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In January 2014, former German astronaut [[Ulrich Walter]] strongly criticised the project for ethical reasons. Speaking with Berlin's ''[[Der Tagesspiegel|Tagesspiegel]]'', he estimated the probability of reaching Mars alive at only thirty percent, and that of surviving there more than three months at less than twenty percent. He said, "They make their money with that [TV] show. They don't care what happens to those people in space... If my tax money were used for such a mission, I would organise a protest."<ref>[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/weltspiegel/marsone-raumfahrt-experte-geht-mit-mars-projekt-hart-ins-gericht/9290182.html Tagesspiegel: Raumfahrtexperte geht mit Mars-Projekt hart ins Gericht], January 6, 2014, last seen January 11, 2014.</ref>
In January 2014, former German astronaut [[Ulrich Walter]] strongly criticised the project for ethical reasons. Speaking with Berlin's ''[[Der Tagesspiegel|Tagesspiegel]]'', he estimated the probability of reaching Mars alive at only thirty percent, and that of surviving there more than three months at less than twenty percent. He said, "They make their money with that [TV] show. They don't care what happens to those people in space... If my tax money were used for such a mission, I would organise a protest."<ref>[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/weltspiegel/marsone-raumfahrt-experte-geht-mit-mars-projekt-hart-ins-gericht/9290182.html Tagesspiegel: Raumfahrtexperte geht mit Mars-Projekt hart ins Gericht], January 6, 2014, last seen January 11, 2014.</ref>


Astronaut [[Buzz Aldrin]] said in an interview that he wants to see humans on Mars by 2035, but he doesn't think the nonprofit organization Mars One will be the first to achieve it. <ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/29/buzz-aldrin-mars-one_n_3838736.html Buzz Aldrin Remains Unconvinced Of Mars One's Ability To Build Human Colony On Red Planet], August 29, 2013
Astronaut [[Buzz Aldrin]] said in an interview that he wants to see humans on Mars by 2035, but he doesn't think the nonprofit organization Mars One will be the first to achieve it. <ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/29/buzz-aldrin-mars-one_n_3838736.html Buzz Aldrin Remains Unconvinced Of Mars One's Ability To Build Human Colony On Red Planet], August 29, 2013. </ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 17:24, 21 February 2014

This article is about the one-way manned trip to Mars planned for 2023. For the first Soviet spacecraft for Mars, see Mars 1. For other uses, see Mars 1 (disambiguation).
Mars One
Program overview
CountryNetherlands
OrganizationMars One and Interplanetary Media Group
StatusActive
Program history
Duration2010 – Present
First flightJanuary 2018 (planned)
First crewed flightApril 2024 (planned)
Vehicle information
Vehicle typeCapsule
Crewed vehicle(s)Mars One Dragon (planned)
Crew capacityFour
Launch vehicle(s)Falcon Heavy (planned)

Mars One is a non-profit organization based in the Netherlands that has put forward conceptual plans to establish a permanent human colony on Mars by 2023, however Mars One has already run into scheduling issues with it's project and has pushed the first human landing back until 2025. The private spaceflight project is led by Dutch entrepreneur Bas Lansdorp, who announced plans for the Mars One mission in May 2012.[1]

Mars One's current concept includes launching four carefully selected applicants in a Mars-bound spaceflight in 2024, to become the first residents of Mars, and that every step of the crew’s journey will be documented for a reality television program.

History

The reality TV marketing plan and the concept for a one way mission to Mars was first published in 2010, the Journal of Cosmology, volume 12.[2] The Human Mission To Mars, Colonizing the Red Planet, which was edited by Joel Levine, Senior Scientist at the Science Directorate, NASA, and sponsored by the Mars Society. The reality TV concept, published by Dr. Rhawn Joseph,[3] and the One Way Mission to Mars concept, published by Paul Davis and Dirk Schulze-Makuch,[4] received international media attention in 2010 and 2011, and over 10,000 volunteers from around the world contacted the Journal of Cosmology and Dr. Davies, seeking to volunteer for a Mars mission. In 2010 through early 2012, Dr. Joseph led a lobbying campaign to convince the U.S. Congress to fund these plans for a human mission to Mars. In early 2012, the Mars One group seized upon Dr. Joseph's marketing and reality TV initiatives and Dr. Davies' concept for a one way mission to Mars and began promoting themselves as the originators of these plans and began charging volunteers an application fee.

