List of early modern works on the Crusades

This list of later historians of the Crusades identifies the historians and their works related to the Crusades that were published after the fall of Acre in 1291. As such, it provides context for the post-medieval historiography of the Crusades. This includes authors and works from the late thirteenth century through the nineteenth century, with some material from the early twentieth century. Works are referenced, where available, to the various national collection of biographies, collections linked to the digital libraries of the University of Michigan's HathiTrust and OCLC's WorldCat, and the bibliographic work of Les Archives de littérature du Moyen Âge (ARLIMA) and Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF).

Overview

Historians of the Crusades are generally of two types. The first are the authors of works, the original sources, that were done contemporaneously with the historical events. Biographies of the more important of these authors can be found in The Crusades—An Encyclopedia (2006), edited by historian Alan V. Murray. The later works, written in the later 13th century and after, are the subject of this article and include a variety of subjects including:

• Collections and transcriptions of original sources, whose works are detailed in collections of Crusader sources.
• General histories and chronologies of the Crusades, either comprehensive studies or ones narrowly targeted.
• Regional histories of Western Europe or the Middle East during the Crusader era and, if relevant, beforehand.
• Ecclesiastical works.
• Specialized accounts of travel, geography, archaeology and numismatics.
• Works of fiction or art deemed important by modern Crusades historians.

Two good sources for biographies are available. The first is Part V: Brief Biographies of Crusade Historians, of The Routledge Companion to the Crusades by historian Peter Lock. Part IV: Historiography, or What Historians have said about the Crusades, of Lock's tome, also provides an interesting perspective on the authors and their works. The second is the Historians of the Crusades (2007–2008), an on-line database of scholars working in the field of Crusader studies. This is part of the Resources for Studying the Crusades created at Queen Mary University of London 2007–2008 under the auspices of medieval history scholar Thomas S. Asbridge.

Thirteenth century

After the fall of Acre in 1291, there was a significant push for a new Crusade to retake the Holy Land. Histories written after that time have typically combined a chronology with proposals for additional Crusades. This period also saw the rise of knighthood and the notion of chivalry.

Primat of Saint-Denis. Primat of Saint-Denis (died between 1277–1285), a Benedictine monk and historian.

• Roman des rois (1274). The Roman des rois (Romance of Kings) was written in Old French and provides a detailed account of the reign of Louis IX of France (ruled 1226–1270). Roman des rois was the earliest version of the Grandes Chroniques de France.
• La Chronique (after 1335). Latin version of Roman des rois covering only the years 1248–1277. Transcribed by French monk and translator Jean de Vignay (c. 1282/1285 – c. 1350).

La Devise des Chemins de Babiloine. La Devise des Chemins de Babiloine (1289–1291), an anonymous account detailing the strengths of Mamluk armies in Egypt and Syria and gave mileages of the various routes between Cairo and the Delta ports. Prepared as an intelligence report in preparation for a future Crusade to be launched against Mamluk Cairo. In Itinéraires à Jérusalem et descriptions de la Terre Sainte...(1882) by French historian Henri-Victor Michelant (1811–1890).

Fidentius of Padua. Fidentius (Fidenzio) of Padua (before 1226 – after 1291), a Franciscan friar and historian.

• Liber recuperations Terre Sancte (1291). A history of the Holy Land and approaches to retaking the Kingdom of Jerusalem, delivered to pope Nicholas IV. Liber also included an adverse biography of the Prophet Muhammad. In Biblioteca bio-bibliografica della Terra Santa e dell'Oriente francescano, Volume 2, edited by Girolamo Golubovich (1865–1941).

Thaddeus of Naples. Thaddeus of Naples (fl. 1291), an Italian magister.

• Hystoria de desolacione civitatis Acconensis (1292). A history based on eyewitness accounts of the fall of Acre of 1291, embroidered by accusations of widespread cowardice. His violent language was intentional, and the object was to shame the West into launching a new Crusade. The work ended with an appeal to the Pope, to the princes, and to the faithful to rescue the Holy Land as the Christians' heritage
• Hystoria de desolacione et conculcacione civitatis Acconensis et tocius Terre Sancte, in A. D. 1291 (1874). Edited by Comte Paul E. D. Riant.

Jacques Bretel. Jacques Bretel (fl. 1285), a French-language trouvère.

• Le Tournoi de Chauvency, 2 volumes (1 + supplement) (1285). A poem concerning the Tournament of Chauvency. Held in 1285 by Louis V, Count of Chiny, the famed tournament brought together nearly 500 knights from around Europe. Participants included Rudolf I of Germany, Frederick III, Duke of Lorraine and Guy of Dampierre, Count of Flanders. A modern, however fanciful, description of the tournament can be found in The Reign of Chivalry by British historian Richard Barber.
• Roman de Castelain de Couci et de la dame de Fayel (13th century). A romantic poem using the cœur mangé motif, sometimes attributed to the 13th century trouvère Jakemés. (cf. French Wikipedia, Roman du châtelain de Coucy et de la dame du Fayel)

Galvano of Levanti. Galvano of Levanti (fl. late 13th century), a physician in the papal court of Boniface VIII (1294–1303) and a propagandist.

• Liber Sancti Passagii Christocolarum contra Saracenos pro recuperatione Terra Sanctae (1295). A work dedicated to Philip IV of France that called for a new Crusade. Galvano was influenced by Thaddeus of Naples' account of the fall of Acre.

Ramon Lull. Ramon Lull (1232/1236–1315), also known as Raymond Lully or Ramon Llull, a Spanish missionary to the Arab world. Lull was stoned to death in Tunisia in 1315.

• Le Libre del Orde de Cauayleria (1279–1283). Lull's account of the order of chivalry is translated to The book of the Ordre of chyualry, by English writer William Caxton (c. 1422 – c. 1491) and appears as Volume 168 of the original series printed by the Early English Text Society (EETS).

• Petitio pro recuperatione Terrae Sanctae (1295). A document presented to pope Boniface VIII (1294–1303) proposing a new Crusade and the combining the military orders into a single organization. This was a follow-up to Petitio Raymundi pro conversione infidelium (1294) presented to pope Celestine V (1294).
• Liber de Fine (1305). An elaboration of Petitio pro recuperatione Terrae Sanctae.
• Raimond Lulle, in Histoire littéraire de la France, Tome XXIX (1895). A biographical account edited by French historian Jean-Barthélemy Hauréau (1812–1896).
• Le Bienheureux Raymond Lulle (1232-1315) (1900). A biography by French historian Marius André (1868–1927).

Guillaume de Nangis. Guillaume de Nangis (died 1300), a French chronicler and biographer, particularly of Louis IX of France and Phillip III of France.

• Chronicon (1300). A chronicle of the history of the world from the Creation until 1300. For the period before 1113, the work is that of the medieval author Sigebert of Gembloux (1030–1112) among others. It also borrows from La Chronique by Benedictine monk and historian Primat of Saint-Denis (died between 1277–1285). A continuation to 1368 was done by Prior Jean de Venette (c. 1307 – c. 1370).
• Vie et vertus de Saint Louis d'après Guillaume de Nangis et le confesseur de la reine Marguerite (1877). A version of Nangis' Vie et vertus de Saint Louis, edited by French historian René de Lespinasse (1843–1922).
• Mémoire sur les ouvrages de Guillaume de Nangis (1873). A commentary on the works of Nangis by French historian Léopold V. Delisle (1826–1910).

Pierre Dubois. Pierre Dubois (1255–1321), a French publicist and propagandist.

• De Recuperatione Terre Sancte (1304). A work proposing the recovery of the Holy Land using the wealth of the Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller.

Hayton of Corycus. Hayton of Corycus (1240–1310/1320), also known as Hethum of Gorigos, an Armenian noble and historian.

• La Flor des estoires de la terre d'Orient (1307). The Flower of the Histories of the East is found in RHC Documents arméniens (1869–1906), Volume 2.II, and concerns the Muslim conquests and Mongol invasion. It contains a summary of Levantine history, together with a discussion of the state of the Mamluk sultanate. Hayton proposed a double expedition and co-operation with the Armenians and the Mongols.
• Table Chronologique des Evénement en Syrie, Palestine et Arménie de 1076 à 1307 (1307). In RHC Documents arméniens (1869–1906).

Jacques de Molay. Jacques de Molay (1240–1314), last Grand Master of the Knights Templar.

• Report to Clement V (1306). A report to pope Clement V recommending against the merging of the Templars and Hospitallers. Reprinted in Étienne Baluze's Vitae Paparum Avenionensium.

Guillaume Adam. Guillaume Adam (died 1341), a missionary to and later archbishop of Soltaniyeh, Persia.

• De modo Sarracenos extirpandi (1316–1317). An account detailing his approach for the West to defeat the Byzantine empire and the Ilkhanids.
• Directorium ad passagium faciendum (1330). A treatise that proposed a crusade, presented to Philip VI of France (1328–1350), that may have been written by G. Adam. In RHC Documents arméniens, Volume 2.IV.

Guy of Warwick. Guy of Warwick (Gui de Warewic), a legendary English hero popular in England and France from the thirteenth to seventeenth centuries. He is reputed to have made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land and is erroneously regarded as real in some fifteenth-century chronicles, including that by English historian John Rous.

• Guy of Warwick: a knight of Britain who in his day did many deeds of prowess’s (1525).
• Fragments of an early fourteenth-century Guy of Warwick.
• The noble and renowned history of Guy, earl of Warwick (1829). Containing a full and true account of his many famous and valiant actions, and renowned victories.

Fourteenth century

The Crusaders maintained a presence in the Holy Land until the fall of Ruad in 1302 and much of the historical work was then concentrated on the Kingdom of Cyprus, the military orders and the Mongol invasion of Europe, and renewed plans for a new Crusade to retake Jerusalem. Significant portions of the Recueil des historiens des croisades (RHC), Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (PPTS) library and Francesco Gabrieli's Arab historians of the Crusades are devoted to works from the 14th century.

Gérard de Monréal. Gérard de Monréal (fl. 1314–1321), secretary to Guillaume de Beaujeu, Grand Master of the Knights Templar from 1273–1291. Monréal is believed to have written the later part of Les Gestes des Chiprois (Deeds of the Cypriots), an Old French chronicle of the history of the Crusader states and Kingdom of Cyprus between 1132–1311.

• Les Gestes des Chiprois, 3 parts in 1 volume (1314–1321). A history of the Crusades in three parts: (1) Chronique de Terre Sainte (anonymous author) covering the period from 1131–1222; (2) History of the War between the Emperor Frederick and Sir John of Ibelin, covering the period 1223–1242, by Italian historian Philip of Novara (1200–1270); (3) Chronique du Templier de Tir, covering the Crusades through 1311. The work includes one of only two eyewitness accounts of the fall of Acre in 1291 and the trial of the Knights Templar in 1311.
• Les gestes des Chiprois: recueil de chroniques françaises écrites en Orient au XIIIe & XVIe siècles (1887). Translation for the Société de l'Orient latin by French historian and philologist Gaston Raynaud (1850–1911). Raynaud's version of Les gestes des Chiprois is found in both RHC Documents arméniens (1869–1906), Volume 2.VI, and Revue de l'Orient Latin (ROL), Volumes XIIIe, XIVe.

Jean de Joinville. Jean de Joinville (1224–1317), a French chronicler who accompanied Louis IX of France on the Seventh Crusade and Eighth Crusade who wrote his influential biography.

• Life of Saint Louis (1309), a biography of Louis IX, relying on the Grandes Chroniques de France for events after 1254. Joinville was with Louis during his captivity by the Egyptians in 1250 after the battle of al-Mansurah. Reprinted in Bohn's Libraries.
• Memoirs of the Crusades (1955). Translation by British biographer Frank T. Marzials (1840-1912). Consists of the chronicle De la Conquête de Constantinople (On the Conquest of Constantinople) of Geoffrey of Villehardouin (1150–1215) and Joinville's Life of Saint Louis.

Rashid-al-Din. Rashid-al-Din Hamadani (1247–1318), a Jewish-turned-Islamic physician and historian who was vizier to the Ilkhan Ghazan.

• Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh (Compendium of Chronicles) is a history of the Mongols from the time of Adam until 1311. The books include History of the Mongols, regarding the Khanate conquests from Genghis Khan through that of Ghazan. They also include the History of the Franks through 1305, based on sources such as Italian explorer Isol the Pisan (fl. 1300) and the Chronicon pontificum et imperatorum of Martin of Opava. The third part of geography has been lost. (cf. also Arab Historians of the Crusades)
• A Compendium of Chronicles: Rashid al-Din's Illustrated History of the World (1995). Edition by American art historian Sheila Blair (born 1948).

Foulques de Villaret. Foulques de Villaret (died 1327), Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller from 1305–1319.

• La Devise des Chemins de Babiloine (1306–1307). A document prepared for Foulques de Villaret providing an assessment of Mamluk forces, as research for a possible invasion. When the document was written in 1306–1307, al-Nasir Muhammad was the sultan of Egypt and Syria.
• Mémoire de Foulques de Villaret sur la croisade (1312). At the time of the Council of Vienne in 1311-1312, Foulques wrote to Philip IV of France of the Hospitaller's preparation for any future crusade.

Peter of Dusburg. Peter of Dusburg (died after 1326), a German historian and chronicler of the Teutonic Knights.

• Chronicon terrae Prussiae (1326). A chronicle of the Teutonic Order and their role in the Northern Crusades.

Jean de Vignay. Jean de Vignay (c. 1282/1285 – c. 1350), a French monk and translator.

• De la chose de la chevalerie. On the Matter of Chivalry, a translation of De re militari of Roman writer Vegetius (fl. fourth century).
• Les merveilles de la Terre d'Outremer (after 1331). A translation of the Descriptio orientalium partium of Franciscan pilgrim Odoric of Pordenone (1286–1331).
• Le Miroir historial (1333). A translation of the Speculum historiale of French Dominican Vincent of Beauvais (c. 1184/1194 – c. 1264).
• La Légende dorée (1333 or 1334), a translation of the Legenda aurea (Golden Legends) of Italian chronicler James of Varagine (c. 1230 – 1298).
• La Chronique (after 1335). Latin version of Roman des rois by Benedictine monk and historian Primat of Saint-Denis (died between 1277–1285), a detailed account of the reign of Louis IX of France.

John VI Kantakouzenos. John VI Kantakouzenos (1292-1383), was Byzantine emperor from 1347-1354.

• Historia (after 1341) that includes an account of Godfrey of Bouillon's arrival in Constantinople in 1096, in Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae (CSHB) Volumes 5-7.
• Against Mohammedanism (after 1341), in Historia.

Hamd-Allah Mustawfi. Hamd-Allah Mustawfi (1281-1349), a Persian historian and geographer. Also known as Hamd-Allah Mustawfi Qazvini.

• Ḏayl-e Tāriḵ-e gozida (after 1329). A compendium of world history from Creation until 1329, dedicated to the son of Rashid-al-Din Hamadani.
• Nozhat al-qolub (1340). A work on geography that may be derived from Rashid-al-Din's lost work.
• Histoire des Seldjoukides et des Ismaéliens ou assassins de l'Iran (1849). Extracts from Ḏayl-e Tāriḵ-e gozida, translated by Charles Defrémery (1822–1883). A history of Persia under the Seljuk dynasty and the Assassins. The Seljuks originated in 985, with the sultans beginning with Tughril (1039–1063) and ending with Toghril III (1174–1194). The Assassins began under Hassan-i Sabbah (1050–1124) and were eradicated by the Mongols in 1256.

Geoffroi de Charny. Geoffroi de Charny (1300–1356), a French knight and author. De Charny and his wife are the first recorded owners of the Shroud of Turin, lost after the sack of Constantinople in 1204.

• Book of Chivalry (Livre de chevalerie, c. 1350). A treatise intended to explain the appropriate qualities for a knight, reform the behavior of the fighting classes, and defend the chivalric ethos against its critics, mainly in clerical circles.

Guillaume de Machaut. Guillaume de Machaut (1300–1377), an influential French poet and composer.

• La Prise d'Alexandre (after 1369). An account of the campaign of Peter I of Cyprus, titular king of Jerusalem, against Egypt during the Alexandrian Crusade of 1365. The edition of 1887 was edited by French historian Louis de Mas Latrie (1815–1897)

Informatio ex parte Nunciorum Regis Cypri. Informatio ex parte Nunciorum Regis Cypri is an anonymously written history of Cyprus through the 14th century including an account of Henry II of Cyprus, the last crowned king of Jerusalem, and his plans to retake the Holy Land from the Mongols. It is included in Documents and Histoire de l'île de Chypre sous le règne des princes de la maison de Lusignan by French historian of Cyprus Louis de Mas Latrie (1815–1897).

Ibn al-Furat. Ibn al-Furat (1334–1405), an Egyptian historian.

• Taʾrīkh al-duwal wa 'l-mulūk (History of the Dynasties and Kingdoms), 11 volumes (15th century). A universal history for which only the portions after 1106 were completed.
• Negotiations with Hugh III, King of Jerusalem and Cyprus. Material concerning Hugh III of Cyprus, excerpted and translated from Taʾrīkh al-duwal wa 'l-mulūk. In Gabrieli's Arab Historians of the Crusades, Part Four, Chapter 1.

Nicephorus Gregoras. Nicephorus Gregoras (1295–1360), a Byzantine theologian and historian.

• Byzantine History (Histoire de Byzance), 37 volumes (after 1359). A history covering the years 1204–1359, continuing the work of Greek historian Georgius Pachymeres (1242 – c. 1310). In RHC Historiens grecs (1875–1881), Volume 1.V, and Patrologia Graeco-Latina (MPG), Volumes 148 (Books 1–24) and 149 (Books 25–37).

Guillaume Durand. Guillaume Durand (1267–1328/1330) was bishop of Mende. Durand was sent as an embassy by pope John XXII and Charles IV of France to the Ottoman sultan Orhan (1326–1360) in order to obtain more favourable conditions for the Latins in Syria.

• De modo celebrandi concilii et corruptelis, 3 volumes (1311). Written for pope Clement V, who later issued papal bull Vox in excelso'.
• Informatio brevis de Passagio futuro (1312). A treatise on a possible Crusade to the Holy Land. In Histoire littéraire de la France, Tome XXXV.

Jean Dardel. Jean Dardel (fl. 1375–1383), a French friar who was an advisor to Leo V of Armenia.

• Chronique d'Arménie. A chronicle of Armenian history that covers through the 14th century. In RHC Documents arméniens (1906), Volume 2.I.

Eustache Deschamps. Eustache Deschamps (1346–1407), a French poet.

• Deschamps' Poems and the Crusade. In The Crusade of Nicopolis (1934) by Egyptian Coptologist Aziz S. Atiya (1898–1988).

Ibn Khaldūn. 'Abd al-Raḥmār ibn Khaldūn (before 1337 – 1406), an Arab scholar of Islam, social scientist and historian, who has been described as the father of the modern discipline of historiography.

• Kitāb al-ʻIbar, 7 volumes (1337), Book of Lessons, Record of Beginnings and Events in the History of the Arabs and the Berbers and Their Powerful Contemporaries. Includes three parts: al-Muqaddimah (Prolegomena), a universal history of empires; A world history of events up to 1337; and Historiography of works from Arabic Africa.

Al-Nuwayrī. Muḥammad ibn al-Ḳāsim al-Nuwayrī al-Iskandarānī al-Māliki (fl. 1365–1373) also known as al-Nuwayrī, a Muslim historian from Alexandria, Egypt. Eyewitness to the Alexandrian Crusade of 1365.

