Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing: Difference between revisions

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The usage and pricing of gasoline (or petrol) results from factors such as crude oil prices, processing and distribution costs, local demand, the strength of local currencies, local taxation, and the availability of local sources of gasoline (supply). Since fuels are traded worldwide, the trade prices are similar. The price paid by consumers largely reflects national pricing policy. Some regions, such as Europe and Japan, impose high taxes on gasoline (petrol); others, such as Saudi Arabia and Venezuela, subsidize the cost.^[1] Western countries have among the highest usage rates per person. The largest consumer is the United States, which used an average of 368 million US gallons (1.46 gigalitres) each day in 2011.^[2]

Fuel prices in the United States

U.S. petroleum consumption reached an estimated 18,870,000 US barrels (2,250,000 m³)^* per day in 2011, and is expected to increase to 18,960,000 US barrels (2,261,000 m³)^* per day in 2012. Drivers in the United States traveled 8,105,000,000 miles (1.3044×10¹⁰ km) per day in 2011, and are expected to travel 8,158,000,000 miles (1.3129×10¹⁰ km) per day in 2012. This equates to an average of 33 miles (53 km) per vehicle per day. On average, U.S. drivers consume 1.49 US gallons (5.6 L) of gasoline per day, or about 10.44 US gallons (39.5 L) per week.^[2] As of March 2013 the average price for 87 octane gasoline was $3.22 a gallon. This price represented a 28 percent increase over a period of just 2 months and a 52 percent increase since the end of January.^[3]

Small businesses are starting to have to pay more for gasoline.^{[citation needed]} Just a couple of weeks ago, oil reached an all-time high of $111 a barrel.^[when?]^{[citation needed]} According to AAA, the national average for a gallon of gasoline is now a record $3.33.^{[citation needed]} Small businesses are being impacted by these changes of rising gas prices.^[4]

“One cited spending $47,000 in 2005 on gas and oil for a fleet of 16 trucks. In 2006, that number was up to $62,000 and then again up to $70,000 in 2007. This year they are on track to spend $88,000 after budgeting only $66,000. Rising gas prices will siphon $22,000 off their bottom line unless they can find a way to pass that increase along.” ^[4] This is an odd manner of thinking, given that they budgeted less for fuel than it cost in 2007, despite its cost rising, calling to question their ability to make sound financial decisions.

In 2008, a report by Cambridge Energy Research Associates stated that 2007 had been the year of peak gasoline usage in the United States, and that record energy prices would cause an "enduring shift" in energy consumption practices.^[5] According to the report, in April fuel consumption had been lower than a year before for the sixth straight month, suggesting 2008 would be the first year US usage declined in 17 years. The total annual distance driven in the US began declining in 2006.^[6]

The average price in 2012 (as of December 31, 2012) was $3.618, the highest ever for a year. As of December 31, 2012, the average price of gasoline was $3.298, with New York at $3.70 for the highest in the U.S., and Colorado at $2.987 for the lowest.^[7]

Finished motor gasoline amounts to 44% of the total US consumption of petroleum products.^[8] This corresponds to 18.5 Exajoules per year. As of 2012 the cost of crude oil accounted for 62% of the cost of a gallon of gasoline in the United State while refining accounted for just 12%. Taxes and distribution/marketing accounted for 12% and 14% respectively.^[9]

After Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita, gas prices started rising. They became record high levels. In terms of the aggregate economy, increases in crude oil prices significantly predict the growth of real gross domestic product (GDP), but increases in natural gas prices do not.^[10]

All the damages from the hurricanes ran up gas prices. By August 30, a day after Katrina’s landfall, prices in the spot market, which typically include a premium above the wellhead price, had surged pass $12 per million British thermal units (BTU), and by September 22, 2005, the day before Rita’s landfall, the spot price had risen to $15.00 per million BTU.^[10]

Crude Oil

Crude oil is the greatest contributing factor when it comes to the price of gasoline. This includes the resources it takes for exploration, to remove it from the ground, and transport it. Between 2004 and 2008, there was an increase in fuel costs due in large part to a worldwide increase in demand for crude oil. Prices leapt from $35 to $140 per barrel, causing a corresponding increase in gas prices.^[11] On the supply side, OPEC (or the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) has a great deal to do with the price of gasoline, both in the United States and around the world. The speculation of oil commodities can also affect the gasoline market.

Taxes

Taxes are the next biggest contributor to gasoline prices at around 12 percent. In the United States, both state and federal taxes apply to gasoline. In addition other taxes may be placed on gas including applicable state sales taxes, gross receipts taxes, oil inspection fees, underground storage tank fees and other miscellaneous environmental fees.

Marketing and Distribution

Distribution and marketing makes up the remaining 5 percent. The price of transporting crude oil to a refinery then gasoline to a point of distribution is passed on to the consumer. In addition the price to market the fuel brand is passed on.

Other Factors

Aside from this breakdown, many other factors affect gasoline prices. Extreme weather, war or natural disaster in areas where oil is produced can also in turn raise the price of a gallon of gasoline. Legislation by several states for cleaner burning fuel also affects certain areas' prices of gasoline. Furthermore, demand directly affects the price of gasoline. For example, when more people are on the road, typically in the summer months or during holidays, the price will increase.

A "real time" price of petrol at points of distribution is posted and publicly updated at: http://www.gasbuddy.com/GB_Price_List.aspx

Petrol usage and pricing in Europe

Most European countries have high fuel taxes. The prices have traditionally been three to four times the price in the United States, with prices during 2000-2005 of €1,00/litre^[12] (about US$1.42/l or $5.40/USgal) while the US had prices around $1.50/USgal or $0.40/l. After a large increase until the summer of 2008, the end of 2008 experienced a strong decline linked with a sharp economic downturn, with the average price of fuel in the U.S. at $1.613/USgal (December 29, 2008). However, the price of fuel in Europe is still more than double the US price at €1.85/litre.^[13] Russia and some neighboring countries have a much smaller tax, with fuel prices similar to the US.^[1]

Competitive petrol pricing in the UK is led by supermarkets with their own forecourts. Generally each supermarket tends to match the other's prices; the lead players being Asda, Tesco, Sainsbury's and Morrison's. In recent years the AA has criticized the speculators as being the prime reason for fuel fluctuations in the UK.^[14]

Countries with subsidised gasoline

A number of countries subsidize the cost of petrol/gasoline and other petroleum products. Subsidies make transport of people and goods cheaper, but discourage fuel efficiency. In some countries, the soaring cost of crude oil since 2003 has led to these subsidies being cut, moving inflation from the government debt to the general populace, sometimes resulting in political unrest.