The Mars One website states that the team behind Mars One began planning of Mars One in 2011. The company states that they researched the feasibility of the idea with specialists and expert organizations, and discussed the financial, psychological and ethical aspects of it.[5]

Initial mission plans

Mars One initially publically announced plans for a one-way trip to Mars in May 2012, with a notional plan for an initial robotic precursor mission in 2016, and transporting the first human colonists to Mars in 2023.

The initial mission plan included:[6]

  • 2013: The first 40 astronauts were to have been selected;[7] a replica of the settlement was planned to be built for training purposes.[8]
  • 2014: The first communication satellite was to have been produced.
  • 2016: A supply mission would launch with 2500 kilograms of food in a modified SpaceX Dragon.
  • 2018: An exploration vehicle would launch to pick the location of the settlement.[8]
  • 2021: Six additional Dragon capsules and another rover would launch with two living units, two life support units and two supply units.
  • 2022: A SpaceX Falcon Heavy would launch with the first group of four colonists.[8]
  • 2023: The first colonists were to arrive on Mars in a modified Dragon capsule.
  • 2025: A second group of four colonists slated to arrive.[8]
  • 2033: The colony projected to reach 20 settlers.[9]

Recent history

In 2013, Mars One selected a second-round pool of astronaut candidates of 1058 people—"586 men and 472 women from 107 countries"—from a larger number of some 200,000 who showed interest on the Mars One website. Mars One has not released the actual amount of paid applicants but in an interview Bas Lansdorp stated that around 30-40% of the paid applicants would be selected for round 2. These percentages lead to a paid applicant number of an estimated 4000 worldwide. [10]

In December 2013, Mars One announced plans for a robotic precursor mission in 2018, two years later than had been conceptually planned in the 2012 announcements. The robotic lander is to be "built by Lockheed Martin based on the design used for NASA’s Phoenix and InSight missions, as well as a communications orbiter built by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd."[10] Feasibility contracts have been started (early 2014) by Lockheed Martin and Surrey Satellite Technology, and should be finished in 2015. An estimated cost of {USD|200 million}} or more will be needed to support the robotic mission, no concrete plans on how these funds will be raised has been released by Mars One. [10]

Current mission plans

The organization has mapped out the next several years in order to highlight major plans and goals for the mission:[citation needed]

Mars One plans to establish the first human settlement on Mars. According to their updated 2013 schedule, the first crew of four astronauts would arrive on Mars in 2025, after a seven-month journey from Earth. Additional teams would join the settlement every two years, with the intention that by 2035 there would be over twenty people living and working on Mars.[citation needed] The astronaut selection process began on April 22, 2013.[11]

As of April 2013, the astronaut selection process was expected by Mars One to be completed in July 2015; six teams of four.[11]

In December 2013, mission concept studies for a 2018 Mars mission were contracted with Lockheed Martin and Surrey Satellite Technology for a 2018 demonstration mission to provide proof of concept for a subset of the key technologies for a later permanent human settlement on Mars.[12]

The Mars One project has no connection with Inspiration Mars, a similarly-timed project to send a married couple on a Mars flyby and return them to Earth over a period of 500 days.[13]

Astronauts selection and training

The application period

Country-wise distribution of the 202,586 applicants in Round 1 (correct to the nearest percent)[14]

   United States (24%)
   India (10%)
   China (6%)
   Brazil (5%)
   United Kingdom (4%)
   Canada (4%)
   Russia (4%)
   Mexico (4%)
   Philippines (2%)
   Spain (2%)
   Colombia (2%)
   Argentina (2%)
   Australia (1%)
   France (1%)
   Turkey (1%)
   Chile (1%)
   Ukraine (1%)
   Peru (1%)
   Germany (1%)
   Italy (1%)
   Poland (1%)
  Other (22%)

The application was available from April 22, 2013 to August 31, 2013.[15][16] The application consists of applicant’s general information, a motivational letter, a résumé and a video. Mars One plans to hold several other application periods in the future.