• Kitāb al-Ilmām fīmā jarat bihi ʾl-aḥkām al-maḳḍiyya fī wāḳiʿat al-Iskandariyya , 6 volumes (between 1365–1374). A history of the city from the time of Alexander the Great and Aristotle through the Alexandrian Crusade and as late as 1374. Edited by Coptic historian Aziz S. Atiya (1898–1988) and Swiss Egyptologist Étienne Combe (1881-1962) in an edition published in 7 volumes (1968–1976).

Leontios Machairas. Leontios Machairas (1360/1380 – after 1432), a Cypriot historian.

• Kronika (Chronicle) covering the history of Cyprus from the visit of Saint Helen in the late third century until 1432.
• Recital Concerning the Sweet Land of Cyprus, entitled Chronicle, English translation of Kronika by British archaeologist Richard M. Dawkins (1871–1955).
• The nature of the Cypriot chronicle of Leontios Makhairas (1945). Account by Richard M. Dawkins.
• Area Handbook for Cyprus (1964), U.S. Government document, American University. Machairas' work is cited on pages 144, 430.

Badr al-Din al-Ayni. Badr al-Din al-Ayni (1360–1453), known as al-Aini, was an Arab Islamic scholar.

• 'Iqd al-Jūman fī Ta'rikh Ahl al-Zamán. Original Arabic version of Perles d'Historie.
• Perles d'Historie (The Necklace of Pearls), covering the Ayyubid and Mamluk sultanates from 1226, with most of the early work derived from previous histories. Full title: TheNecklace of Pearls concerning the History of the Peoples of the Time. In RHC Historiens orientaux, Volume 2.1.
• Discussions in Clément Huart's History of Arabic Literature and Francesco Gabrieli's Arab Historians of the Crusades.

Al-Makrizi. Al-Makrizi (1364–1442), an Egyptian historian, also known as al-Maqrisi, descended from the Fatimids. Wrote extensively on the caliphates and sultanates that ruled the country. Some of his material appears to be based on the works of ibn Muyessar and ibn Abd al-Zahir.

• Al-Mawāʻiẓ wa-al-Iʻtibār bi-Dhikr al-Khiṭaṭ wa-al-āthār, 2 volumes. French translation by French Egyptoligist Urbain Bouriant (1849–1903) as Description topographique et historique de l'Égypte, published from 1895–1900.
• Abhandlung über die in Aegypten eingewanderten arabischen stämme (1847). Translation of Al-Mawāʻiẓ wa-al-Iʻtibār bi-Dhikr al-Khiṭaṭ wa-al-āthār by German orientalist Ferdinand Wüstenfeld (1808–1899).
• History of the Ayyubit and Mameluke Rulers, 2 volumes. Translation by French orientalist Etienne Marc Quatremère (1782–1857), published from 1837–1845.
• Muqaffa, first sixteen-volumes of an Egyptian biographic encyclopedia arranged in alphabetic order. The Egyptian historian, al-Sakhawi (1428–1497) estimated that the complete work would require eighty volumes.

Philippe de Mézières. Philippe de Mézières (c. 1327 – 1405), a French knight and author. De Mézières travelled to Jerusalem and the Cyprus. In 1362, he traveled with Peter I of Cyprus, titular king of Jerusalem, visiting the princes of western Europe in quest of support for a new Crusade.

• Vie de Saint Pierre Thomas (1366). Life of saint Peter Thomas (1305–1366), who participated with de Mézières in the Alexandrian Crusade of 1365. Also known as Vita sancti Petri Thomae.
• Nova religio passionis (1367–1368; revised and enlarged in 1386 and 1396). A proposal for a new order of knighthood. Included in The Crusade of Nicopolis (1934) by Egyptian Coptologist Aziz Suryal Atiya (1898–1988).
• Contemplatio horae mortis and Soliloquuum peccatoris (1386–1387).
• Epistre lamentable el consolatoire (before 1405).
• Description de deux manuscrits contenant la règle de la Militia passionis Jhesu Christi de Philippe de Mézières (1881). A description of two works of de Mézières, by French historian Auguste Molinier (1851–1904).
• Philippe de Mézièves et la croisade au XIVe siècle (1896), by Romanian historian Nicolae Iorga (1871-1940). Recounts the Crusade of Amadeus VI of Savoy (1366–1367). In Bibliothèque de l'École des hautes études. Sciences historiques et philologiques, Fascicule 110.

Jean Froissart. Jean Froissart (c. 1337 – c. 1405), a Belgian medieval author and court historian.

• Chronicles of England, France, and the Adjoining Countries, 5 volumes (c. 1400). Known as Froissart's Chronicles. From the latter part of the reign of Edward II to the coronation of Henry IV. . Edition (1803–1810) newly translated from the best French editions, with variations and additions from many celebrated manuscripts, edited by Jean-Baptiste de La Curne de Sainte-Palaye (1697–1781) and Thomas Johnes (1748–1816).

Fifteenth century

The fifteenth-century historical works on the Crusades saw the beginning of anti-Islam sentiments in Western works, with calls for a new crusade (e.g., Jean Germain's works) as well as propaganda by both Christian and Islamic writers. There were also accounts of conflicts of the Military Orders with the Turks, continued travel accounts, and regional chronologies. Several works from the Recueil des historiens des croisades (RHC), including Western, Arabic, and Greek works, can be found here. The first attempts at histories of the Crusades were made through the Itinerario di la Gran Militia and Benedetto Accolt's De Bello a Christianis contra Barbaros...

Juan de Segovia. Juan de Segovia (1395–1458) was a Castillan theologian who translated the Koran into Latin with the assistance of Islamic scholar ʿĪsā ibn Jābir.

• De mittendo gladio in Saracenos (c. 1475), a refutation of the Koran.
• Correspondence with Jean Germain and German philosopher Nicola de Cusa (1401–1464) on the dangers of Islam.

Jean Germain. Jean Germain (1400–1461), bishop of Nevers from 1430–1436 and bishop of Châlons from 1436-1461. Councilor to Philip the Good and chancellor to the Order of the Golden Fleece. (cf. French Wikipedia, Jean Germain)

• Mappemonde spirituelle (1449), a geographical work that plotted the history of Christian martyrs.
• Discours du voyage d'Oultremer (1451), a call to Charles VII of France for a new Crusade. Edition edited by French historian Charles Schefer (1820-1898) in Revue de l'Orient Latin (ROL), Tome 3, pp. 303–342.
• Le Debat du Crestien et du Sarrasin (1450), a refutation of Islam with a debate between a Christian and a Muslim at the court of a sultan.
• Correspondence with Juan de Segovia and Nicola de Cusa on the dangers of Islam.
• Liber de Virtutibus Philippi Burgundiae et Bradantiae Ducis (1452).
• Situating Islamdom in Jean Germain's Mappemonde Spirituelle (2007). Analysis by David J. Wrisley.

Abu'l-Mahāsin. Abu'l-Mahāsin Yūsuf (1411–1469), an Arabic historian who was a student of Egyptian historian al-Makrizi (1364–1442).

• Anecdotes and good habits of the life of the Sultan Youssof. A biography of Saladin. In RHC Historiens orientaux (1884), Volume 3.
• Nodjoum az-Zahireh is extracted in RHC Historiens orientaux and covers the years 1098–1157 although his chronology differs from the more accepted one of ibn al-Athir. Abu'l Mahāsin and ibn al-Athir both offer accounts of the expeditions of emperor Basil II to Syria in the late tenth century. In RHC Historiens orientaux, Volume 3 (1884).

Enguerrand de Monstrelet. Enguerrand de Monstrelet (c. 1400–1453), a French chronicler who was present at the 1430 interrogation of Joan of Arc.

• La chronique d'Enguerran de Monstrelet: en deux livres, avec pièces justificatives 1400-1444, 6 volumes (15th century).
• The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, 4 volumes (1809). Containing an account of the cruel civil wars between the houses of Orleans and Burgundy; of the Possession of Paris and Normandy by the English; their expulsion thence; and of other memorable events that happened in the kingdom of France, as well as in other countries. Beginning in the year 1400, where that of Sir John Froissart finishes, and ending at the year 1467, and continued by others to the year 1516. Translated and edited by Thomas Johnes (1748–1816).

Itinerario di la Gran Militia. Itinerario di la Gran Militia, a la Pavese (Itinerary of the Great Army, in Pavese) is an anonymous fifteenth-century work on the First Crusade based on the work of William of Tyre. In RHC Historiens occidentaux (1895), Volume 5.XIII.

Benedetto Accolti. Benedetto Accolti (1415–1464), also known as Benedict Aretini Accolti, an Italian historian. His primary work was the first attempt at a history of the Crusades, concentrating on the First Crusade and the heroic role of Godfrey of Bouillon. The work was written to encourage support to pope Pius II for a new Crusade to the Holy Land and is regarded as propaganda.

• Dialogue (1461–1463). A work favorably comparing the achievements of the ancients to those of modern (15th century) times.
• De Bello a Christianis contra Barbaros gesto pro Christi Sepulchro et Judaea recuperandis libri IV (1464) (On the War carried on by the Christians against the Barbarians, for the Recovery of Christ's Sepulchre, and of Judea). With Leonardo Accolti. Edition in 1623 edited by Scottish historian Thomas Dempster (1579–1625). Published in RHC Historiens occidentaux (1895), Volume 5.XI.

Grandes Chroniques de France. Grandes Chroniques de France, 6 volumes (1461). A compilation of the history of France produced between the 13th and 15th centuries by the monks of Saint-Denis. The original work, Roman des rois by a Benedictine monk and historian Primat of Saint-Denis (died between 1277–1285), traced the kings of the Franks from the origins until the death of Philip II of France in 1223 and extended at a later date to the death of Charles V of France in 1380. The edition by French philologist Alexis Paulin Paris (1800–1881) was published 1836–1840.

Doukas. Doukas (c. 1400 – 1470), a Byzantine historian who flourished under Constantine XI Palaiologos. Also known as Dukas.

• Historia byzantina (15th century). Volume 20 of Corpus Scriptorum Historæ Byzantinæ (CSHB), edited by German philologist August I. Bekker (1785–1871).
• Decline and fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks (1975). Translation of Historia byzantina by H. J. Magoulias.

Laonikos Chalkokondyles. Laonikos Chalkokondyles (c. 1430 – c. 1470), a Byzantine Greek historian from Athens.

• Proofs of Histories, 3 volumes (Latin translation, 1556). Also known as Demonstrations of History. Encompasses the last 150 years of the Byzantine empire, covering 1298–1463. In Patrologia Graeco-Latina (MPG) Volume 159 and as Historiarum Libri Decem in Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae (CSHB), Volume 10, edited by German philologist August I. Bekker (1785–1871).

Gulielmus Caoursin. Gulielmus Caoursin (1430–1501), vice-chancellor of the Knights Hospitaller. An eye-witness to the siege of Rhodes in 1480, an unsuccessful attack by the Ottoman fleet. (cf. French Wikipedia, Gulielmus Caoursin)

• Obsidionis Rhodiæ urbis descriptio (1480). Caoursin's account of the siege of Rhodes. English translation by English poet John Caius (fl. 1480). Reprinted in Edward Gibbon's The Crusades. Full title: The Delectable Newwesse and Tithynges of the Glorious Victory of the Rhodyans against the Turkes.
• Primordium et origo sacri Xenodochii atque Ordinis militiae Sancti Joannis Baptistae Hospitalariorum Hierosolimitani (1489). In RHC Historiens occidentaux, Volume 5.IX.v.i.
• Le fondement du S. Hospital de l'ordre de la chevalerie de S. Jehan Baptiste de Jerusalem (1493). In RHC Historiens occidentaux, Volume 5.IX.v.ii.
• De terræ motûs labore, quo Rhodii affecti sunt (1496). An account of the earthquake at Rhodes in 1481.
• Oratio in senatu Rhodiorum, de morte Turci, habita pridie Kalendas junias M.CCC.LXXXI (1496). Speech to the senate of Rhodes on the death of Ottoman sultan Mehmed II in 1481.
• Gestorum Rhodiae obsidionis commentarii (1496). Two illuminated manuscripts conserved at the Bibliothèque nationale de France, with 51 miniatures attributed to the maître du Cardinal de Bourbon.
• Hospitaller Piety and Crusader Propaganda (2015). Guillaume Caoursin's description of the Ottoman siege of Rhodes, by Theresa M. Vann and Donald J. Kagay.

Pierre d'Aubusson. Pierre d'Aubusson (1423–1503), Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller from 1476–1503. Commander of the garrison opposing the Turks during the siege of Rhodes in 1480.

• Account of the Siege of Rhodes. Included in The History of the Holy, Military, Sovereign Order of St. John of Jerusalem (1852) by English Hospitaller John Taaffe (1787-1862).
• Histoire de Pierre d'Aubusson (1667) by French Jesuit Dominique Bouhours (1628–1702). The life of the renowned Peter d'Aubusson, grandmaster of Rhodes: Containing those two remarkable sieges of Rhodes by Mahomet the Great, and Solyman the Magnificent. Accounts of the sieges of Rhodes in 1480 and 1522 made by Mehmed II and Suleiman the Magnificent, respectively.

Mīr-Khvānd. Mīr-Khvānd (1433–1498), a Persian-language historian from Bukhara.

• Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ fī sīrat al-anbiyāʾ w-al-mulūk w-al-khulafā (The Gardens of purity in the biography of the prophets and kings and caliph), 7 volumes with geographic index (1497). A history of Islam from its origins until the late fifteenth century. Uses over forty major Arabic and Persian histories.
• Guftār dar bayān-i tạbaqah-i chahārum az Mulūk-i ʻAjam kih īshān-rā Sāsāniyān gūyand.
• Histoire des Sassanides. A history of the Sasanian empire.
• The History of the Atábeks of Syria and Persia. Translation of portions of Volume 4 of Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ, edited by English orientalist William H. Morley (1815–1860), with a section on the Coins Struck by the Atábeks of Irak by English antiquary and numismatist William S. W. Vaux (1818 –1885).
• Histoire des sultans du Kharezm. A history of the Khwarazmian dynasty of Persia (1077–123). Translation by French orientalist Charles Defrémery (1822–1883), dated 1842.

Francesco Amadi. Francesco Amadi (died after 1445), an Italian chronicler.

• Chroniques d'Amadi et de Stromboldi. Covers the Crusades from 1095 and a history of Cyprus through 1441.
• Chroniques d'Amadi. Includes narratives from a number of sources including Estoire d'Eracles, Annales de Terre Sainte and Gestes des Chiprois, along with original material.
• Chroniques de Stromboldi. A French edition of Leontios Machairas' Kronika, translated by Diomède Stromboldi.

John Rous. John Rous (c. 1411 – 1491), an English historian and antiquary.

• The Rous Roll (1485). History of England written during the reign of Richard III of England. Presents a pro-Yorkist version of contemporary English history.
• The Warwick Roll (c. 1485). A family chronicle of the Beauchamp family, concerned mainly with the life of Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick (1382–1439), a contemporary of Rous. Rous embraced the legend of Guy of Warwick, claiming he was an ancestor of the Beauchamps.
• Historia Regum Angliae (after 1485). History of the kings of England through Henry VII of England.

Sixteenth century

The 16th century was marked by two major influences on Crusader histories: the Turkish wars and the Protestant Reformation. The wars with the Ottoman Turks had begun in the 13th century but reached their peak in the 16th. The dichotomy between Protestant and Catholic was reflected in the differing views of the Crusades--an evil arm of the papacy versus meritorious and laudable endeavors. Highlights include:

• Notable histories include those by Basilius Herold, Reiner Reineck (with commentary by Matthäus Dresser), Heinrich Meibom, Justus Lipsius, Di Antonio Mossi and Michele Zappulo. The history of Étienne Pasquier was first to assign numbers to the Crusades.
• Differing views on the Turks and the concept of a Holy War, exemplified by works of Erasmus, Martin Luther, and John Foxe, as well as numerous theological works.
• The work of poet Torquato Tasso was to be at the forefront of Crusader writing for two centuries.
• The struggles of the military orders in Malta, Rhodes and Cyprus against the Ottomans, in the works of John Caius and Uberto Foglietta.

John Caius. John Caius (fl. 1480), an English poet, also known as John Kay.

• The Delectable Newwesse and Tithynges of the Glorious Victory of the Rhodyans against the Turkes (1506). A translation of Obsidionis Rhodiæ urbis descriptio by Gulielmus Caoursin (1430–1501). Reprinted in Edward Gibbon's The Crusades.

Erasmus. Erasmus (1446–1536), a Dutch philosopher and Christian scholar who was critical of the Western response to the Turkish invasions.

• In Praise of Folly (1509). An important work in the Protestant Reformation, illustrated by Hans Holbein the Younger (1497–1543). Later translation by White Kennett (1660–1728) included an epistle of Sir Thomas More and an obituary of Erasmus by Thomas Brown (1662–1704).

Robert Fabyan. Robert Fabyan (died 1513), an English draper of London, sheriff, alderman, and author.

• The New Chronicles of England and France, in two parts (1511). By Robert Fabyan (died 1513). Named by himself The concordance of histories. Edition of 1811 by Sir Henry Ellis (1777–1869) reprinted from Pynson's edition of 1516. Sources used by Fabyan include the Brut Chronicle, the Venerable Bede, William of Malmesbury, Ranulf Higden, Henry of Huntingdon, and numerous other contributors to Crusader history.

Martin Luther. Martin Luther (1483–1586), a German theologist and seminal figure in the Reformation.

• Explanation of the Ninety-five Theses (1518). Luther argues against resisting the Turks, presented as a scourge intentionally sent by God to sinning Christians. Resisting them would have been equivalent to resisting the will of God, a position that had been initially shared by Erasmus, but was strongly criticized by English philosopher Thomas More (1478–1535).
• On War Against the Turk (1529). Luther changes his position and calls for action against Islam but falls short of calling for a Holy War. Reflected in his later Sermon against the Turk the same year.
• Erhalt uns, Herr, bei deinem Wort (1542), a hymn by Luther for "the children to sing against the two arch-enemies of Christ, and His Holy Church, the Pope and the Turks." Used by Johann Sebastian Bach in his choral cantata Erhalt uns, Herr, bei deinem Wort (Sustain us, Lord with your word), BWV 126.

Basilius Johannes Herold. Basilius Johannes Herold (1511–1581), a Swiss theologian and historian.

• De Bello Sacro (1560). An early Protestant history of the Crusades. [De Bello sacro continuatae historiae libri VI... Basilio Johanne Herold authore. Adjecimus de expugnatione urbis Ptolemaidos Monachi florentini, archiepiscopi Acconensis, rythmum ; insuper etiam de Sarracenis profligatis ab Alphonso X... rescriptum, cum epistola procerum eorum quorum opera... Albigenses haeretici... deleti fuerunt..]

John Foxe. John Foxe (1516–1587), an English historian and martyrologist, and prominent influencer in English Protestantism.

• Actes and Monuments, 8 volumes (1563), a work of Protestant history and martyrology, also referred to as Foxe's Book of Martyrs.
• On the History of the Turks (1566), in Volume 4 of Actes and Monuments, supporting war against the infidel.

Just War Theory. The major proponents of the concept of a Just War include Spanish theologian Francisco de Vitoria (1483–1546) in his De Indis De Jure Belli (1542); Italian jurist Alberico Gentili (1552–1608), who write De Jure Belli Commentationes Tres (1588–1589); and Hugo Grotius (1583–1645), a Dutch humanist who wrote De jure belli ac pacis (On the Law of War and Peace) (1625) and Mare Liberum. (The Freedom of the Seas) (1609).

Floria Bustron. Floria Bustron (died before 1570), a Cypriot jurist and historian.