Fuel subsidies are common in oil-rich countries. Venezuela, which has vast oil reserves, maintains a fixed price of Bs.F 0.097 per litre (around US$0.08 per gallon), and has done so since 1998, thus making it the nation with the lowest gasoline and diesel prices in the world.^[15] Other countries with subsidized fuel include United States of America, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Egypt, Burma, Malaysia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Trinidad and Tobago, Brunei and Bolivia.

In February 2010, the Iranian government implemented an energy price reform by which the energy subsidies were to be removed in five years; the most important price hike was in gasoline, as the price went up from 100 rials ($0.10 US) to 400 rials ($0.40 US) per liter, with a ration of 100 liters per month for private passenger cars (later reduced to 60 liters per month).

On December 26, 2010, the Bolivian government issued a decree removing subsidies which had fixed petrol/gasoline and diesel prices for the past seven years. Arguing that illegal export (contraband) to neighboring countries was harming the economy, Bolivia eliminated the subsidies and raised gas prices as much as 83%. After widespread labor strikes, the Bolivian government canceled all planned price hikes.^[16]

United States of America

The oil industry receives subsides through the United States tax code, which include Percentage Depletion Allowance, Domestic Manufacturing Tax Deduction, The Foreign Tax Credit and Expensing Intangible Drilling Costs. It is estimated that these tax deductions are worth $4 billion annually and are currently being debated by the government for reform.

Iran

The Iranian government introduced an energy price reform in February 2010. The reform was brought forward by the government and approved with some changes by the parliament. The major aim of the policy was to slow down the increasing trend of energy consumption in Iran by removing the energy subsidies. The plan included electricity, natural gas, gasoline, and diesel subsidies. According to the plan, all energy prices were to increase by 20 percent annually. The price reform was particularly important in gasoline, as consumption had been increasing dramatically creating a huge burden on government budget. Furthermore, to meet demand, Iran had to import gasoline from other countries, which made the country vulnerable to possible sanctions by the U.S. and European countries. The gas price prior to reform was $0.10 US per liter with the quota of 100 liters per month per passenger car. The reform raised the price to $0.40 US per liter and later reduced the ration to 60 liters per month. The price for over-quota consumption and the imported cars were $0.70 US per liter. The energy price reform included a cash-rebate program through which each person received 450,000 rials ($45 US) per month from the government. The overall consumption of gasoline after the reform decreased from about 65 million liters per day to about 54 million liters per day.^[17]

Turkey

Turkey has the highest gasoline and diesel prices in the world due to high taxes and profit margins in the country in addition to soaring oil prices, new energy data has revealed on 29 September 2012. Around that date, the price of a liter of gasoline in Turkey reached $2.6 and diesel $2.4, according to International Energy Agency (IEA) data. With the recent price hikes in 2012, gas and diesel prices hit TL 4.92 ($2.71 per liter) and TL 4.81, respectively. The share of taxes in gas prices in the Turkish market is 72 percent, while by comparison it is 62 percent in Germany, 57 percent in Italy, 60 percent in Japan, 25 percent in Canada, and 12 percent in the USA.

Nigeria

On 1 January 2012, the Nigerian Government headed by president Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, tried to cease the subsidy on petrol and deregulate the oil prices by announcing the new price for petrol as USD 0.88/litre from the old subsidised price of USD 0.406/litre (LAGOS), which in areas distant from Lagos petrol was priced at USD 1.25/litre. This led to the longest general strike (eight days), riots, Arab spring like protests and on 16/1/2012 the government capitulated by announcing a new price of USD 0.60/litre with an envisaged price of USD 2.0/litre in distant areas. The situation is still fluid.^[18]

Indonesia

In March 2005, Indonesia increased the price of gasoline and diesel by 29%, causing widespread protests. The price of gasoline was raised from Rp 1800 (US$0.20) per litre to Rp 2400 (US$0.25) per litre, while diesel rose from Rp 1650 (US$0.18) to Rp 2100 (US$0.23). Prices were increased again in October to Rp 4500 (US$0.48) a litre, an 87.5% rise, for gasoline, while diesel was increased to Rp 4300 (US$0.46), and kerosene, used for cooking, increased from Rp 700 (US$0.08) to Rp 2000 (US$0.22) per litre. The price increases came as oil prices threatened to increase the government's oil subsidy to US$14 billion per year, and caused further protests.

With oil reaching over US$145 a barrel, Indonesia further increased prices on May 24, 2008 to Rp 6000 (approx. US$0.65) per litre, and diesel to Rp 5500 (approx. US$0.60) per litre, while kerosene was raised to Rp 2500 (approx. US$0.28), moves which caused widespread protests.^[19] In addition, it was suggested that private car owners, who are wealthy in Indonesian terms, would eventually be excluded from subsidies entirely, with the cheap fuel limited to public transport and motorcycles.

People have been encouraged to switch to LPG for cooking, as Indonesia is the world's largest exporter, whereas its oil industry is in decline, and it is now a net importer.

Malaysia

Malaysia spends US$14 billion subsidising gasoline, diesel and gas each year.^[20] Effective June 5, 2008 gasoline prices increased by 40% to RM2.70/litre (US$3.30 a gallon), from RM1.92/litre (US$2.32 a gallon). Diesel prices rose by RM1.00/litre to RM2.58 (US$3.04 per gallon), a 158% increase. It was announced that price increases were planned to bring fuel prices in line with global market cost, suggesting that it may hit US$3.80 per gallon by August. The Malaysian government has also announced a one-off cash rebate of RM625 per year to Malaysian citizens who own cars with an engine capacity of 3,000 cc or less and RM200 tax rebate to cars with an engine capacity of 3,000 cc and above to offset the increased costs.^[21] The government introduced a temporary ban on buying fuel within 50 km of the country border, but the ban was suspended following a price increase on June 7, 2008 for petrol of 41% (to MYR2.70 a litre) and for diesel of 63% (to MYR2.58).^[22]