Anyone over the age of 18 may apply, as long as the application is submitted in one of the 11 most used languages on Internet:[17] English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, German, Russian, Arabic, Indonesian, Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, or Korean. Applicants are judged on resiliency, adaptability, curiosity, ability to trust, and creativity.

By 9 September 2013, 2,782 applicants had paid their registration fee and submitted public videos in which they made their case for going to Mars in 2023.[18] The application fee varies from US $5 to US $75 (the amount depending on the relative wealth of the applicant's country).[19]

Application videos are available to be watched online.

The interview period

Country-wise distribution of the 1,058 applicants selected for Round 2[20][21]

   United States (28.4%)
   Canada (7.1%)
   India (5.9%)
   Russia (4.9%)
   Australia (4.1%)
   China (3.8%)
   United Kingdom (3.4%)
   Spain (2.6%)
   South Africa (2.4%)
   Brazil (2.2%)
  Other (35.2%)

Distribution of the 1,058 applicants selected for Round 2 according to the academic degree[21]

  Bachelor's degree (33%)
  Master's degree (15%)
  Ph.D (8%)
  Associate degree (3%)
  Doctor of Medicine (3%)
  Doctor of law (1%)
  Other (37%)

The results of applicants selected for round 2 were declared on December 30 of 2013. A total of 1,058 applicants from 107 countries were selected.[10] The gender split is 586 male (about 55%) and 472 female (about 45%). Among the people that were selected for round 2, 159 have a master's degree, 347 have bachelor's degrees and 29 have Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degrees. The majority of the applicants are under 36 and well educated.[22][23][24]

Continent No. of
applicants selected
for round 2		 Other details [21]
Americas 458 (43.3%) United States of America - 301 (28.4%)
Canada - 75 (7.1%)
Brazil - 23 (2.2%)
Mexico - 20 (1.9%)
Argentina - 9
Colombia - 8
Chile - 4
Peru - 4
Bolivia - 3
Costa Rica - 2
Guatemala - 2
Ecuador - 1
Venezuela - 1
Honduras - 1
El Salvador - 1
Dominican Republic - 1
Jamaica - 1
Trinidad and Tobago - 1
Europe (except Turkey and Azerbaijan) 287 (27.1%) Russia - 52 (4.9%)
United Kingdom - 36 (3.4%)
Spain - 27 (2.6%)
France - 22 (2.0%)
Germany - 21 (2.0%)
Poland - 13
Italy - 12
Ukraine - 10
Sweden - 10
Romania - 8
Belgium - 6
Switzerland - 6
Belarus - 5
Bulgaria - 5
Finland - 5
Denmark - 4
Serbia - 4
Austria - 4
Croatia - 4
Portugal - 3
Ireland - 3
Bosnia and Herzegovina - 3
Czech Republic - 2
Lithuania - 2
Netherlands - 2
Norway - 2
Hungary - 2
Estonia - 2
Slovakia - 2
Cyprus - 2
Moldova - 2
Georgia - 2
Latvia - 1
Greece - 1
Slovenia - 1
Montenegro - 1
North Africa and Greater Middle East (including Turkey, Azerbaijan) 65 (6,1%) Egypt - 10
Israel - 10
Iran - 9
Turkey - 6
Saudi Arabia - 5
United Arab Emirates - 3
Iraq - 3
Algeria - 2
Morocco - 2
Azerbaijan - 2
Jordan - 2
Lebanon - 2
Pakistan - 2
Afghanistan - 2
Qatar - 1
State of Palestine - 1
Libya - 1
Yemen - 1
Syria - 1
Asia except Greater Middle East 164 (15.5%) India - 62 (5.9%)
China - 40 (3.8%)
Philippines - 13
Japan - 10
Vietnam - 5
Taiwan - 5
Indonesia - 5
Bangladesh - 5
South Korea - 4
Thailand - 2
Nepal - 2
Burma - 2
Kazakhstan - 2
Malaysia - 1
Singapore - 1
Tajikistan -1
Uzbekistan - 1
Hong Kong - 1
Kyrgyzstan - 1
Maldives - 1
Sub-Saharan Africa 38 (3.6%) South Africa - 25 (2.4%)
Zimbabwe - 3
Nigeria - 2
Cameroon - 2
Rwanda - 1
Ethiopia - 1
Uganda - 1
Kenya - 1
Angola - 1
Mozambique - 1
Oceania 46 (4.35%) Australia - 43 (4.1%)
New Zealand - 3
Worldwide 1058 107 countries in all.