• Historia overo commentarii de Cipro (Chronique de l'Ile de Chypre) (before 1570). An account of Cyprus through the sixteenth century, including the trials of the Knights Templar in Cyprus in 1311. Edition of 1884 edited by French historian Louis de Mas Latrie (1815–1897).

Étienne Pasquier. Étienne Pasquier (1529–1615), a French lawyer who first assigned numbers to the Crusades, counting six.

• Recherches de la France, 2 volumes (1560). Edited by French writer Léon Feugère (1810–1858). Frankish history beginning with the Gauls. Chapitre XXXII concerns the Crusades.

Lodovico Dolce. Lodovico Dolce (1508/10–1568), an Italian man of letters and painting theorist.

• Dialogo di M. Lodovico Dolce, nel quale si ragiona del modo di accrescere e conseruar la memoria (1562). Edited by German Dominican Johann Host von Romberch (c. 1480 – 1533).
• Giornale delle historia del Mondo (1572). A compendium of notable historical and literary events from the origins of civilization until the 16th century.

Heinrich Meibom. Heinrich Meibom (Meibomius) (1638–1700), a German physician and scholar.

• Chronologie ad historiam belli sacri (1584). An early history of the Crusades.

Justus Lipsius. Justus Lipsius (1547–1606) was a Flemish philologist, philosopher and humanist.

• Opera Omnia, 4 volumes (1585). His work on the Crusades was epigrammatic and moral in tone, relying heavily on William of Tyre.

Reinier Reineck. Reinier Reineck (1541-1595), a German historian and professor at the University of Frankfurt. Also known as Reinhard Reyneke, Reiner Reineccius or Reiner Steinhemius. (cf. German Wikipedia, Reiner Reineccius)

• Historia De Vita Imp. Caes. Henrici IIII (1581). A biography of Henry IV of France.
• Chronicon Hierosolymitanum, id est, De bello sacro historia, exposita libris XII & nunc primum in lucem edita (1584). A collection of Crusader sources with a commentary by German historian Matthäus Dresser (1536–1607).
• Historia Orientalis Haythoni Armenii: Et Huic Subiectum Marci Pauli (1585). Itinerarium, item Fragmentum è Speculo historiali Vincentij Beluacensis eiusdem argumenti. An edition of The Journey of Haithon, King of Little Armenia, To Mongolia and Back by Armenian historian Kirakos Gandzaketsi (c. 1200 – 1271), an Armenian historian of the 13th century. The work is an account of the travels of Hethum I of Armenia to the East.

Matthäus Dresser. Matthäus Dresser (1536–1607), a German philologist and historian. A scholar of Greek and Latin, his principal work was on Aristotle. His commentaries reflect a desire to affirm great deeds done by the Germans. (cf. German Wikipedia, Matthäus Dresser)

• Commentary on Reiner Reineck's Chronicon Hierosolymitanum (1584).
• Isagoges historicae (1586-1606). An edition of works of Aristotle.
• Matthaei Dresseri Orationum Libri III (1606).

Torquato Tasso. Torquato Tasso (1544–1595), an Italian poet. Widely read before the twentieth century, Tasso was at the forefront of Crusader writing for two centuries. Also known as Le Tasse.

• La Gerusalemme liberata (Jerusalem Delivered), 2 volumes (1581). A reinvention of the First Crusade and the struggle between Christianity and Islam, using both Benedetto Accolti's 1464 work De Bello a Christianis contra Barbaros..., and available original sources. Tasso lionized Godfrey of Bouillon as the ideal military leader.
• Dialoghi (Dialogues), 3 volumes (1578–1594). A work that touches on major themes of the time, including the defeat of the Turks at the battle of Lepanto in 1571 by the navies of the Holy League.

Uberto Foglietta. Uberto Foglietta (1518–1581), an Italian historian. (cf. Italian Wikipedia, Uberto Foglietta)

• Uberti Folietae de Sacro foedere in Selimum libri quattuor. Ejusdem variae expeditiones in Africam, cum obsidione Melitae , 4 volumes (1587).
• The Sieges of Nicosia and Famagusta in Cyprus (1587). Translation of portions of Foglietta's De Sacro foedere in Selimum on the Ottoman-Venetian war of 1570–1573 by British colonial officer Claude Delaval Cobham (1842–1915).

Di Antonio Mossi. Di Antonio Mossi (fl. 16th century), an Italian historian.

• Breve descrizione dello acquisto di Terra Santa (1601). An early work on the history of the Crusades.

Michele Zappulo. Michele Zappulo (1548–16..), an Italian historian.

• Historia di Quattro principali città del mondo, Gerusalemme, Roma, Napoli e Venzia (1603). History of the four main cities of the world: Jerusalem, Rome, Naples, and Venice. An early example of Crusades history.

Travelers to the Holy Land and Asia

Authors who wrote about their travels or pilgrimages to the Holy Land or to the land of the Mongols were prevalent through the 16th century, and lasting into the 19th century. Some were accounts by merchants trading with non-European partners.

• Notable early travelers include Marco Polo, ibn Battūta, Odoric of Pordenone, John Mandeville, Bertrandon de la Broquière, Marino Sanuto the Younger, and Felix Fabri.
• Later travelers to include diplomats, were Jean Thenaud, Evliya Çelebi, and Richard Burton.
• Collections of those works, as well as Crusader-era accounts that are in the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (PPTS) library (1886–1897), the Hakluyt Society (founded 1846) and the Societé de l'Orient Latin (founded 1875 by Paul Riant) that include Itinera hierosolymitana et descriptiones terrae sanctae... (1879) by Titus Tobler and Auguste Molinier; and Itinéraires à Jérusalem et descriptions de la Terre Sainte... (1882) by Henri-Victor Michelant and Gaston Raynaud. Other collections include Recueil de voyages... (1882–1916) by Charles Henri Auguste Schefer and Henri Cordier; Early Travels in Palestine (1848) by Thomas Wright; Cathay and the Way Thither (1866) by Henry Yule; and those identified in Titus Tobler's Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ.
• Surveys of the Holy Land sponsored by the Palestine Exploration Fund, beginning in 1864, including those by Claude R. Conder, Edward Hull and Herbert Kitchener.

Kirakos Gandzaketsi. Kirakos Gandzaketsi (c. 1200 – 1271), an Armenian historian.

• The Journey of Haithon, King of Little Armenia, To Mongolia and Back (after 1254). An account of the travels of Hethum I of Armenia to the East. A 1584 edition was published by German historian Reinier Reineck (1541-1595)
• History of Armenia (1265). A summary of events from the 4th to the 12th century and a detailed description of the events of his own days.

Rustichello da Pisa. Rustichello da Pisa (fl. late 13th century), an Italian romance writer who shared a prison cell with Marco Polo in Genoa.

• The Travels of Marco Polo (13th century). A travelogue of Polo's expeditions to Asia, originally known as Devisement du Monde (Description of the World). Includes a description of the Assassins and the Old Man in the Mountain.
• Voyages en Syrie de Nicolo, Maffeo & Marco Polo (1269–1271). In Itinéraires à Jérusalem et descriptions de la Terre Sainte...(1882) by French historian Henri-Victor Michelant (1811–1890).
• The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian, concerning the kingdoms and marvels of the East, 2 volumes (1903). An edition by Scottish orientalist Henry Yule (1820–1889).

Ibn Battūta. Ibn Battūta (1304–1369), a Moroccan scholar and explorer.

• Voyages (The Rihla ), 4 volumes (1534). The adventures of ibn Battūta in his visiting the Holy Land and Persia. His trip to Antioch verified that the city's fortifications had been destroyed during the siege of Antioch in 1268, but the city still had considerable population. Full title: Tuḥfat an-Nuẓẓār fī Gharāʾib al-Amṣār wa ʿAjāʾib al-Asfār (A Masterpiece to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling).
• Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325-1354 (1958). Translated by orientalists Charles Defrémery (1822–1883), Beniamino R. Sanguinetti (1811–1883) and H. A. R. Gibb (1895–1971).
• Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325–1354. Excerpts from Voyages, translated and edited by H. A. R. Gibb.

Fourteenth-century Franciscan pilgrims. Noted Franciscan pilgrims to the Holy Land and beyond in the 14th century include:

• Odoric of Pordenone (1286–1331), who wrote his Descriptio orientalium partium describing his travels in the Middle East and China from 1321–1329. A translation Les merveilles de la Terre d'Outremer (after 1330) was done by French monk and translator Jean de Vignay (c. 1282/1285 – c. 1350). A later translation, Les voyages en Asie au XIVe siècle du bienheureux frère Odoric de Pordenone (1891) was done by French orientalist Henri Cordier (1849–1925) and presented as Volume 10 of Recueil de voyages et de documents... . Descriptio... is also presented in Cathay and the Way Thither (1866) by Scottish orientalist Henry Yule.
• Niccolò da Poggibonsi (1345-1350), who documented his travels in Libro d'oltramare (Book of Outremer).
• Francesco Suriano (1480-1481), who wrote Tratatello delle indulgentie de Terra Sancta. An edition by Girolamo Golubovich (1865–1941) was published in 1900. The English translation, Treatise on the Holy Land, was published in 1949.
• Marco di Bartolomeo Rustici (1392–1457), a Florentine goldsmith, whose travels are documented as Dimostrazione dell'andata o viaggio al Santo Sepolcro e al Monte Sinai (1441–1442), or Codex Rustici (cf. Italian Wikipedia, Codice Rustici). An account of Rustici's journey (or voyage) to the Church of theHoly Sepulchre and Mount Sinai. (cf. Italian Wikipedia, Marco di Bartolomeo Rustici)

Francesco Balducci Pegolotti. Francesco Balducci Pegolotti (c. 1290 – 1347), a Florentine merchant and politician.

• Practica della Mercatura, 2 volumes (14th century), also known as the Merchant's Handbook or the Practice of Commerce, is a comprehensive guide to international trade in 14th-century Eurasia and North Africa.
• Cathay and the Way Thither (1866). Includes a translation and commentary of portions of Practica della Mercatura. By Scottish orientalist Henry Yule.

John Mandeville. John Mandeville (fl. 14th century), claiming to be an English knight, but more likely a Benedictine monk named Jehan a la Barbe or Jan de Langhe. An English-language edition of his work earned him the spurious credit of being “the father of English prose." (cf. French Wikipedia, Jean le Long d'Ypres)

• Les Voyages, or The Travels of Sir John Mandeville (between 1357 and 1371). A memoir of travel to the Holy Land and as far as India, beginning in 1322. The travels to Egypt and Jerusalem were under the sponsorship of Mamluk sultan al-Muzaffar Hajji, (served 1346–1347). Widely read despite its fantastical descriptions, including by Christopher Columbus. An edition of the Cotton manuscript of The Travels with modern spelling was published in 1900 by English bibliographer Alfred W. Pollard (1859–1944).
• Lapidaire de Jean de Mandeville (attribution uncertain).
• Early Travels in Palestine (1848). A collection of travel accounts by English antiquarian Thomas Wright (1810–1877) that includes a translation of portions of Les Voyages.

Ludolf von Sudheim. Ludolf von Sudheim (fl. 1340), also known as Ludolf of Suchem, a traveler to the Holy Land from 1336–1341.

• De Terra sancta et itinere Iherosolomitano et de statu eius et aliis mirabilibus, que in mari conspiciuntur, videlicet mediterraneo (1350). English translation, Description of the Holy Land, and of the Way Thither, edited by Aubrey Stewart (1844–1918). Work documenting the fall of the Crusader states. In Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (PPTS), Volume XII.3.

Giovanni de' Marignolli. Giovanni de' Marignolli (before 1290 – after 1353), an Italian traveler to China, also known as Jean de Marignolli.

• Chronicon Bohemiæ (c. 1353). Fragments of travelogue to the East reprinted in Cathay and the Way Thither (1866) by Scottish orientalist Henry Yule.

Thomas Swinburne. Sir Thomas Swinburne (c. 1357 – 1412), an English member of Parliament.

• A Traveler to the Holy Land in 1392–1393, with an unknown publication of his account. Swinburne traveled via Venice, Alexandria, Cairo, Mount Sinai and Bethlehem, reaching Jerusalem in time for Christmas 1392. After visiting Damascus he crossed Lebanon to Beirut, sailing from there to Rhodes and then home to England. (cf. account in English Travel Books.....)

John Poloner. John Poloner (fl. 1422), a German traveler.

• Description of the Holy Land (1422). In the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (PPTS) library and presented in Descriptiones Terrae Sanctae ex saeculo VIII., IX., XII. et XV (1874), by Swiss orientalist Titus Tobler (1806–1877).

Bertrandon de la Broquière. Bertrandon de la Broquière (1400–1459), a Burgundian spy and pilgrim.

• Voyage d'Outremer (1432–1433). An account of travels to the Holy Land and Constantinople.
• Le Voyage d’Outremer de Bertrandon de la Broquière premier écuyer tranchant et conseiller de Philippe le Bon, duc de Bourgogne (1432–1433). In Recueil de voyages et de documents..., Volume 12, edited by Charles Schefer (1820–1898).
• The Travels of Bertrandon de La Brocq́uière to Palestine, and his return from Jerusalem overland to France, during the years 1432–1433 (1807). Translation of Voyage d'Outremer, translated and edited by British writer and politician Thomas Johnes (1748–1816). With a lengthy introductory discussion on travels and pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and a critique of the later Crusades.
• L'Advis sur la Conquests de la Grece et de la Terre Sainte (1464). Opinion on the conquest of Greece and the Holy Land.
• L'Advis de Messire Jehan Torzelo (1464). Translation of a military treaty of 1440 by Giovanni Torzelo, chamberlain to the emperor of Constantinople.
• Early Travels in Palestine (1848). A collection of travel accounts by English antiquarian Thomas Wright (1810–1877) that includes a translation of portions of Voyage d'Outremer.

Hans Lochner. Hans Lochner (died 1491), personal physician to Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg (1371–1440) who accompanied his sons on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1435.

• Beschreibung der Pilgerfahrt der Markgrafen Johann und Albrecht von Brandenburg (after 1435). An account of the pilgrimage to Jerusalem of John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach and his younger brother Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg in 1435. Included with commentary in Die Hohenzollern am heiligen grabe zu Jerusalem (The Hohenzollern's at the Holy Sepulchre) (1858) by Felix Geisheim (19th century).

Marino Sanuto. Marino Sanuto (1466–1536), a Venetian historian and diarist, known as the Younger to distinguish from Marino Sanuto the Elder.

• Itinerario per la Terraferma Veneziana (1483). Sanuto accompanied his cousin Mario, who was one of the three Venetian magistrates (sindici inquisitori ) deputized to hear appeals from the decisions of the rectors (rettori), on a tour through Istria and the mainland provinces. Itinerario is an account of their travels.

• Diarii, 58 volumes. A Venetian history covering the years 1496–1533.

Felix Fabri. Felix Fabri (1441–1502), a Swiss Dominican theologian who travelled to the Holy Land.

• Evagatorium in Terrae Sanctae, Arabiae et Egypti peregrinationem (Book of the Wanderings), 3 volumes (15th century). In the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (PPTS) library, Volumes VII-X.

William Wey. William Wey (c. 1407 – 1476), an English traveller and author.

• The Itineraries of William Wey, fellow of Eton College, to Jerusalem, A. D. 1458 and A. D. 1462, and to Saint James of Compostelle, A. D. 1456 (after 1462).

William Lily. William Lily (c. 1468 – 1522), an English classical grammarian and scholar.

• Account of Travels to the Holy Land (after 1490, publication unknown). Lily went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, later stopping at Rhodes, which was still occupied by the Knights of Saint John, under whose protection many Greeks had taken refuge after the capture of Constantinople by the Turks. (cf. account in English Travel Books.....)

Richard Guildford. Sir Richard Guildford (Guylforde) (c. 1450 – 1506), an English courtier serving Henry VII of England, including as Master of the Ordnance.

• The Pylgrymage of Sir Richard Guylforde to the Holy Land, A.D. 1506 (after 1506). Edited by English antiquarian Henry Ellis (1777–1869).

Ludovico di Varthema. Ludovico di Varthema (c. 1470 – 1517), an Italian traveler who was one of the first non-Muslim Europeans to enter Mecca as a pilgrim.

• Itinerario de Ludouico de Varthema Bolognese (1510). An account of Lucovico's travels to Arabia, Persia, India and Southeast Asia. In Volume 9 of Recueil de voyages et de documents..., edited by French historians Charles Schefer (1820–1898) and Henri Cordier (1849–1925).

Jean Thenaud. Jean Thenaud (1480–1542/1546), a Franciscan monk and traveler. (cf. French Wikipedia, Jean Thenaud)

• Le voyage d'Outremer (Égypte, Mont Sinay, Palestine): suivi de la Relation de l'ambassade de Domenico Trevisan auprès du Soudan d'Égypte (after 1523). In 1511, Louis XII of France sent Thenaud with the ambassador to Egypt André Le Roy to meet Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri , Mamluk sultan of Egypt, with a mission to obtain restitution of the Holy Places. At the request of Louise of Savoy, mother to future king Francis I of France, Thenaud went to Bethlehem and left an offering of gold, incense and myrrh at Christ’s manger. He continued on to India, curtailing his trip to Persia due to an issue with Bagrat III of Georgia.
• Ibid. In Volume 5 of Recueil de voyages et de documents..., edited by French historians Charles Schefer (1820–1898) and Henri Cordier (1849–1925).

Denis Possot. Denis Possot (16th century), a French monk and traveler.

• Le voyage de la Terre sainte (1532). In Volume 11 of Recueil de voyages et de documents..., edited by French historians Charles Schefer (1820–1898) and Henri Cordier (1849–1925).

Andrew Boorde. Andrew Boorde (c. 1490 – 1549), an English traveler, physician and writer.

• Itinerary of Travel to Jerusalem (1538). Delivered to Thomas Cromwell, minister to Henry VIII of England, but the manuscript was lost. (cf. account in English Travel Books.....)

Jérôme Maurand. Jérôme Maurand (16th century), a French priest of Antibes.

• Itinéraire d'Antibes à Constantinonple (1544). In Volume 17 of Recueil de voyages et de documents..., edited by French historians Charles Schefer (1820–1898) and Henri Cordier (1849–1925).

Jean Chesneau. Jean Chesneau (fl. 1520–1553), a French writer and secretary to Gabriel de Luetz d'Aramon, the French ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.

• Le Voyage de Monsieur d'Aramon dans le Levant (c. 1553). In Volume 8 of Recueil de voyages et de documents..., edited by French historians Charles Schefer (1820–1898) and Henri Cordier (1849–1925).

Anthony Jenkinson. Anthony Jenkinson (1529–1611), an English merchant, sea-captain, traveler, and explorer on behalf of the Muscovy Company. In 1546, Jenkinson was sent into the Levant as training for a mercantile career. Later, he visited Turkey, Western Asia, the Holy Land and Cyprus.

• An Account of the Ottoman Sultan (1553). While in Aleppo, Jenkinson wrote an account of the arrival of Suleiman the Magnificent. From Suleiman, he obtained safe-conduct, permitting him to freely trade in Turkish ports.
• Early Voyages and Travels to Russia and Persia, 2 volumes (after 1598). By A. Jenkinson and other Englishmen. An account of th e first intercourse of the English with Russia and Central Asia by way of the Caspian Sea. The associated map was incorporated into Ortalius' Theatrum Orbis Terrarum.

Noé Bianco. Noé Bianco (died 1568), a Venetian traveler and merchant, also known as Joanne Cola.

• Viaggio da Venetia al Santo Sepolcro (1566). An account of a journey to Jerusalem, with depictions of sites that included Solomon’s Temple and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.

