an Enochian call, as identified by the writers and producers on the DVD commentary.
  • In the anime Yu-Gi-Oh!, a card called "The Seal of Orichalcos" is used prominently during the fourth season of the second-series anime. The letters on the Seal are in Enochian, spelling "Oreichalcos". In the original Japanese airing, the card's name and lore are also written in Enochian, the latter spelling out a message in romanized Japanese. All cards used by the character Dartz, the leader of the group using "The Seal of Orichalcos" and the prince of Atlantis, had their names and effects written in Enochian as well.

See also [edit]

References [edit]

  1. ^ Churton, Tobias (2002). The Golden Builders. Signal Publishing. ISBN 0-9543309-0-0. 
  2. ^ Deborah Harkness, John Dee's Conversations with Angels, 16-17.
  3. ^ Now in various collections of the British Library. See especially Sloane MSS 3188, 3189 and 3191, and Cotton Appendix XLVI. All the above are available in digital scans at : http://www.themagickalreview.org/enochian/mss/.
  4. ^ This book is now in the British Library, MS Sloane 3189.
  5. ^ The angel Nalvage, cited in Casaubon ed., A True and Faithful Relation…, p. 77
  6. ^ The angel Illemese, cited in Casaubon ed., A True and Faithful Relation…, p. 199)
  7. ^ a b "The Angelic or Enochian Alphabet". The Magickal Review. 2005. 
  8. ^ "Enochian Materials". The Magickal Review. 
  9. ^ Gerald J. Schueler, Betty Jane Schueler (font: 2001). "Download fonts". Schueler's Online. 
  10. ^ James A. Eshelman (2001). "Enochian Elemental Tablets". AumHa. 
  11. ^ "Enochian Font". Esoteric Order of the Golden Dawn. 2007. 
  12. ^ "Enochian alphabet and fonts". Omniglot. 
  13. ^ John Dee (1582). "MS. Sloane 3188". The Magickal Review. p. 103v-104r. 
  14. ^ See Donald Laycock, "Enochian: Angelic language or mortal folly?", 19-64 in The Complete Enochian Dictionary.
  15. ^ Laycock, "Enochian: Angelic language or mortal folly?", p.33.
  16. ^ a b Laycock, p. 43.
  17. ^ http://skepsis.no/?p=552
  18. ^ "Butmoni Coronzon (From the Mouth of the Witch) « PlatinumGames Inc". Platinumgames.com. 2009-12-11. Retrieved 2010-08-02. 
  19. ^ McNeill, Graham (2010). A thousand sons: all is dust... (mass market paperback) (print). Horus Heresy [book series] 12. Cover art & illustration by Neil Roberts (1st UK ed.). Nottingham, UK: Black Library. pp. 166–167. ISBN 978-1-84416-808-8. 
  20. ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1038686/trivia

Sources [edit]

  • DeSalvo, John (2011). Decoding the Enochian Secrets: God’s Most Holy Book to Mankind as Received by Dr. John Dee from Angelic Messengers. Rochester, VT: Destiny Books. ISBN 1594773645. 
  • DeSalvo, John (2010). The Lost Art of Enochian Magic: Angels, Invocations, and the Secrets Revealed to Dr. John Dee. Rochester, VT: Destiny Books. ISBN 1594773440. 
  • Eco, Umberto (1997). The Search for the Perfect Language. London: Fontana Press. ISBN 0006863787. 
  • Leitch, Aaron (2010). The Angelical Language, Volume I: The Complete History and Mythos of the Tongue of Angels. Woodbury, MN: Llewellyn Publications. ISBN 0738714909. 
  • Leitch, Aaron (2010). The Angelical Language, Volume II: An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the Tongue of Angels. Woodbury, MN: Llewellyn Publications. ISBN 0738714917. 
  • Laycock, Donald; DuQuette, Lon Milo, eds. (2001). The Complete Enochian Dictionary: A Dictionary of the Angelic Language As Revealed to Dr. John Dee and Edward Kelley. Boston: Weiser. ISBN 1578632544. 
  • Peterson, Joseph H., ed. (2003). John Dee's Five Books of Mystery: Original Sourcebook of Enochian Magic: From the Collected Works Known as Mysteriorum Libri Quinque. Boston: Weiser Books. ISBN 1578631785. 
  • Tyson, Donald (1997). Enochian Magic for Beginners: The Original System of Angel Magic. St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn Publications. ISBN 1567187471. 
  • Yates, Frances (1979). The Occult Philosophy in the Elizabethan Age. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415254094. 

External links [edit]
Types and concepts
Conlangs
Comparisons
Resources
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enochian&oldid=555284266"