On 22 June 2008 the Malaysian government announced plans to set up separate pumps at its border petrol stations to sell fuel to foreigners at market rates so that only locals can benefit from subsidised petrol. The new pumps will target Singaporeans and Thais who make day trips across the border to fill their tanks with cheaper fuel there, although Singapore-registered cars must have their tanks at least ¾ full before they will be permitted to leave Singapore in any case. Petrol stations within 50 km (31 mi) of the country's northern border with Thailand and southern border with Singapore would be affected.^[23] Recently, the fuel price has dropped until MYR 2.45 and it has dropped for the second time. A further reduction was made on November 1, 2008. RON97 petrol was reduced from RM2.30 a litre to RM2.15 a litre, RON92 petrol from RM2.20 a litre to RM2.05 a litre and diesel from RM2.20 a litre to RM2.05 a litre. The Government revealed that it had ceased subsidizing petrol as of 1 November 2008 when the price of oil dipped below US$65 per barrel. However subsidies were still being paid for diesel and natural gas.^[24]

On 18 November 2008 the Malaysian government made further reductions in the price of gasoline cut pump prices by seven per cent to RM2.00 ringgit per litre and diesel by 15 sen to RM1.90 per litre. The government said that at current prices they were making about 30 sen per litre in sales. Then again on December 3, petrol prices were reduce further. Gasoline prices were reduced 10 sen to RM 1.90 per litre and as for diesel, they were reduced 10 sen to RM 1.80 per litre.^[25] On 16 December 2008, the price of RON97 petrol is was reduced further to RM1.80, while RON92 is selling at RM1.70 a litre. The pump price of diesel was reduced to RM1.70 a litre.^[26]

From 1 September 2009 however, the price for RON97 increased to RM2.05, while RON92 has been discontinued and replaced with RON95, at a price of RM1.80.^[27] On 16 July 2010, petrol prices across the board was raised by 5 sen, which brought the prices of RON95, RON97 and diesel to RM1.85, RM2.10 and RM1.75 per litre respectively. Since then, RON97 floats with government controlled revision reflecting the global crude oil prices. As of 1 August 2010, only Malaysian-registered petrol vehicles may purchase RON95 fuel; foreign-registered vehicles (mainly from Singapore and Thailand) by law can only purchase RON97 (or diesel) at Malaysian service stations.

On 1 April 2011, RON97 increased from RM2.50 to RM2.70. In May 2011, RON97 further increased to RM2.90, another record high for RON97 in Malaysia. A drop of RM0.10 in June 2011 brings it to RM2.80 per litre, the first price reduction since RON97 was floated at market rates.

Mexico

PEMEX, a government company in charge of selling oil in Mexico is subsidized by the mexican government. This serves to quell inflationary pressures in Mexico. Mexico buys much of its gasoline and diesel from the United States and resells it at US$98 per barrel. Many residents of US border communities cross the border to buy fuel in Mexico,^[28] thereby enjoying a cheaper fuel subsidy at the expense of Mexican taxpayers. This has caused supply shortages at a number of filling stations for Mexican drivers, especially truck and bus drivers who use diesel.^[29]

Typical gasoline prices around the world

See fuel tax for tax information by country.

The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German Agency for International Cooperation) (GIZ) has published a list of worldwide gasoline prices by country every year since 1991. The results for 2010/2011 can be seen in this document. Two week updates for European countries can be consulted at the website of the Touring Club Switzerland.

Up to date prices for gasoline (unleaded) are available at http://www.mytravelcost.com/petrol-prices/