Antoine Regnaut. Antoine Regnaut (fl. late 16th century), a French merchant and writer. Regnaut traveled to Jerusalem in 1549 and was dubbed Knight of the Holy Sepulchre.

• Discours du Voyage d'Outre mer au Sainct Sepulcre de Jérusalem et autres lieux de la terre saincte (1573). An account of the overseas voyage to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem and other places of the Holy Land.

Richard Hakluyt. Richard Hakluyt (1553–1616), an English author, editor and translator. Recognizing his contributions, the Hakluyt Society was founded in 1846, printing rare and unpublished accounts of voyages and travels.

• The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation, 10 volumes (1589–1600).
• The Principal Navigations (1598–1600), 14 volumes (after 2020). A critical edition is under preparation for Oxford University Press.

Henry Timberlake. Henry Timberlake (1570–1625), a London ship captain and merchant adventurer. Timberlake traveled on his ship, the Troyan, to Egypt in 1601, and proceeded on land to Jerusalem.

• A True and Strange discourse on the travailes of two English Pilgrims (1603). An account of the author's travels from Cairo to Jerusalem accompanied by John Burrell of Middlesbrough, a 50-day journey. Provides topographical details of the surroundings of Jerusalem as well as Bethel, Gilead, Nazareth and other towns. In the collection Two Journeys to Jerusalem by Nathaniel Crouch (born 1632).

George Sandys. George Sandys (1578–1644), an English traveler, colonist, poet, and translator. Sandys' writings influenced contemporary literature and other disciplines including art, archaeology and geography. Sandys is considered to be the first English Egyptologist.

• A Relation of a Journey begun an. Dom. 1610, 4 volumes (1615). The account of an extended tour of Europe and the Middle East in 1610–1612, giving detailed accounts of Constantinople , Cairo, Jerusalem, Emmaus, Bethlehem and Nazareth.
• A General History of the Ottoman Empire (1740). Including Turkey, Egypt, the Holy Land, Jerusalem, Palestine and Arabia. Conjecture as to the fate of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel.
• Sandys' Travels: Containing a history of the original and present state of the Turkish empire (1673). The Mahometan religion a nd ceremonies. A description of Constantinople ... Also , of Greece ... Of Ægypt , the antiquities, hieroglyphics... Of Armenia, Grand Cairo, Rhodes, Pyramids, colossus...A description of the Holy Land ... Lastly, Italy described, and the islands adjoining. Illustrated with fifty graven maps and figures (7th edition).

Thomas Herbert. Sir Thomas Herbert, 1st Baronet (1606-1682), an English historian and explorer of Persia and the Far East.

• Description of the Persian Monarchy now beinge: the Orientall Indyes, Iles and other parts of the Greater Asia and Africk (1634).
• Some Yeares Travels into Africa and Asia the Great (1638). A reissue of Description of the Persian Monarchy... with corrections. Regarded as among the best records of 17th-century travel. Illustrations include sketches of the dodo, cuneiform inscriptions and Persepolis.
• Travels in Persia, 1627–1629 (after 1638). Abridged and edited by British historiographer William Foster (1863–1951) in a 1928 edition.

Fynes Moryson. Fynes Moryson (1566–1630), an English traveler.

• An Itinerary, 4 volumes (1671). Containing his ten yeeres travell through the twelve dominions of Germany, Bohmerland, Sweitzerland, Netherland, Denmarke, Poland, Italy, Turky, France, England, Scotland & Ireland. Volumes 1 and 2 discuss Jerusalem, with a map of Jerusalem and surrounding areas, and a diagram of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher.

Gabriel Sionita. Gabriel Sionita (1577–1648), a Lebanese Maronite orientalist and author.

• Geographia Nubiensis (1619). A translation of De geographia universali, or Nuzhat al-Mushtaq, by Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi (1100–1165). Sionita included an appendix, De nonnvilis Orientativm vrbibvs, nec non indigenarvm religione ac moribus tractatus breuis, to his translation.
• Arabia, seu, Arabum vicinarumq[ue] gentium Orientalium leges, ritus, sacri et profani mores, instituta et historia (1633). Laws of the Eastern rites, sacred and profane behavior, institutions and history is also near several routes through Arabia, containing many noteworthy accounts. Includes works by Flemish antiquarian Jan van Cootwijk (died 1629) and Arab historian Yūḥannā al- Ḥaṣrūnī (died 1626).

Evliya Çelebi. Evliya Çelebi (1611–1682), a Turkish explorer who traveled throughout the Ottoman empire and surrounding lands over a period of 40 years.

• Seyahatname, 10 volumes (late seventeenth century). Account in Turkish of Çelebi's travels in Europe, Asia and Africa.
• Narrative of travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa, in the seventeenth century, 2 volumes (1834). English language translation of the first two volumes of Celebi's travelogue Seyahatname. Translation by Austrian orientalist Joseph von Hammer-Purgstal (1774–1856).

Jean de Thévenot. Jean de Thévenot (1633–1667), a French traveler in the East and a linguist, natural scientist and botanist.

• Relation d'un voyage fait au Levant, 3 volumes (1665). Report of a trip to the Levant, Persia and India.
• L'Empire du Grand Turc: vu par un sujet de Louis XIV (date unknown). The Empire of the Grand Turk, as seen by a subject of Louis XIV. Originally published as Volume 1 of Thévenot's Relation d'un voyage fait au Levant .
• Voyage en Europe, Asie & Afrique: divisez en trois parties, 5 volumes (3rd edition, 1727).

Nathaniel Crouch/Robert Burton. Nathaniel Crouch (born c. 1632), an English printer, bookseller and historical author. Crouch wrote under the pseudonym Robert or Richard Burton (sometimes, R.B.).

• Two Journeys to Jerusalem (after 1669). (1) A True and Strange discourse on the travailes of two English Pilgrims (1603) by adventurer Henry Timberlake (1570–1625); and (2) The travels of fourteen Englishmen in 1669, to Jerusalem, Bethlem, Jericho, the river Jordan, the lake of Sodom and Gomorrah; A description of the Holy Land, its situation, fertility, etc.; several essays on the Jews in Palestine.
• A Journey to Jerusalem (1796 printing). Containing the Travels of Fourteen Englishmen in 1667. To which is premised, memorable remarks upon the Ancient and Modern state of the Jewish Nation. In eight parts: I. A Description of the Holy Land; II. The Ten Captivities of the Jews (cf. Assyrian captivity, Babylonian captivity, and Roman captivity); III; Conjectures Concerning the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel; IV. State of the Jews and Present Condition of Palestine; V. The Septuagint; VI. The Travels of Fourteen Englishmen to Jerusalem, in the year 1609, in a letter from Aleppo; VII; The (fictional) Jewish Council of 1650 in Hungary, by Samuel Beert; and, VIII. The Counterfeit Messiah at Symrna in 1666 (cf. Sabbatai Zevi and Chapter IV, Volume 5 of History of the Jews).

George Wheler. Sir George Wheler (1651–1724), an English clergyman and travel writer.

• Voyage d'Italie, de Dalmatie, de Grece, et du Levant: fait aux années 1675 & 1676, 2 volumes (1676). With archaeologist Jacob Spon (1647–1685).
• A Journey into Greece, 6 books (1682). In the company of Dr. Spon, of Lyons, in six books containing: I. A Voyage from Venice to Constantinople; II. An Account of Constantinople and the adjacent places; III. A Voyage to the Lesser Asia; IV. A Voyage from Zant through several parts of Greece to Athens; V. An Account of Athens; VI. Several journeys from Athens into Attica, Corinth, Boeotia, etc. With variety of sculptures.

Gabriel Gerberon. Gabriel Gerberon (1628–1711), a Jansenist monk at the abbey of St. Denis.

• Histoire de la robe sans couture de N. S. Jésus-Christ, qui est révérée dans l'église des Bénédictins d'Argenteuil (1676). An account of the seamless robe of Jesus, found in Jerusalem by Saint Helena, and given to Charlemagne, eventually winding up at the Basilique Saint-Denys in Argenteuil. An alternate story is that Helena gave the Holy Gown (Heiliger Rock) to Saint Agricius (c. 260 – c. 335), the first known bishop of Trier.

Other 17th and 18th Century Travelers. Lesser-known English travelers to the Middle East in the 17th and 18th centuries include the following.

• William Harborne (c. 1542 – 1617), English ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. Harborne's travels are described in three accounts in Richard Hakluyt's The Principal Navigations...
• Thomas Coryat (c. 1577 – 1617), an English traveler. His travels to Turkey, Persia and India are summarized in the later editions of the travelogue Coryat's Crudities, 3 volumes (1611).
• William Lithgow (1582 – c. 1645), a Scottish traveller, writer and alleged spy. His account of his travels to Egypt and the Holy Land are documented in his Travels & voyages through Europe, Asia, and Africa, for nineteen years (1640).
• Sir Henry Blount (1602–1682), an English knight, traveller and author. His account Voyage into the Levant (1634) covers his travels in 1633–1634.
• Ellis Veryard (1657-1714), an English physician who traveled to Egypt, recording his account in Voyages en Egypte pendant les années 1678-1701 (after 1701).
• Charles Perry (1698–1780), an English traveler and medical writer. He traveled to the East from 1739–1742, recording his account in A View of the Levant: particularly of Constantinople, Syria, Egypt, and Greece (1743).
• Giovanni Filippo Mariti (1736–1806), an Italian traveler who wrote Travels through Cyprus, Syria, and Palestine; with a general history of the Levant, 2 volumes (1792).
• Salvator (Sauveur) Lusignan (fl. late 18th century), a French biographer and traveler whose adventures were documented in his Journey to Turkey and part of the Levant: With a description of Palestine (1789).
• John Antes (1740–1811), an American composer of chamber music, instrument maker and missionary to Egypt. He described his experiences there in his Observations on the manners and customs of the Egyptians: the overflowing of the Nile and its effects (1800).

Cornelis de Bruijn. Cornelis de Bruijn (1652 – c. 1727), a Dutch artist and traveler.

• Voyage au Levant, 5 volumes (1700). An account of travel to the principal places of Asia Minor, in the isles of Chios, Rhodes, and Cyprus as well as in the most considerable cities of Egypt, Syria and the Holy Land. De Bruijn's trip ended in 1693 and among his drawings were the first of the interiors of the pyramids and of Jerusalem.

Laurent d'Arvieux. Laurent d'Arvieux (1635–1702), a French traveler and diplomat. From 1658–1666, traveled to the Levant and later served as consul to Aleppo from 1679–1686.

• Voyage dans la Palestine (before 1702 ). Memoirs, published posthumously in 1717, edited by Jean de la Roque (1661–1745).
• The Travels of the Chevalier d'Arvieux in Arabia the Desart (1732). An expanded edition of Voyage dans la Palestine, translated and edited by J. de la Roque. Includes A General Description of Arabia, extracted from Taqwim al-Buldan (A Sketch of the Countries) by the Kurdish historian Abu'l-Feda (1273–1331).

Henry Maundrell. Henry Maundrell (1665–1701), an English academic and cleric who served as chaplain to the Levant Company in Syria.

• A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem at Easter, A.D. 1697 (1703). An account of travel to the Holy Land in 1697. Later editions included journals of Maundrell's and A Journey from Grand Cairo to Mount Sinai, and back again by Robert Clayton (1695–1758).
• A Journey to the Banks of the Euphrates at Beer, and to the Country of Mesopotamia (1714). Earlier journals from the 1697 trip to the Holy Land originally published in 1699. Appended to A Journey from Aleppo... in the 3rd edition of the work.
• Early Travels in Palestine (1848). A collection of travel accounts by English antiquarian Thomas Wright (1810–1877) that includes Maundrell's Journey.

Jean de la Roque. Jean de la Roque (1661–1745), a French traveler and journalist. (cf. French Wikipedia, Jean de Laroque)

• Voyage dans l’Arabie heureuse, fait de 1708 à 1710, par l’Océan-Оriental et le détroit de la mer Rouge, avec la relation d’un Voyage fait du port de Moka à la cour d’Yémen, de 1711 à 1713 (1716).
• Voyage en Syrie et au mont Liban (1722). An account of the author's experiences in the Levant in 1689. Includes a description of customs of regional tribes, and information on the ruins at Baalbek.
• A Voyage to Arabia the Happy (1726). Translation of Voyage dans l’Arabie heureuse... By the way of the Eastern Ocean, and the streights of the Red-Sea: perform'd by the French for the first time, A.D. 1708, 1709, 1710 : together with a particular relation of a journey from the port of Moka to the court of the King of Yemen, in the second expedition, A.D. 1711, 1712, 1713 : also, an account of the coffee-tree, and its fruit.
• The Travels of the Chevalier d'Arvieux in Arabia the Desart (1732). An expanded edition of Voyage dans la Palestine by Laurent d'Arvieux (1635–1702), translated and edited by J. de la Roque. Includes A General Description of Arabia, extracted from Taqwim al-Buldan (A Sketch of the Countries) by the Kurdish historian Abu'l-Feda (1273–1331).

*Thomas Shaw. Thomas Shaw (1694–1751), an English cleric and traveler.

• Travels, or Observations relating to several parts of Barbary and the Levant (1738).
• Two supplements in response to Richard Pococke's criticism. Incorporated in later editions.

John Montagu. John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich (1718–1792), a British statesman.

• A Voyage Performed by the late Earl of Sandwich: Round the Mediterranean, in the years 1738 and 1739 (published after 1740). Written by himself ... To which are prefixed, memoirs of the noble author's life.

Robert Clayton. Robert Clayton (1695–1758), an Irish Protestant bishop.

• A Journey from Grand Cairo to Mount Sinai, and back again (1753). In Company with some Missionaries de propaganda Fide. Translated from a manuscript written by the Prefetto of Egypt... To which are added Remarks on the origin of hieroglyphics and the mythology of the ancient Heathens. Included in an 1810 edition of Henry Maundrell's A Journey from Aleppo...

Alexander Drummond. Alexander Drummond (died 1769), a Scottish author and British consul to Aleppo.

• Travels through different cities of Germany, Italy, Greece and several parts of Asia, as the far as the banks of the Euphrates (1754). Written in a series of letters.

Pierre Joseph de Beauchamp. Pierre Joseph de Beauchamp (1752–1801), a French missionary, diplomat, geographer and astronomer. Also known as Abbé de Beauchamp. (cf. Norwegian Wikipedia, Pierre Joseph de Beauchamp)

• Observations faites en Syrie (1782). In Journal des Sçavans, l'Année M.DCC.LXXXII.
• Voyage de Bagdad à Bassora le long de l'Euphrate (1785). In Journal des Sçavans, l'Année M.DCC.LXXXV.
• Relation d'un voyage en Perse (1790). In Journal des Sçavans, l'Année M.DCC.LXXXX. Translated edition: Travels in Persia published in A Collection of Late Voyages and Travels (1797) by Scottish writer Robert Heron (1764–1807).

Louis-François de Ferrières-Sauvebeuf. Louis-François, count of Ferrières-Sauvebeuf (1762–1814), a French diplomat and adventurer. Recruited to take charge of secret missions in the Middle East and was assassinated in 1814. (cf. French Wikipedia, Louis-François de Ferrières-Sauvebeuf)

• Mémoires historiques, politiques et géographiques des voyages du comte de Ferrières-Sauvebœuf, 2 volumes (1790). Done in Turkey, Persia and Arabia, from 1782 until 1789: with his observations on the religion, manners, character and commerce of these three nations: followed by very exact details on the war of the Turks with the two imperial courts, Austria and Russia, the dispositions of the three armies, and the results of their campaigns.
• Travels of M. de Ferrières-Sauvebœuf (1797). Translation of portions of Mémoires historiques in A Collection of Late Voyages and Travels (1797) by Scottish writer Robert Heron (1764–1807).

Robert Heron. Robert Heron (1764–1807), a Scottish writer.

• A Collection of Late Voyages and Travels (1797). Translated and abridged from the French and other foreign publications of Carsten Niebuhr (1733–1815), Giovanni F. Mariti (1736–1806), Abbé de Beauchamp (1752–1801), among others. The whole forming a body of important and amusing information, concerning the present state of society and manners, of arts and literature, of religion and government, the appearances of nature, and the works of human industry in Persia, Arabia, Turkey.
• Travels through Arabia and other Countries in the East, 2 volumes (1776–1780), by C. Niebuhr. Translation of Voyage en Arabie and en d'autres pays circonvoisins by R. Heron.

William George Browne. William George Browne (1768–1813), an English traveler of Egypt and the Near East.

• Travels in Africa, Egypt and Syria, from the years 1792 to 1798 (1800).

Gilles Boucher de La Richarderie. Gilles Boucher de La Richarderie (1733-1810), a French historian.

• Bibliothèque universelle des voyages , 6 volumes (1808). Universal Travel Library, or Complete and reasoned record of all ancient and modern journeys in the different parts of the world, published in both French and foreign languages, listed in order of country in their chronological series; with more or less rapid extracts from the most esteemed trips of each country, and motivated judgments on the old relationships which have the most celebrity (translated). Used as a source for Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867) by Swiss orientalist Titus Tobler (1806–1877).

François-René de Chateaubriand. François-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand (1768–1848), a French writer, politician, diplomat and historian.

• Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem et de Jérusalem à Paris , 3 volumes (1811). Going through Greece, and coming back through Egypt, Barbary and Spain. Used as a source for Tobler's Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867).
• Travels to Jerusalem and the Holy Land: through Egypt, 3 volumes (1811). Translation of Chateaubriand's work by English writer Frederic Shoberl (1775–1853).

Frederic Shoberl. Frederic Shoberl (1775–1853), an English journalist, editor, translator, writer and illustrator.

• Travels to Jerusalem and the Holy Land: through Egypt, 3 volumes (1811). Translation of Chateaubriand's work by F. Shoberl.
• The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (1849). A new edition of Victor Hugo's work translated by F. Shoberl.

Ernst Friedrich Karl Rosenmüller. Ernst Friedrich Karl Rosenmüller (1768–1835), a German orientalist and theologian.

• Reis in Palestina: Syrië en Egypte, gedaan in het jaar 1817 (1822). Journey in Palestine: Syria and Egypt, done in the year 1817.
• Handbuch der Biblischen Alterthumskunde , 4 volumes (1823–1831). Handbook of biblical antiquity, concerning the geography, flora, fauna and mineralogy of the Holy Land, Arabia and Central Asia. Used as a source for Tobler's Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867).
• Biblical Geography of Asia Minor, Phoenicia, and Arabia (1836). Volume 1 of Handbuch der Biblischen Alterthumskunde.

• The Biblical Geography of Central Asia, 2 volumes (1836–1837). Volumes 2 and 3 of Handbuch der Biblischen Alterthumskunde. With a general introduction to the study of sacred geography, including the antediluvian period. Translated by Scottish historian Nathaniel Morren (1798–1847).
• Mineralogy and Botany of the Bible (1840). Volume 4 of Handbuch der Biblischen Alterthumskunde.

Robert Kerr. Robert Kerr (1757–1813), a Scottish surgeon, writer on scientific subjects, and translator.

• A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels, arranged in systematic order, 18 volumes (1924). Forming a complete history of the origin and progress of navigation, discovery and commerce, by sea and land, from the earliest ages to the present time.

Joachim Heinrich Jäck. Joachim Heinrich Jäck (1777-1847), a German librarian and historian. (cf. German Wikipedia, Heinrich Joachim Jaeck)

• Taschen-Bibliothek der wichtigsten und interessantesten Reisen durch Aegypten, 87 volumes (1828–1836). Pocket library of the most important and interesting journeys through Egypt. Volume 3, a short and cursory overview of the trips to Palestine over the previous 1500 years, was used as a source for Tobler's Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867).

