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{{Jews by country}}
How do you stop everyone from saying that they love the remixes they've found on blogs more than they love the songs that you've slaved over in the studio? This is a conundrum which didn't really exist before the rise of the Hype Machine but, clearly, it's now at the forefront of some of our favourite bands' minds. Everyone from Biffy Clyro to Editors are threatening to go "a bit New Order" on their next records, whilst Patrick Wolf and These New Puritans could probably bang on for hours about Timbaland's beats.


The [[Jew]]ish presence in [[Germany]] is older than [[Christianity]]; the first Jewish population came with the Romans to the city Cologne. A "Golden Age" in the first millennium saw the emergence of the [[Ashkenazi Jews]], while the persecution and expulsion that followed the [[Crusade]]s led to the creation of [[Yiddish]] and an overall shift eastwards. A change of status in the late Renaissance Era, combined with the Jewish Enlightenment{{ndash}} the [[Haskalah]], meant that by the 1920s Germany had one of the most integrated Jewish populations in Europe, contributing prominently to German culture and society. The vast majority either left the country or were murdered in [[the Holocaust]]. The current German Jewish population consists primarily of immigrants from the former [[Soviet Union]] who claim to be Jewish, however, the better economic situation in Germany, coupled with the easy citizenship process for Jewish people immigrating to Germany, make it hard to determine the number of these people who are actually Jewish.
Anyway, this brings us to the return of the Yeah Yeah Yeahs, perhaps the only noughties New York band who've not only managed to keep their credibility and cool but have also managed to keep on developing into the-band-of-a-generation.


The following is a list of some famous '''Jewish people''' (by religion or descent) from Germany proper. For other [[Yekke|German Jews]], see [[List of Austrian Jews]] and [[List of West European Jews]]. Also note that the idea of [[Germans|German nationality]] is rather broad, due to the many [[Germanic tribes]], Jewish assimilation into Germany, and separate German ruled states through the history of Europe. Therefore, the same set of people could at times be referred to as Germans, Jews, or German Jews alike.
Right from the off, It's Blitz! sounds like Karen O & co. have taken a nose dive into the synthy-disco-pop trough and crawled out out in awe of nuclear beats (feeling not unlike The Kills' Midnight Boom) and playing guitars like they're lazers (not unlike Muse-gone-Daft-Punk circa 'Super Massive Blackhole'). Opener 'Zero' is the call to arms of a band who desperately want to teleport the refugees of fashion-fizzled pop, the hippest of hipsters and the weirdest outsiders to the dancefloor of their sweaty spaceship. 'Zero' hauls us around in an intoxicating sea of electrical signals and is perhaps one of the band's finest moments ever committed to tape. This brave new art-disco twist on the Yeah Yeah Yeahs' blueprint seems to be solidified by the Knife-meets-Klaxons romp which follows ('Heads Will Roll'). Yet, for all this talk of transition to a world with pixelated surfaces, they still sound like the melodious aliens we've come to love.


==Historical figures==
Don't get me wrong, It's Blitz isn't some kind of neon-wearing nu rave knees-up, it's just that the opening pairing wrong-foots you before things drop down a notch. In fact, the body of this album is all about eerie slightness, riddled with moments of near-transcendental suppleness. Ballad and fan-favourite-in-waiting, 'Runaway' features a gigantic jittering string section and is perhaps the most epic moment of their career. Meanwhile, the album's highlight is the Twin-Peaksian 'Skeletons' which has a flickering 'All My Friends'-esque synth, coupled with huge distant drums with digital tears trickling all over it, garnished with vocals which find Karen at her most breathless.
=== Politicians ===
* [[Fischel Arnheim]], politician<sup>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=443&letter=B]</sup>
* [[Ludwig Bamberger]], politician<sup>[http://www.questia.com/library/encyclopedia/bamberger-ludwig.jsp?l=B&p=1]</sup>
* [[Daniel Cohn-Bendit]], member of European Parliament, student leader in 1968<sup>[http://www.greens.org/s-r/20/20-06.html]</sup>
* [[Wilhelm Dröscher]], SPD politician (half-Jewish)<sup>[http://www.ezania.net/library/articles/hitlersjews/jews_politics_military.htm]</sup>
* [[Kurt Eisner]], Bavarian prime minister<sup>[http://www.jbuff.com/c110206.htm]</sup>
<!--* [[Joschka Fischer]], ex foreign minister ?? -->
* [[Heinrich von Friedberg]], jurist, statesman (converted to Christianity) <sup>[http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/118/475/86.pdf]</sup>
* [[Karl Rudolf Friedenthal]], Prussian politician <sup>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=390&letter=F]</sup>
* [[Clement Freud]], German-born British MP<sup>[http://www.hampsteadtheatre.com/prod-productions_details.asp?pid=35]</sup>
* [[Gregor Gysi]], leader of the Party of Democratic Socialism and The Left </sup>
* [[Alex Himelfarb]], ambassador<sup>[http://www.jewishtribune.ca/tribune/PDF/jt060420.pdf]</sup>
* [[Henry Kissinger]], US Secretary of State, [[Nobel Peace Prize|Nobel Prize]] (1973)<sup>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Kissinger.html]</sup>
* [[Ludwig Landmann]], mayor of Frankfurt/Main<sup>[http://www.history-of-the-holocaust.org/LIBARC/LEXICON/LexEntry/FrankMai.html]</sup>
* [[Eduard Lasker]], co-founder of the National Liberal Party<ref>Eduard Lasker: Ein Leben für den Rechtsstaat by Adolf Laufs, German Studies Review, Vol. 9, No. 3. (Oct., 1986), pp. 651-652</ref>
* [[Eugen Levine]], Bavarian prime minister<sup>[http://www.iamanenglishman.com/page.php?iCategoryId=395&iParentId=392&PHPSESSID=a3c0aeee4ed713c23d80443221d68aae]</sup>
* [[Rosa Luxemburg]], [[Poland|Polish-born]] [[Marxist theory|Marxist theorist]], [[Socialism|socialist]] philosopher, and revolutionary of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]], the [[Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany|Independent Social Democratic Party]] and the [[Communist Party of Germany]].
* [[Jutta Oesterle-Schwerin]], Member of parliament, Green party, Feminist party<ref>Germany's Greens and Israel: "The Theme is too Much" by Diana Johnstone, MERIP Middle East Report, No. 149, Human Rights in the Middle East. (Nov. - Dec., 1987), pp. 44-45</ref>
* [[Helmut Schmidt]], German Chancellor, (his father was of Jewish ancestry)
* [[Eduard von Simson]], President of the Reichstag, President of the Reichsgericht<sup>[http://www.polybiblio.com/americanist/286TB.html]</sup>
* [[Hugo Preuss]], author of Weimar constitution
* [[Walter Rathenau]], Foreign Minister of the Weimar Republic<ref>Walter Rathenau: Industrialist, Banker, Intellectual, and Politician; Notes and Diaries 1907-1922 by Von Strandmann</ref>
* [[Herbert Weichmann]], mayor of Hamburg<sup>[http://bucerius.haifa.ac.il/abstracts-migration.doc]</sup>
* [[Jeanette Wolff]], West Berlin politician<sup>[http://www.jewishgen.org/databases/Holocaust/0107_Dortmund.html]</sup>
* [[Walter Wolfgang]], German-born politician<sup>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/09/29/uwolfgang.xml&sSheet=/portal/2005/09/29/ixportaltop.html]</sup>


===Activists===
Hardcore fans shouldn't worry though, this ain't no shitty 80s pop wannabe toss (see La Roux, Uffie, etc) and it still sounds like Karen O is the (arthouse) star, staring at the slanted horizon, dipping her hips and smokily/sex-noisedly going "oooh-wo-oooh", "'ock-'ock" and "ha-hur" rather a lot. Throughout this record Karen O walks the fine line between being the coolest woman in the world - the knowingly-sexy Weird Science-like indie dream woman - and yet you can also imagine her as some endearingly infatuated fan-mail sending Smiths/Cure/Blondie/Bowie obsessive, who makes music because it means so much to her. There's also still something wholesome and Bucking Bronco riding about Miss O, especially on 'Dull Life' which is pretty much YYYs-by-numbers in the way it teases before a tsunami of drums turn into some head-jolting waltz.
* [[Hedwig Dohm|Hedwig Dohm-Schleh]], feminist, author<sup>[http://www.pinn.net/~sunshine/whm2003/dohm3.html]</sup>
* [[Nahum Goldmann]], president of World Jewish Congress<sup>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/goldmann.html]</sup>
* [[Josel of Rosheim]], court Jew & Jewish advocate<ref name="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</ref>
* [[Paul Spiegel]], leader of the [[Zentralrat der Juden]]<sup>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200605/s1627204.htm]</sup>


==Religious figures==
Whilst their earlier material may have been garage-rock rolling around on the floor with Les Savy Fav, It's Blitz finds them more concerned with filling the room, ensuring every pluck, whoosh and "ha-hur" matters. This isn't so much an Intimacy-esque departure - they haven't given up on the squalling space-rock of Show Your Bones - but rather, this is another leap forward. If anything, It's Blitz reveals just how much the trio have grown and how well they know exactly the strange angular planet that their music inhabits.
{{Cleanup|date=January 2007}}
====Rabbis====
* [[Felix Adler]]
* [[Hermann Adler]]
* [[Nathan Marcus Adler]]
* [[Samuel Adler (rabbi)]]
* [[Amnon of Mainz]] ([[Amnon of Mayence]], [[Mentz]]), medieval rabbi, paytan
* [[Yair Bacharach]]
* [[Leo Baeck]], Reform rabbi & scholar
* [[Jacob ben Asher]], medieval rabbi (German-born?)
* [[Isaac Bernays]], theologian
* [[Jakob Bernays]], classical philologist (''Klassischer Philologe''), philosophy historian (''philosopheriehistoriker'')
* [[Carlebach]] family
** [[Ephraim Carlebach]]
** [[Felix Carlebach]]
** [[Joseph Carlebach]]
** [[Shlomo Carlebach]]
* [[Mordecai ben Hillel]]
* [[Immanuel Jakobovits]], Chief Rabbi of Great Britain [http://www.aojs.org/HaRav.asp]
* [[Asher ben Jehiel]], medieval rabbi and Talmudist, father of [[Jacob ben Asher]]
* [[Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi]]
* [[Gershom ben Judah]]
* [[Yehuda ben Meir]]
* [[Eliezer ben Nathan]], medieval rabbi
* [[Yaakov ben Yakar]]
* [[Israel Bruna]] (born at Bruenn)
* [[Yosef Burg]]
* [[David Einhorn]], Reform rabbi
* [[Jacob Emden]]
* [[Ettlinger]] pedigree
* [[David Fränkel]]
* [[Abraham Geiger]], Reform rabbi
* [[Jakob Guttmann (rabbi)]]
* [[Julius Guttmann]]
* [[Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller]]
* [[Levi Herzfeld]], 19th century proponent of moderate reform [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=717&letter=C]
* [[Susannah Heschel]]
* [[Samson Raphael Hirsch]], Orthodox rabbi
* [[Samuel Holdheim]], Reform rabbi
* [[Walter Homolka]]
* [[Israel Isserlin]]
* [[Regina Jonas]], Reform rabbanith
* [[Kaufmann Kohler]], Reform rabbi
* [[Pinchas Lapide]]
* [[Isaac Leeser]], rabbi and Bible translator
* [[Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin]]
* [[Gunther Plaut]]
* [[Petachiah of Ratisbon]], medieval rabbi, traveller
* [[Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg]]
* [[Elazar Rokeach]]
* [[Meir of Rothenburg]]
* [[Shimon Schwab]]
* [[Moses Sofer]]
* [[Hermann Tietz (rabbi)]] (born on Posen district)


