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Thomas Brackett Reed

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Thomas Brackett Reed
Reed c. 1870s
32nd Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
In office
December 2, 1895 – September 4, 1899
Preceded byCharles F. Crisp
Succeeded byDavid B. Henderson
In office
December 4, 1889 – March 3, 1891
Preceded byJohn G. Carlisle
Succeeded byCharles F. Crisp
Leader of the
House Republican Conference
In office
December 4, 1889 – March 3, 1899
Preceded byJames G. Blaine
Succeeded byDavid B. Henderson
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Maine's 1st district
In office
March 4, 1877 – September 4, 1899
Preceded byJohn H. Burleigh
Succeeded byAmos L. Allen
Maine Attorney General
In office
1870–1872
GovernorJoshua Chamberlain
Sidney Perham
Preceded byWilliam P. Frye
Succeeded byHarris M. Plaisted
Member of the Maine Senate
In office
1870
Member of the Maine House of Representatives
In office
1868–1869
Personal details
Born(1839-10-18)October 18, 1839
Portland, Maine, U.S.
DiedDecember 7, 1902(1902-12-07) (aged 63)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Resting placeEvergreen Cemetery, Portland, Maine
Political partyRepublican
Spouse
Susan P. Merrill
​
(m. 1871)​
ChildrenKatherine Reed Balentine
Alma materBowdoin College
ProfessionAttorney
Signature

Thomas Brackett Reed (October 18, 1839 – December 7, 1902) was an American politician from the state of Maine. A member of the Republican Party, he was elected to the United States House of Representatives 12 times, first in 1876, and served as Speaker of the House, from 1889 to 1891 and again from 1895 to 1899.

Occasionally ridiculed as "Czar Reed", he had great influence over the agenda and operations of the House, more so than any previous speaker. He increased the Speaker's power by instituting the "Reed Rules," which limited the ability of the minority party to prevent the establishment of a quorum.

Reed helped pass the Lodge Bill, which sought to protect African American voting rights in the Southern United States, but the bill failed to pass in the Senate and never became law. He opposed the Spanish–American War and resigned from Congress in 1899.

Early career

Reed was born in Portland, Maine on October 18, 1839 to Matilda Prince (Mitchell) and Thomas B. Reed.[1] Reed attended public schools, including Portland High School, before attending Bowdoin College, from which he graduated in 1860.

Afterward, he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1865. He was an acting assistant paymaster for the United States Navy during the Civil War, from April 1864 to November 1865. He practiced in Portland and was elected to the Maine House of Representatives in 1868 and 1869. He served in the Maine Senate in 1870 but left to serve as the state's Attorney General from 1870 to 1872.[2] Reed became city solicitor of Portland from 1874 to 1877 before being elected as a Republican to the 45th Congress in 1876.[3]

House of Representatives

He was known for his acerbic wit (asked if his party might nominate him for President, he noted, "They could do worse, and they probably will"). His size, standing at over 6 feet in height and weighing over 300 lbs (136 kg), was also a distinguishing factor for him. Reed was a member of the social circle that included intellectuals and politicians Henry Cabot Lodge, Theodore Roosevelt, Henry Adams, John Hay and Mark Twain.

As a House freshman, Reed was appointed to the Potter Commission, which was to investigate voting irregularities in the presidential election of 1876, where his skill at cross examination forced Democrat Samuel J. Tilden to appear in person to defend his reputation. He chaired the Committee on the Judiciary (Forty-seventh Congress) and chaired the Rules Committee (Fifty-first, Fifty-fourth, and Fifty-fifth Congresses).

Speaker of the House

Cover of September 1890 Judge magazine, showing Speaker Thomas B. Reed of Maine with his Ways and Means chair, William McKinley, with signs saying, "TO MCKINLEY'S JERRYMANDERED DISTRICT" and "REED ELECTED BY A TREMENDOUS MAJORITY"

Reed was first elected Speaker after an intense fight with William McKinley of Ohio. Reed gained the support of young Theodore Roosevelt; his influence as the newly appointed Civil Service Commissioner was the decisive factor. Reed served as the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1889 to 1891 and then from 1895 to 1899, as well as being Chairman of the powerful Rules Committee.