Julius Petzholdt. Julius Petzholdt (1812–1891), a German bibliographer. (cf. German Wikipedia, Julius Petzholdt)

• Neuer Anzeiger für Bibliographie und Bibliothekwissenschaft, 46 volumes (1840–1886). Jahrgang 1861 contains Verzeichniss einer Sammlung von Reisen in's Heilige Land (Directory of a collection of trips to the Holy Land).

Ludovic Lalanne. Ludovic Lalanne (1815–1898), a French historian and librarian.

• Les Pèlerinages en Terre Sainte avant les Croisades (1845). Pilgrimages to the Holy Land before the Crusades, with a chronology covering from Saint Helen’s in 325 (sic ) through Peter the Hermit in 1096. Used as a source for Tobler's Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867).
• Essai sur le feu grégeois et sur la poudre à canon (1845). An essay on Greek fire and gunpowder.

Xavier Marmier. Xavier Marmier (1808–1892), a French author and traveler.

• Du Rhin au Nil: Tyrol, Hongrie, Provinces Danubiennes, Syrie, Palestine, Égypte: souvenirs de voyages, 2 volumes (1847). Used as a source for Tobler's Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867).
• Voyages et littérature. Mémoire sur la découverte de l'Amérique au Xe Siècle. Valachie et Moldavie. Un voyage en Perse. Le Pays des Cosaques. Tradition d'Allemagne. Eric XIV (1888). Includes an account of a trip to Persia.

Thomas Wright. Thomas Wright (1810–1877), an English antiquarian and writer.

• Early Travels in Palestine (1848). Translations of works by Arculf (fl. 700), Saint Willibald (721–727), Bernard the Wise (867), Sæwulf (1102 and 1103), Sigurd the Crusader (1107–1111), Benjamin of Tudela (1170–1173), John Mandeville (1322–1356), Bertrandon de la Broquière (1432 and 1433) and Henry Maundrell (1697). With a map of Jerusalem.
• Early Christianity in Arabia: a historical essay (1855).
• The History of France: from the earliest period to the present time, 3 volumes (1856–1862). Volume 1 discusses the Crusades.
• Essays on Archaeological Subjects: and on various questions connected with the history of art, science and literature in the middle ages (1861).
• La Morte d'Arthure: The history of King Arthur and of the Knights of the Round Table (1889). An edition of Le Morte d'Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory (c. 1415 – 1471).

Valérie de Gasparin. Valérie Boissier, comtesse de Gasparin (1813–1894), a Swiss woman of letters and writer on religion, social topics and travel.

• Journal d'un Voyage au Levant , 3 volumes (1848). The journal of Boissier's journey to the East from 1847–1848, written in a casual style. Volume 1 covers travels in Greece. Volume 2 is concerned with Egypt and the Nubian region. Volume 3 covers the Holy Land, including Jerusalem, Nazareth, Sidon and Tyre.

Gerhard Heinrich van Senden. Gerhard Heinrich van Senden (1793–1851), a Dutch traveler.

• Het Heilige Land, of Mededeelingen uit eene reis naar het oosten, gedaan in de jaren 1849 en 1850 (1851). The Holy Land, or Communications from a Voyage to the East, Made in the Years 1849 and 1850, In Company of Her Royal Highness, the Princess Marianne of the Netherlands. Used as a source for Tobler's Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867).

Henri-Victor Michelant. Henri-Victor Michelant (1811–1890), a French librarian, Romanist and medievalist. (cf. French Wikipedia, Henri-Victor Michelant)

• Gui de Bourgogne and Floovant: chanson de geste (1859).
• Itinéraires à Jérusalem et descriptions de la Terre Sainte, rédigés en français aux XIe, XIIe [et] XIIIe siècles (1882). Itineraries in Jerusalem and descriptions of the Holy Land, written in French in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries. Includes: Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne (c. 1140), chanson de geste; an 1180 list of patriarchs of Jerusalem and Antioch; an anonymous L’état de la cité de Jerusalem (1187); accounts from Ernoul's Chronique on Jerusalem and Galilee (1231); an anonymous account Pilgrimages to Jerusalem (1231); Description rimée des Saints Louix (1241) by Philippe Mouskes; Itinéraire de Londres à Jérusalem (1244) by Matthew Paris; La Sainte cité de Jerusalem, les Saints Lieux & le Pelerinage de la Terre (1261), from the Rothelin Continuation; an anonymous account Les Chemins & les Pelerinages de la Terre Sainte (c. 1265); Voyages en Syrie de Nicolo, Maffeo & Marco Polo (1269–1271), by Rustichello da Pisa; a guidebook Pelerinages et Pardouns de Acre (1280); La Devise des Chemins de Babiloine (1289–1291); and Les cafaus de Sur  (1291). With French historian Gaston Raynaud (1850–1911), and an introduction by Paul E. D. Riant (1836-1888).

C. W. M. van de Velde. Charles William Meredith van de Velde (1818–1898), a Dutch painter, cartographer and missionary.

• Narrative of a Journey through Syria and Palestine in 1851 and 1852, 2 volumes (1854).
• Van de Velde maps of Palestine and Jerusalem (1858). An important scientific mapping of Palestine and Jerusalem.
• Planography of Jerusalem (1858), by Titus Tobler (1806–1877). A memoir to accompany the new-ground-plan of the city of Jerusalem and the environs, constructed anew by C. W. M. van de Velde.

Justin Taylor (Laorti-Hadji). Baron Isidore Justin Séverin Taylor (1789–1879), a French theater producer, traveler and author. Known as Laorti-Hadji in numerous sources including Tobler's Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ.

• La Syrie, l'Égypte, la Palestine et la Judée (1839). An account of his travels to the Near East, illustrated with the author's watercolors (cf. his collection at the Victoria and Albert Museum)
• Histoire de l'état présent de Jérusalem, par l'abbé Mariti (1853). An edition of Giovanni Mariti's work published by Laorti-Hadji (Baron Taylor).
• La Syrie, la Palestine et la Judée, pèlerinage à Jérusalem et aux lieux saints (1854).
• L'Égypte (1857). An account of the author's travel to Egypt in 1828.

Richard Francis Burton. Sir Richard Francis Burton (1821–1890), a British explorer, writer, translator and Arabist.

• Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Meccah, 3 volumes (1855–1856). Edited by Lady Isabel Burton (1831–1896), with an introduction by British orientalist Stanley E. Lane-Poole (1854–1931).
• Unexplored Syria (1872). Visits to the Libanus, the Tulúl el Safá, the Anti-Libanus, the northern Libanus, and the 'Aláh.
• The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, 10 volumes (1885). Subtitled: A Plain and Literal Translation of the Arabian Nights Entertainments. English translation of One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights), a collection of Middle Eastern and South Asian stories compiled during the eighth through thirteenth centuries.
• Supplemental Nights to the Book of the Thousand Nights and aNight, 6 volumes (1886–1888).
• Burton's review of Charles M. Doughty's Travels in Arabia Deserta (1888). The Academy, Vol. XXXIV (28 July), pp. 47–48.
• The life of Captain Sir Richard F. Burton (1893). A biography by Lady Burton.
• An annotated bibliography of Sir Richard Francis Burton, K. C. M. G. (1923). A bibliography of Burton's works compiled by orientalist Norman M. Penzer (1892–1960).

Alessandro Bassi. Alessandro Bassi (19th century), an Italian traveler.

• Pellegrinaggio storico e descrittivo di Terrasanta, 2 volumes (1856–1857). A historical and descriptive pilgrimage of the Holy Land. In Tobler's Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ.

Felix Geisheim. Felix Geisheim (19th century), a German historian featured in Tobler's Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ.

• Die Hohenzollern am heiligen grabe zu Jerusalem (1858). The Hohenzollerns at the Holy Sepulchre. An account of the pilgrimage to Jerusalem of John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach and his younger brother Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg in 1435. Based on the writings of Hans Lochner, the personal physician of Albrecht's father.

Horatius Bonar. Horatius Bonar (1808–1889), a Scottish churchman, traveler and poet featured in Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ.

• The Land of Promise: Notes of a Spring Journey from Beersheba to Sidon (1858). Includes appendices on the topography of Jerusalem, bibliography of topographical studies of Palestine, and a cross-reference to Scripture.

Avraam Sergi︠e︡evich Norov. Avraam Sergi︠e︡evich Norov (Abraham von Noroff) (1795-1869), a Russian historian.

• Meine reise nach Palästina, 2 volumes (1862). An account of a personal trip to Palestine.
• Pélerinage en Terre Sainte de l'igoumène russe Daniel, au commencement du XIIe siècle, (1113-1115) (1864). An edition of Puteshestive igumena Daniil by Daniel the Pilgrim (fl. c. 1107), also known as Daniel the Higumenos.

Henry Yule. Sir Henry Yule (1820–1889), a Scottish orientalist and geographer.

• Cathay and the Way Thither, 3 volumes (1866). Translated and edited with a preliminary essay on the intercourse between China and the West prior to the discovery of the Cape Route. Containing the travels of Odoric of Pordenone, ibn Battūta, Francesco Balducci Pegolotti, Giovanni de' Marignolli, and Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, together with letters and reports from missionary friars from Cathay and India from 1292–1338.
• The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian, concerning the kingdoms and marvels of the East, 2 volumes (1903). An edition of the work by Italian writer Rustichello da Pisa (fl. late 13th century). With French historian Henri Cordier (1849–1925).

Titus Tobler. Titus Tobler (1806–1877), a Swiss oriental scholar.

• Libellus de locis sanctis editus circa A.D. 1172 (1865). An edition of the Libellus de locis sanctis (Little Book of the Holy Places), a 12th-century Latin guide book of Palestine for the use of Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land.
• Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867). A bibliography of sources for the geography of the Holy Land, prepared by Tobler after an 1865 visit there. See writeup in Chapter 10 for list of authors.
• Palaestinae descriptiones ex saeculo IV, V et VI (1870). Descriptions of the Holy Land from pilgrims of the 4th, 5th and 6th centuries. Includes the Itinerarium Burdigalense, Pilgrimage of Holy Paula by Saint Jerome, The Epitome of S. Eucherius, and Theodosius' De situ terrae sanctae, with commentary.
• Descriptiones Terrae Sanctae ex saeculo VIII., IX., XII. et XV (1874). Descriptions of the Holy Land from the 8th–15th centuries, compiled and edited by T. Tobler. Accounts include Saint Willibald's from 723–726, Commemoratorium de Casis Dei vel Monasteriis, a survey of the Holy Land in 808 commisioned by Charlemagne, Bernard the Pilgrim's travels (c. 865), an anonymous account known as Innominatus VII (1145), John of Würzburg's account (1165), Innominatus VIII (1185), La Citez de Jherusalem (c. 1187), a late 12th-century French description of the holy city used in the Rothelin Continuation , and Description of the Holy Land by John Poloner (1422). With commentary by the editor.
• Itinera hierosolymitana et descriptiones terrae sanctae bellis sacris anteriora (1879). Itineraries of pilgrimages to the Holy Land from the fourth through the eleventh century. Includes Bernard the Pilgrim (fl. 865), Saint Willibald (c. 700 – c. 787), the Venerable Bede (c. 720), Arculf (fl. late seventh century), Theodosius' De situ terrae sanctae (530), Eucherius of Lyon (440), and Saint Paula of Rome (347-404) and her daughter Eustochium . Editor, with French historian Auguste Molinier (1851–1904) and Swiss archivist Charles A. Kohler (1854–1917).

Surveys of the Holy Land. Surveys of the Holy Land were sponsored by the Palestine Exploration Fund, include works by the British explorers Claude R. Conder (1848–1910), Horatio Herbert Kitchener (1850–1916) and Edward Hull (1829–1917). (See also Chapter 10 below.)

• The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the topography, orography, hydrography, and archæology (1881–1883). By Claude R. Conder and Herbert Kitchener.
• The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English name lists collected during the survey (1881). By Claude R. Conder and Herbert Kitchener.
• Mount Seir, Sinai and Western Palestine (1885). By British archaeologist Edward Hull.
• Memoir on the geology and geography of Arabia Petræa, Palestine, and adjoining districts (1886). By Edward Hull. With special reference to the mode of formation of the Jordan-Arabah depression and the Dead Sea.
• The Survey of Eastern Palestine (1889). By Claude R. Conder. Memoirs of the topography, orography, hydrography and archaeology.

Charles Henri Auguste Schefer. Charles Henri Auguste Schefer (1820-1898), a French historian. (cf. French Wikipedia, Charles-Henri-Auguste Schefer)

• Recueil de voyages et de documents pour servir à l’histoire de la géographie depuis le XIII^e siècle jusqu'à la fin du XVI^e siècle , 24 volumes (1882–1916). With French orientalist Henri Cordier (1849–1925). A library created by Schefer in order to compete with the Hakluyt Society in England.
• Section cartographique (1893–1896). Volume 1 of Recueil de voyages et de documents...
• Recueil de voyages et de documents..., Volumes 5, 17. Includes: (a) Le voyage d'Outremer (Égypte, Mont Sinay, Palestine) by Jean Thenaud (Volume 5). (b) Itinéraire d'Antibes à Constantinonple by Jérôme Maurand (Volume 17).
• Recueil de voyages et de documents..., Volume 8. Includes: Le Voyage de Monsieur d'Aramon dans le Levant by Jean Chesneau.
• Recueil de voyages et de documents..., Volumes 9–15, 22, 23. Includes: (a) Itinerario de Ludouico de Varthema Bolognese (Volume 9). (b) Les voyages en Asie au XIVe siècle... by Odoric of Pordenone (Volume 10). (c) Le voyage de la Terre sainte by Denis Possot (Volume 11). (d) Le Voyage d’Outremer de Bertrandon de la Broquière (Volume 12). (e) Description de l'Afrique (Volumes 13-15). (f) Livre de la Description des Pays (Volume 22). (g) Americ Vespuce, by Henry Vignaud (Volume 23).
• Le discours du voyage d'oultremer au très victorieux roi Charles VII, prononcé, en 1452, par Jean Germain, évêque de Chalon (1895). The speech of the overseas voyage to the very victorious Charles VII of France, delivered in 1452 by Jean Germain, bishop of Chalon. In Revue de l'Orient Latin (ROL), Tome 3.
• Les voyages en Asie au XIVe siècle du bienheureux frère Odoric de Pordenone (1891). Edited by French historian Henri Cordier (1849–1925). With introduction, guide to different manuscripts and notes. In Recueil de voyages et de documents..., Volume 10.

Henri Cordier. Henri Cordier (1849–1925), a French linguist, historian, ethnographer and orientalist.

• Recueil de voyages et de documents pour servir à l’histoire de la géographie depuis le XIII^e siècle jusqu'à la fin du XVI^e siècle, 24 volumes (1882–1923). With French historian Charles Schefer (1820-1898).
• Les voyages en Asie au XIVe siècle du bienheureux frère Odoric de Pordenone (1891). A translation of a work by Odoric of Pordenone (1286–1331). In Recueil de voyages et de documents..., Volume 10.

Aubrey Stewart. Aubrey Stewart (1844–1916), an English historian and translator.

• Archæological Researches in Palestine during the Years 1873–1874, 2 volumes (1896, 1899). Translation of a work by Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau.
• Library of the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (PPTS) (1897). Translation of numerous works, including Volume I (b), (e), Volume II, Volume V, Volume VI (a), (d), Volumes VII–X, Volume XI, Volume XII.

Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (PPTS). The Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (PPTS), based in London, specialised in publishing editions and translations of medieval texts of pilgrimage's to the Holy Land. They began publishing in 1884, transferring to the Palestine Exploration Fund in 1189. The library of the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society includes 13 volumes plus index and was published 1884–1896.

• PPTS, Volume I, 5 parts published individually from 1887–1891 (1897). Includes: (a) The Churches of Constantine at Jerusalem (translations of Eusebius' Life of Constantine and other early pilgrims). (b) The Bordeaux Pilgrim, A.D. 333. (c) The Pilgrimage of St. Silvia of Aquiania, A.D. 385 (now known as the Itinerarium Egeriae). (d) The Letter of Paula and Eustochium to Marcella, A.D. 361 (by Saint Paula of Rome and her daughter Eustochium, written to Saint Marcella). (e) The Pilgrimage of the Holy Paula, by St. Jerome, A.D. 382 (written by Jerome of Stridon).
• PPTS, Volume II, 4 parts published individually from 1887–1891 (1897). Includes: (a) The Epitome of St. Eucherius about Certain Holy Places, A.D. 440 (attributed to Eucherius, Bishop of Lyon), and the Breviary, or Short Description of Jerusalem, A.D. 530 (anonymous text). (b) Theodosius on the Topography of the Holy Land, A.D. 530 (now referred to as De situ terrae sanctae). (c) The Buildings of Justinian by Procopius, A.D. 560 (written by Procopius of Caesarea ). (d) The Holy Places Visted by Anoninus Martyr, A.D. 560–570 (attributed to an anonymous pilgrim of Piacenza).
• PPTS, Volume III, 4 parts published individually from 1886–1896 (1896). Includes: (a) The Pilgrimage of Arculfus, c. A.D. 670 (by Arculf, with annotation) in two parts. First, Arculf's Narrative about the Holy Places (De locis sanctis), written by Adomnán. Second, The Venerable Bede on the Holy Places (by Bede). (b) The Hodœporicon of St. Willibald, c. A.D. 754 (written by Willibald) and The Itinerary of St. Willibald (by an anonymous writer of the 8th century). (c) Description of Syria, including Palestine, A.D. 485, by al-Maqdisi. (d) The Itinerary of Bernard the Wise, A.D. 870 (written by Bernard the Pilgrim), and How the City of Jerusalem is Situated, c. A.D. 1090 (an anonymous account).
• PPTS, Volume IV, 3 parts published individually from 1892–1896 (1897). Includes: (a) Diary of a Journey through Syria and Palestine, A.D. 1017, by Nasir-i-Khusraw (now known as the Safarnāma) and The Gates of the Haram Area, by C. W. Wilson. (b) Pilgrimage of Sæwulf to Jerusalem and the Holy Land, A.D. 1102–1103, by English pilgrim Sæwulf. (c) The Pilgrimage of the Russian Abbot Daniel, A.D. 1106–1107, by Daniel the Higumenos. An introduction, annotation and six appendices by C. W. Wilson.
• PPTS, Volume V, 5 parts published individually from 1891–1896 (1897). Includes: (a) Description of Jerusalem and the Holy Land, A.D. 1130, by Rorgo Fretellus. (b) Description of the Holy Land, A.D. 1160–1170, by John of Würzburg, with a preface abridged from Titus Tobler and notes by C. W. Wilson. (c) The Pilgrimage of Johannes Phocas in the Holy Land, A.D. 1185, by John Phocas. With a preface by Leo Allatius. (d) Theoderich's Description of the Holy Place (now known as Libellus de Locis Sanctis), attributed to the unknown monk Theoderich. With preface derived from Titus Tobler and an appendix on the position of the tombs of the Latin kings. (e) Crusader's Letters, A.D. 1281. Correspondence between Joseph of Chauncy, Prior of the English Hospitaller, and Edward I of England. Edited by William Basevi Sanders.
• PPTS, Volume VI, 4 parts published individually in 1894 and 1897 (1897). Includes: (a) Anonymous Pilgrims, I–VIII, 11th and 12th centuries. (accounts of Innominatus I–VIII edited by Titus Tobler). (b) The City of Jerusalem (La Citez de Jherusalem), after A.D. 1187, translated by C. R. Conder. (Used as source for the Rothelin Continuation). (c) Guide-Book to Palestine, c. A.D. 1350), by Philipus Brusserius Savonenis, likely supplemented by Marino Sanudo the Elder, Odoric of Pordenone, and Niccolò da Poggibonsi. (d) John Poloner's Description of the Holy Land, c. A.D. 1421, based on an edition of Titus Tobler.
• PPTS, Volumes VII–X (1893, 1896). Includes The Wanderings of Brother Felix Fabri, A.D. 1484, in 4 volumes by Felix Fabri.
• PPTS, Volume XI, 2 parts published individually in 1895 and 1896 (1897). Includes: (a) Extracts from Aristeas, Hecatæus, Origen and other Early Writers. The excerpts are from: Historia de Legis Divinæ Translatione by "Aristeas" (2nd century BC); Aegiptica by Greek Physician Hecatæus of Abdera, (4th century BC); Origen of Alexander’s Treatise against Celsum (Contra Celsum, c. 184 – c. 253); the Catechetical Lectures of Cyril of Jerusalem (c. 313 – 386); Life of St. Saba by Cyril of Scythopolis (439–532); Roman History, Book LXIX by Cassius Dio (c. 155 – c. 235); The Second Year of the Reign of Heraclius, from Chronicon Paschale (7th century), concerning the Holy Lance; the Anacreontics of Sophronius of Jerusalem (c. 560 – 638); the Chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor (758/760 – 817/818); and Book II of Eutychii annales by Eutychius of Alexandria (c. 938). Translated by Aubrey Stewart, with a preface by C. W. Wilson. (b) The History of Jerusalem, A.D. 1180, by Jacques de Vitry. With preface by Aubrey Stewart.
• PPTS, Volume XII, 3 parts (1897). Includes: (a) A Description of the Holy Land, A.D. 1280, by Burchard of Mount Sion. With Burchard's Itinerary. (b) Part XIV of Book III of Secrets for True Crusaders to Help Them to Recover the Holy Land (Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis), A.D. 1321, by Marino Sanuto the Elder. With preface by Aubrey Stewart and geographical notes by C. R. Conder. (c) Description of the Holy Land, and of the Way Thither, A.D. 1350, by Ludolf von Sudheim. With preface by Aubrey Stewart.
• PPTS, Volume XIII (1897). Includes: Saladin, or What Befell Sultan Yûsuf (Salâh ed-Dîn), A.D. 1145–1232, by Beha ed-Din. With an introduction, notes and genealogy chart by C. W. Wilson, and annotation by C. R. Conder.
• General Index to the Library of the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (1897). Master index to the 13 volumes. (Each volume also has its own index.)