====Scholars====
Beam me up.
* [[Hugo Bergmann]] (born in Prague)
* [[Max Bodenheimer]]
* [[Moses Buttenweiser]] (1862-1939), Bible scholar <ref>[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]], [http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/Vol_36__1934_1935.pdf]</ref>
* [[David Cassel]]
* [[Immanuel Oscar Menahem Deutsch]] (1829-1873), Semitic scholar and orientalist<ref>[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]], 1911 ed.]]</ref>
* [[Ismar Elbogen]]
* [[Emil Ludwig Fackenheim]]
* [[Eugen Fraenkel]] (1853–1925), pathologist and bacteriologist
* [[Jonas Fränkel]]
* [[Heinrich Graetz]], Jewish historian (born in Posen)
* [[Manuel Joël]], Jewish philosopher
* [[Isaak Markus Jost]], Jewish historian
* [[Marcus Kalisch]], Biblical scholar [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Marcus_Kalisch]
* [[Jakob Klatzkin]]
* [[Arthur Liebert]] [http://www.polity.co.uk/content/BPL_Images/Content_store/Sample_chapter/9780745624860%5C001.pdf]
* [[Israel Lewy]]
* [[Moses Mendelssohn]], Jewish Enlightenment philosopher
* [[David Rosin]]
* [[Gershom Scholem]], Jewish scholar & historian
* [[Ernst Simon]]
* [[Friedrich Weinreb]] (born in Lemberg)
* [[Benedict Zuckermann]]
* [[Leopold Zunz]], Jewish scholar

====Other====
* [[Michael Solomon Alexander]], first Anglican bishop of Jerusalem (born Jewish; see British [[Dictionary of National Biography]])
* [[Abraham of Augsburg]], a Christian German proselyte
* [[Moritz Henle]], [[composer]] of liturgical music and [[hazzan|cantor]] of the [[Jewish]] [[reform judaism|reform movement]]
* [[Ridley Haim Herschell]], missionary<ref>[[Concise Dictionary of National Biography]]: "born in Prussian Poland of Jewish parents"</ref>
* [[Ayya Khema]], Buddhist teacher (born Jewish)
* [[Adolf Lasson]]
** [[Georg Lasson]]
* [[Johannes Pfefferkorn]], antisemitic controversialist (born Jewish)
* [[Friedrich Adolf Philippi]]
* [[Johann Peter Spaeth]] (Moses Germanus Ashkenazi), a Christian German proselyte
* [[Edith Stein]], canonized nun, Holocaust victim (born Jewish)
* [[Joseph Wolff]], missionary<ref>Concise [[Dictionary of National Biography]]: "born of Jewish parents"</ref>

==Scientific Figures==
===Natural Scientists===
* [[Max Abraham]], physicist
* [[Adolf von Baeyer]], industrial chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] (1905) (Jewish mother)<sup>[http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/106585573/PDFSTART]</sup>
* [[Norbert Berkowitz]], physicist<sup>[http://www.edukits.ca/multiculturalism/student/immigration_jewish.html]</sup>
* Sir [[Hans Bethe]], nuclear physics, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] (1967)<sup>[http://www.news.cornell.edu/Chronicle/05/3.10.05/Bethe.html]</sup>
* Sir [[Walter Bodmer]], medical researcher <ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ss/stories/s1499065.htm Radio National Australia interview with Sir Walter]: "I’m half Ashkenazy Jewish myself" Accessed 21 Feb 2007</ref>
* [[Max Born]], quantum mechanics, Nobel Prize (1954)<sup>[http://www.adherents.com/people/pb/Max_Born.html]</sup>
* [[Heinrich Caro]], industrial chemist<sup>[http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/88510865/PDFSTART]</sup>
**[[Nikodem Caro]], industrial chemist<sup>[http://www.degussa-history.com/geschichte/en/personalities/nikodem_caro/]</sup>
* [[Albert Einstein]], theoretical physics, Nobel Prize (1921)<sup>[http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/BIOS/ein.html]</sup>
* [[Erwin Finlay-Freundlich]], astronomer<sup>[http://www-ah.st-andrews.ac.uk/mgstud/reflect/peter.html]</sup>
* [[James Franck]], quantum physics, Nobel Prize (1925)<sup>[http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~mishat/franck.html]</sup>
* [[Adolph Frank]], industrial chemist<sup>[http://www.davidsconsultants.com/jewishhistory/history.php?index=entries]</sup>
* [[Herbert Fröhlich]], physicist<sup>[http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/index/HJJ5KX23705J51M8.pdf]</sup>
* [[Eugen Glueckauf]], chemist, expert on atomic energy <sup>[http://www.jstor.org/view/00804606/ap030032/03a00070/0]</sup>
* [[Hans Goldschmidt]], industrial chemist<sup>[http://www.jinfo.org/Chemists.html]</sup>
* [[Eugene Goldstein|Eugen Goldstein]], physicist
* [[Leo Graetz]], physicist
* [[Fritz Haber]], developed the [[Haber process]], Nobel Prize (1918)<sup>[http://www.geocities.com/bioelectrochemistry/haber.htm]</sup>
* [[Walter Heitler]], chemist <sup>[http://www.jinfo.org/Chemists.html]</sup>
* [[Arthur Korn]], physicist<sup>[http://litten.de/abstrtoc/abstr2.htm]</sup>
* [[Ernst Ising]], statistical mechanics<sup>[http://www.physik.tu-dresden.de/itp/members/kobe/isingcor.ps.]</sup>
* [[Albert Ladenburg]], chemist<ref>Dr. Leopold Ladenburg: "Stammtafel der Familie Ladenburg", Verlag J. Ph. Walther, Mannheim 1882</ref>
* [[Fritz London]], quantum mechanics<ref>Fritz London: A Scientific Biography by Kostas Gavroglu</ref>
* [[Leonard Mandel]], quantum optics<sup>[http://orsted.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11522&page=274]</sup>
* [[Kurt Mendelssohn]], German-born British medical physicist<ref>[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]] 13:492</ref>
* [[Viktor Meyer]], organic chemist<sup>[http://www.todayinsci.com/M/Meyer_Viktor/MeyerViktor.htm]</sup>
* [[Leonor Michaelis]], biochemist<sup>[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v393/n6681/full/393109a0.html]</sup>
* [[Albert Michelson]], measured speed of light, Nobel Prize (1907) (Jewish father)<ref>The master of light;: A biography of Albert A. Michelson by Dorothy Michelson Livingston, 1973</ref><sup>[http://www5.geometry.net/detail/nobel/michelson_albert_abraham.html]</sup>
* [[Ludwig Mond]], chemist & industrialist<sup>[http://www.ajr.org.uk/pastjournal22.htm]</sup>
* Sir [[Rudolf Peierls]], solid state theory<sup>[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERperierls.htm]</sup>
* [[Arno Penzias]], co-discoverer of [[CMB]], Nobel Prize (1978)<sup>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/penzias-autobio.html]</sup>
* [[Alfred Philippson]], geologist <sup>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=270&letter=P]</sup>
* [[John Charles Polanyi]], chemist, Nobel Prize (born Berlin) [http://www.jinfo.org/Nobels_Chemistry.html]
* [[Ernst Pringsheim]], spectrometry, black-body radiation<sup>[http://www.jinfo.org/Physicists.html]</sup>
* [[Michael Rossmann]], physicist and microbiologist (Jewish mother)<sup>[http://www.jinfo.org/Chemists.html]; [http://www.purdue.edu/UNS/html4ever/010216.Nat.Ahlbrandt.book.html]</sup>
* [[Rudolf Schoenheimer]], biochemist<sup>[http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/154/1/5.pdf]</sup>
* [[Arthur Schuster]], spectroscopist<sup>[http://www.jstor.org/view/1479571x/ap030004/03a00060/0]</sup>
* [[Karl Schwarzschild]], physicist & astronomer<sup>[http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Schwarzschild.html]</sup>
* [[Francis Simon|Franz Simon]], physicist, separation of [[Uranium 235]]<ref>([[Encyclopaedia Judaica]], 14:1578)</ref>
* [[Jack Steinberger]], particle physics, Nobel Prize (1988)<sup>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1988/steinberger-autobio.html]</sup>
* [[Otto Stern]], experimental physicist, Nobel Prize (1943)<sup>[http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/ppet/jews/page5.asp?secid=31]</sup>
* [[Otto Wallach]], chemist, Nobel Prize (1910)<ref>British [[Jewish Year Book]] 2005 p.215 (list of Jewish Nobel Prize winners); [[Encyclopaedia Judaica]], art. "Wallach, Otto"; [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/nobels.html]; however Otto Wallach 1847-1931. Chemiker und Nobelpreisträger by Gunther Beer, Pg 11 disagrees</ref>
* [[Richard Willstätter]], chemist, Nobel Prize (1915)<sup>[http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/DH/B/B/C/T/]</sup>
* [[Nathan Zuntz]]