Rules

During his time as Speaker, Reed assiduously and dramatically increased the power of the Speaker over the House;[4][5] although the power of the Speaker had always waxed (most notably during Henry Clay's tenure) and waned, the position had previously commanded influence rather than outright power. Reed set out to put into practical effect his dictum, "The best system is to have one party govern and the other party watch."[6] That was accomplished by carefully studying the existing procedures of the US House, most dating to the original designs, written by Thomas Jefferson. In particular, Reed sought to circumscribe the ability of the minority party to block business by way of its members refusing to answer a quorum call, which, under the rules, prevented a member from being counted as present even if he were physically in the chamber, thus forcing the House to suspend business. That is popularly called the disappearing quorum.

Reed's solution was enacted on January 29, 1890, in what has popularly been called the "Battle of the Reed Rules".[7]

That came about when Democrats attempted to block the inclusion of a newly elected Republican from West Virginia, Charles Brooks Smith,[8] The motion to seat Brooks passed by a tally of 162–1; however, at the time, a quorum consisted of 165 votes, and when voting closed Democrats shouted, "No quorum," triggering a formal House quorum count. Reed began the roll call; when members who were present in the chamber refused to answer, Reed directed the Clerk to count them as present but not voting.[9] Startled Democrats protested heatedly, directing verbal abuse, threats, and insults at Reed, while James B. McCreary, a Democrat from Kentucky, challenged Reed's authority to count him since he had not answered to his name when the roll was called. Reed replied "The Chair is making a statement of fact that the gentleman from Kentucky is present. Does he deny it?"[9]

Portrait of Speaker Reed by John Singer Sargent, Collection of the U.S. House of Representatives.

Unable to deny their presence in the chamber, Democrats then tried to flee the chamber or hide under their desks, but Reed ordered the doors locked. Only one Representative, Constantine B. Kilgore of Texas, was able to flee by kicking his way through a door.[10]

The conflict over parliamentary procedure lasted three days, with Democrats delaying consideration of the bill by introducing points of order to challenge the maneuver and then appealing Reed's rulings to the floor. Democrats finally dropped their objections on January 31, and Smith was seated on February 3 by a vote of 166–0.

Six days later, with Smith seated, Reed won a vote on his new "Reed Rules," eliminating the disappearing quorum and lowering the quorum to 100 members. Though Democrats reinstated the disappearing quorum when they took control of the House the following year, Reed as minority leader proved so adroit at using the tactic against them that Democrats reinstated Reed Rules in 1894.[11]

Civil rights

In 1889 and 1890, Republicans undertook one last stand in favor of federal enforcement of the Fifteenth Amendment to protect the voting rights of blacks in the Solid South. Reed took a special interest in the project. Using his new rules vigorously, he won passage of the Lodge Bill in the House in 1890. The bill was later defeated in a filibuster in the Senate when Silver Republicans in the West traded it away for the Sherman Silver Purchase Act.[12]

Reed sought the Republican nomination for President in 1896, but Mark Hanna secured the nomination for Ohio Governor William McKinley.

In 1898, Reed joined McKinley in efforts to head off war with Spain. When McKinley switched to supporting the war, Reed, refusing to change his position, opposed him and then resigned from both the speakership and his seat in Congress in 1899, returning to private law practice.[13]

Personal life

Susan P. Merrill
Postcard of Reed's birthplace in Portland

He married Susan P. Merrill, born at Center Harbor, New Hampshire, on Lake Winnipesaukee. Her father, the Rev. Samuel H. Merrill, a well-known Congregational clergyman, was pastor of a church in Center Harbor at the time of her birth. Six years afterwards he returned with his family to his native state, Maine. During the Civil War, Merrill served as chaplain of the First Maine Cavalry, and Susan also had a brother in this famous regiment. Merrill's pastorates, aside from his war experiences, were principally in Maine. Susan Merrill's mother was Hannah Prentis, a native of New Hampshire. Merrill had one brother, Edward P. Merrill, and one sister, who resided in Lowell, Massachusetts. Merrill and Reed were friends in childhood, attending school together in Portland. They married in 1871. Reed was then a member of the Maine Legislature, and the young couple went immediately to Augusta, the state capital. They had one daughter, Katherine.[14]

His daughter, Katherine Reed Balentine, started a monthly magazine in San Francisco called The Yellow Ribbon, which promoted women's suffrage.[15]