Country/Territory	US$/L (95 RON)	US$/US gallon (95 RON)	Local units	Date of price	Sources
Albania	1.44	5.45	ALL165/L (€1.18) (RON 95) ALL160/L (€1.14) (Diesel)	13 Aug 2011
Algeria	0.41	1.55	30DA/L 95 octane (rare down south) regular 23DA/L diesel DA14/L or US$0.2	7 Nov 2010	[2]
Anguilla	1.45	5.49	EC$17.79/imperial gallon (regular)	19 May 2011	[3]
Antigua and Barbuda	0.84	3.18	EC$9.95/imperial gallon (regular) EC$10.95/imperial gallon (diesel)	12 Feb 2009	[4]
Andorra	1.64	6.21	€1.142/L (95) €1.192/L (98) €1.032/L (diesel)	6 Apr 2011	tcs.ch [5]
Argentina	0.92	3.48	ARS $3.25/L (95) ARS $3.55/L (98) ARS $3.05/L (diesel)	13 Jan 2010	[6]
Aruba	1.10	4.16	Fl. 1.93/L	12 Dec 2009	[7]
Australia	1.51	5.72	A$1.434/L	9 Dec 2012	[8]
Austria (Wien)	1.95	7.38	€1.491/L (95) €1.633/L (98) €1.446/L (diesel) €0.991/Kg (CNG-Methane)	6 Apr 2011	tcs.ch [9]
Azerbaijan	0.75	2.84	AZN 0.55/L (AI-92) AZN 0.60/L (AI-95) AZN 0.45/L (L-62 Diesel)	14 Nov 2010	[10]
Bahamas	1.24	4.69	US$4.70/US gallon (reg)	13 Mar 2011	[11]
Bahrain	0.27	1.02	BHD 0.100/L (95 RON) BHD 0.080/L (91 RON)	13 Sep 2011	[12]
Barbados	1.59	6.02	Bd$3.17/L (reg) Bd$2.79/L (diesel)	3 Apr 2011	[13]
Belarus	1.07	4.1^*	Br3240/L (95) Br2580/L (Diesel)	12 May 2010	[14]
Belgium	2.23	8.44	€1.719/L (Eurosuper 95) €1.759/L (Super Plus 98) €1.538/L (Diesel) €0.713/L (LPG)	8 May 2012	[15]
Belize	1.40	5.30	BZ$10.18/US gallon (regular) BZ$10.59/US gallon (premium) BZ$10.24/US gallon (diesel)	21 Dec 2011	[16]
Bermuda	1.80	6.81	BMD1.80/L (Super) BMD1.60/L (Diesel)	30 Jul 2010	[17]
Bolivia	0.54	2.04	B3.74/L (super) B3.72/L (diesel)	30 Dec 2010	[18]
Bonaire	1.34	5.07	USD 1.34/L (super) USD 0.914/L (diesel)	5 Apr 2011	[19]
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1.66	6.28	KM2.25/L (95) KM2.30/L (diesel)	6 Apr 2011	tcs.ch [20]
Brazil	1.35	5.11	R$2.98/L	3 Mar 2013	[21]
British Virgin Islands	1.32	5.00	US$4.99/US gallon (reg)	3 May 2011	[22]
Brunei	0.39	1.48	BR$0.53/L	5 Jun 2008	Brunei Press Sdn Bhd [23]
Bulgaria	1.72	6.51	BGN 2.57/L (95) BGN 2.73/L (98) BGN 2.62/L (diesel)	7 Mar 2012	shofior.com [24]
Burma	1.06	4.01^[30]	K3100/imperial gallon (regular) K3300/imperial gallon (diesel)	21 Nov 2008	[25]
Cambodia	0.63	2.38	KhR2800/L	16 Jun 2010
Canada	1.18	4.47	C$1.16/L	19 Dec 2012	[26]
Cape Verde	1.40	5.30	Esc103.7/L (gasoline) Esc83.4/L (diesel)	23 Mar 2009	[27]
Cayman Islands	1.03	3.90	KYD3.79/imperial gallon (regular) KYD3.75/imperial gallon (diesel)	11 Sep 2009	[28]
Chile	1.36	5.15	CLP 592/L	23 Dec 2010	[29]
China	1.06	4.01	RMB 6.46/L	8 Feb 2012	[30]
Colombia	1.09	4.13	COL$8000/US gallon (81 Octanos) COL$9595/US gallon (87 Octanos)	30 Nov 2010	[31]
Costa Rica	1.43	5.41	¢718/L (super) ¢640/L (diesel)	5 Feb 2013	[32]
Croatia	1.87	7.08	HRK 10.27/L (95) HRK 10.59/L (98) HRK 9.38/L (diesel)	13 Jun 2013	Croenergo [33]
Cuba	1.24	4.69	CUC1.15/L (95) CUC1.30/L (98) CUC1.10/L (diesel)	2 Mar 2011	[34]
Curacao	1.13	4.28	ANG 2.0175/L (95 RON) ANG 1.466/L (Diesel)	5 Apr 2011	[35]
Cyprus	1.680	6.36	€1,282/L (95 RON) €1.333/L (98) €1,327/L (Diesel)	16 Feb 2012	[36]
Czech Rep	1.85	7.00	CZK 35.50/L (95) CZK 35.40/L (98) CZK 35.00/L (diesel)	6 Apr 2011	tcs.ch [37]
Denmark	2.35	8.90	DKK 13.52/L (€1.81) (95) DKK 12.04/L (€1.61) (diesel)	9 Oct 2012	OK [38]
Dominica	1.08	4.09	EC$13.19/imperial gallon (regular) EC$13.12/imperial gallon (diesel)	29 Mar 2011	[39]
Dominican Republic	1.62	6.13	RD$234.5/US gallon (regular) RD$202.2/US gallon (diesel)	23 Jul 2011	[40]
Ecuador	0.44	1.67	US$1.68/US gallon (super)	15 Nov 2011	[41]
Egypt	0.975	3.69	LE1.75/L <90 octane LE1.85/L <92 octane LE5.85/L <95 octane LE1.1/L diesel ('solar')	29 Nov 2012	[42]
El Salvador	0.85	3.22	US$3.21/US gallon (regular) US$2.97/US gallon (diesel)	21 Dec 2009	[43]
Eritrea	2.13	8.06	N32/L(petrol) N12.6/L(diesel)	1 Jun 2009	[44]
Estonia	1.82	6.89	€1.394/L (95 RON) €1.434/L (98 RON) €1.379/L (diesel)	15 Aug 2012	http://www.viispluss.ee/
European Union (average prices)	2.05	7.76	€1.576/L (95 RON) €1.473/L (diesel) €0.99/Kg (CNG-Methane)	8 May 2012	[45] [46]
Finland	2.33	8.82	€1.601/L (98E RON) €1.364/L (Diesel)	6 Apr 2011	tcs.ch [47]
France	2.28	8.63	€1.585/L (95) €1.468/L (diesel) €1.226/Kg (CNG-Methane)	6 Apr 2011	tcs.ch [48]
Germany	2.09	7.91	€1.65/L (Super E5, 95 RON) €1.69/L (SuperPlus E5, 98 RON) €1.61/L (Super E10, 95 RON) €1.47/L (Diesel)	8 May 2012	[49]
Greece	2.20	8.33	€1.786/L (unleaded) €1.566/L (diesel)	13 Aug 2012	tcs.ch [50] fuelprices.gr [51]
Grenada	1.23	4.66	EC$15.12/imperial gallon (regular) EC$15.43/imperial gallon (diesel)	15 Apr 2011	[52]
Guadeloupe	1.36	5.15	€1.07/L (95)	3 Feb 2009	[53]