English Travelers through the Eighteenth Century. An overview to English travelers through the 18th century has been provided by Mohamad Ali Hachicho in his English Travel Books About the Arab Near East in the Eighteenth Century (1964), published in Die Welt des Islams.

Travelogues of the 18th to 20th Centuries. Travel accounts to Persia by Nader Nasiri-Moghaddam.

Hakluyt Society. The Hakluyt Society, a text publication society, founded in London in 1846. Publishes scholarly editions of primary records of historic voyages, travels and other geographical material. Named after English adventurer and author Richard Hakluyt (1553–1616).

Seventeenth century

Historians of the 17th century continued with concerns about the rise of the Turkish threat, the discovery and publication of original sources, and the beginning of serious histories of the Crusades.

• The Turkish wars and proposals for a new Crusade are seen through the works of Richard Knolles, Francis Bacon and Gottfried Leibniz.
• Original sources, first codified in the seminal Gesta Dei per Francos (1611) by Jacques Bongars, and analysis by Jean Besly, and the bibliographic encyclopedia Kaşf az-Zunūn (1652) by Kâtip Çelebi.
• Additional original documents were presented in De Byzantinæ historiæ scriptoribus (1648–1729), works of Byzantine historians, begun by Philippe Labbe; Luc d'Achery's Spicilegium (1655–1677), a collection of medieval documents, and Bibliothèque orientale (1697), a collection of Arabic, Turkish and Persian manuscripts, by Barthélemy d'Herbelot.
• The establishment of the Congregation of Saint Maur in 1616, dominating French historical research.
• Crusader histories, the most important of which were Thomas Fuller's The Historie of the Holy Warre (1639) and Louis Maimbourg's Histoire des Croisades pour la délivrance de la Terre Sainte (1675), translated into English by John Nalson. Also of note are Charles du Fresne du Cange's Histoire de l'empire de Constantinople sous les empereurs françois (1657), an account of the Fourth Crusade and subsequent Greek settlements, and A. de Clermont's L'Histoire des Croisadare (1638).
• Histories of the Ottoman Empire by Richard Knolles, George Sandys and Paul Rycant.
• Beginning of the disciplines of palaeography and diplomatics under Jean Mabillon, a scholar of the Congregation of Saint Maur.

Richard Knolles. Richard Knolles (c. 1545 – 1610), an English historian, known for his seminal account of the Ottoman Empire.

• Generall Historie of the Turkes, 3 parts in 2 volumes (1603). A later edition entitled The Turkish History: comprehending the origin of that nation, and the growth of the Othoman empire, with the lives and conquests of their several kings and emperors (1701) includes continuations through 1631 by ambassador Thomas Roe (1581–1644) and through 1699 by diplomat and historian Paul Rycaut (1629–1700).

Jacques Bongars. Jacques Bongars (1554–1612), a French scholar and diplomat who prepared the first comprehensive collection of original Crusades sources, with commentary.

• Gesta Dei per Francos (God's Work through the Franks), 2 volumes (1611). An early collection of original sources for the Crusades. The compendium, dedicated to Louis XIII of France, includes most of the main narrative sources for the First Crusade and Fifth Crusade, as well as Historia Rerum in Partibus Transmarinis Gestarum of William of Tyre, the Secretorum Fidelium Crucis of Marino Sanudo and De recuperatione Terre Sancte of Pierre Dubois.
• Lettres de Monsieur de Bongars (1681). Letters of Bongars from his time as representative to Henry IV of France.
• Jacobus Bongarsius (1874). A biography of J. Bongars by German philosopher Hermann Hagen (1844–1898).
• Catalogus codicum bernensium (Bibliotheca Bongarsiana) (1875). Edited by H. Hagen.
• Biographie des Jacques Bongars (1905). A translation of the doctoral thesis of German Biblical scholar Raphael Breuer (1881–1932). (cf. German Wikipedia, Raphael Breuer)

Congregation of Saint Maur. The Congregation of Saint Maur (1616–1818), a school of prominent Benedictines, known as the Maurists, which produced a large number of historical documents, many of particular interest to the Crusades including the Recueil des historiens des croisade (RHC) and Histoire littéraire de la France.

• Bibliothèque des écrivains de la Congrégation de Saint-Maur (covering works from 1645–1787). Bibliography of Maurist works, published in 1882, compiled by German librarian Karl von Lama (1841–1920), reducing and completing the earlier Histoire littéraire de la congregation de Saint-Maur (1770) of René-Prosper Tassin (1697–1777).

Francis Bacon. Francis Bacon (1561–1626), an English philosopher and statesman.

• The Works of Francis Bacon, 15 volumes, edited by James Spedding, Robert L. Ellis and Douglas D. Heath (1857–1874). Full title: The Works of Francis Bacon, Baron of Verulam, Viscount St Albans and Lord High Chancellor of England.
• Advertisement Touching on a Holy Warre (1622), in The Works of Francis Bacon, J. Spedding, et al, Volume 7, pp. 367–370.

George Sandys. George Sandys (1578–1644), an English traveller, colonist, poet, and translator. Sandys' writings influenced contemporary literature and other disciplines including art, archaeology and geography. Sandys is considered to be the first English Egyptologist.

• A Relation of a Journey begun an. Dom. 1610, 4 volumes (1615). The account of an extended tour of Europe and the Middle East in 1610–1612, giving detailed accounts of Constantinople, Cairo, Jerusalem, Emmaus, Bethlehem and Nazareth.
• A General History of the Ottoman Empire (1740). Including Turkey, Egypt, the Holy Land, Jerusalem, Palestine and Arabia. Conjecture as to the fate of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel.
• Sandys Travels: containing an history of the original and present state of the Turkish empire (1673). The Mahometan religion and ceremonies. A description of Constantinople ... also, of Greece ... Of Ægypt ... A description of the Holy-Land ... Lastly, Italy described, and the islands adjoining. Illustrated with fifty graven maps and figures. 7th edition.

Paolo Sarpi. Paolo Sarpi (1552–1623), a Venetian historian.

• Istoria del Concilio Tridentino (1619). A history of the Council of Trent (1545–1563) whose topics included the Turkish threat to Western Europe.
• True and Faithful Relation ... concerning the Death of Sultan Osman ..., (1622). A translation of a work concerning the death of Ottoman sultan Osman II by English diplomat Thomas Roe (c. 1581 – 1644).

Thomas Roe. Sir Thomas Roe (c. 1581 – 1644), an English diplomat, representing England in the Mughal Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Holy Roman Empire.

• Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul, 1615-1619, as narrated in his journal and correspondence (after 1619). Edited with an introduction by British historiographer William Foster (1863–1951) for the Hakluyt Society.
• True and Faithful Relation ... concerning the Death of Sultan Osman ... (1622). A translation of a work concerning the death of Ottoman sultan Osman II by Venetian historian Paolo Sarpi (1552–1623).
• Continuation of Generall Historie of the Turkes (1603) by English historian Richard Knolles (c. 1545 – 1610).

Théodore Godefroy. Théodore Godefroy (1580–1649), a Swiss historian.

• Histoire de Mre Jean de Boucicaut, maréchal de France (1620). A history of Jean II Le Maingre (Boucicaut), leader of the Crusade of Marshal Boucicaut to Constantinople in 1399.

Thomas Dempster. Thomas Dempster (1579–1625), a Scottish scholar and historian.

• De Bello a Christianis contra Barbaros gesto pro Christi Sepulchro et Judaea recuperandis libri IV (1623). Translation of work by Benedetto Accolti (1415–1464).
• Historia ecclesiastica gentis Scotorum, 2 volumes (1627). A history of the Scots. In this book he tries to prove that Bernard the Pilgrim, Alcuin, Boniface and Joannes Scotus Erigena were all Scots, and that Boadicea was a Scottish author.

A. de Clermont. A. de Clermont (fl. 17th century), a presumed French historian. The only mention of de Clermont and his work is by Crusader historian Hans E. Mayer (born 1932) in his Bibliographie zur Geschichte der Kreuzzüge (1960).

• L'Histoire des Croisades (1638). A general history of the Crusades that explicitly used the designator croisades in its title, an honor usually attributed to the 1675 work of Louis Maimbourg. Nothing else is known about this work.

Jean Besly. Jean Besly (1572–1644), a French historian who challenged the version of the anonymous Gesta Francorum presented in Gesta Dei per Francos.

• Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere by Peter Tudebode (1641). Translation by J. Besley.
• Joannis Besly Pictonis Præfatio (before 1644). The preface to Tudebode's Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere, reproduced in RHC Historiens occidentaux, Volume III.1 (cf. Patrologia Latina (MPL), Volume 155 [Godefridum, Appendix II])
• Histoire des comtes de Poitou et ducs de Guyenne contenant ce qui s'est passé de plus mémorable en France depuis l'an 811 jusques au roy Louis le Jeune, vérifiée par tiltres, et par anciens historiens, ensemble divers traictez historiques (1647).
• Testament on Geoffrey II of Lusignan (1198–1247) (date unknown). Geoffrey was the son of Hugh VIII of Lusignan, and the testament is in Les anciens sires de Lusignan (The Old Sires of Lusignan) by French historian and numismatist Charles Farcinet (1824-1903). (cf. French Wikipedia, Geoffrey II de Lusignan)
• Recueil de documents historiques, pour la plupart relatifs au Poitou et aux provinces voisines (XIIe-XVIIe siècle) (date unknown). Collection of historical documents, mostly relating to Poitou and neighboring provinces, collected and copied by Besly. Published by the Bibliothèque nationale de France.

André and François Duchesne. André Duchesne (1584–1640), a French geographer and historian, and his son François Duchesne (1616–1693), also a historian.

• Historiae Francorum Scriptores Coaetanei, 5 volumes (1636–1649). A collection of Crusader sources that builds on Bongars' Gesta Dei per Francos and includes: Vita Ludovici regis and Historia gloriosi regis Ludovici by Suger of St. Denis (1081–1151); De profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem by Odo of Deuil; and Orderic Vitalis' (1075–1142) Historia Ecclesiastica.
• Histoire des papes et sovverains chefs de l'eglise, 2 volumes (1653). A history of the popes from Saint Peter to Innocent X, derived from histories, memoirs and chronicles.

Thomas Fuller. Thomas Fuller (1608–1661), an English churchman and historian. Fuller's work was anti-Jewish and relied heavily on that of William of Tyre. It was the first to incorporate accounts of the military orders, the Albigensian Crusade and the Northern Crusades into his narrative.

• The Historie of the Holy Warre (1639). A history of the Crusades from the fall of Jerusalem under Titus in 70 AD through 1290. Includes critical commentary, a complete chronology, and bibliography. With an introduction by English classical scholar James Duport (1606–1679).
• The History of the Holy War. An 1840 edition of The Historie of the Holy Warre.
• A Pisgah-Sight of Palestine and the confines thereof; with the history of the Old and New Testaments acted thereon (1650). A descriptive geography of the Holy Land, with "facsimiles of all the quaint maps and illustrations" of the original edition.
• The History of the Worthies of England, 3 volumes (1662). An attempt at a dictionary of national biography, from original sources and providing valuable antiquarian information.

Edward Pococke. Edward Pococke (1604–1691), an English orientalist and Biblical scholar.

• Specimen historiae arabum (1649). An account of the origin and manners of the Arabs, adapted from the work of Syriac historian Bar Hebraeus (1226–1286) and other sources.
• Contextia Gemmarum sive Eutychii Patriarchae Alexandrini Annales, 2 volumes (1658–1659). A biography of Eutychius of Alexandria (877–940), Melkite patriarch of Alexandria. The Latin translation was reprinted in Patrologia Graeco-Latina (MPG), Volume 111. With John Selden (1584–1654).

• Greg. Abulfaragii historia compendiosa dynastiarum (1663). A complete edition of the Arabic history of Bar Hebraeus.
• Account of Egypt (1680s). By Arab historian Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (1162–1231). Arabic document published by E. Pococke. His son Edward Pococke the Younger (1648–1727) translated a fragment of the work into Latin (publication date unknown). Thomas Hunt (1696–1774) began the task of completing the translation but did not finish. The Latin translation was then completed by Joseph White (1745–1814).

John Selden. John Selden (1584–1654), an English orientalist polymath.

• Contextia Gemmarum sive Eutychii Patriarchae Alexandrini Annales, 2 volumes (1658–1659). A biography of Eutychius of Alexandria (877–940), Melkite patriarch of Alexandria. The Latin translation was reprinted in Patrologia Graeco-Latina (MPG), Volume 111. With Edward Pococke (1604–1691).
• De dis Syris syntagmata II (1680). A study of Semitic mythology. Adversaria nempe de numinibus commentitiis in veteri instrumento memoratis : accedunt ferè quae sunt reliqua Syrorum, Prisca porrò Arabum, Aegyptiorum, Persarum, Afrorum, Europaeorum item theologia, subinde illustratur.

Philippe Labbe. Philippe Labbe (1607–1667), a French Jesuit who wrote on historical, geographical and philological topics, including those of the Byzantine empire.

• De Byzantinæ Historiæ Scriptoribus, 24 volumes (1648–1729). An account of primary sources of Byzantine history from 330–1453. Later revised and expanded by Danish historian Barthold Niebuhr (1776–1831) into the Corpus Scriptorum Historæ Byzantinæ (CSHB).

Kâtip Çelebi. Elhac Mustafa Kâtip Çelebi (1609–1657), an Ottoman-Turkish polymath and author. Also known by the name of Ḥājjī Khalīfa.

• Kaşf az-Zunūn, 7 volumes (1652). A bibliographic encyclopedia of Arabic works whose title translates to The Removal of Doubt from the Names of Books and the Arts. Published in the original Arabic with parallel Latin translation by German orientalist Gustav Flügel (1802–1870) and in a French translation by Barthélemy d'Herbelot (1625–1695).

Luc d'Achery. Luc d'Achery (1609–1685), a French Benedictine of the Congregation of Saint Maur specializing in the study and publication of medieval manuscripts, in particular, his Spicilegium.

• Spicilegium, sive Collectio veterum aliquot scriptorum qui in Galliae bibliothecis, maxime Benedictinorum, latuerunt, 13 volumes (1655–1677). A collection of ancient and medieval documents of interest to the Benedictines. Continued by French Benedictine historians Edmond Martène (1654–1739) and Ursin Durand (1682–1771) in their Veterum Scriptorum.
• Acta sanctorum ordinis S. Benedicti, 9 volumes (1701). A collection of the lives of the Benedictine saints, completed by Jean Mabillon (1632–1707).

Charles du Fresne du Cange. Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange (1610–1688), a French philologist and historian of the Middle Ages and Byzantium.

• Histoire de l'empire de Constantinople sous les empereurs françois (1657). The first serious study of the Fourth Crusade and the Frankish settlements in Greece.
• Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae Latinitatis, 6 volumes (1678). Glossary of writers in medieval and late Latin. See article titled Crucesignati (Tome 2, pp. 1175–1176) for a discussion on Crusader privileges. A new edition and supplement were published by Dom Pierre Carpentier (1697-1767) and Maurus Dantine (1688–1746) in 1733, 1736 and 1766.
• Historia Byzantina, 2 volumes (1680). A history of the Byzantine empire from 395–1453. With a description of the city of Constantinople.
• Les familles d'Outremer (unpublished). Genealogy of the royal families of the Kingdom of Jerusalem through 1244. By the decree of the Minister of Public Instruction, 1854, the publication and completion of Du Cange's unfinished work was entrusted to Nicolas Rudolphe Taranne (1795–1857). After the latter's death it was continued by French orientalist Emmanuel Guillaume-Rey (1837–1916), published in 1869.
• Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae Graecitatis, 2 volumes (1688). A glossary of Greek writers.
• Paschalion seu Chronicon Paschale (1689). A translation of the 7th century work Chronicon Paschale.
• Annes tes Komnenes porpherogennetou kaisarisses Alexias (1729). Translation of Anna Komnene's Alexiad .

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (1646–1716), a prominent German mathematician and philosopher.

• Project de conquête l'Egypte présenté à Louis XIV (1671). In Oeuvres, edited by French author Louis-Alexandre Foucher de Careil (1826–1891). A proposal prepared for Louis XIV of France by Leibniz for a new Crusade to conquer the Ottoman empire. Includes a history of the Crusades, particularly the Egyptian strategies of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Discussed in detail in Tyerman's The Debate on the Crusades.
• La fascination de l'Egypte (1998). Commentary on and edition of Project de conquête l'Egypte présenté à Louis XIV by Egyptian historian Ahmed Youssef.

Étienne Baluze. Étienne Baluze (1630–1718), a French scholar and historiographer. Also known as Stephanus Baluzius.

• Capitularia Regum Francorum, 2 volumes (1677). A collection of capitularies of the kings of France, including the Merovingian kings, Pippin, Charlemagne and Louis the Pious. For the period after 840, Baluze included as supplements the (unreliable) collections of Saint Ansegisus (9th century) and the forged ones attributed to Benedictus Levita. The work then includes the capitularies of Charles the Bald, and of other Carolingian kings.
• Capitularia Regum Francorum, second edition of Baluze, 2 volumes (1780). Update of Baluze's work, by French politician Pierre Chiniac de La Bastide (1741-1811).
• Epistolae Innocentii Papae III (1682). The letters of pope Innocent III (1198–1216).
• Vitae Paparum Avenionensium (1693). A history of popes who settled in France between1305–1394. Includes the report of Grand Master of the Knights Templar, Jacques de Molay (1240–1314), to pope Clement V on the merging of the military orders.