===Physicians and Medical Researchers===
* [[Adolph Baginsky]], pediatrician, diphtheria researcher<sup>[http://soc.enotes.com/psychoanalysis-encyclopedia/baginsky-adolf]</sup>
* [[Alfred Bielschowsky]], ophthalmologist<sup>[http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2257.html]</sup>
* [[Max Bielschowsky]], neuropathologist<sup>[http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/535.html]</sup>
* [[Konrad Bloch]], biochemist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] (1964)<sup>[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v409/n6822/full/409779a0.html]</sup>
* [[Marcus Elieser Bloch]], physician<sup>[http://www.ichthyologie.de/English/Proceedings/Lesser_/lesser_.html]</sup>
* [[Gustav Victor Rudolf Born|Gustav Born]], professor of pharmacology<sup>[http://termessos.de/Bornengl.htm]</sup>
* [[Edith Bulbring]], Professor of pharmacy (Jewish mother)<sup>[http://hardy.amnesty.org.uk/images/ul/f/famous_refugees_2.pdf]</sup>
* Sir [[Ernst Chain]], developed [[penicillin]], Nobel Prize (1945)<sup>[http://www.chemheritage.org/educationalservices/pharm/antibiot/readings/flocha.htm]</sup>
* [[Ferdinand Cohn]], pioneer in microbiology<sup>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9024676/Ferdinand-Cohn]</sup>
* [[Julius Friedrich Cohnheim]], pathologist<ref name="Jewish Encyclopedia"/>
* [[Julius Dreschfeld]], physician<ref>Concise [[Dictionary of National Biography]]: "born in Bavaria of Jewish parents"</ref>
* [[Paul Ehrlich]], developed [[magic bullet]] concept, Nobel Prize (1908)<sup>[http://www.weizmann.ac.il/ICS/booklet/17/pdf/paul_erlich.pdf]</sup>
* [[Arthur Eichengrün]], possible inventor of aspirin<sup>[http://www.chemheritage.org/educationalservices/pharm/asp/asp60.htm]</sup>
* [[Wilhelm Feldberg]], biologist<sup>[http://www.jstor.org/view/00804606/ap030045/03a00090/0]</sup>
* [[Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat]], biochemist<sup>[http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/perspectives_on_science/v007/7.1deichmann.html]</sup>
* [[Hermann Friedberg]], physician<ref name="Jewish Encyclopedia"/>
* [[Carl Friedländer]], bacteriologist
* [[Salome Gluecksohn-Waelsch]], geneticist<sup>[http://www.brandeis.edu/hbi/pubs/Harriet%20Freidenreich%20Paper.doc]</sup>
* [[Ernst Gräfenberg]], obstetrician, the [[G-spot]]<sup>[http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/GRAFENBERG.HTM]</sup>
* [[Martin Gumpert]], physician, writer<sup>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1251644]</sup>
* [[Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle]], physician<sup>[http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/710.html]</sup>
* Sir [[Bernard Katz]], biophysicist, Nobel Prize (1970)<sup>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1970/katz-bio.html]</sup>
* [[Hans Kornberg]], biochemist researcher<sup>[http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/278/12/9993]</sup>
* [[Hans Kosterlitz]], discovered [[endorphins]]<sup>[http://www.berghahnbooksonline.com/books/limberggermans/abs/50841_bios.pdf]</sup>
* Sir [[Hans Adolf Krebs]], biochemist, Nobel Prize (1953)<sup>[http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1541.html]</sup>
<!-- * [[Hermann Lebert]], physician -->
* [[Fritz Lipmann]], biochemist, Nobel Prize (1953)<sup>[http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/full/276/46/42619?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=40&resourcetype=HWCIT]</sup>
* [[Jacques Loeb]], physiologist<sup>[http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/lefa/Loeb.html]</sup>
* [[Otto Loewi]], pharmacologist, Nobel Prize (1936)<sup>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/y227337v0852j8wl/fulltext.pdf]</sup>
* [[Elisabeth Mann]], biologist (Jewish mother) <ref>[http://www.picture-newsletter.com/thomas-mann/index.htm] "he married Katia Pringsheim, daughter of a well-known Jewish family of intellectuals. They had six children: Klaus, Erika, Golo, Monika, Elisabeth and Michael"</ref>
* [[Otto Meyerhof]], biochemist, Nobel Prize (1922) (Jewish father)<sup>[http://www.bookrags.com/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof]</sup>
* [[Oskar Minkowski]], physiologist<sup>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/r127418l04640244/fulltext.pdf]</sup>
* [[Hermann Munk]], German physiologist who studied [[Strongyloides stercoralis|threadworm]]s
* [[Albert Neisser]], physician, discovered the cause of [[gonorrhea]] (Jewish father)<sup>[http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2441.html]</sup>
* [[Emin Pasha]], physician, naturalist, explorer<sup>[http://www.ghil.ac.uk/Abstract_Zimmerer.pdf]</sup>
* [[Nathanael Pringsheim]], botanist<sup>[http://www.springerlink.com/index/378480V26H8MH231.pdf]</sup>
* [[Ottomar Rosenbach]], physician<ref name="Jewish Encyclopedia"/>
* [[Moritz Traube]], biochemist<sup>[http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2651.html]</sup>
* [[Wilhelm Traube]], physician, inventor of the fever thermometer
* [[Otto Warburg]], physiologist, Nobel Prize (1931) (Jewish father)<sup>[http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/perspectives_on_science/v007/7.1deichmann.html]</sup>
* [[Karl Weigert]], pathologist<sup>[http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2431.html]</sup>

===Mathematicians===
* [[Felix Bernstein]], set theory<sup>[http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Printonly/Doetsch.html]</sup>
* [[Maurice Block]], statistician <sup>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Maurice_Block]</sup>
* [[Richard Brauer]], modular representation theory<sup>[http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Brauer.html]</sup>
* [[Moritz Cantor]], historian of mathematics<ref name="Jewish Encyclopedia"/>
* [[Paul Cohn]], algebraist <ref>[http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Obits2/Cohn_Times.html Obituary in ''The Times''] "he was born in Hamburg in 1924 to Jewish parents" Accessed 9 July 2008.</ref>
* [[Richard Courant]], mathematical analysis & applied mathematics<sup>[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Courant.html]</sup>
* [[Max Dehn]], topology<sup>[http://www.ams.org/notices/200209/fea-dawson.pdf]</sup>
* [[Paul Epstein]], number theory<sup>[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Epstein.html]</sup>
* [[Adolf Fraenkel]], set theory<sup>[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Fraenkel.html]</sup>
* [[Hans Freudenthal]], algebraic topology<sup>[http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Freudenthal.html]</sup>
* [[Felix Hausdorff]], topology<sup>[http://www-groups.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Hausdorff.html]</sup>
* [[Heinz Hopf]], topology (Jewish father)<sup>[http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Hopf.html]</sup>
* [[Adolf Hurwitz]], mathematician<sup>[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hurwitz.html]</sup>
* [[Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi]], analysis<sup>[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Jacobi.html]</sup>
* [[Leopold Kronecker]], number theory<sup>[http://www.gap-system.org/~history/Biographies/Kronecker.html]</sup>
* [[Edmund Landau]], number theory<sup>[http://www.ma.huji.ac.il/~landau/landau.html]</sup>
* [[Rudolf Lipschitz]], mathematician<sup>[http://www.jinfo.org/Mathematics_Comp.html]</sup>
* [[Kurt Mahler]], mathematician<sup>[http://www.gap-system.org/~history/Biographies/Mahler.html]</sup>
* [[Hermann Minkowski]], geometrical theory of numbers<ref>Contemporary Authors V 162 By Rooney, Scot Peacock, Pg 169</ref>
* [[Claus Moser]], Statistician <sup>[http://icliverpool.icnetwork.co.uk/entertainment/previewsandreviews/content_objectid=13939784_method=full_siteid=50061_page=5_headline=-A-brush-withour-darkest-hour-name_page.html]</sup>
* [[Leonard Nelson]], mathematician, philosopher<sup>[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0007-1315(195409)5%3A3%3C290%3ALNZG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7]</sup>
* [[Bernhard Neumann]], mathematician<sup>[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Neumann_Bernhard.html]</sup>
* [[Emmy Noether]], algebra & theoretical physics<sup>[http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~cwp/Phase2/Noether,_Amalie_Emmy@861234567.html]</sup>
* [[Alfred Pringsheim]], analysis, theory of functions<sup>[http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Pringsheim.html]</sup>
* [[Richard Rado]], combinatorics<sup>[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Rado_Richard.html]</sup>
* [[Abraham Robinson]], nonstandard analysis<sup>[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Robinson.html]</sup>
* [[Klaus Roth]], diophantine approximation, Fields Medal (1958)<sup>[http://phys4.harvard.edu/~wilson/publications/Human%20rights%20letters.html]</sup>
* [[Arthur Moritz Schönflies]], mathematician<sup>[http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Schonflies.html]</sup>
* [[Issai Schur]], mathematician<sup>[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Schur.html]</sup>
* [[Otto Toeplitz]], linear algebra & functional analysis<sup>[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Toeplitz.html]</sup>

===Technical Scientists===
* [[Ralph Baer]], inventor of the [[games console]]<sup>[http://www.videotopia.com/edit2.htm]</sup>
* [[Emile Berliner]], inventor of the [[gramophone]]<sup>[http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Emile_Berliner]</sup>
* [[Emanuel Goldberg]] (1881-1970, from Russia, but published in German), pioneered [[Microdot]]s and microfilm retrieval technology<sup>[http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~buckland/goldberg.html]</sup>
* [[Julius Edgar Lilienfeld]], electrical engineer<sup>[http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/aboutus/history_center/conferences/che2004/VanDormael.pdf]</sup>
* [[Siegfried Marcus]], [[automobile]] pioneer<sup>[http://www.virtualvienna.net/columns/billie/automuseums.html]</sup>
* [[Michael O. Rabin]], computer algorithms, [[Turing Award]] (1976)<sup>[http://www.emetprize.org.il/Index.asp?ArticleID=101&CategoryID=83&Page=1]</sup>
* [[Reinhold Rudenberg]], electrical engineer and inventor, <sup>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Rudenberg]</sup>
* [[Joseph Weizenbaum]], AI critic, [[ELIZA]]<sup>[http://www.ilmarefilm.org/W_E_1.htm]</sup>

===Psychologists===
* [[Karl Abraham]], psychoanalyst<sup>[http://mj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/26/1/1]</sup>
* [[Rudolf Arnheim]], perception theorist<sup>[http://www.jstor.org/view/0024094x/ap050105/05a00190/0]</sup>
* [[Erik Erikson]], developmental psychologist (Jewish mother)<sup>[http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/bio_erikson.htm]</sup>
* [[Erich Fromm]], psychologist & humanistic philosopher<sup>[http://www.psychology.duq.edu/faculty/burston/legacy.html]</sup>
* [[Frieda Fromm-Reichmann]], psychoanalyst<sup>[http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/index/TULFF853Q7G0051K.pdf]</sup>
* [[Kurt Goldstein]], Gestalt-influenced neurologist<sup>[http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~duchan/history_subpages/kurtgoldstein.html]</sup>
* [[Max Hamilton]], psychiatrist<ref>Oxford [[Dictionary of National Biography]]: "the son of Jewish parents"</ref>
* [[Magnus Hirschfeld]], sexologist<sup>[http://wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au/intersections/issue14/bauer.html]</sup>
* [[Kurt Koffka]], Gestalt psychologist<sup>[http://www.jstor.org/view/00211753/ap010230/01a00340/0]</sup>
* [[Kurt Lewin]], social psychologist<sup>[http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/bio_lewin.htm]</sup>
* [[Hugo Münsterberg]], industrial psychologist<sup>[http://www.jstor.org/view/00487511/dm980084/98p0294r/0]</sup>
* [[Ulric Neisser]], cognitive psychologist (Jewish father)<ref>Encyclopedia Judaica (Keter, Jerusalem, 1972, vol. 12, p. 945)</ref>
* [[Erich Neumann (psychologist)|Erich Neumann]], analytical psychologist<sup>[http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=jaa.024.0188a]</sup>
* [[Fritz Perls]], psychotherapist<sup>[http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0803984537]</sup>
* [[Otto Selz]], cognitive psychologist<sup>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/l4885k023n256464/fulltext.pdf]</sup>
* [[William Stern]], the [[Intelligence Quotient]]<sup>[http://www1.uni-hamburg.de/rz3a035//edmundsiemersallee.html]</sup>
* [[Max Wertheimer]], Gestalt psychologist<sup>[http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/psyography/datelines_wertheimer.html]</sup>