[23][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]

The 10 countries with most applicants in round 2, as well as the gender split for each one, are given in the following table:[37]

Candidates by nationality Total Male Female
United States of America 297 149 148
Canada 75 32 43
India 62 40 22
Russia 52 22 30
Australia 43 23 17
China 40 21 19
United Kingdom 36 17 19
Spain 27 18 9
South Africa 25 20 5
Brazil 23 11 12

For those who didn't make it in, Mars One may take more applicants at an unspecified later date; but selected candidates must disclose themselves and provide a medical statement of good health from a physician before the interview.

Continent-wise distribution of the 1,058 applicants selected for Round 2.[21]

  North America (35.54%)
  Europe (27.88%)
  Asia (19.47%)
  Latin America/Caribbean (7.75%)
  Africa (5.01%)
  Oceania (4.35%)

Regional selection period

Medically cleared candidates will then be interviewed by one of the 300 regional selection committees who will select applicants to continue to the next step. Details of the 2014 selection phases have not been agreed upon due to ongoing negotiations with media companies for the rights to televise the selection processes. Expect further information to be released in early 2014 - See more at: http://www.mars-one.com/news/press-releases/mars-one-announces-round-2-astronaut-selection-results#sthash.YGZA1eoS.dpuf

The regional selection could be broadcast on TV and Internet in countries around the world. In each region, 20-40 applicants will participate in challenges including rigorous simulations, many in team settings, with focus on testing the physical and emotional capabilities of the remaining candidates, with the aim of demonstrating their suitability to become the first humans on Mars. The audience will select one winner per region, and the experts can select additional participants, if needed, to continue to the international level.[38][39]

From the first selection series, six groups of four will become full-time employees of the Mars One astronaut corps, after which they'll train for the mission. Whole teams and individuals might be selected out during training when they prove not to be suitable for the mission.

International selection

The international event is planned to be broadcast throughout the world. The Mars One selection committee will create international groups of four candidates. Those groups will then be expected to demonstrate their ability to live in harsh living conditions, and work together under difficult circumstances. The groups are expected to receive their first short term training in a replica of the Mars outpost.

From the previous selection series, six groups of four will become full-time employees of the Mars One astronaut corps, after which they will train for the mission. Whole teams and individuals might be deselected during training if they prove not to be suitable for the mission. Six to ten teams, of four people, will be selected for seven years of full-time training. It is anticipated that this selection round will run until the end of 2015.[38]

Technical training

The astronauts will be required to learn skills and gain proficiency in a wide variety of disciplines.

  • 2 astronauts must be proficient in the use and repair of all equipment in order to be able to identify and solve technical problems.
  • 2 astronauts will receive extensive medical training in order to be able to treat minor and critical health problems, including first aid and use of the medical equipment that will accompany them to Mars. Meaning at least two crewmembers will be trained in each essential skill-set in case a member becomes ill. Their training and preparations will take all the time between their admittance to the program, and the start of their journey to Mars.
  • 1 person will train in studies on Mars geology
  • another 1 will gain expertise in exobiology, the search for life beyond Earth, and the effects of extraterrestrial environments on living things.

Personal training

The ability to cope with the difficult living environment on Mars will be an important selection criterion. The astronauts will be initially chosen for their inherent ability to cope with these environments, and will receive training on most effectively dealing with them.