Guatemala	0.64	2.42	Q19.99/US gallon(regular) Q16.79/US gallon(diesel)	14 Apr 2009	[54]
Guyana	1.08	4.09	G$215.6/L (regular) G$203.5/L (diesel)	17 Jan 2012	[55]
Haiti	0.89	3.37	G134/US gallon (95) G109/US gallon (diesel)	1 Jan 2009	[56]
Honduras	0.87	3.29	L62.15/US gallon (regular) L54.78/US gallon (diesel)	6 Sep 2009	[57]
Hong Kong	2.24	8.48	HK$18.33/L (Super Unleaded, RON98) HK$17.34/L (Unleaded, RON95) HK$12.72/L (Diesel)	9 Feb 2013	Shell Hong Kong/[58]
Hungary	2.14	8.10	HUF 415/L (95), HUF 440/L (diesel) HUF 350/L (E85) HUF 221/L (LPG)	14 Jan 2012	Holtankoljak [59]
Iceland	2.09	7.91	ISK 266/L (€1.57) (95) ISK 265/L (€1.57) (diesel)	30 Mar 2012	[60]
India - Mumbai	1.43	5.41	₹ 78.58/L (Petrol) ₹ 45.99/L (diesel) ₹ 400/14.5 kg (Domestic LPG)	24 May 2012
Indonesia	1.22	4.62	Rp 4500/L (subsidized)(RON 88) Rp 9200/L (RON 92) Rp 95300/L (RON 95) Rp 35000 (RON 100) Rp 4500/L (subsidized)(Diesel)	1 Apr 2012	PT. Pertamina (Persero) [61]
Iran	0.57	2.16	7000 Rials/L petrol (4000 rationed) 3000 Rials/L diesel (1500 rationed)	7 May 2012	The Petroenergy Information Network Of Iran/[62]
Iraq	0.38	1.44	ID 450/L (95 Octane) ID 000/L (98 Octane) ID 400/L (Diesel)	3 Apr 2013	[63]
Ireland	2.15	8.14	€1.490/L (Unleaded 95) €1.450/L (Diesel)	6 Apr 2011	tcs.ch [64]
Israel	2.0501	7.76	ILS 8.25/L (95) ILS 7.8/L (diesel)	1 May 2011
Italy	2.31	8.74	€1.848/L (Eurosuper) €1.946/L (98 RON) €1.735/L (Diesel) €1.825/L (Special_Diesel) €0.879/L (LPG-autogas) €0.960/Kg (CNG-Methane) National average, does not include self-service discounts.	29 Mar 2012	[65]
Italy - Livigno (tax free)	1.53	5.79	€1.084/L (95 Octane) €0.963/L (Diesel)	31 Oct 2011	[66]
Jamaica	1.16	4.39	J$99.31/L (90) J$102.75/L (diesel)	11 Jan 2012	[67]
Japan	1.84	6.97	¥152.7/L	25 Apr 2011	The Oil Information Center Japan [68]
Jordan	1.3	4.92	JD 0.93/L Unleaded Octane 95 (US$1.31/L) JD 0.765/L Unleaded Octane 90 (US$0.93/L) D0.665/L (Diesel)	28 Feb 2013
Kazakhstan	0.98	3.71	KZT145/L (unleaded 95) KZT106/L (unleaded 92)	2 Nov 2011
Kenya	1.16	4.4^*	Sh94/L (Super) Sh87/L (Diesel)	19 Dec 2010	[69]
Kuwait	0.224	0.85	KWD 0.060/L (91) KWD 0.065/L (95) KWD 0.090/L (98)	30 Jun 2010	KNPC (fixed prices) [70]
Latvia	1.80	6.81	LVL 0.887/L (95) LVL 0.902/L (diesel)	6 Apr 2011	tcs.ch [71]
Liberia	1.07	4.05	L$280/US gallon	11 Sep 2009
Libya	0.17	0.64	LD 0.2/L (95), LD 0.15/L (diesel) Oct 2010: LD135 fuel tax at border for foreign vehicles	7 Nov 2010	[72]
Lithuania	1.92	7.27	LTL 4.60/L (95) LTL 4.74/L (diesel)	6 Apr 2011	tcs.ch [73]
Luxembourg	1.83	6.93	EuroSuper 95 € 1.41/L SuperPlus 98 € 1.423/L Diesel € 1.272/L	8 May 2012	tcs.ch [74]
Macedonia	1.71	6.47	MKD 78.5/L (€1.28) (RON 98) MKD 77/L (€1.25) (RON 95) MKD 65.5/L (€1.07) (Diesel)	2 Sep 2011	tcs.ch [75]
Malaysia	0.61	2.31	MYR 3.00/L (RON97) MYR 1.90/L (RON95) MYR 1.80/L (Diesel)	7 Sep 2012	[76] [77]
Malta	1.61	6.1^*	€1.43/L (Super) €1.33/L (Diesel)	7 Aug 2011	[78]
Martinique	1.36	5.15	€1.07/L (95)	3 Feb 2009	[79]
Mauritania	0.94	3.6^*	UM265/L petrol UM225/L diesel Prices 10-20% more up north	7 Nov 2010	[80]
Mexico (Mexico City)	0.77	2.91	MX$10.09/L(Magna 87) MX$10.78/L(Premium 92)	14 Apr 2012	Pemex [81]
Moldova	1.32	5.00	MDL 15.78/L (95) MDL 15.07/L (diesel)	6 Apr 2011	tcs.ch [82]
Monaco	1.87	7.08	€1.30/L(95) €1.39/L(98) €1.11/L(diesel)	26 Dec 2009	[83]
Montenegro	1.93	7.31	€1.340/L (95) €1.300/L (Diesel)	6 Apr 2011	tcs.ch [84]
Montserrat	1.40	5.30	EC$17.19/imperial gallon (regular)	4 May 2011	[85]
Morocco	1.50	5.7^*	MAD 12.65/L (€1.50) (95) MAD 8.65/L (€1.02) (Diesel)	14 May 2013
Mozambique	0.77	2.91	MTn 23.1/L (regular) MTn 22.45/L (diesel)	17 Nov 2009	[86]
Netherlands	2.47	9.35	€1.887/L (Euro95) €1.531/L (Diesel) €1.949/L (Superplus)	5 Sep 2012	[87]
New Zealand	1.81	6.85	NZ$2.199/L (91 octane) NZ$2.279/L (95 octane) NZ$1.569/L (diesel)	13 Aug 2012	[88]
Nicaragua	0.96	3.63	C$19.98/L (premium) C$17.26/L (diesel)	24 Aug 2009	[89]
Nigeria (Lagos)	0.87	3.29	N141/L	1 Jan 2012	[90]
North Korea	0.77	2.91	KP? 111/L	26 Dec 2009	[91], estimated
Norway	2.56	9.69	NOK 14.89/L (95) NOK 13.52/L (Diesel)	13 Mar 2012	tcs.ch [92]
Oman	0.31	1.17	0.12 Rials/L	1 Aug 2010 (95 Octane)	[93]
Pakistan	0.70	2.65	PKR 99.77/L (Unleaded Premium) PKR 121.13/L (Unleaded-Hi Octane) PKR 104.60/L (Diesel) PKR 97.27/L (E10 Gasoline) PKR 65.78 to 74.44/KG (CNG)	1 Jun 2013 (1 January 2013 CNG)	Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority [94] Pakistan State Oil [95]
Palestine (West Bank)	2.04	7.72	NIS 6.95/L (95/diesel)	1 Oct 2011
Panama	0.83	3.14	US$3.35/US gallon (95) US$2.99/US gallon (diesel)	4 Jun 2009	[96]
Peru (Lima)	1.62	6.13	PEN S/.16.00/US gallon (95 Octane) S/.8.46/US gallon (diesel)	26 Dec 2009	PSO/[97]