Death and legacy

In early December 1902, Reed was in Washington on legal business with the United States Supreme Court. On December 2, Reed visited his former colleagues in the Ways and Means Committee room. Later that day, he became ill while in another room of the Capitol and was rushed to the nearby Arlington Hotel. In the Arlington, Reed was diagnosed with Bright's disease complicated by appendicitis; he died five days later at 12:10 am on December 7 with his wife and daughter at his bedside. A Gridiron Club dinner was occurring at the same time in the same hotel as Reed's death. When news broke of Reed's passing, "the diners rose to drink a silent toast to a man who had so often been among them".[16]

Henry Cabot Lodge eulogized him as "a good hater, who detested shams, humbugs and pretense above all else." Mark Twain wrote of him, "He was transparently honest and honorable, there was no furtiveness about him, and whoever came to know him trusted him and was not disappointed. He was wise, he was shrewd and alert, he was a clear and capable thinker, a logical reasoner, and a strong and convincing speaker."[17]

He was buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Portland, Maine. His will was executed by his good friend, the financier Augustus G. Paine, Sr.[18] He left his family an estate of $200,000.[19]

Statue of Reed on Portland, Maine's Western Promenade in September 2011

There is a Reed House at Bowdoin College.[20]

His home town of Portland, Maine, erected a statue of him at the corner of Western Promenade and Pine Street[21] in a ceremony on August 31, 1910.[22] His last home in Portland has been designated a National Historic Landmark in his honor.

In 1894, he published his handbook on parliamentary procedure, titled Reed's Rules: A Manual of General Parliamentary Law, which was, at the time, a very popular text on the subject and is still in use in the legislature of the State of Washington.

Biographies of the life of Thomas Brackett Reed have been written by Samuel McCall (Houghton Mifflin Company, 1914), William A. Robinson (Dodd, Mead & Company, 1930), and Richard Stanley Offenberg (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1963). Finance writer James Grant wrote the biography entitled, Mr. Speaker! The Life and Times of Thomas B. Reed: the Man who Broke the Filibuster.[23] The most recent scholarly biography is Thomas Brackett Reed: The Gilded Age Speaker Who Made the Rules for American Politics by Robert J. Klotz (University Press of Kansas, 2022). One chapter of Barbara Tuchman's The Proud Tower is substantially devoted to Reed.