==Academic figures==
===Philosophers===
* [[Theodor Adorno]], philosopher (Jewish father)<sup>[http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/adorno.htm]</sup>
* [[Ernst Bloch]], philosopher<sup>[http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=448]</sup>
* [[Constantin Brunner]], philosopher<sup>[http://www.constantinbrunner.info/]</sup>
* [[Ernst Cassirer]], philosopher<sup>[http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9359963/Ernst-Cassirer]</sup>
* [[Hermann Cohen]], philosopher<sup>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/HermannCohen.html]</sup>
* [[Friedrich Dessauer]], philosopher<sup>[http://www.bh.org.il/NAMES/POW/Dessauer.asp]</sup>
* [[Max Dessoir]], philosopher<sup>[http://www.muse.jhu.edu/journals/modern_judaism/v024/24.3kimelman.pdf]</sup>
* [[Julius Frauenstädt]], philosopher <sup>[http://shekel.jct.ac.il/~green/philosophy.html]</sup>
<!-- * [[Hermann Friedmann]], philosopher {{fact}} -->
* [[Kurt Grelling]], philosopher<sup>[http://www.enabling.org/ia/gestalt/kgbio.html]</sup>
* [[Richard Hönigswald]] (Jewish father)<sup>[http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/hhoenigswald.pdf]</sup>
* [[Max Horkheimer]], philosopher & sociologist<sup>[http://construct.haifa.ac.il/~ilangz/Utopia4.html]</sup>
* [[Edmund Husserl]], philosopher (converted to Christianity)<sup>[http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/husserl.htm]</sup>
* [[Hans Jonas]], philosopher<sup>[http://www.asu.edu/csrc/events/conferences/archive/conferences_jonas.html]</sup>
* [[Horace Kallen]], philosopher<sup>[http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/termine/id=2796]</sup>
* [[Adolf Lasson]], philosopher<ref name="Jewish Encyclopedia"/>
* [[Theodor Lessing]], philosopher, writer<sup>[http://www.jafi.org.il/education/jafi75/timeline2a.html]</sup>
* [[Karl Löwith]], philosopher<sup>[http://www.amazon.com/dp/0691070199]</sup>
* [[Salomon Maimon]], philosopher<sup>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050164/Salomon-Maimon]</sup>
* [[Karl Marx]], philosopher, founder of [[communism]]
* [[Fritz Mauthner]], author & philosopher<sup>[http://www.cjh.org/nhprc/FritzMauthner02.html]</sup>
* [[Moses Mendelssohn]], philosopher, scholar<sup>[http://www.sullivan-county.com/id2/mendelssohn.htm]</sup>
* [[Helmuth Plessner]], philosopher (Jewish father)<sup>[http://www.uni-potsdam.de/u/philosophie/hpg/seiten/seite.php?layout=bildhome&inhalt=engl]</sup>
* [[Hans Reichenbach]], philosopher (Jewish father)<sup>[http://faculty.oxy.edu/traiger/publications/reichenbach.html]</sup>
* [[Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy]], philosopher (Jewish father)<sup>[http://www.valley.net/~transnat/erhbio.html]</sup>
* [[Max Scheler]], philosopher (Jewish mother)<ref>Max Scheler, 1874-1928: An Intellectual Portrait by John Raphael Staude</ref>
* [[Kurt Sternberg]], philosopher<ref>[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]] art. ''Sternberg, Kurt''</ref>
* [[Leo Strauss]], political philosopher
* [[Richard Rudolf Walzer]], philosopher ([[Jewish Year Book]] 1975 p214)

===Economists===
* [[Robert Aumann]], Nobel Prize for Economics <sup>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2005/aumann-autobio.html]</sup>
* [[Gerhard Colm]], economist [[w:de:Gerhard Colm|de]]
* [[Richard Ehrenberg]], economist <sup>[http://www.sussex.ac.uk/library/speccoll/cgjs/archive/elton_item.php?item_id=144]</sup>
* [[Ludwig Lachmann]], economist<ref>Hayek's Challenge: An Intellectual Biography of F. A. Hayek - Pg 145</ref>
* [[Emil Lederer]], economist <ref>[http://www.jinfo.org/Economists.html JInfo list of economists] accessed 17 May 2007</ref>
* [[Robert Liefmann]], economist<sup>[http://www.io.uni-freiburg.de/visiting-scholars/living.html?set_language=en]</sup>
* [[Adolph Lowe]], economist<sup>[http://library.albany.edu/speccoll/findaids/ger022.htm]</sup>
* [[Rosa Luxemburg]], economist, co-founder of the KPD<sup>[http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/l/u.htm]</sup>
* [[Fritz Naphtali]], economist, editor, later Israeli finance minister<ref>Riemer, Yehuda. Fritz Peretz Naphtali, A Social Democrat in Two Worlds. Hassifriya Haziyonit, Jerusalem 1996</ref>
* [[Hans Neisser]], economist [[w:de:Hans Neisser|de]]
* [[Sigbert Prais]], economist (JYB 2005 p215)
* [[Reinhard Selten]], Nobel prize <sup>[http://www.jinfo.org/Nobels_Economics.html]</sup> (1994)
* [[Hans Singer]], economist<ref>(''[[The Economist]]'', March 11th 2006, p95: "born a Jew")</ref>

===Social Scientists===
* [[Reinhard Bendix]], sociologist<sup>[http://www.hhs.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/15/3/25.pdf]</sup>
* [[Eduard Bernstein]], founder of [[evolutionary socialism]]<sup>[http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bernstein/bio/biography.htm]</sup>
* [[Franz Boas]], cultural anthropologist<sup>[http://www.aaanet.org/gad/history/075opler.pdf]</sup>
* [[Micha Brumlik]], professor of education
* [[Lewis A. Coser]], sociologist<sup>[http://www.bookrags.com/Lewis_A._Coser]</sup>
* [[Norbert Elias]], sociologist<sup>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/k22722484420w422/fulltext.pdf]</sup>
* [[Amitai Etzioni]], sociologist<sup>[http://www.jewishworldreview.com/0702/etzioni1.asp]</sup>
* [[Shelomo Dov Goitein]], Arabist<sup>[http://www.princeton.edu/~geniza/goitein.html]</sup>
* [[Moses Hess]], socialist<sup>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/hess.html]</sup>
* [[Eugene Kamenka]], sociologist<sup>[http://www.abc.net.au/rn/counterpoint/stories/2006/1607107.htm]</sup>
<!-- * [[Louis Kugelmann]], social activist -->
* [[Siegfried Kracauer]], sociologist & film critic<sup>[http://www.princeton.edu/~judaic/OldJWSTWebsite/conf/speakers.html]</sup>
* [[Ferdinand Lassalle]], founder of first German worker's party<sup>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9047256/Ferdinand-Lassalle]</sup>
* [[Karl Mannheim]], sociologist<sup>[http://www.safarix.com/0131109006/ch11]</sup>
* [[Herbert Marcuse]], sociologist, [[New Left]] figurehead<sup>[http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/newsevents/1970/709PlayboyInt.htm]</sup>
* [[Karl Marx]], founder of [[communism]] (parents converted to Protestantism)<sup>[http://www.adherents.com/people/pm/Karl_Marx.html]</sup>
* [[Franz Oppenheimer]], sociologist & economist<sup>[http://www.franz-oppenheimer.de/al64a.htm]</sup>
* [[Leo Loewenthal]], sociologist<sup>[http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft8779p24p/]</sup>
* [[Georg Simmel]], sociologist<sup>[http://www.bolender.com/Sociological%20Theory/Simmel,%20Georg/PowerPoint%20Presentation%20of%20Georg%20Simmel/Georg%20Simmel.ppt]</sup>
* [[Georg Steindorff]], egyptologist (Jewish father)<sup>[http://www.smu.edu/bridwell/specialcollections/steindorff/steindorff.htm]</sup>
* [[Jacob Taubes]], theologist<sup>[http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?book_id=3344%203345]</sup>
* [[Louis Wirth]], sociologist<sup>[http://www.enotes.com/twentieth-century-criticism/wirth-louis]</sup>

===Historians===
* [[Ernst Bernheim]], historian<ref>Irene Blechle, Entdecker der Hochschulpädagogik. Die Universitätsreformer Ernst Bernheim und Hans Schmidkunz. Shaker Verlag, Aachen 2002, ISBN 3826599438
</ref>
* [[Victor Ehrenberg (historian)]], historian<ref name="ejl">EJL]</ref>
* [[Geoffrey Rudolph Elton]] (son of Wictor Ehrenberg) [http://www.sussex.ac.uk/cgjs/1-2-2.html]
* [[Richard Ettinghausen]], art historian<sup>[http://www.dictionaryofarthistorians.org/ettinghausenr.htm]</sup>
* [[Henry Friedlander]], historian<sup>[http://www.ideajournal.com/edboard.php?id=4]</sup>
* [[Saul Friedlander]], historian<ref name="ejl" />
* [[Peter Gay]], history<ref name="ejl" />
* [[George W. F. Hallgarten]], historian <sup>[http://www.nsec-88.org/knihy/The-myth/19.html]</sup>
* [[Richard Krautheimer]], historian<sup>[http://www.aps-pub.com/proceedings/1482/480208.pdf]</sup>
* [[Arno Lustiger]], historian<sup>[http://www.ushmm.org/research/library/books/detail.php?content=2001-04-22]</sup>
* [[Lothar Machtan]] {{Fact|date=March 2007}}
* [[Golo Mann]], historian<sup>[http://www.ajr.org.uk/pastjournal05.htm]</sup>
* [[George Mosse]], historian<ref name="ejl" />
* [[Eva Gabriele Reichmann|Eva Reichmann]], historian and sociologist
* [[Ludwig Riess]], historian<ref name="ejl" />
* [[Hans Rothfels]], historian<sup>[http://www.clausewitz.com/CWZHOME/Bassford/Chapter19.htm]</sup>
* [[Fritz Stern]], historian<sup>[http://www.lbi.org/fritzstern.html]</sup>
* [[Michael Wolffsohn]], historian <sup>[http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/publications/reviews/wolfrev.968.htm]</sup>

===Jurists===
* [[Hannah Arendt]], political theorist<sup>[http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/arendt.htm]</sup>
* [[Jacob Friedrich Behrend]], jurist<ref name="Jewish Encyclopedia"/>
* [[David Daube]], Professor of Law<sup>[http://www.klostermann.de/recht/rec_3363.htm]</sup>
* [[Heinrich Dernburg]], jurist<sup>[http://www.jstor.org/view/0002919x/ap030152/03a00070/0]</sup>
* [[Victor Ehrenberg (jurist)|Victor Ehrenberg]], jurist<ref>Personal Memoirs by Victor Ehrenberg, Privately Published, 1971</ref>
<!-- * [[Ernst Fraenkel]], political scientist -->
* [[Hugo Haase]], jurist<sup>[http://knud.eriksen.adr.dk/germany_jewish_question.htm]</sup>
* Sir [[Otto Kahn-Freund]], Professor of Law<ref>British [[Dictionary of National Biography]]</ref>
* [[Hermann Kantorowicz]], jurist<sup>[http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=741]</sup>
* [[Walter Kaskel]], jurist<sup>[http://www.jus.unitn.it/Cardozo/Review/Laborlaw/Nogler-1996/nogler.htm]</sup>
* [[Paul Laband]], jurist, b. Breslau<ref>''[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]]'' art. Laband, Paul</ref>
* [[Otto Lenel]], jurist<sup>[http://www.law.berkeley.edu/library/daube/independent.html]</sup>
* [[Franz Leopold Neumann|Franz Neumann]], legal theorist<sup>[http://www.wbenjamin.org/neumannproject.html]</sup>
* [[Arthur Nussbaum]], jurist<sup>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/5fwqqt2lubr4luty/fulltext.pdf]</sup>
* [[Joseph Süss Oppenheimer]], financial planner & court Jew<ref name="Jewish Encyclopedia"/>
<!-- * [[Max Rheinstein]], jurist -->
* [[Gabriel Riesser]], deputy speaker of Frankfurt Assembly in 1848, first Jewish judge in Hamburg<sup>[http://www.jura.uni-sb.de/FB/LS/Fiedler/Fiedler/Aufsaetze/riesser.html]</sup>
* [[Rudolf Schlesinger]], jurist<sup>[http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/4971/edition_id/91/format/html/displaystory.html]</sup>
* [[Georg Schwarzenberger]], jurist <sup>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/5901mdg2xngk07f8/fulltext.pdf]</sup>
* [[Hugo Sinzheimer]], legal scholar<sup>[http://ilj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/8/1/193.pdf]</sup>
<!-- * [[Friedrich Wolff]], jurist (Jewish father) -->
* [[Sigmund Zeisler]], jurist<sup>[http://www.chicagojewishhistory.org/pdf/CJH.2.1999.pdf]</sup>