Group training

Group training will take place in the form of simulation missions. A simulation mission is an extensive, fully immersive exercise that prepares the astronauts for the real mission to Mars. The simulated environment will invoke as many of the Mars conditions as possible. Immediately after selection, the groups will participate in these simulations for three months per year. During simulations, astronauts will only be able to leave the base when wearing their Mars suits. They will have to take care of their water supply and keep the life support systems up and running. They must also cultivate their own food, and all communications with the outside world will be artificially delayed by twenty minutes.

There will be several simulation bases, some easy to access for early stage, while others will be located in a harsh environments on Earth, providing realistic desert terrain and drastically cold conditions. These trials will demonstrate whether they are suitable for all elements of the task ahead.

Revenues and investment

Revenues that Mars One has received from merchandise sale and private donations until 31 October 2013.[40]
Country of buyer/donor Revenue amount (in US $)
United States of America
81,697
Canada
17,377
United Kingdom
13,211
Australia
11,770
Germany
7,211
Russia
5,605
Netherlands
5,579
Sweden
5,185
Norway
3,844
France
3,179
Brazil
2,315
Finland
2,059
Belgium
2,036
Switzerland
1,649
Denmark
1,636
Spain
1,487
Italy
1,343
Japan
1,175
South Africa
1,071
New Zealand
1,038
Others (62 countries)
13,403
Total (from 82 countries)
183,870

Reality TV

The reality TV and marketing concept to fund a human mission to Mars was published in 2010 in the Journal of Cosmology by Dr. Rhawn Joseph, in an article titled, "Marketing Mars [3]. This article and the funding concept receiving national and international news attention and Dr. Joseph led a lobbying campaign to convince the U.S. Congress to fund a human mission to Mars program based on this plan. Dr. Joseph estimated that his funding initiative could raise over 100 billion dollars. Dr. Joseph is not associated with the Mars One group who in 2012 seized upon his published work and funding initiative.

A one-way trip, excluding the cost of maintaining four astronauts on Mars until they die, is claimed to cost approximately 6 billion USD.[41] Lansdorp has declined questions regarding the cost estimate because he believes "it would be very stupid for us to give the prices that have been quoted per component".[42] For comparison, an "austere" manned Mars mission (including a temporary stay followed by a return of the astronauts) proposed by NASA in 2009 had a projected cost of 100 billion USD after an 18-year program.[43]

Mars One, the not-for-profit foundation, is the controlling stockholder of the for-profit Interplanetary Media Group.[44] A global reality-TV media event is intended to provide most of the funds to finance the expedition. It should begin with the astronaut selection process (with some public participation) and continue on through the first years of living on Mars.[45][46]

Mars One's investment of revenues[40]

  Concept design studies (78.3%)
  Travel expenses (11.6%)
  Legal expenses (3.3%)
  Website maintenance (2.4%)
  Communications (2.3%)
  Office and other (2.1%)

Sponsors

On 31 August 2012, company officials announced that funding from its first sponsors had been received.[41] Corporate sponsorship money will be used mostly to fund the conceptual design studies provided by the aerospace suppliers.[41]

Sponsors and contributors for Mars One include:[41][47]

Donations and merchandise

Since December 2012[citation needed] and the official announcement of their conversion to a Stichting, Mars One has been accepting one time and regular monthly donations through their website. As of January 31, 2014, Mars One has received $218,450 in donations and merchandise sales.[60]

The pie-chart alongside shows the break-up of Mars One's revenues into different areas. Over three quarters of the investment is in concept design studies. Mars One states that "income from donations and merchandise have not been used to pay salaries".[61]

Crowd funding

On December 10, 2013, Mars One set up a crowd funding campaign on Indiegogo to fund their 2018 demonstration mission. The 2018 mission includes a lander and communications satellite, and aims to prove several mission critical technologies in addition to launch and landing. The campaign goal is to raise $400,000 USD by January 25, 2014. However, since the ending date was drawing near they decided to extend the ending date for more time. It ended on February 9, 2014. By the end of the campaign, they had received $313,749 in funds, which is misleading because Indiegogo takes a 9% cut from failed campaigns and Mars One had to purchase the perk merchandise as well.[62]