Louis Maimbourg. Louis Maimbourg (1610–1686), a French Jesuit and historian.

• Histoire de l'Arianisme, 2 volumes (1673). The influence of Arianism on civil affairs and the causes of the dissolution of the Roman empire. Introductory discourse by French mathematician Bernard Lamy (1640–1715). Translated by British theologian William Webster (1689–1758) as A Complete History of Arianism from 306 to 1666, with Commentary.
• Histoire de l'hérésie des Iconoclastes et de la translation de l'empire aux françois (1674). A history of the heresy of the Iconoclasts and the translation of the empire to the French.
• Histoire des Croisades pour la délivrance de la Terre Sainte (1675). A populist and royalist history of the Crusades from 1195–1220. Translated into English in 1684 by historian John Nalson (1638–1686).
• Histoire du grand schisme d'Occident (1679). An account of the Great Schism of 1054.

Bernard Lamy. Bernard Lamy (1640–1715), a French mathematician and theologian.

• Introductory discourse to Louis Maimbourg's Histoire de l'Arianisme (1673).
• Demonstration ou Preuves evidentes de la verite et de la saintete de la morale chrétienne (1709). A treatise on Christian morals.
• De tabernaculo foederis, de sancta civitate Jerusalem, et de templo ejus, libri septem (1720, posthumous). A Latin treatise on the Ark of the Covenant. Edited by French historian Pierre Nicolas Desmolets (1678–1760) who added Vita auctoris (a biography of the author) and De templo Salomonis historico (history of Solomon's Temple). Engraved plates by Pierre François Giffart (1638–1723) and Ferdinand Delamonce (1678–1753).

Jean Mabillon. Jean Mabillon (1632–1707), a French Benedictine monk and scholar of the Congregation of Saint Maur. Regarded as one of the greatest historical scholar of the 17th century and the founder of the disciplines of palaeography and diplomatics.

• De re diplomatica (1681). An analysis of medieval documents and manuscripts back to the early 7th century. (cf. French Wikipedia, De re diplomatica)
• Acta sanctorum ordinis S. Benedicti, 9 volumes (1701). A collection of the lives of the Benedictine saints, the completion of a work begun by Luc d'Achery (1609–1685).

Pierre Bayle. Pierre Bayle (1647–1706), a French philosopher, author, and lexicographer.

• Miscellaneous Reflections Occasion'd by the Comet which appear'd in December 1680, 3 volumes (1682). Subtitled: Chiefly tending to explode popular superstitions. An account of the Great Comet of 1680, the first to be discovered by telescope. English translation of 1708 includes a biography of the author.
• Dictionnaire historique et critique, 2 volumes (1697). A French biographical dictionary also known as the Historical and Critical Dictionary, regarded as one of the earliest encyclopedias. Based on the previous La Grand Dictionnaire historique by theologian Louis Moréri (1643–1680). Numerous editions with improvements from 1792 through 1830. The nouvelle édition by Adrien-Jean-Quentin Beuchot (1777-1851) was published in 16 volumes in 1820.

John Nalson. John Nalson (1638–1686), an English clergyman, historian and pamphleteer.

• The History of the Crusade, or the Expeditions of the Christian Princes, for the Conquest of the Holy Land (1684). A translation from the French of Maimbourg's Histoire des Croisades...(1675).

Paul Rycaut. Sir Paul Rycaut (1629–1700), a British diplomat and historian, known as an authority on the Ottoman Empire.

• The History of the present state of the Ottoman Empire (1686). Containing the maxims of the Turkish polity, the most material points of the Mahometan religion, their sects and heresies, their convents and religious votaries. Their military discipline, with an exact computation of their forces both by sea and land.
• The Turkish History: Comprehending the origin of that nation, and the growth of the Othoman empire, with the lives and conquests of their several kings and emperors, 2 volumes (1701). A continuation of Generall Historie of the Turkes (1603) by English historian Richard Knolles (c. 1545 – 1610), bringing the history down to 1699. Includes continuations by ambassador Sir Thomas Roe (1581–1644).

Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont. Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont (1637–1698), a French ecclesiastical historian.

• Vie de Saint Louis: Roi de France, 6 volumes (1688). An extensive biography of Lous IX of France. The Société de l'histoire de France published an edition of the work edited by French historian Julien de Gaulle (1801–1883) beginning in 1847.

Barthélemy d'Herbelot. Barthélemy d'Herbelot de Molainville (1625–1695), a French orientalist.

• Bibliothèque Orientale, ou dictionnaire universel contenant tout ce qui regarde la connoissance des peuples de l'Orient, 3 volumes (1697). Edited by d'Herbelot, completed by French orientalist and archaeologist Antoine Galland (1646 –1715). Derived from the bibliographic encyclopedia Kaşf az-Zunūn by Kâtip Çelebi (1609–1657), it contains a large number of Arabic, Turkish and Persian compilations and manuscripts.

Robert Saulger. Robert Saulger (1637–1709), an author and Jesuit missionary to Greece. (cf. French Wikipedia, Robert Saulger)

• Histoire nouvelle des Ducs et autres Souverains de l'Archipel (1698). A history of the Frankish settlements in the Cyclades, particularly the Duchy of the Archipelago (Duchy of Naxos, 1207–1579), founded by Marco I Sanudo.

Eighteenth century

The 18th century saw:

• Translation of oriental texts by Antoine Galland, Eusèbe Renaudot
• Histories of the Crusades by Georg Müller
• Accounts of the Ottoman empire and Byzantine sources

Antoine Galland. Antoine Galland (1646 –1715), a French orientalist and archaeologist.

• Les mille et une nuits, 12 volumes (1704–1717). The first European translation of One Thousand and One Nights, into French.
• Bibliothèque Orientale, ou dictionnaire universel contenant tout ce qui regarde la connoissance des peuples de l'Orient, 3 volumes (1697). Edited by Barthélemy d'Herbelot (1625–1695) and completed by Antoine Galland (1646 –1715). Derived from the bibliographic encyclopedia Kaşf az-Zunūn by Kâtip Çelebi (1609–1657), it contains a large number of Arabic, Turkish and Persian compilations and manuscripts.

Eusèbe Renaudot. Eusèbe Renaudot (1646–1720), a French theologian and orientalist.

• Life of Saladin (unpublished).
• Gennadii Patriarchae Constantinopolitani Homiliae de Eucharistia (1709)
• Historia Patriarcharum Alexandrinorum (1713), a translation of Ta'rikh Batarikat al-Kanisah al-Misriyah by Severus ibn al-Muqaffa (died 987). In Patrologia Orientalis (PO) , Volume 1.II.
• Liturgiarurn Orientalium Collection, 2 volumes (1715–1716). A collection of oriental liturgies, designed to supply proofs of the perpetuity of the faith of the Church on the subject of the sacraments. The English translation of 1822 is titled: A Collection of the principal liturgies, which are used by the Greeks and other schismatics of the Oriental churches. Showing their uniformity with the Roman liturgy, in all essentials, relating to the sacrifice of the Mass. Included is am analysis reportedly proving the antiquity and authority of the liturgies and an answer to the objections against the doctrine of transubstantiation.
• Ancient accounts of India and China (1733). An imperfect translation of a 9th century account by Arabic historian Abu Zayd Ḥasan ibn Yazīd Sīrāfī and Persian merchant Sulaymān al-Tājir (fl. 850). Edition of the very curious records of early Arab intercourse with China. Updated edition published in 1845 by Joseph Reinaud (1795–1867).

Georg Christoph Müller. Georg Christoph Müller (1673–1721), a German historian. His work assigned five numbers to the Crusades. (cf. German Wikipedia, Georg Christoph Müller)

• De Expedition Cruciatis Vulgo Von Kreutz Fahrten (1709). A history of the Crusades in the time frames 1096-1099 (First Crusade), 1147-1149 (Second Crusade), 1189-1192 (Third Crusade), 1217-1229 (Fifth Crusade), and 1248-1254 (Seventh Crusade), considering just those large expeditions that reached the eastern Mediterranean. Source document for Hagenmeyer's edition of Anonymi gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolymitanorum (1890).

Aaron Hill. Aaron Hill (1685–1750), an English dramatist and miscellany writer.

• A Full and Just Account of the Present State of the Ottoman Empire in all its Branches: With the government, and policy, religion, customs, and way of living of the Turks, in general (1709).

Edmond Martène. Edmond Martène (1654–1739) was a French Benedictine historian and liturgist of the Congregation of Saint Maur.

• Thesaurus Novus Anedotorum , 5 volumes (1717). Edited with French Benedictine historian Ursin Durand (1682–1771). Begun in 1708 with a search of the archives of France and Belgium for the Gallia Christiana, the documentary catalogue of the Catholic dioceses and abbeys of France from the earliest times. Documents gathered from eight hundred abbeys and one hundred cathedrals.
• Veterum Scriptorum et Monumentorum Amplissima Collectio , 9 volumes (1727–1733). Edited with U. Durand. A continuation of Luc d'Achery's Spicilegium on ancient and medieval documents of interest to the Benedictines.

Ursin Durand. Ursin Durand (1682–1771), a Benedictine historian of the Congregation of Saint Maur.

• Thesaurus Novus Anedotorum , 5 volumes (1717). Edited with French Benedictine historian Edmond Martène (1654–1739) . Begun in 1708 with a search of the archives of France and Belgium for the Gallia Christiana, the documentary catalogue of the Catholic dioceses and abbeys of France from the earliest times. Documents gathered from eight hundred abbeys and one hundred cathedrals.
• Veterum Scriptorum et Monumentorum Amplissima Collectio , 9 volumes (1727–1733). Edited with E. Martène. A continuation of Luc d'Achery's Spicilegium on ancient and medieval documents of interest to the Benedictines.
• "L'Art de vérifier les dates, 3 volumes (1750). A French work on diplomatics. The art of verifying the dates of historical facts, charters, chronicles, and other ancient monuments, since the birth of Our Lord: by means of a chronological table ...: with these perpetual calendars, the glossary of dates, the catalog of saints, and the calendar of the Jews. With Maurus Dantine (1688–1746) and Charles Clémencet (1703–1778).

Pierre Nicolas Desmolets. Pierre Nicolas Desmolets (1678– 1760), a French librarian and oratorian historiographer. (cf. French Wikipedia, Pierre Nicolas Desmolets)

• De tabernaculo foederis, de sancta civitate Jerusalem, et de templo ejus, libri septem (1720). A Latin treatise on the Ark of the Covenant by Bernard Lamy, edited by P. Desmolets, who added Vita auctoris (a biography of B. Lamy) and De templo Salomonis historico (history of Solomon's Temple). Engraved plates by Pierre François Giffart (1638–1723) and Ferdinand Delamonce (1678–1753).
• Memoires de litterature et d'histoire, 11 volumes in 12 (1749). Continuation of a 1715 work by Albert-Henri de Sallengre (1694-1723). (cf. French Wikipedia, Albert-Henri de Sallengre)
• Continuation des Memoires de litterature et d'histoire (1749).
• L’Histoire de l'Empire Othoman, où se voyent les causes de son agrandissement et de sa décadence, 4 volumes (1743). A seminal work on the Ottoman Empire used as a reference for Gibbon's History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Later scholarship has questioned the reliability of some sources. Translation of the work by Moldovian historian Dimitrie Cantemir (1673–1723).

Pierre François Giffart. Pierre François Giffart (1638–1723), a French engraver and publisher. (cf. French Wikipedia, Pierre Giffart)

• Illustrations for De tabernaculo foederis, de sancta civitate Jerusalem, et de templo ejus, libri septem (1720). A Latin treatise on the Ark of the Covenant by Bernard Lamy (1640–1715). Edited by French historian Pierre Nicolas Desmolets (1678–1760) who added Vita auctoris (a biography of the author) and De templo Salomonis historico (history of Solomon's Temple). Engraved plates by P. Giffart and Ferdinand Delamonce (1678–1753).
• Illustrations for Géographie Universelle (1739), by Claude Buffier (1661–1737). Engraved plates by P. Giffart.

Antoine Rivet de La Grange. Antoine Rivet de La Grange (1683–1749), a French benedictine monk and archivist.

• Histoire littéraire de la France, 46 volumes (1733–1892). A large collection of French literature begun by La Grange, known as Dom Rivet, and the Maurists. Of most interest to the Crusades is Tome VIII which includes a biography of Godfrey of Bouillon and works by Raymond of Aguilers and Peter Tudebode.

Maurus Dantine. Maurus Dantine (1688–1746), a Belgian Benedictine of the Congregation of Saint Maur and a founding chronologist.

• Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae Latinitatis , 6 volumes (1733, 1736). A new edition of Charles du Fresne du Cange's work, with Pierre Carpentier (1697-1767). Glossary of writers in medieval and late Latin. See article titled Crucesignati (Tome 2, pp. 1175–1176) for a discussion on Crusader privileges.

• L'Art de vérifier les dates, 3 volumes (1750). A French work on diplomatics. The art of verifying the dates of historical facts, charters, chronicles, and other ancient monuments, since the birth of Our Lord: by means of a chronological table ...: with these perpetual calendars, the glossary of dates, the catalog of saints, and the calendar of the Jews. With Ursin Durand (1682–1771) and Charles Clémencet (1703–1778).

Pierre Carpentier. Dom Pierre Carpentier (1697-1767), a Benedictine historian. (cf. French Wikipedia, Pierre Carpentier)

• Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae Latinitatis , 6 volumes (1733, 1736). A new edition of Charles du Fresne du Cange's work, with Maurus Dantine (1688–1746). Glossary of writers in medieval and late Latin. See article titled Crucesignati (Tome 2, pp. 1175–1176) for a discussion on Crusader privileges.
• Supplement to Glossarium ad scriptores..., 4 volumes (1766).

Dimitrie Cantemir. Dimitrie Cantemir (1673–1723), a Moldovian statesman and historian. A direct descendant of Tamerlane, he was twice ruler of Moldovia.

• Historia incrementorum atque decrementorum Aulae Othomanicae (before 1734). A history of the rise and fall of the Ottoman empire.
• The History of the Growth and Decay of the Othman empire (1734–1735). English translation of Historia incrementorum atque decrementorum Aulae Othomanicae. Adorn'd with the heads of the Turkish emperors, ingraven from copies taken from originals in the grand seignor's palace, by the late sultan's painter.
• L’Histoire de l'Empire Othoman, où se voyent les causes de son agrandissement et de sa décadence, 4 volumes (1743). A seminal work on the Ottoman Empire used as a reference for Gibbon's History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Later scholarship has questioned the reliability of some sources. Translation of the work by French historiographer Pierre Desmolets (1678– 1760).

Martin Bouquet. Martin Bouquet (1685-1754), a French Benedictine monk and historian of the Congregation of Saint Maur.

• Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France (RHF), 22 volumes (new edition, 24 volumes) (1738–1904). New edition undertaken by French historian Léopold V. Delisle (1826–1910). A collection of histories of France by Gaulian and French authors, including ones of relevance to the Crusades. Tome 12 includes works by Robert the Monk and William of Tyre. Tome 13 includes works by William of Malmesbury, Henry of Huntingdon, Roger of Howden and Ralph de Diceto. (cf. French Wikipedia, Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France)
• Planned expansion of the RHF. The histories were planned to be expanded to include oriental sources of the Crusades. The project was led by Dom Berthereau (1732–1792) and was interrupted by the French political turmoil.

Burkhard Gotthelf Struve. Burkhard Gotthelf Struve (1671–1738), a German librarian and historian.

• Bibliotheca historica selecta, 2 volumes (1740). With Christian Gottlieb Buder (1693-1763). Expanded into Bibliotheca historica (1782–1804) by Johann Georg Meusel (1743–1820)

René-Aubert Vertot. René-Aubert Vertot (1655–1735), a French clergyman and historian of the Knights Hospitaller.

• Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem, 5 volumes (published 1742). A history of the Knights Hospitaller.

• The History of the Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem, 3 volumes (1818). Styled afterwards, the Knights of Rhodes and at present, the Knights of Malta . English translation of Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem .
• Histoire de l'Ordre des Chevaliers de Malte (1819).
• The History of the Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem, 5 volumes (1858). Later edition of Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem.

Thomas Hunt. Thomas Hunt (1696–1774), an English Arabic scholar.

• A Dissertation on Proverbs VII. 22, 23 (1743). Critical dissertations on the Proverbs of Solomon.

• Account of Egypt (1746, unpublished). By Arab historian Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (1162–1231). Arabic document first discovered and published by Edward Pococke (1604–1691). His son, Edward Pococke the Younger, then translated a fragment of the work into Latin. T. Hunt began the task of completing the translation but did not finish. The work was then translated into French by Silvestre de Sacy (1758–1838).

Joseph de Guignes. Joseph de Guignes (1721–1800), a French orientalist.

• Mémoire historique sur l'origine des Huns et des Turcs (1748). A history of the origins of the Huns and the Turks.
• Histoire generale des Huns, des Mongoles, des Turcs et des autres Tartares occidentaux , 3 volumes (1756–1758). General history of the Huns, Mongols, Turks and other Western Tartars.
• Essai historique sur la typographie orientale et grecque de l'Imprimerie Royale (1787). An historical essay on the origin of the oriental characters in the Royal printing-house. Includes the works which have been printed at Paris in Arabic, Syriac and Armenian. Also the Greek characters of Francis I of France, commonly called the King's Greek, cut by French publisher and punch-cutter Claude Garamont  (c. 1510 – 1561).

Voltaire. Voltaire (1694–1778), a French philosopher and historian. Voltaire's negative view on the Crusades was tempered with his admiration for the Crusaders. His work on the Crusades did not adhere to any real chronology, providing little detail and no numbering.

• Histoire des Croisades (1750–1751). A history of the Crusades from the rise of the Seljuks until 1195, with critique.
• Croisades (1751). The entry on the Crusades in Volume 2 of Denis Diderot's Encyclopédie is based on Voltaire's work, summarizing that the Crusades were "...soit pour le recouvrement des lieux saints, soit pour l'extirpation de l'heresie et du paganisme" (either for the recovery of Holy Places, or for the eradication of heresy and paganism).
• Essai sur les mœurs et l'esprit des nations, 10 volumes (1756). An essay on universal history, the manners, and spirit of nations, from Charlemagne to the present day. The work incorporated Voltaire's earlier work Histoire des Croisades. In particular, Tome Second covers the period 1050–1416, and includes the following portions relevant to the Crusades: Chapitre XLII. De Frederic II (Frederick II). Chapitre XLIII. De l'Orient au tems des Croisade (The Orient before the Crusades). Chapitre XLIV. De la Premier Croisade Jusq'ua la Prise de Jerusalem (From the First Crusade until the Capture of Jerusalem). Chapitre XLVI. De S. Louis, et de la Derniere Croisade (Saint Louis and the Last Crusade). Chapitre XLVII. Suite de la Prise de Constantinople par les Croisés (Following the Capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders). Chapitre XLVIII. De l'Orient et de Genzis-Can (The Orient and Genghis Khan). Chapitre L. De la Croisade contre Albigeois (The Crusade against the Albigensians). Chapitre LIV. Du Supplice des Templiers, et de l'extinction de cet Ordre (Of the Torment of the Templars, and the extinction of this Order).

Charles Clémencet. Charles Clémencet (1703–1778), a French Benedictine historian of the Congregation of Saint Maur.