===Linguists and philologists===
* [[Theodor Benfey]], linguist (Jewish father)<sup>[http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/BEC_BER/BENFEY_THEODOR_1809_1881_.html]</sup>
* [[Eduard Fraenkel]], philologist<ref>Oxford [[Dictionary of National Biography]]: "An unbaptized Jew"</ref>
<!-- * [[Ernst Fränkel (linguist)]], linguist; uncle of Eduard Fraenkel -->
* [[Wilhelm Freund]], philologist <sup>[http://www.bh.org.il/Names/POW/Freund.asp]</sup>
* [[Ludwig Friedländer]], philologist [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=402&letter=F&search=FRIEDLÄNDER,%20LUDWIG]
* [[Julius Fürst]], orientalist<sup>[http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/FRA_GAE/FURST_JULIUS_1805_1873_.html]</sup>
* [[Theodor Goldstücker]], linguist<sup>[https://secure.peeters-leuven.be/POJ/downloadpdf.php?ticket_id=453c55926ddd9]</sup>
* [[Moshe Goshen-Gottstein]], linguist<ref>[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]], art. Goshen-Gottstein, Moshe; "born in Berlin"</ref>
* [[Victor Klemperer]], linguist & diarist<sup>[http://www.doublestandards.org/klemperer.html]</sup>
* [[Siegbert Salomon Prawer]], Professor of German<ref>[[Jewish Year Book]] 2005 p215</ref>
* [[Chaim Menachem Rabin]], linguist<ref>[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]], art. Rabin, Chaim Menachem; "born in Giessen, Germany"</ref>
* [[Edward Sapir]], anthropologist-linguist<sup>[http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/sapir_edward.html]</sup>
* [[Ernest Simon]], professor of Chinese<ref>(British [[Jewish Year Book]] 1980 p183)</ref>
* [[Heymann Steinthal]], linguist<sup>[http://www.jstor.org/view/00225037/dm980608/98p0252k/0]</sup>

=== Educationalists ===
* [[Lewis Elton]], educationalist [http://www.sussex.ac.uk/cgjs/1-2-2.html]
* [[Kurt Hahn]],<ref>Concise [[Dictionary of National Biography]]: "born in Berlin of Jewish parents"</ref> educationalist

==Cultural figures==
===Showbusiness===
* [[Hugo Egon Balder]], comedian, producer (Jewish mother)<sup>[http://w3.berlin-friedenau.com/front_content.php?idcat=12&idart=642]</sup>,
<!-- * [[Hans Behrendt]], director -->
* [[Mark Bellinghaus]], actor, writer, poet, Marilyn Monroe activist, historian & collector<sup>[http://www.laweekly.com/news/features/immortal-mayhem/15364/]</sup>
* [[Ludwig Berger]], director<sup>[http://www.adherents.com/people/pb/Ludwig_Berger.html]</sup>
* [[Lotte Berk]], dancer and health guru<ref>Oxford [[Dictionary of National Biography]]: "the only daughter of Jewish parents"</ref>
* [[Kurt Bernhardt]], director<ref>Patrick McGilligan, Fritz Lang: The Nature of the Beast, St. Martin's Press: New York (1997), page 172</ref>
* [[Artur Brauner]], film producer<sup>[http://www.german-films.de/en/germanfilmsquaterly/previousissues/seriesgermanfilmproducers/arturbrauner/index.html]</sup>
* [[Friedrich Dalsheim]], director <sup>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,759629,00.html]</sup>
* [[Michael Degen]], actor<sup>[http://www.prisma-online.de/tv/person.html?pid=michael_degen]</sup>
* [[Ernst Dohm]], actor, editor<sup>[http://www.ohiou.edu/~chastain/ip/kladder.htm]</sup>
* [[Hedwig Pringsheim|Hedwig Dohm-Pringsheim]], actress<sup>[http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/61/187.html]</sup>
* [[E.A. Dupont]], director <sup>[http://www.laurahird.com/newreview/piccadilly.html]</sup>
* [[Don Francisco]], Chilean television host <sup>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0471053/]</sup>
* [[Michel Friedman]], TV personality<sup>[http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article109219.ece]</sup>
* [[Kurt Gerron]], stage actor & film director<sup>[http://www.7thart.com/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=104]</sup>
* [[Dora Gerson]], actress, cabaret singer<sup>[http://www.andante.com/article/article.cfm?id=16862]</sup>
* [[Therese Giehse]], actress [[Pepermill]]<sup>[http://www.steffi-line.de/archiv_text/nost_buehne/06g_giehse.htm]</sup>
* [[Lou Jacobs]], clown<sup>[http://wheelerclown.tripod.com/Clownpage/Lou.html]</sup>
* [[Ludwig Karl Koch]], broadcaster and sound recordist <ref>Oxford [[Dictionary of National Biography]]: "Being a Jew, Koch's life under the Nazi regime became increasingly intolerable"</ref>
* [[Carl Laemmle]], film producer<sup>[http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/filmography.html?p_id=188031&mod=bio]</sup>
* [[Dani Levy]], film maker, theatrical director and actor<sup>[http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-fg-hitler17dec17,1,6303277.story?coll=la-news-a_section&ctrack=1&cset=true|]</sup>
* [[Ernst Lubitsch]], director<sup>[http://www.adherents.com/people/pl/Ernst_Lubitsch.html]</sup>
* [[Inge Meysel]], actress (Jewish father)<sup>[http://www.mscd.edu/~mdl/gerresources/frauen/imeysel.htm]</sup>
<!-- * [[Brigitte Mira]], actress (Jewish father) -->
* [[Max Ophuls]], director
* [[Richard Oswald]], director<sup>[http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/filmography.html?p_id=105257]</sup>
* [[Lilli Palmer]], actress<sup>[http://www.editrixoffice.com/DDUA_lili.htm]</sup>
* [[Oliver Polak]], comedian, actor, author
* [[Marcel Reif]], presenter (Jewish father)<sup>[http://www.fil.german-pavilion.com/gp/fil/exhibitors/display_titel.cfm?link=2&titel_id=1036]</sup>
<!-- * [[Ilja Richter]], actor, presenter ?? -->
* [[Hans Rosenthal]], one of Germany's most popular TV personalities in history<sup>[http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=150901100890627]</sup>
* [[Susan Sideropoulos]], actress <sup>[http://www.juedisches-museum-berlin.de/site/EN/06-Press/03-Photo-Download/jewish-now/jewish-now.php]</sup>
* [[Robert Siodmak]], director<sup>[http://www.americancinematheque.com/archive1999/2002/filmnoir.htm]</sup>
* [[Ruth Westheimer]], sex therapist<sup>[http://www.fyi3.com/funstuff/fam_fosterKids/ruthWestheimer.cfm]</sup>
* [[Konrad Wolf]], film director<ref>Remembering History: The Filmmaker Konrad Wolf by Marc Silberman, New German Critique, No. 49, Special Issue on Alexander Kluge. (Winter, 1990), pp. 163-191</ref>
* [[Peter Zadek]], theatre director<ref>Theatre Reviews: Opposites by Wilhelm Hortmann, Shakespeare Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 4. (Winter, 1982), pp. 513-515</ref>
<!-- * [[Friedrich Zelnik]], director -->