Intellectual property (IP)

Mars One has stated that it will retain ownership of technology developed for its mission, and that subsequent licensing fees from this technology will help fund future missions.[63]

Technology

Mars One has identified at least one potential supplier for each component of the mission.[6][64] The major components are to be acquired from proven suppliers.[65] As of May 2013, Mars One has a contract with only one company, Paragon Space Development Corporation, for a preliminary life support study.[66] Mars One plans to use SpaceX hardware for the launcher, lander and crew habitat but, as of May 2013, SpaceX has not yet been contracted to supply mission hardware and SpaceX has stated that it does "not currently have a relationship with Mars One."[66]

Launcher

The Falcon Heavy from SpaceX is the notional launcher in the Mars One conceptual plan.[65]

Mars transit vehicle

A manned interplanetary spacecraft, which would transport the crew to Mars, would be assembled in low Earth orbit and comprise two propellant modules: a Transit Living Module (discarded just before arrival at Mars) and a lander (see "Human Lander" below).[65][67]

A potential supplier for the Transit living module as of November 2012 was Thales Alenia Space.[68][non-primary source needed][dead link]

Communications system

In December 2013 Mars One awarded a contract to Surrey Satellite Technology for a study of the satellite technology required to provide 24/7 communication between Earth and the Mars base.[69][70] Mars One expects that there will be at least two satellites, one in geostationary orbit above Mars and a second at the Earth - Sun L4 or L5 point to relay the signal when Mars blocks the geosynchronous satellite from line of sight to Earth.[70] It is possible that a third satellite will be required to relay the signal on the rare occasions when the sun blocks the first relay satellite from line of sight with Earth.[70]

Lander

The notional Mars One lander is a 5 meters (16 ft)-diameter variant of SpaceX's Dragon capsule.[citation needed] The lander is planned to be used in five roles:

  • Life Support Unit – a lander containing systems for generating from Martian resources the energy, water and breathable air needed by the settlers.[71] The likely supplier for these systems is Paragon Space Development.[68]
  • Supply Unit – a lander carrying only cargo (supplies).[65]
  • Living Unit – a lander containing an inflatable module to provide habitable space for the settlers on Mars.[72]
  • Human Lander – a lander to carry the settlers to the surface of Mars (see "Mars Transit Vehicle" above).[65]
  • Rover Lander – a lander to carry the two rovers to the surface of Mars.[73]

Rover

The rover would be unpressurized and support travel distances of 80 km (50 miles).[74] A potential supplier for the rover as of November 2012 was Astrobotic Technology.[68][non-primary source needed][dead link]

Mars suit

The Mars suit would be flexible to allow the settlers to work with both cumbersome construction materials and sophisticated machinery when they are outside the habitat while protecting them from the cold, low pressure and noxious gases of the Martian atmosphere.[75] The likely supplier of the suits is ILC Dover.[76] On March 12, 2013, Paragon Space Development Corporation was contracted to develop concepts for life support and the Mars Surface Exploration Spacesuit System. The Paragon Space Development Corporation study was suppose to be finished by summer's end 2013, Mars One continues to be quiet about the results of the study.[77]

Advisors

As of January 2013 the Mars One advisory board includes:

Criticism

Mars One has received a variety of criticism, mostly relating to medical,[94] technical and financial feasibility.