References

  1. ^ "GENEALOGICAL AND FAMILY HISTORY OF THE STATE OF MAINE". dunhamwilcox.net.
  2. ^ Chase, Henry (1893), Representative Men of Maine: A Collection of Portraits with Biographical Sketches of Residents of the State, Who Have Achieved Success And are Prominent in the Commercial, Industrial, Professional and Political Life, To which is Added the Portraits and Sketches of All the Governors Since the Formation of the State, Portland, Maine: Lakeside Press, p. 11
  3. ^ Samuel W. McCall, Thomas B. Reed (1924) ch 1–3
  4. ^ Sheingate, Adam (2009), Mahoney, James; Thelen, Kathleen (eds.), "Rethinking Rules: Creativity and Constraint in the U.S. House of Representatives", Explaining Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency, and Power, Cambridge University Press, pp. 168–203, ISBN 978-0-521-11883-5
  5. ^ Valelly, Richard M. (2009). "The Reed Rules and Republican Party Building: A New Look". Studies in American Political Development. 23 (2): 115–142. doi:10.1017/S0898588X09990022. ISSN 1469-8692.
  6. ^ Thomas B. Reed (ME). "House of Representatives, Thursday, April 22, 1880." Congressional Record 10 (1880) p. 2661. (Text from: Congressional Record Permanent Digital Collection); Accessed: May 9, 2020.
  7. ^ Samuel W. McCall, Thomas B. Reed (1914) pp 152–72; among scholars in parliamentary law, the battle is quoted by G. Buonomo (2001). "La questione del quorum muto nella prassi parlamentare italiana e comparata". Rassegna parlamentare (in Italian) (2 ed.)..
  8. ^ Price, Douglas H. "The Congressional Career—Then and Now," in Nelson Polsby, ed., Congressional Behavior (New York: Random House, 1971), p. 19.
  9. ^ a b Representative Thomas B. Reed, remarks in the House, Congressional Record, vol. 61, Jan. 29, 1890, p. 948.
  10. ^ Roger Place Butterfield, The American Past (1966) p. 254
  11. ^ House Document No. 108-204: The Cannon Centenary Conference: The Changing Nature of the Speakership
  12. ^ Wendy Hazard, "Thomas Brackett Reed, Civil Rights, and the Fight for Fair Elections," Maine History, March 2004, Vol. 42 Issue 1, pp 1–23
  13. ^ Samuel W. McCall, Thomas B. Reed (1914) pp 231–39
  14. ^ Hinman, Ida (1895). The Washington Sketch Book. Washington D. C.: Hartman & Cadick, Printers. sec. Supplement p. 3. Retrieved September 12, 2022.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  15. ^ Grant, James (May 15, 2012). Mr. Speaker!: The Life and Times of Thomas B. Reed - The Man Who Broke the Filibuster. Simon and Schuster. p. 374. ISBN 9781416544944. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
  16. ^ Grant, James (May 15, 2012). Mr. Speaker!: The Life and Times of Thomas B. Reed - The Man Who Broke the Filibuster. Simon and Schuster. p. 373. ISBN 9781416544944. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
  17. ^ Twain, Mark (December 20, 1902). "Thomas Brackett Reed". Harper's Weekly: 1979. via: Charles Neider, ed. (1963). The Complete Essays of Mark Twain. New Jersey: Doubleday. pp. 311–312. and "Tribute to Thomas Brackett Reed by Mark Twain". Thomas Brackett Reed. Robert Klotz, University of Southern Maine. Archived from the original on December 13, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
  18. ^ "Augustus G. Paine Dead". The New York Times. March 27, 1915. p. 11. Retrieved May 25, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. ^ "Reed's Estate Trebles". Sacramento Union. Vol. 112, no. 59. October 22, 1906. p. 2. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
  20. ^ "Reed House". Reed House formerly Alpha Eta of Chi Psi was dedicated on September 28, 2007 in memory of Thomas Brackett Reed (1839–1902)
  21. ^ Robert Klotz. "Portland Locations with National Political Significance". Portland Political Trail. Accessed April 21. "Portland Maine Political Trail". Archived from the original on August 13, 2008. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
  22. ^ Anon. (July 2008). Exercises at the Unveiling of the Statue of Thomas Brackett Reed, at Portland, Maine, August Thirty-First, Nineteen Hundred and Ten. Read Books. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-4086-6921-1.
  23. ^ Grant, James (2011). Mr. Speaker!. Simon & Schuster.

Bibliography

  • Hazard, Wendy. "Thomas Brackett Reed, Civil Rights, and the Fight for Fair Elections," Maine History, March 2004, Vol. 42 Issue 1, pp 1–23
  • Klotz, Robert J. "Thomas Brackett Reed: The Gilded Age Speaker Who Made the Rules for American Politics", University Press of Kansas, 2022. ISBN 978-0-7006-3332-6
  • McCall, Samuel W. (1914). The Life of Thomas Brackett Reed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
  • Strahan, Randall (2007). Leading Representatives: The Agency of Leaders in the Politics of the U.S. House. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8691-1.
  • Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim (1996). The proud tower: a portrait of the world before the war, 1890–1914. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-40501-2.
  • Thomas, Evan. The War Lovers, Little, Brown and Co, 2010
  • Valelly, Richard M., “The Reed Rules and Republican Party Building A New Look,” Studies in American Political Development, 23 (Oct. 2009), 115–42. online[dead link]

Primary sources

  • Roosevelt, Theodore; Reed, Thomas B. "'Dear Tom,' 'Dear Theodore': The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt and Thomas B. Reed," edited by R. Hal Williams, Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal, July 1994, Vol. 20 Issue 3/4, pp3–22, 20p. 23 letters from 1888–1902 discuss the Republican Party and its leaders, foreign policy, the gold and silver issues, New York State politics, and TR's activity as police commissioner of New York City.
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Legal offices
Preceded by Maine Attorney General
1870–1872 		Succeeded by
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Maine's 1st congressional district
March 4, 1877 – September 4, 1899 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives
December 2, 1889 – March 3, 1891 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives
December 2, 1895 – March 3, 1897;
March 15, 1897 – March 3, 1899 		Succeeded by
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