Philippines (Manila)	1.295	4.90	P 54.00/L	25 Sep 2012	Shell Philippines [98]
Poland	1.81	6.85	PLN 5.59/L (95) PLN 5.67/L (diesel)	3 Feb 2012	tcs.ch [99]
Portugal	2.08	7.87	€1.649/L (95) €1.799/L (98) €1.441/L (Diesel) €0.844 (Autogas)	17 Jun 2012	maisgasolina.com [100]
Portugal - Azores (tax free)	1.97	7.46	€1.370/L (95 Octane) €1.430/L (98 Octane) €1.190/L (Diesel)	6 Apr 2011	tcs.ch [101]
Portugal - Madeira (tax free)	2.09	7.91	€1.454/L (95 Octane) €1.594/L (98 Octane) €1.312/L (Diesel)	6 Apr 2011	tcs.ch [102]
Puerto Rico	0.96	3.63	$0.957/L (95) $0.987/L (98) $0.997/L (Diesel)	8 Apr 2011	[103]
Qatar (Doha)	0.22	0.83	QAR 1.00/L (97 Octane) QAR 0.85/L (90 Octane)	22 Jan 2011	[104] / The General Secretariat for Development Planning - State of Qatar
Romania (Bucharest)	1.90	7.19	RON 6.20/L (95) RON 6.24/L (diesel)	21 Feb 2013	tcs.ch [105]
Russia (Moscow)	0.94	3.56	RUR 30.29/L (RON 98) RUR 27.29/L (RON 95) RUR 25.89/L (RON 92) RUR 23.49/L (RON 80) RUR 25.29/L (Winter diesel)	24 Feb 2011
Russia (Kaliningrad)	0.91	3.44	RUR 25.3/L (diesel)	15 Jul 2011	[106]
Saudi Arabia (Riyadh, Jeddah)	0.16	0.61	SAR 0.45/L (91 RON) SAR 0.60/L (95 RON)	13 Sep 2011	[107] (fixed prices)
Serbia	1.92	7.27	EuroPremium 95 RSD 166.7/L (€1.46/L) Premium 95 RSD 157.9/L (€1.39/L) EuroDiesel RSD 161.4/L (€1.42)	31 Oct 2012
Sierra Leone	1.05	3.97	Le4500/L	27 May 2011	^[31]
Singapore	1.67	6.32	S$2.50/L (RON 98) S$2.16/L (RON 95) S$2.10/L (RON 92) S$2.00/L (Diesel)	21 Jun 2011	Singapore Petroleum Company [108]
Slovakia	1.98	7.50	€1.490/L (95 Natural) €1.429/L (Diesel) €0.695/L (LPG)	23 Jan 2012	AAIreland.ie [109]
Slovenia	1.88	7.12	€1.412/L (95 Octane) €1.428/L (100 Octane) €1.302/L (Diesel)	9 Feb 2012	tcs.ch [110]
South Africa	1.38	5.22	R12.47/L	1 May 2013	[111]
South Korea	1.81	6.85	KRW 2,043.61/L	31 Mar 2012	[112]
Spain	1.78	6.74	€1.33/L (95 RON) €1.29/L (Diesel)	6 Apr 2011	tcs.ch [113]
Spain - Canary Islands (tax free)	1.43	5.41	€0.99/L (95 RON) €0.91/L (Diesel)	6 Apr 2011	tcs.ch [114]
Sri Lanka	1.46	5.53	LKR 167/L (95 Octane) LKR 149/L (90 Octane) LKR 115/L (Diesel)	12 Feb 2012	^[32]^[33]
St Kitts and Nevis	1.40	5.30	EC$17.20/imperial gallon (regular)	4 May 2011	[115]
St Lucia	1.00	3.79	EC$2.70/L (regular) EC$2.66/L (diesel)	25 Nov 2009	[116]
St Vincent and the Grenadines	1.11	4.20	EC$13.60/imperial gallon (regular)	19 May 2011	[117]
Suriname	1.55	5.87	SR$5/L	15 Aug 2011	[118]
Sweden	2.1	7.95	SEK 14.53/L (95), SEK 14.90/L (98), SEK 14.24/L (diesel)	3 Apr 2013	tcs.ch [119]
Switzerland	2.09	7.91	CHF 1.81/L (Bleifrei 95) CHF 1.87/L (Super Plus 98) CHF 1.94/L (diesel)	6 Apr 2011	tcs.ch [120]
Switzerland - Samnaun (tax free)	1.68	6.36	CHF 1.50/L (RON 95) CHF 1.49/L (€1.05/L) (Diesel)	14 Apr 2011	Service station [121]
Syria	0.8333	3.15	SY 50 pound/L (unleaded) SY 15 pound/L (Diesel)	3 Jan 2012
Taiwan	1.2034	4.56	NT$34.0/L (92 unleaded) NT$35.5/L (95 unleaded) NT$37.5/L (98 unleaded)	2 Apr 2012	[122]
Togo	1.22	4.62	CFA567/L (regular) CFA599/L (diesel)	6 Jun 2011	[123]
Thailand	1.42 (RON 91) 1.22 (Gasohol 95-E10)	5.38 (RON 91) 4.61 (Gasohol 95-E10)	฿37.38/L (Gasohol 95-E10) ฿43.75/L (RON 91), ฿35.38/L (Gasohol 91-E10) ฿32.19/L (Diesel)	24 Nov 2012	PTT Thailand [124]
Trinidad and Tobago	0.64	2.42	TT$2.70/L (92) TT$5.75/L (95) TT$1.50/L (diesel)	1 Dec 2011	[125]
Tunisia	0.99	3.75	TND 1.27/L (€0.67) (95 RON) TND 0.91/L (€0.48) (Diesel)	24 Sep 2009	[126]
Turks and Caicos	1.46	5.53	US$5.529/US gallon (super) US$5.469/US gallon (diesel)	21 Apr 2011	[127]
Turkey	2.72	10.30	TL 4.90/L (95 RON) TL 4.36/L (Diesel)	29 Sep 2012	[128]
Turkmenistan	0.19	0.72	TMN 0.54 /L I -	13 Sep 2011	[129]
UAE	0.498	1.89	AED 1.72/L (95 Octane) AED 1.83/L (98 Octane) AED 2.60/L (Diesel)	31 Dec 2011	[130] [131]
Ukraine	1.24	4.69	UAH 9.90/L (95 Octane) UAH 9.50/L (diesel)	19 Apr 2011	tcs.ch [132]
United Kingdom	2.28	8.63	£1.41/L (Unleaded) £1.49/L (Super) £1.48/L (Diesel)	1 Apr 2012	Petrolprices.com [133]
United States	1.024	3.88	$3.49/US gallon $4.01/US gallon (diesel)	5 Nov 2012	[134]
Uruguay (Montevideo)	1.52	5.75	U$ 29.7/L	26 Dec 2009	[135]
Uzbekistan	1.07	4.05	UZ SUM 1755/L (95)	1 Jan 2011	[136]
Venezuela	0.015 (95) 0.011 (91) 0.008 (diesel)	0.057 (95) 0.041 (91) 0.028 (diesel)	BsF. 0.097/L (95) BsF. 0.070/L (91) BsF. 0.048/L (diesel)	12 Dec 2010	[137] (fixed prices 6.30BsF/$ (2013) (at "non-essential" exch. rate)
Vietnam	1.11	4.20	VND 23,400/L (RON 95) VND 22,900/L (RON 92) VND 21,400/L (Diesel)	7 Mar 2012	Petrolimex [138]
Yemen	0.73	2.76	150 Rials/L (diesel)	9 Sep 2009	[139]
Zambia	1.61	6.09	ZK7639/L (Gasoline)	24 Sep 2010	[140]