===Musicians===

* [[Samuel Adler (composer)|Samuel Adler]], composer<sup>[http://www.jhu.edu/jhso/about/adler.html]</sup>
* [[Haim Alexander]], composer<sup>[http://www.hum.huji.ac.il/cja/NL12%20-%205th-seminar.htm]</sup>
* [[Tzvi Avni]], composer<sup>[http://www.wiebkehoogklimmer.de/judeneng.htm]</sup>
* [[Paul Ben-Haim]], composer<sup>[http://www.milkenarchive.org/artists/artists.taf?artistid=300]</sup>
* [[Julius Benedict]], composer <sup>[http://www.jinfo.org/Conductors.html]</sup>
* [[Wolf Biermann]], singer/songwriter (Jewish father)<sup>[http://www.literaturfestival.com/bios1_3_6_574.html]</sup>
* [[Yehezkel Braun]], Israeli composer<sup>[http://imi.org.il/site/composerInfo.asp?num=38]</sup>
* [[Ignaz Brull]], composer
* [[Manfred Bukofzer]], musicologist<sup>[http://www.biu.ac.il/HU/mu/min-ad/06/Lachman-R-Katz.pdf]</sup>
* [[Paul Dessau]], composer<ref>Fritz Hennenberg: Paul Dessau. Eine Biographie</ref>
* [[Abel Ehrlich]], Israeli composer<sup>[http://www.jmi.org.uk/suppressedmusic/thwarted_voices_2000.html]</sup>
* [[Alfred Einstein]], musicologist<ref>Alfred Einstein on Music: Selected Music Criticisms by Catherine Dower</ref>
* [[Hanns Eisler]], German-born composer (Jewish father)<sup>[http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/eisler.htm]</sup>
* [[Lukas Foss]], composer & conductor<sup>[http://artists-in-residence.com/ljlehrman/articles/aufbau7.html]</sup>
* [[Alexander Goehr]], composer<ref>''[[Jewish Chronicle]]'', July 13 2001 p.25 "two Jewish composers, Alexander Goehr and Robert Saxton"</ref>
* [[Walter Goehr]], conductor<sup>[http://www.jmi.org.uk/jminews/jminews_5.html]</sup>
* [[Berthold Goldschmidt]], composer<ref>Oxford [[Dictionary of National Biography]]: "His was a cultured, musical Jewish family"</ref>
* [[Bernard Greenhouse]], cellist<sup>[http://www.artworksberlin.de/englisch/mendelssohnplayers/index.html]</sup>
* [[George Henschel]], singer & conductor<sup>[http://oq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/10/4/39.pdf]</sup>
* [[Alfred Hertz]], conductor<sup>[http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/23046/format/html/displaystory.html]</sup>
* [[André Herzberg]], musician ([[Pankow (band)|Pankow]]) <sup>[http://zeus.zeit.de/text/2006/05/Dt_-Isreal_Beziehung]</sup> <!-- Is this the same Andre Herzberg? -->
* [[Ferdinand Hiller]], composer
* [[Gerard Hoffnung]], musicologist [http://www.chrisbeetles.com/pictures/artists/Hoffnung_Gerard/Hoffnung_Gerard.htm]
* [[Friedrich Hollaender|Friedrich Holländer]], composer<sup>[http://www.exil-archiv.de/html/biografien/hollaender.htm]</sup>
* [[Salomon Jadassohn]], composer<sup>[http://www.recordsinternational.com/RICatalogFeb03.html]</sup>
* [[Leon Jessel]], composer<sup>[http://www.jewish-music.huji.ac.il/GetDetails.asp?id=410&TableName=Book_T&quest=607&page=cat&CatTableName=Authors_T]</sup>
* [[Robert Kahn (composer)|Robert Kahn]], composer<sup>[http://cdbaby.com/cd/martindillon1]</sup>
* [[Otto Klemperer]], conductor<sup>[http://www.concentric.net/~onk145/Bio.htm]</sup>
* [[Robert Lachmann]], musicologist<sup>[http://www.jstor.org/view/00274224/ap030310/03a00260/0]</sup>
* [[Ludwig Lenel]], organist and composer
* [[Hermann Levi]], conductor<ref>"Hermann Levi's shame and Parsifal's guilt" by Laurence Dreyfus</ref>
* [[Alfred Lion]] & [[Frank Wulff]], founders of [[Blue Note Records]]<sup>[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19990508/ai_n14235233]</sup>
* [[Edward Lowinsky]], musicologist<ref>''[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]]'' art. Lowinsky, Edward</ref>
* [[Michael Mann (scholar)|Michael Mann]], musician (Jewish mother)<sup>[http://www.picture-newsletter.com/thomas-mann/index.htm]</sup>
* [[Arnold Mendelssohn]], organist<sup>[https://web3.unt.edu/the/centers.php?css=lost_composers]</sup>
* [[Felix Mendelssohn]], composer & conductor (Jewish ancestry but raised Lutheran)<sup>[http://www.beth-elsa.org/be_s0220.htm]</sup>
* [[Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel]], composer<sup>[http://www2.wwnorton.com/classical/composers/hensel.htm]</sup>
* [[Giacomo Meyerbeer]], composer<ref>Giacomo Meyerbeer, 1791-1864 by Martin Cooper</ref>
* [[Ben-Zion Orgad]], Israeli composer<sup>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1990_1999/1998/11/Music%20in%20Israel%201995-1998]</sup>
* [[Menahem Pressler]], pianist<sup>[http://www.jmi.org.uk/suppressedmusic/newsletter/articles/003.html]</sup>
* [[André Previn]], conductor<sup>[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761582159/Andre_Previn.html]</sup>
* [[Franz Reizenstein]], pianist, composer<sup>[http://www.ajr.org.uk/pastjournal21.htm]</sup>
* [[Curt Sachs]], musicologist, co-founder of modern [[organology]]<sup>[http://www.biu.ac.il/HU/mu/min-ad/06/Lachman-R-Katz.pdf]</sup>
* [[Kurt Sanderling]], conductor<sup>[http://www.sptimes.com/2003/09/14/Floridian/Tearing_down_the_walls.shtml]</sup>
* [[Adolf Martin Schlesinger]], music publisher <sup>[http://mq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/LXXII/1/1.pdf]</sup>
* [[Heinrich Sontheim]], tenor <sup>[http://jebenhausen.worldzonepro.com/sontheim.html]</sup>
* [[William Steinberg]], conductor<sup>[http://www.music.buffalo.edu/bpo/steinber.htm]</sup>
* [[Erich Walter Sternberg]], composer<ref>Music in the Jewish Community of Palestine 1880-1948: A Social History by Jehoash Hirshberg</ref>
* [[Josef Tal]], composer<sup>[http://grace.evergreen.edu/~arunc/texts/music/wolpe/wolpe/Josef_Tal.html]</sup>
* [[Ilia Trilling]], synagogue composer<sup>[http://www.naxos.com/composerinfo/5347.htm]</sup>
* [[Ignatz Waghalter]], composer & conductor<sup>[http://www.musicalpointers.co.uk/reviews/cddvd/waghalter.htm]</sup>
* [[Bruno Walter]], conductor (Jewish father)<sup>[http://www.maurice-abravanel.com/walter.html]</sup>
* [[Franz Waxman]], film composer<sup>[http://www.villagevoice.com/film/0650,stein,75280,20.html]</sup>
* [[Kurt Weill]], composer<sup>[http://www.naxos.com/composerinfo/1478.htm]</sup>
* [[Stefan Wolpe]], composer<sup>[http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/music_and_letters/v086/86.2earle.pdf]</sup>
* [[Alec Empire]], member of [[Atari Teenage Riot]]<sup>[http://www.montrealmirror.com/ARCHIVES/1997/112097/music1.html]</sup>
* [[Hilde Zadek]], soprano<sup>[http://members.aon.at/vanderlet/english/zadeken.htm]</sup>

===Artists===
*[[Friedrich Adler (artist)|Friedrich Adler]], Jugendstil and Art Deco designer
* [[Anni Albers]], textile designer<sup>[http://www.tate.org.uk/modern/exhibitions/albersmoholy/albersmoholy_tp.pdf]</sup>
* [[Frank Auerbach]], painter<sup>[http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ArtistWorks?cgroupid=999999961&artistid=676&page=1&sole=y&collab=y&attr=y&sort=default&tabview=bio]</sup>
* [[Eduard Bendemann]], painter<ref name="Jewish Encyclopedia"/>
* [[Martin Bloch]], British painter<sup>[http://www.thejc.com/home.aspx?ParentId=m11s19s116&SecId=116&AId=48162&ATypeId=1]</sup>
* [[Erwin Blumenfeld]], photographer<sup>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/04/21/DDGBEIBS8G1.DTL]</sup>
* [[Siegfried Einstein]], author and poet
* [[Alfred Eisenstaedt]], photographer<sup>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Eisenstaedt.html]</sup>
* [[Benno Elkan]], sculptor<ref>Concise [[Dictionary of National Biography]]: "born at Dortmund of Jewish parentage"</ref>
* [[James Ingo Freed]], architect<sup>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2005/12/17/BAGMUG9N6G1.DTL]</sup>
* [[Lucian Freud]], painter<sup>[http://www.leninimports.com/lucian_freud_bio.html]</sup>
* [[Gisèle Freund]], photographer<sup>[http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/freund.htm]</sup>
* [[Eva Hesse]], materials artist<sup>[http://www.jewishpress.com/page.do/18790/Jewish_Arts.html]</sup>
* [[Erich Kahn]], painter, expressionist<sup>[http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?cgroupid=999999961&workid=7814&searchid=11883&tabview=text]</sup>
* [[Eugen Kaufmann]], architect<sup>[http://www.jstor.org/view/09524649/ap040038/04a00040/0]</sup>
*[[Hugo Lederer]] (1871 - 1940) sculptor <ref>[http://www.jewishgen.org/cemetery/e-europe/czechu-z.html International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies - Cemetery Project]: he is buried in the Jewish cemetery in Znojmo, Czech Republic; accessed 18 May 2007</ref>
* [[Max Liebermann]], painter<sup>[http://www.thejewishmuseum.org/site/pages/press.php?id=60]</sup>
* [[Wilhelm Löwith]], artist<sup>[http://ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1911_1912_4_YearReview.pdf]</sup>
* [[Peter Max]], pop artist<sup>[http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/10.22.98/petermax-9842.html]</sup>
* [[Ludwig Meidner]], painter<sup>[http://www.courtauld.ac.uk/newsletter/autumn_2002/sympomeid.html]</sup>
* [[Erich Mendelsohn]], architect<sup>[http://www.open2.net/modernity/4_14_frame.htm]</sup>
* [[Helmut Newton]], photographer (Jewish father)<sup>[http://www.meaus.com/helmut-newton-dead.htm]</sup>
* [[Felix Nussbaum]], painter<sup>[http://www.daniel-libeskind.com/projects/pro.html?ID=4]</sup>
* [[Meret Oppenheim]], surrealist<sup>[http://www.modernamuseet.se/feature/2004/MO_ManRay/template3.asp?lang=Eng&id=2447]</sup>
* [[Erwin Panofsky]], art historian<sup>[http://www.pacpubserver.com/new/news/6-4-00/jewish.html]</sup>
* [[Heinz Julius Rosenthal]], painter
* [[Hans Schleger]], designer<sup>[http://www.lundhumphries.co.uk/pages/single/2219.html]</sup>
* [[Charlotte Salomon]], artist<sup>[http://www.remember.org/educate/sal.html]</sup>
* [[Erich Salomon]], news photographer<sup>[http://www.absolutearts.com/artsnews/2000/04/24/26880.html]</sup>
* [[Victor Weisz]], ''Vicky'', cartoonist<ref>Concise [[Dictionary of National Biography]]: "born in Germany of Hungarian Jewish parents"</ref>