Rhawn Joseph who in 2010 developed and published the marketing, name branding, astronaut selection and reality TV programs for funding a human mission to Mars [4], and who then led a lobbying campaign to implement it, has referred to the Mars One Group as "a Fraud and a Scam--They have no space craft, no space-port, no launching facilities--its a scam and a hoax [5]

Chris Welch, director of Masters Programs at the International Space University, has said "Even ignoring the potential mismatch between the project income and its costs and questions about its longer-term viability, the Mars One proposal does not demonstrate a sufficiently deep understanding of the problems to give real confidence that the project would be able to meet its very ambitious schedule."[95]

Space tourist Richard Garriott stated in response to Mars One, "Many have interesting viable starting plans. Few raise the money to be able to pull it off."[96]

Robert Zubrin, advocate for manned Martian exploration, said "I don't think the business plan closes it. We're going to go to Mars, we need a billion dollars, and we're going to make up the revenue with advertising and media rights and so on. You might be able to make up some of the money that way, but I don't think that anyone who is interested in making money is going to invest on that basis — invest in this really risky proposition, and if you're lucky you'll break even? That doesn't fly."[97] Despite his criticisms of some of the elements of Mars One, Zubrin became an advisor to Mars One on October 10, 2013.[98]

Many have also criticized the project's US$ 6 billion budget as being far too low to successfully transport humans to Mars. A similar project study by NASA estimates such a feat at nearly US $100 billion. Objections have also been raised regarding the reality TV project associated with the expedition. Given the transient nature of most reality TV ventures, many believe that as viewership declines, funding could significantly decrease thereby harming the entire expedition.[99]

Wired magazine gave it a plausibility score of 2 out of 10 as part of their 2012 Most Audacious Private Space Exploration Plans.[100]

In January 2014, former German astronaut Ulrich Walter strongly criticised the project for ethical reasons. Speaking with Berlin's Tagesspiegel, he estimated the probability of reaching Mars alive at only thirty percent, and that of surviving there more than three months at less than twenty percent. He said, "They make their money with that [TV] show. They don't care what happens to those people in space... If my tax money were used for such a mission, I would organise a protest."[101]

Astronaut Buzz Aldrin said in an interview that he wants to see humans on Mars by 2035, but he doesn't think the nonprofit organization Mars One will be the first to achieve it. [102]

See also

References

  1. ^ "About". Mars One. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  2. ^ http://Cosmology.com/Contents12.html
  3. ^ http://cosmology.com/Mars110.html
  4. ^ [1]
  5. ^ "Mission, Vision and Feasibility". Mars One. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  6. ^ a b Staff (3 June 2012). "Mars One plans to establish human settlement on Mars in 2023". Kurzweil. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  7. ^ Michael Bradbury (5 June 2012). "Reality TV Sets Sights on Mars for New Show". Real Science. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Black, Charles (18 October 2012). "Mars One plans human settlement on the Red Planet by 2023". SEN TV LIMITED.
  9. ^ Anne Sewell (1 June 2012). "Mars One: Human settlement on Mars in 2023". Digital Journal. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  10. ^ a b c d Foust, Jeff (1 January 2014). "http://www.newspacejournal.com/2014/01/01/year-in-preview-going-to-the-red-planet-requires-a-lot-of-green/". NewSpace Journal. Retrieved 7 January 2014. {{cite news}}: External link in |title= (help)
  11. ^ a b "Private Mars One Colony Project Seeks Astronaut Settlers". Space.com. 22 April 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  12. ^ Messier, Doug (10 December 2013). "Mars One Contracts Lockheed Martin, Surrey Satellite for Mission Concept Studies". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  13. ^ "Billionaire Dennis Tito unveils plan to send married couple to Mars". The London Telegraph. 27 February 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
  14. ^ "Over 200,000 apply to first ever recruitment for Mars settlement". Mars One. 9 September 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  15. ^ "How will the astronaut selection proceed?". Mars One. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  16. ^ "Can I Apply to Become an Astronaut?" Mars One. Retrieved on 02 Sept. 2013.
  17. ^ "What are the qualifications to apply?". Mars One. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  18. ^ Boyle, Alan (9 September 2013). "More than 2,700 pay up for a chance to take a one-way trip to Mars". NBC News. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  19. ^ Wall, Mike (7 May 2013). "78,000 Apply for Private Mars Colony Project In 2 Weeks". Space.com. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
  20. ^ http://www.outerplaces.com/mars-one.html
  21. ^ a b c d [2]
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