Protests

India

Wide protests on petrol price hikes have been frequent in the last 4–5 years. On 24 May 2012, the petrol price was hiked by ₹ 7.50, resulting prices in the range of ₹ 73 - 82 all over the country.^[34] Opposition had declared a bandh on 31 May 2012 across the country to protest against the price hike,^[35] which evoked mixed response, amid incidents of stone pelting, arson and road blockades in some parts of the country.^[36]^[37]

References

^ ^a ^b Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German Agency for International Cooperation). "International Fuel Prices 2010/11" (PDF). Retrieved March 27, 2013.
^ ^a ^b Fueling America: A Snapshot of Key Facts and Figures Retrieved August 07, 2012
^ United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship.THE IMPACT OF RISING GAS PRICES ON AMERICA’S SMALL BUSINESSES, Hearing. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2007.
^ ^a ^b United States. Congress. House. Committee on Small Business. Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight. SUBCOMMITTEE HEARING ON THE IMPACT OF INCREASING GAS PRICES ON SMALL BUSINESSES, Hearing. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2008.
^ Ana Campoy (June 20, 2008). "Prices Curtail U.S. Gasoline Use". Wall Street Journal. p. A4.
^ Clifford Krauss (June 19, 2008). "Driving Less, Americans Finally React to Sting of Gas Prices, a Study Says". New York Times. Retrieved January 6, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices". US EIA. Retrieved January 6, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ US Energy Information Administration. "US Product Supplied for Crude Oil and Petroleum Products". Retrieved 2007-05-25.
^ What do I pay for in a gallon of regular gasoline? US Energy Information Administration. Retrieved August 7, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Kliesen, Kevin L. "Rising Natural Gas Prices And Real Economic Activity." Review (00149187) 88.6 (2006): 511-526. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Feb. 2013
^ Rittenberg and Tregarthen. Principles of Microeconomics: Chapter 4.[1] Retrieved June 19, 2012.
^ File:Benzinpreis.png
^ "European Prices in Chart"
^ Deo, Ritwik (October 2012). "Petrol prices on the slide". My Family Club.
^ Venezuela: Land of 12-Cent Gas
^ GTZ: Fuel Price Reform in Bolivia
^ Iranian targeted subsidy plan.
^ BBC: Nigeria fury as fuel prices double after subsidy ends leading to protest and riots in certain parts of the country.
^ AFP: Indonesian police, protesters clash over fuel price hike: reports
^ AP (2008-06-03). "Malaysia to lift fuel price controls". Associated Press For Petrol price : old price = rm$1.92/litre (US$0.59/litre or US$2.22/Gallon) increase to new price rm$270.00/litre (US$0.83/litre = US$3.12/Gallon, base on US$1 = RM$3.27); For Diesel price : old price = RM$1.58/litre (US$0.48/litre or US$1.83/Gallon) increase to new price RM$2.58/litre (US$0.79/litre = US$2.98/Gallon, base on US$1 =RM$3.27);. Retrieved 2008-07-20. {{cite news}}: line feed character in |work= at position 17 (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
^ AP (2008-06-04). "Malaysia considers cash handouts as fuel hike looms". Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-06-04.
^ Reuters (2008-06-05). "Malaysia lifts ban on fuel sales to foreigners". Reuters UK. Retrieved 2008-06-05. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ Channel Newsasia (2008-06-22). "Malaysia to set up separate border petrol pumps for foreigners". Channel Newsasia. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |my head hurts gas prices ugh! url= ignored (help)
^ Malaysian Insider (2008-11-18). "Malaysians are now paying petrol tax". Malaysian Insider. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
^ The Straits Times (2008-11-19). "M'sia to dump petrol subsidy?". Retrieved 2008-11-19.
^ "Petrol and diesel down 10 sen". 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
^ "RON95 price up 5 sen to RM1.80". 2009-09-01. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
^ http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/tijuana/20081127-9999-1b27gas.html
^ Wall Street Journal: "Fill 'er Up: Gas Is Cheap in Tijuana, So Californians Buy Big Fuel Tanks" By JOEL MILLMAN and ANA CAMPOY June 24, 2008; Page A1
^ $0.001149 on unofficial exchange rate
^ Sierra Leone: Transportation costs, petrol price hike reversed (Press Release) 31 May 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2012
^ "Sri Lanka sharply raises fuel prices". AFP. 24 May 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
^ "Sri Lanka increases fuel prices with immediate effect". Colombo Page. 25 May 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
^ Agencies (24 May 2012). "Petrol price hiked by Rs. 7.50, oil firms say can't help it". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
^ "Petrol price hike: Opposition unites to call for all India bandh on May 31". Retrieved 24 May 2012.
^ Press Trust of India (31 May 2012). "Bharat bandh: Mixed response to nationwide strike against petrol price hike". The Times of India. New Delhi, India. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
^ NDTV Correspondent (31 May 2012). "Bharat Bandh: Nationwide protests on petrol price hike evoke mixed response". NDTV. New Delhi, India. Retrieved 31 May 2012. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)