==Writers==
* [[Erich Auerbach]], literature critic<sup>[http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/auerb.htm]</sup>
* [[Julius Bab]], dramatist and theater critic<ref>''[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]]'' art. Bab, Julius</ref>
<!-- * [[Kurt Baschwitz]], journalist gaz.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/67/6/523.pdf ??-->
* [[Jurek Becker]], writer<sup>[http://www.uwp.co.uk/book_desc/1456.html]</sup>
* [[Maxim Biller]], writer<sup>[http://www.coh.arizona.edu/german/syllabi/05fall/ger376.pdf]</sup>
* [[Ludwig Börne]], satirist<sup>[http://www.juedisches-museum-berlin.de/site/EN/01-Exhibitions/05-Rafael-Roth-Learning-Center/02-news/01-05-02-news.php]</sup>
* [[Otto Brahm]], literary critic<sup>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9016149/Otto-Brahm]</sup>
* [[Henryk Broder]], journalist<sup>[http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/modern_judaism/v017/17.2br_stern.html]</sup>
* [[Walter Benjamin]], literary critic & philosopher<sup>[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cup/catalog/data/023112/0231126565.HTM]</sup>
* [[Emil Carlebach]], writer, dissident<sup>[http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/60/003.html]</sup>
* [[Joseph Derenbourg]], orientalist, father of [[Hartwig Derenbourg]]<sup>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/m15n435375w80467/fulltext.pdf]</sup>
* [[Hilde Domin]], poet<sup>[http://www.jewish-theatre.com/visitor/article_display.aspx?articleID=1770]</sup>
* [[Lion Feuchtwanger]], novelist<sup>[http://members.aol.com/fljosephus/Feuchtwanger.htm]</sup>
* [[Hubert Fichte]], author (Jewish father)<sup>[http://andrejkoymasky.com/liv/fam/biof1/fich1.html]</sup>
* [[Anne Frank]], diarist<sup>[http://www.gale.com/free_resources/whm/bio/frank_a.htm]</sup>
* [[Karen Gershon]], poet (1923-1993) [http://www.fiveleaves.co.uk/jewish-int.html]
<!-- * [[Hermann Grab]], writer nothing but wiki links -->
*[[Gad Granach]]
* [[Friedrich Gundolf]], literary man<sup>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/goebbels.html]</sup>
* [[Glückel of Hameln]], 18th-century Yiddish diarist<sup>[http://www.phy6.org/outreach/Jewish/Gluckel.htm]</sup>
* [[Maximilian Harden]], journalists<sup>[http://site.www.umb.edu/faculty/salzman_g/Strate/Discus/2002-12-05CraigOnElon.rtf]</sup>
* [[Heinrich Heine]], poet <ref>Heinrich Heine, "Blackhguard" and "Apostate" a Study of the Earliest Attitude Towards Him by Sol Liptzin</ref>
<!-- * [[Rudolf Herrnstadt]], editor ?? -->
<!-- * [[Eva Hesse (author)]] -->
* [[Stefan Heym]], novelist, politician<sup>[http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/17428/edition_id/345/format/html/displaystory.html]</sup>
* [[Wolfgang Hildesheimer]]<sup>[http://www.cutg.ac.uk/03prog.htm]</sup>
* [[Edgar Hilsenrath]], novelist<sup>[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1952836,00.html]</sup>
* [[Barbara Honigmann]], writer<sup>[http://www.goethe.de/ins/gb/lon/acv/wrt/2004/de79182.htm]</sup>
* [[Heinrich Eduard Jacob]], writer and journalist<ref>The Gabriele Killert & Richard Schroetter: Obligation destruction fixes. The forgotten Jewish writer Heinrich Eduard Jacob; in: "new inhabitants of zurich newspaper" (boarding school Expenditure), NR. 78. Zurich, 5./6. April 1997, S. 50.</ref>
* [[Siegfried Jacobsohn]], journalist and theater critic<sup>[http://www.goethe.de/wis/pre/kub/kub/kwa/000/en157293.htm]</sup>
* [[Ruth Prawer Jhabvala]], novelist and screenwriter<sup>[http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/jhab.htm]</sup>
* [[Wladimir Kaminer]], short story writer<sup>[http://www.goethe.de/ges/rel/dos/jul/en1418155.htm]</sup>
* [[Judith Kerr]], children's writer<sup>[http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/lion_and_the_unicorn/v026/26.1sylvester.pdf]</sup>
* [[Victor Klemperer]], writer<ref>The Lesser Evil: The Diaries of Victor Klemperer 1945-1959</ref>
* [[Else Lasker-Schüler]], writer, poet & artist<sup>[http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/biography/v024/24.1lindenmeyer.html]</sup>
* [[Gila Lustiger]], author<sup>[http://www.agdok.de/GermanDocumentaries/gD178.htm]</sup>
* [[Erika Mann]], writer, actress (Jewish mother)<sup>[http://www.picture-newsletter.com/thomas-mann/index.htm]</sup>
* [[Klaus Mann]], writer (Jewish mother)<sup>[http://www.picture-newsletter.com/thomas-mann/index.htm]</sup>
* [[Monika Mann]], writer (Jewish mother)<sup>[http://www.picture-newsletter.com/thomas-mann/index.htm]</sup>
* [[Julius Mosen]], born ''Moses'' <sup>[http://bible.tmtm.com/wiki/MOSEN_(MOSES),_JULIUS_(Jewish_Encyclopedia)]</sup>
* [[Erich Mühsam]], [[anarchist]] poet<sup>[http://www.ijpa.org/letter1nov00.htm]</sup>
* [[Henning Pawel]], child-book author, writer.<sup>[http://www.fbk-thueringen.jetzweb.de/Projekte/Stafette_Buch/Henning_Pawel/henning_pawel.html]</sup>
* [[Solomon Perel]], author<sup>[http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/publications/details.php?content=1997-02]</sup>
* [[Oliver Polak]], comedian, actor, author
* [[Alan Posener]], chief columnist of ''[[Welt am Sonntag]]'' (Jewish father)
* [[Marcel Reich-Ranicki]], literary critic<ref>Author of Himself, The ... The Life of Marcel Reich-Ranicki</ref>
* [[H. A. Rey]] & [[Margret Rey]], creators of [[Curious George]]<sup>[http://childrensbooks.about.com/od/authorsillustrato/fr/journeyrey.htm]</sup>
* [[Renate Rubinstein]] (Jewish father)<sup>[https://www.nias.knaw.nl:10051/en/oudfellows/research_group_1999_2000/summaries_99_00/hans_goedkoop/]</sup>
* [[Nelly Sachs]], poet, Nobel Prize (1966)<sup>[http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/nsachs.htm]</sup>
* [[Moriz Seeler]], poet<ref>memorial plaque reads "Jewish poet"</ref>
* [[Anna Seghers]], novelist<sup>[http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=5460]</sup>
* [[Oskar Seidlin]], writer <sup>[http://www.learningcalendar.com/this_day_in_history/days_template.cfm?history_id=57673]</sup>
* [[Rafael Seligmann]], writer<sup>[http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/950413/jews.shtml]</sup>
* [[Süßkind von Trimberg]], middle age writer, [[minnesinger]]<sup>[http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&id=D6D087A9-DD75-48F4-9A27-686D656B0130]</sup>
* [[Kurt Tucholsky]], writer (converted to Protestantism)<sup>[http://www.taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/index/U83233WJT1285860.pdf]</sup>
* [[Samuel Ullman]], poet <sup>[http://www.alabamamoments.state.al.us/sec31det.html]</sup>
* [[Rahel Varnhagen]], writer and saloniste (converted to Christianity)<ref>Rahel Varnhagen The Life of a Jewish Woman by Hannah Arendt</ref>
* [[Moritz Callmann Wahl]]<ref name="Jewish Encyclopedia"/>
* [[Jakob Wassermann]], novelist<sup>[http://www.taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/index/H2MXP9GKBNTBLBNU.pdf]</sup>
* [[Trude Weiss-Rosmarin]]<ref>Hymen, E. Paula & Dash Moore, Deborah. (eds) (1997) Jewish Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia. Routledge, ISBN 0-415-91934-7 (pp. 1463-1465)</ref>
* [[Jeanette Wohl]]<sup>[http://www.judaistik.uni-frankfurt.de/aktuellarchiv/008_aktuell-ss02.html]</sup>
* [[Friedrich Wolf]], writer, physician<sup>[http://www.umass.edu/defa/filmtour/sjprofmamlock.shtml]</sup>
* [[Carl Zuckmayer]], playwright (Jewish mother)<sup>[http://www.content-space.de/textpattern/artikel/the-immigration-of-carl-zuckmayer-into-the-usa]</sup>
* [[Arnold Zweig]], writer<sup>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078514/Arnold-Zweig]</sup>
* [[Stefanie Zweig]], novelist<sup>[http://www.somethingjewish.co.uk/articles/73_interview_with_stefa.htm]</sup>

==Entrepreneurs==
:''See also [[Court Jew]]s''
{{Unreferenced|date=December 2006}}
{{Expand|date=March 2007}}
* [[Albert Ballin]], cruise ship entrepreneur
* [[Alfred Beit]], financier <ref>British [[Dictionary of National Biography]]</ref>
* [[August Belmont]]
** [[August Belmont II]]
* [[Gottfried Bermann]]
* [[Gerson von Bleichröder]], financier, advisor of Bismarck
* [[Buchsbaum]] family
* Sir [[Ernest Cassel]], banker<ref>K. Grunwald, ‘Windsor Cassel: the last court Jew’, Yearbook of the [[Leo Baeck]] Institute, 14 (1969), 119–61</ref>
* [[Otto Frank]], ran pectin-related small business, but most famous as father of [[Anne Frank]]
* [[Friedenthal]] family
** [[Markus Bär Friedenthal]], banker, scholar
* [[Fritz von Friedländer-Fuld]], industrialist [[:de:Fritz von Friedlaender-Fuld|de]]
* [[Fürst]] family, court Jews in Hamburg
** [[Moses Israel Fürst]] financier and merchant
** [[Chajim Fürst]], financier and head of the Jewish community
* [[Marcus Goldman]], founder of [[Goldman Sachs]] in America
* [[Eduard Gümbel]]
* [[Charles Hallgarten]]
* [[Maurice de Hirsch]], banker <ref>Oxford [[Dictionary of National Biography]]: "born on 9 December 1831 in Munich ... His grandfather Jacob had established the family as one of the first Jewish families to acquire great wealth and social acceptability in Bavaria ... His mother came from an Orthodox Frankfurt family and ensured that the children were properly instructed in Jewish matters."</ref>
* [[Karl Amson Joel]] (not philosopher [[Karl Joel (philosopher)]]), textile merchant & manufacturer, the greatfather of [[Alexander Joel (conductor)|Alexander Joel]] and [[Billy Joel]]
* [[Otto Hermann Kahn]]
* [[Richard Lenel]], German industrialist, founding member of Lufthansa and German Bank
* Sir [[Robert Mayer]], German-born businessman and philanthropist <sup>[http://ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1987_7_WestEurope.pdf]</sup>
* [[Joseph Mendelssohn]], banker
* [[Alexander Mendelssohn]], banker
* [[Mosse]] family
** [[Rudolf Mosse]] and family, newspaper magnates
* [[Oppenheimer]] family
** [[Ernest Oppenheimer]], diamond tycoon
* [[Emil Rathenau]], founder of [[AEG]], father of [[Walter Rathenau]]
* [[Paul Reuter]], founder of [[Reuters]]
* [[Rothschild banking family of Germany]]
** [[Mayer Amschel Rothschild]] and family, financiers & bankers
* [[Seligman]] family
** [[Joseph Seligman]], banker & US civil war financier
* [[Salman Schocken|Schocken]] family
** [[Salman Schocken]] (born at Posen district)
* [[Jacob Schiff]] ([[Jacob H. Schiff]]), railroad financier
* [[Kilian von Steiner]], banker
* [[Max Stern (businessman)|Max Stern]]
* [[Levi Strauss]], clothing manufacturer
* [[Straus]] family
** [[Isidor Straus]] owner of [[Macy's]] department store & [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']] victim
* [[Leonhard Tietz]], [[Oscar Tietz]] & [[Hermann Tietz]], founders of [[Kaufhof]] & [[Hertie]] department stores
* [[Oscar Troplowitz]], pharmacist, entrepreneur [[Beiersdorf]], developer of [[Nivea]] and other household products
* [[Warburg family]]
** [[Siegmund Warburg]], banker
* [[Georg Wertheim]], founder of Wertheim department stores
* [[Emil Jellinek]], born in [[Leipzig]]. He was a wealthy entrepreneur down the [[French Riviera]], coining ''Mercedes'' trademark --which became ''Mercedes Benz'' nowadays--. He was ''Austro-Hungarian'' diplomat also --residing in [[Vienna]]--.
* [[Adolf Silverberg]] [[:de:Adolf Silverberg|[de]]]
** [[Abraham Mendelssohn Bartholdy]]
* [[Itzig family]]
** [[Daniel Itzig]]
* [[Alois Dessauer]]
* [[Mannheimer]] pedigree
** [[Fritz Mannheimer]]
** [[Max Mannheimer]]
** [[Victor Mannheimer]] (-1928), brother of Fritz
* [[Warburg family]]
** [[Felix Warburg]]
** [[Max Warburg]]
** [[Paul Warburg]]
* [[Stef Wertheimer]] [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_go1652/is_200403/ai_n5987000] "77 year old German-born Stef Wertheimer"
* [[Hugo Reiss]]
** [[Jane Engelhard|Marie Annette Reiss / Jane Engelhard]] (Jewish father)
* [[Oppenheim (disambiguation)|Oppenheim]] pedigree and-banking family; founders of [[Sal. Oppenheim]]
** [[Abraham Oppenheim]]
** [[Alfred Freiherr von Oppenheim]]
* [[Abraham Kuhn]] and [[Solomon Loeb]], founders of [[Kuhn, Loeb & Co.]]
* [[Loeb]] pedigree
** [[Maurice Loeb]]
** [[Solomon Loeb]]
* [[Gustav Wilhelm Wolff]], founder of [[Harland and Wolff]]<sup>[http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/article.aspx?county=14&articleID=1890&cultID=25&townID=0&cultSubID=0&page=0&navID=5]</sup>
* [[Markus Wolf]], East German spymaster (Jewish father)

==Sports==
* [[Rudi Ball]], hockey player<sup>[http://www.sihss.se/RudiBallbiography.htm]</sup>
* [[Gretel Bergmann]], high jumper<sup>[http://www.jewishsports.net/PillarAchievementBios/GretelBergmann.htm]</sup>
* [[Hans Berliner]], world postal chess champion<sup>[http://www.jinfo.org/Chess_Players.html]</sup>
* [[Barney Dreyfuss]], co-founder of the [[World Series]]<sup>[http://www.jbuff.com/c111303.htm]</sup>
* [[Gottfried Fuchs]], soccer player<sup>[http://www.farenet.org/news_article.asp?intNewsID=752]</sup>
* [[Ludwig Guttmann]], founder of the [[Paralympics]]<sup>[http://www.jewishsports.net/biopages/LudwigPoppaGuttmann.htm]</sup>
* [[Bernhard Horwitz]], chess player<sup>[http://www.jinfo.org/Chess_Players.html]</sup>
* [[Emanuel Lasker]], world chess champion<sup>[http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Lasker.html]</sup>
* [[Helene Mayer]], fencer (Jewish father)<sup>[http://www.amazon.com/dp/157143092X]</sup>
* [[Sarah Poewe]], swimmer (Jewish mother)<sup>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Poewe.html]</sup>
* [[Daniel Prenn]], tennis player<sup>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/olympics.html]</sup>
* [[Siegbert Tarrasch]], chess player<sup>[http://www.ballo.de/tarrasch_english.htm]</sup>
<!-- * [[Yochanan Vollach]], soccer player, president of [[Maccabi Haifa]] This is a list of actual Germans, not the children of German Jews -->

==Literature==
* [[Walter Tetzlaff]], ed. "2000 Kurzbiographien bedeutender deutscher Juden des 20. Jahrhunderts" (Lindhorst: Askania, 1982).

==See also==
* [[History of the Jews in Germany]]
* [[List of Austrians]]
* [[List of Austrian Jews]]
* [[List of Ashkenazi Jews]]
* [[List of Czech, Bohemian, Moravian and Slovak Jews]]
* [[List of Germans]]
* [[List of Galician Jews]]
* [[Lists of Jews]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:German Jews| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Jews by country|German Jews]]
[[Category:Lists of Germans|Jews]]

Revision as of 19:44, 18 March 2009

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The Jewish presence in Germany is older than Christianity; the first Jewish population came with the Romans to the city Cologne. A "Golden Age" in the first millennium saw the emergence of the Ashkenazi Jews, while the persecution and expulsion that followed the Crusades led to the creation of Yiddish and an overall shift eastwards. A change of status in the late Renaissance Era, combined with the Jewish Enlightenment– the Haskalah, meant that by the 1920s Germany had one of the most integrated Jewish populations in Europe, contributing prominently to German culture and society. The vast majority either left the country or were murdered in the Holocaust. The current German Jewish population consists primarily of immigrants from the former Soviet Union who claim to be Jewish, however, the better economic situation in Germany, coupled with the easy citizenship process for Jewish people immigrating to Germany, make it hard to determine the number of these people who are actually Jewish.

The following is a list of some famous Jewish people (by religion or descent) from Germany proper. For other German Jews, see List of Austrian Jews and List of West European Jews. Also note that the idea of German nationality is rather broad, due to the many Germanic tribes, Jewish assimilation into Germany, and separate German ruled states through the history of Europe. Therefore, the same set of people could at times be referred to as Germans, Jews, or German Jews alike.

Historical figures

Politicians

Activists

Religious figures

Rabbis

Scholars

Other

Scientific Figures

Natural Scientists

Physicians and Medical Researchers

Mathematicians

Technical Scientists

Psychologists

Academic figures

Philosophers

Economists

Social Scientists

Historians

Jurists

Linguists and philologists

Educationalists

Cultural figures

Showbusiness

Musicians

Artists

Writers

Entrepreneurs

See also Court Jews

Sports

Literature

  • Walter Tetzlaff, ed. "2000 Kurzbiographien bedeutender deutscher Juden des 20. Jahrhunderts" (Lindhorst: Askania, 1982).

See also

References

  1. ^ Eduard Lasker: Ein Leben für den Rechtsstaat by Adolf Laufs, German Studies Review, Vol. 9, No. 3. (Oct., 1986), pp. 651-652
  2. ^ Germany's Greens and Israel: "The Theme is too Much" by Diana Johnstone, MERIP Middle East Report, No. 149, Human Rights in the Middle East. (Nov. - Dec., 1987), pp. 44-45
  3. ^ Walter Rathenau: Industrialist, Banker, Intellectual, and Politician; Notes and Diaries 1907-1922 by Von Strandmann
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Jewish Encyclopedia
  5. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica, [1]
  6. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 ed.]]
  7. ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "born in Prussian Poland of Jewish parents"
  8. ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "born of Jewish parents"
  9. ^ Radio National Australia interview with Sir Walter: "I’m half Ashkenazy Jewish myself" Accessed 21 Feb 2007
  10. ^ Dr. Leopold Ladenburg: "Stammtafel der Familie Ladenburg", Verlag J. Ph. Walther, Mannheim 1882
  11. ^ Fritz London: A Scientific Biography by Kostas Gavroglu
  12. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica 13:492
  13. ^ The master of light;: A biography of Albert A. Michelson by Dorothy Michelson Livingston, 1973
  14. ^ (Encyclopaedia Judaica, 14:1578)
  15. ^ British Jewish Year Book 2005 p.215 (list of Jewish Nobel Prize winners); Encyclopaedia Judaica, art. "Wallach, Otto"; [2]; however Otto Wallach 1847-1931. Chemiker und Nobelpreisträger by Gunther Beer, Pg 11 disagrees
  16. ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "born in Bavaria of Jewish parents"
  17. ^ [3] "he married Katia Pringsheim, daughter of a well-known Jewish family of intellectuals. They had six children: Klaus, Erika, Golo, Monika, Elisabeth and Michael"
  18. ^ Obituary in The Times "he was born in Hamburg in 1924 to Jewish parents" Accessed 9 July 2008.
  19. ^ Contemporary Authors V 162 By Rooney, Scot Peacock, Pg 169
  20. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "the son of Jewish parents"
  21. ^ Encyclopedia Judaica (Keter, Jerusalem, 1972, vol. 12, p. 945)
  22. ^ Max Scheler, 1874-1928: An Intellectual Portrait by John Raphael Staude
  23. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica art. Sternberg, Kurt
  24. ^ Hayek's Challenge: An Intellectual Biography of F. A. Hayek - Pg 145
  25. ^ JInfo list of economists accessed 17 May 2007
  26. ^ Riemer, Yehuda. Fritz Peretz Naphtali, A Social Democrat in Two Worlds. Hassifriya Haziyonit, Jerusalem 1996
  27. ^ (The Economist, March 11th 2006, p95: "born a Jew")
  28. ^ Irene Blechle, Entdecker der Hochschulpädagogik. Die Universitätsreformer Ernst Bernheim und Hans Schmidkunz. Shaker Verlag, Aachen 2002, ISBN 3826599438
  29. ^ a b c d e EJL]
  30. ^ Personal Memoirs by Victor Ehrenberg, Privately Published, 1971
  31. ^ British Dictionary of National Biography
  32. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica art. Laband, Paul
  33. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "An unbaptized Jew"
  34. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica, art. Goshen-Gottstein, Moshe; "born in Berlin"
  35. ^ Jewish Year Book 2005 p215
  36. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica, art. Rabin, Chaim Menachem; "born in Giessen, Germany"
  37. ^ (British Jewish Year Book 1980 p183)
  38. ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "born in Berlin of Jewish parents"
  39. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "the only daughter of Jewish parents"
  40. ^ Patrick McGilligan, Fritz Lang: The Nature of the Beast, St. Martin's Press: New York (1997), page 172
  41. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "Being a Jew, Koch's life under the Nazi regime became increasingly intolerable"
  42. ^ Remembering History: The Filmmaker Konrad Wolf by Marc Silberman, New German Critique, No. 49, Special Issue on Alexander Kluge. (Winter, 1990), pp. 163-191
  43. ^ Theatre Reviews: Opposites by Wilhelm Hortmann, Shakespeare Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 4. (Winter, 1982), pp. 513-515
  44. ^ Fritz Hennenberg: Paul Dessau. Eine Biographie
  45. ^ Alfred Einstein on Music: Selected Music Criticisms by Catherine Dower
  46. ^ Jewish Chronicle, July 13 2001 p.25 "two Jewish composers, Alexander Goehr and Robert Saxton"
  47. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "His was a cultured, musical Jewish family"
  48. ^ "Hermann Levi's shame and Parsifal's guilt" by Laurence Dreyfus
  49. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica art. Lowinsky, Edward
  50. ^ Giacomo Meyerbeer, 1791-1864 by Martin Cooper
  51. ^ Music in the Jewish Community of Palestine 1880-1948: A Social History by Jehoash Hirshberg
  52. ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "born at Dortmund of Jewish parentage"
  53. ^ International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies - Cemetery Project: he is buried in the Jewish cemetery in Znojmo, Czech Republic; accessed 18 May 2007
  54. ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "born in Germany of Hungarian Jewish parents"
  55. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica art. Bab, Julius
  56. ^ Heinrich Heine, "Blackhguard" and "Apostate" a Study of the Earliest Attitude Towards Him by Sol Liptzin
  57. ^ The Gabriele Killert & Richard Schroetter: Obligation destruction fixes. The forgotten Jewish writer Heinrich Eduard Jacob; in: "new inhabitants of zurich newspaper" (boarding school Expenditure), NR. 78. Zurich, 5./6. April 1997, S. 50.
  58. ^ The Lesser Evil: The Diaries of Victor Klemperer 1945-1959
  59. ^ Author of Himself, The ... The Life of Marcel Reich-Ranicki
  60. ^ memorial plaque reads "Jewish poet"
  61. ^ Rahel Varnhagen The Life of a Jewish Woman by Hannah Arendt
  62. ^ Hymen, E. Paula & Dash Moore, Deborah. (eds) (1997) Jewish Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia. Routledge, ISBN 0-415-91934-7 (pp. 1463-1465)
  63. ^ British Dictionary of National Biography
  64. ^ K. Grunwald, ‘Windsor Cassel: the last court Jew’, Yearbook of the Leo Baeck Institute, 14 (1969), 119–61
  65. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "born on 9 December 1831 in Munich ... His grandfather Jacob had established the family as one of the first Jewish families to acquire great wealth and social acceptability in Bavaria ... His mother came from an Orthodox Frankfurt family and ensured that the children were properly instructed in Jewish matters."
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