39 Petrol Prices in India http://www.publicinfopath.com/petrolprice/

External links

United States

Who is in the Oil Futures Market and How Has It Changed?, by Rice University's Baker Institute For Public Policy
FAQs about gas prices at FuelEconomy.gov by the U.S. Dept. of Energy
Factors affecting gas prices (U.S. Dept. of Energy)
Understanding Gasoline Prices - 2005 report from the United States Government Accountability Office
AAA's Daily Fuel Gauge Report
US EIA Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Report US Energy Information Administration
Current Gas Prices in the U.S.
Recent historical gas prices in the U.S. at GasBuddy.com
2012 NACS Retail Fuels Report

International

Global Fuel Price Comparison UK petrol prices compared to other countries showing contributing factors.
Gas Prices Around the World Interactive Gas Prices Around the World Conde Nast Portfolio
GTZ International Fuel Prices 2009
Gasoline Prices Brazil
EU Fuel Prices Fuel prices in EU countries. Fuel prices with and without taxes & duties.
Current Gas Prices Germany, EU, International

[gtz2010-1] Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German Agency for International Cooperation). "International Fuel Prices 2010/11" (PDF). Retrieved March 27, 2013.

[key-2] Fueling America: A Snapshot of Key Facts and Figures Retrieved August 07, 2012

[3] United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship.THE IMPACT OF RISING GAS PRICES ON AMERICA’S SMALL BUSINESSES, Hearing. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2007.

[United_States_2008-4] United States. Congress. House. Committee on Small Business. Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight. SUBCOMMITTEE HEARING ON THE IMPACT OF INCREASING GAS PRICES ON SMALL BUSINESSES, Hearing. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2008.

[5] Ana Campoy (June 20, 2008). "Prices Curtail U.S. Gasoline Use". Wall Street Journal. p. A4.

[6] Clifford Krauss (June 19, 2008). "Driving Less, Americans Finally React to Sting of Gas Prices, a Study Says". New York Times. Retrieved January 6, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[7] "Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices". US EIA. Retrieved January 6, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[8] US Energy Information Administration. "US Product Supplied for Crude Oil and Petroleum Products". Retrieved 2007-05-25.

[9] What do I pay for in a gallon of regular gasoline? US Energy Information Administration. Retrieved August 7, 2012.

[Kliesen,_Kevin_L_2006-10] Kliesen, Kevin L. "Rising Natural Gas Prices And Real Economic Activity." Review (00149187) 88.6 (2006): 511-526. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Feb. 2013

[11] Rittenberg and Tregarthen. Principles of Microeconomics: Chapter 4.[1] Retrieved June 19, 2012.

[12] File:Benzinpreis.png

[13] "European Prices in Chart"

[14] Deo, Ritwik (October 2012). "Petrol prices on the slide". My Family Club.

[15] Venezuela: Land of 12-Cent Gas

[16] GTZ: Fuel Price Reform in Bolivia

[17] Iranian targeted subsidy plan.

[18] BBC: Nigeria fury as fuel prices double after subsidy ends leading to protest and riots in certain parts of the country.

[19] AFP: Indonesian police, protesters clash over fuel price hike: reports

[20] AP (2008-06-03). "Malaysia to lift fuel price controls". Associated Press For Petrol price : old price = rm$1.92/litre (US$0.59/litre or US$2.22/Gallon) increase to new price rm$270.00/litre (US$0.83/litre = US$3.12/Gallon, base on US$1 = RM$3.27); For Diesel price : old price = RM$1.58/litre (US$0.48/litre or US$1.83/Gallon) increase to new price RM$2.58/litre (US$0.79/litre = US$2.98/Gallon, base on US$1 =RM$3.27);. Retrieved 2008-07-20. {{cite news}}: line feed character in |work= at position 17 (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)

[21] AP (2008-06-04). "Malaysia considers cash handouts as fuel hike looms". Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-06-04.

[22] Reuters (2008-06-05). "Malaysia lifts ban on fuel sales to foreigners". Reuters UK. Retrieved 2008-06-05. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)

[23] Channel Newsasia (2008-06-22). "Malaysia to set up separate border petrol pumps for foreigners". Channel Newsasia. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |my head hurts gas prices ugh! url= ignored (help)

[24] Malaysian Insider (2008-11-18). "Malaysians are now paying petrol tax". Malaysian Insider. Retrieved 2008-11-18.

[25] The Straits Times (2008-11-19). "M'sia to dump petrol subsidy?". Retrieved 2008-11-19.

[26] "Petrol and diesel down 10 sen". 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-12-16.

[27] "RON95 price up 5 sen to RM1.80". 2009-09-01. Retrieved 2009-09-01.

[28] ttp://www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/tijuana/20081127-9999-1b27gas.html

[29] Wall Street Journal: "Fill 'er Up: Gas Is Cheap in Tijuana, So Californians Buy Big Fuel Tanks" By JOEL MILLMAN and ANA CAMPOY June 24, 2008; Page A1

[30] $0.001149 on unofficial exchange rate

[31] Sierra Leone: Transportation costs, petrol price hike reversed (Press Release) 31 May 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2012

[32] "Sri Lanka sharply raises fuel prices". AFP. 24 May 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2008.

[33] "Sri Lanka increases fuel prices with immediate effect". Colombo Page. 25 May 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2008.

[34] Agencies (24 May 2012). "Petrol price hiked by Rs. 7.50, oil firms say can't help it". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 24 May 2012.

[35] "Petrol price hike: Opposition unites to call for all India bandh on May 31". Retrieved 24 May 2012.

[36] Press Trust of India (31 May 2012). "Bharat bandh: Mixed response to nationwide strike against petrol price hike". The Times of India. New Delhi, India. Retrieved 31 May 2012.

[37] NDTV Correspondent (31 May 2012). "Bharat Bandh: Nationwide protests on petrol price hike evoke mixed response". NDTV. New Delhi, India. Retrieved 31 May 2012. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)

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