• L'Art de vérifier les dates , 3 volumes (1750). A French work on diplomatics. The art of verifying the dates of historical facts, charters, chronicles, and other ancient monuments, since the birth of Our Lord: by means of a chronological table ... with these perpetual calendars, the glossary of dates, the catalog of saints, and the calendar of the Jews. With Maurus Dantine (1688–1746) and Ursin Durand (1682–1771).
• Editor-in-chief, Histoire littéraire de la France, Volumes 10–12 (1756–1763). Works there cover the 11th and 12th centuries through 1167, and include several of the original sources of the Crusades.

Camille Falconet. Camille Falconet (1671-1762), a French physician and historian. (cf. French Wikipedia, Camille Falconet)

• Dissertation sur les Assassins, Peuple d'Asie (1751). A compendium of accounts concerning the Assassins of Syria, identifying works by Benjamin of Tudela , William of Tyre , Hayton of Corycus , Marco Polo , John Phocas, Jacques de Vitry, Arnold of Lübeck, Matthew Paris and Abu'l-Feda that discussed the sect.
• Dissertation on the Assassins of Syria, in Volume 2 of Memoirs of John Lord de Joinville, Grand Seneschal of Champagne (1807), edited by English translator Thomas Johnes (1748–1816).

David Hume. David Hume (1711–1776), Scottish philosopher and historian. Hume regarded the Crusades as the "nadir of Western civilization" and "the most signal and most durable monument of human folly that has yet appeared in any age or nation." He also famously stated that "the Crusades engrossed the attention of Europe and have ever since engaged the curiosity of mankind." This view was continued by Gibbon.

• The History of England , 6 volumes (1754–1761). The history of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales that covers: The invasion of Julius Caesar to the accession of Henry VII, through 1485 (Volumes 1 and 2); England under the House of Tudor (Volumes 3 and 4); Great Britain during the reigns of James I and Charles I (Volume 5); and, the Commonwealth and the reigns of Charles II and James I (Volume 6). Richard I of England and the Third Crusade are presented in Volume 1. The later Crusades, to the extent that the English participated, are presented in Volume 2.

Jean-Pierre de Bougainville. Jean-Pierre de Bougainville (1722–1763), a French writer.

• Défense de la chronologie fondée sur les monumens de l'histoire ancienne (1758).
• Mémoires sur l'ancienne chevalerie: considérée comme un établissement politique & militaire, 3 volumes (1781). Memoirs of ancient chivalry, by Jean-Baptiste de La Curne de Sainte-Palaye (1697–1781). With a preface by J.-P. Bougainville.

Giovanni Domenico Mansi. Gian (Giovanni) Domenico Mansi (1692 –1769), an Italian prelate, theologian, scholar and historian.

• Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, 31 volumes (1759-1798), 53 volumes (1901–1927). Begun by Mansi, continued by Abbé Jean Baptiste Martin (1864–1922) and Louis Petit (1868–1927). Extensive edition of Church councils from the First Council of Nicaea in 325 through the Council of Florence in 1438. Includes the Canons of the Council of Clermont . and other source material relevant to the Crusades.

François-Louis Claude Marin. François-Louis Claude Marin (1721–1803), a French editor and journalist who wrote a biography of Saladin. (cf. French Wikipedia, François-Louis Claude Marin)

• Histoire de Saladin, Sulthan d'Egypte et de Syrie , 2 volumes (1758). An abridged history of the Ayyubid dynasty founded by Saladin. Includes critical, historical and geographical notes, with supporting documents and three maps of Jerusalem and Acre.
• Recueil d'opuscules concernant les ouvrages et les sentiments de nos philosophes modernes sur la religion (1765). A collection of pamphlets concerning the works and feelings of our modern philosophers on religion. With Genevan theologian Jacob Vernes (1728–1791).

Richard Hurd. Richard Hurd (1720–1808), an English Anglican bishop and essayist.

• Letters on Chivalry and Romance (1762). An early literary criticism on the use of chivalry in romance literature and poetry, regarded as a stimulant to such writings.

Horatio Walpole. Horatio Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford (1717–1797), an English writer and art historian who claimed a Crusader pedigree.

• The Castle of Otranto (1764). An adaptation of an Italian story set at the time of the Crusades, regarded as the first gothic novel. Later edition edited by English literary critic Caroline F. E. Spurgeon (1869,–1942) includes a preface by the editor and an introduction by Sir Walter Scott.

William Robertson. William Robertson (1721–1793), a Scottish historian. Regarded, with David Hume and Edward Gibbon, as one of the great historians of the British Enlightenment.

• History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles the Fifth, 3 volumes (1769). An account of the reign of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who ruled 1519–1556. Volume 1 covers the period from the subversion of the Roman empire until the beginning of the 16th century. This includes an account of what Robertson calls the "dark ages" of 700–1100, covering the First Crusade. The later Crusades through 1291 are covered as well as later activities against the Turks in the Smyrniote Crusades (1343–1351). In additon, the privileges and indulgences of the Crusades are discussed. Volume 2 begins with the birth of Charles in 1500 and goes through 1541. Volume 3 continues through 1557.
• The Works of William Robertson, D.D., 8 volumes (1840). Includes the History of Scotland (Volumes 1-2) and History of Charles V (Volumes 3-5), with a biography of the author by Scottish philosopher Dugald Stewart (1753–1828).
• A History of the Middle Ages, 3 volumes in 1 (1850). A later edition of Robertson's 1769 work. Describing the progress of society in Europe from the subversion of the Roman Empire to the beginning of the sixteenth century, confirmed by historical proofs and illustrations: and the history of the reign of the emperor of Germany, Charles V, and of all the kingdoms and states of Europe during his age. The first section discusses the Crusades and chivalry from a societal and philosophical view, rather than historically.

Edward Gibbon. Edward Gibbon (1737–1794), an English historian. Gibbon presented the Crusades as "heroism as a cultural rather than merely personal feature, an active energy that, once freed of savage fanaticism, offered future advantages to the West." He was among the first to assign numbers to the First through Seventh Crusades and treat them unequivocally as a movement.

• History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 6 volumes (1776–1789). Later editions edited by English historian Henry H. Milman (1791–1868) and by British historian J. B. Bury (1861-1927). Gibbon's view of the Crusades focused on the clash of religions and cultures.
• The Crusades, A.D. 1095–1261 (1869). Excerpts from Gibbon's main tome (Chapters LIX, LX). History of the Holy Land from the time of the Fatimid and Abbasid caliphates and Seljuk sultanate, the lure of the pilgrimage, and the chronology from the First Crusade 1096 until the recovery of Constantinople by the Greeks in 1261, and the loss of Acre in 1291. Additions on chivalry by English historian Henry Hallam (1777–1859. With an essay on chivalry and romance by Scottish novelist Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832) and a discussion of the siege of Rhodes in 1480 through the translation of Gulielmus Caoursin's Obsidionis Rhodiæ urbis descriptio (edition 1490) by English poet John Caius (fl. 1480).
• The life and letters of Edward Gibbon: with his History of the Crusades (1872). Autobiographical memoirs of Edward Gibbon, with his correspondence. Includes a reprint of his The Crusades, A.D. 1095–1261.

Wilhelm Albert Bachiene. Wilhelm Albert Bachiene (1712–1783), a German cartographer.

• Historische und geographische beschreibung von Palästina, 7 volumes (1766–1775). The history and geography of the Holy Land according to its past and present, along with the associated landcharts. Used as a source for Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867) by Swiss orientalist Titus Tobler (1806–1877)

George François Berthereau (Dom Berthereau). George François Berthereau (1732–1792), a French orientalist and member of the Congrégation of Saint Maur. (cf. French Wikipedia, George François Berthereau, Congrégation de Saint-Maur)

• Historians of the Crusades, 31 volumes (eighteenth century). Material from oriental authors collected for a new history of the Crusades, eventually to form part of Recueil des historiens des croisades.
• The Collection of Dom Berthereau (eighteenth century). The French Revolution put an end to the scientific publishing projects of the Saint Maur, and Berthereau left in manuscript a General History of the Crusades, translated from Arabic, and a Bibliography of the Crusades. His manuscripts are kept in the manuscripts department of the Bibliothèque nationale de France (the so-called collection of Dom Berthereau, 31 volumes).
• Inventaire des matériaux rassemblés par les Bénédictins au xviiie siècle pour la publication des historiens des croisades: Collection dite de Dom Berthereau (1882). An inventory of Berthereau's collection, edited by French historian Paul E. D. Riant (1836–1888).
• Notice des Manuscrits laissés par Dom Berthereau, religieux bénédictin de la c. de S. Maur, mort en 1794 (1801). A notice of the life and works of Berthereau by French orientalist Silvestre de Sacy (1758–1838).
• Les origines du recueil des "historiens des croisades" (1919). A study of the origins of Recueil des historiens des croisades, by French historian and geographer Henri Dehérain (1867–1941).

Jean Baptiste Mailly. Jean Baptiste Mailly (1744–1794), a French traveler and historian.

• Poésies diverses de deux amis, ou Pièces fugitives (1768). Various poems on travel, including Epître à mon fils, sur les voyages .
• L'Esprit des Croisades: ou, Histoire politique et militaire des guerres entreprises, 4 volumes (1780). The political and military history of the Crusades. Political and military history of the wars undertaken by the Christians against the Muslims (Mahometans) for the recovery of the Holy Land during the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries, providing an exhaustive list of Crusader historians through the 18th century. Volume I is concerned with pilgrimages to the Holy Land, the rise of Islam, and the advent of the Seljuk Turks. Volume II is concerned with the situation in Europe. Volumes III and IV discuss the First Crusade through the death of Godfrey of Bouillon, and beyond.

Giovanni Filippo Mariti. Giovanni Filippo Mariti (1736–1806), an Italian antiquarian, scientist and historian. (cf. Italian Wikipedia, Giovanni Mariti)

• Travels in the Island of Cyprus (1769). With contemporary accounts of the Ottoman-Venetian war including the siege of Nicosia in 1570 and siege of Famagusta in 1571 Translated from the Italian by British colonial official Claude Delaval Cobham (1842–1915).
• Istoria del Tempio della Resurrezione, o sia della Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro in Gerusalemme, detta dai Greci Anastasis e Martyrion (1784). History of the Temple of the Resurrection, or the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, known by the Greeks as Anastasis and Martyrion.
• Cronologia de' Re Latini di Gerusalemme (1784). Chronology of the Latin Kings of Jerusalem, from Godfrey of Bouillon through James III of Cyprus, who died as a child in 1474. The completion of his 1769 work on Cyprus, adding a chronology not only of all the Latin kings who had ruled the city of Jerusalem, but also of those who, having lost the dominion of the capital, continued to govern in Syria, on the island of Cyprus and in Armenia. He omits the research relating to the royal houses of Europe, which by inheritance still claimed the title of king of Jerusalem.
• Travels through Cyprus, Syria, and Palestine; with a general history of the Levant, 2 volumes (1792). Translated from the Italian.
• Mariti's Travels. In A Collection of Late Voyages and Travels (1797) by Scottish writer Robert Heron (1764–1807).
• Histoire de l'état présent de Jérusalem, par l'abbé Mariti (1853). An edition of G. Mariti's work published by Justin Taylor (Laorti-Hadji) (1789–1879).

René-Prosper Tassin. René-Prosper Tassin (1697–1777), a French historian and Maurist.

• Histoire littéraire de la congregation de Saint-Maur (1770). An account of the works of the Congregation of Saint Maur beginning in 1618, later updated by the Bibliothèque des écrivains de la Congrégation de Saint-Maur (1882) compiled by German librarian Karl von Lama (1841–1920).
• Supplément à l'Histoire littéraire de la Congrégation de Saint-Maur (1881). A supplement to Histoire littéraire de la congregation de Saint-Maur by Ulysse Robert (1845–1903).

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781), a German writer and philosopher.

• Nathan der Weise (1779). A play set in Jerusalem during the Third Crusade. Describes how a Jewish merchant Nathan, Saladin, and an anonymous Knight Templar, bridge the gaps between Judaism, Islam, and Christianity.

Pierre Chiniac de La Bastide. Pierre Chiniac de La Bastide (1741–1811), a French politician and author. (cf. French Wikipedia, Pierre Chiniac de La Bastide)

• Capitularia Regum Francorum, 2 volumes (1780). Second edition of the seminal 1677 work Capitularia Regum Francorum by French scholar Étienne Baluze (1630–1718). A collection of capitularies of the kings of France, including the Merovingian kings, Pepin the Short, Charlemagne and Louis the Pious, For the period after 840, the work includes the collections of Saint Ansegisus (9th century) and those of the forged Benedictus Levita. Finally, the work presents the capitularies of Charles the Bald and later Carolingian kings.

Jean-Baptiste de La Curne de Sainte-Palaye. Jean-Baptiste de La Curne de Sainte-Palaye (1697–1781), a French historian, classicist, philologist and lexicographer.

• Mémoires sur l'ancienne chevalerie: considérée comme un établissement politique & militaire, 3 volumes (1781). Memoirs of ancient chivalry. With a preface by Jean-Pierre de Bougainville (1722–1763).
• Memoirs of Ancient Chivalry: to which are added, the anedotes of the times, from the romance writers and historians of those ages (1784). Translated by Susannah Dawson Dobson (died 1795).
• Memoirs of the Life of Froissart (1801). A biography of Belgian historian Jean Froissart (c. 1337 – c. 1405), to which is added some account of the manuscript of his Chronicle in the Elizabethian library at Breslau, and a complete index by Thomas Johnes (1748–1816).

Johann Georg Meusel. Johann Georg Meusel (1743–1820), a German bibliographer, lexicographer and historian.

• Bibliotheca historica, 11 volumes (1782–1804). The history of Palestine, Syria and Arabia is presented in Volume 2, and that of Egypt in Volume 3. The work is a revision of a work by German librarian and historian Burkhard G. Struve (1671–1738). Used as a source for Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867) by Swiss orientalist Titus Tobler (1806–1877).

Salvator Lusignan. Salvator (Sauveur) Lusignan (fl. late 18th century), a French biographer and traveler most noted for his biography of Mamluk leader in Egypt Ali Bey al-Kabir (1728–1773). His travels were documented in Titus Tobler's Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867).

• A History of the Revolt of Ali Bey, against the Ottoman Porte. (1783). Including an account of the form of government of Egypt: together with a description of Grand Cairo and of several celebrated places in Egypt, Palestine, and Syria: to which are added, a short account of the present state of the Christians who are subjects to the Turkish government, and the journal of a gentleman who travelled from Aleppo to Bassora.
• Journey to Turkey and part of the Levant: With a description of Palestine (1789). From A Series of Letters addressed to Sir William Fordyce (1789). Containing A Voyage and Journey from England to Smyrna, from thence to Constantinople, and from that Place over Land to England.

Richard Warner. Richard Warner (1763–1857), an English clergyman and writer.

• Netley Abbey: a Gothic Story, 2 volumes (1795). A novel whose hero is a participant in Lord Edward's Crusade of 1271–1272.

Religious Tract Society. The Religious Tract Society was founded in London in 1799 to publish Christian literature.

• The Crusades (1800). A history of the Crusades from 622–1291. Numbered Crusades as First through Eighth, plus Last. Commentary on political and religious ramifications of the Crusades.

Sharon Turner. Sharon Turner (1768–1847), an English historian. Turner's historical work was acknowledged by Sir Walter Scott in his introduction to Ivanhoe.

• History of the Anglo-Saxons, 3 volumes (1799–1805). A history of England up to the Norman conquest.
• The History of England during the Middle Ages, 5 volumes (1814). English history from the reign of William the Conqueror to the accession of Henry VIII. The origins of Islam in the Holy Land and history of the First and Second Crusades are found in Chapter IX. Chapter X covers Richard I of England.
• The History of England, 12 volumes (1839). An account covering all of English history up to 1603. The Crusades are considered in Chapter X of Volume 4, with Chapter XI devoted to the reign of Richard I of England. Turner's discussions on the Crusades were called out by Charles Mills as reflecting his negative view of the First Crusaders.

Nineteenth century

The French school of historians

Silvestre de Sacy. Antoine Isaac Silvestre de Sacy (1758–1838), a French linguist and orientalist.

• Notice des Manuscrits laissés par Dom Berthereau, religieux bénédictin de la c. de S. Maur, mort en 1794 (1801). Notice concerning the oriental manuscripts collected by French orientalist George François Berthereau (1732–1792) for his unpublished Historiens des croisades (Historians of the Crusades).
• Specimen historiae arabum by Bar Hebraeus (1806). Observations of Arab history by Syriac historian Bar Hebraeus (1226–1286).
• Mémoire sur la dynastie des Assassins et sur l'origine de leur nom (1809). A short history of the Assassins. With a controversial discussion on the origins of their name, following Marco Polo's assertion that the name was derived from the use of hashish. De Sacy's work pointed to Islamic texts, but has been refuted by modern scholars including historians Bernard Lewis (1916–2018) and Farhad Daftary (born 1938).
• Account of Egypt (Relation de l'Égypte) (1810). By Arab historian Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (1162–1231). Arabic document first discovered and published by Edward Pococke (1604–1691). His son, Edward Pococke the Younger, then translated a fragment of the work into Latin. Thomas Hunt began the task of completing the translation but did not finish. The Latin translation was completed by Joseph White. The work was then translated into French, with valuable notes, by de Sacy.
• Mémoire sur une correspondance inédite de Tamerlan avec Charles VI (1822). Correspondence between Charles VI of France and Turco-Mongol commander Tamerlane (1336–1405). In Mémoires de l'Académie des Inscriptions, Volume VI.

• Les séances de Hariri, publiées en arabe avec un commentaire choisi by Ḥarīrī (1822). Translation of the work of Arab poet al-Harīrī (1030–1122). Second edition of 1847 edited by Joseph Derenbourg and Joseph Toussaint Reinaud.
• Recherches sur l'initiation à la secte des Ismaéliens (1824). A history of the Assassins (literally, the sect of Isma'ilis).
• Alfiyya: ou, La quintessence de la grammaire arabe, ouvrage de Djémal-eddin Mohammed, connu sous le nom d'Ebn-Malec (1833). Translation of Al-Alfiyya by Arab grammarian ibn Malik (1203–1274).
• Bibliothèque de M. le baron Silvestre de Sacy, 3 volumes (1846).

François Pouqueville. François C. H. L. Pouqueville (1770–1838), a French diplomat, writer, explorer, physician and historian.

• Voyage en Morée, à Constantinople, en Albanie, 3 volumes (1805).
• Travels through the Morea, Albania, and other parts of the Ottoman empire to Constaninople: during the years 1798, 1799, 1800, and 1801 (1806).
• Mémoire historique et diplomatique sur le commerce et les établissements français au Levant, depuis l'an 500 jusqu’à la fin du XVII siècle (1833).

Joseph François Michaud. Joseph François Michaud (1767–1839), a French historian and publisist, specializing in the Crusades. In 1830, he travelled to the Holy Land in order provide more realistic accounts of his Histoire. He was unable to complete the final edition.

• Histoire des Croisades, 3 volumes (1812–1822). Edited by his friend historian Jean J. F. Poujoulat (1808–1880). Updated to an improved edition with 4 volumes (or, 6 volumes in some printings) by Jean L. A. Huillard-Bréholles (Paris, 1862). A history of the Crusades that includes 40 appendices with original source material, primarily contemporary letters. Histoire has been regarded as the starting point of modern Crusades studies and it was under the influence of this publication that the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres decided to publish the collection of historians of the Crusades in the Recueil des historiens des croisades. Translation published in 1881 (see below).
• Bibliothèque des Croisades, 4 volumes (1829). Bibliography of works on the Crusades, with French orientalist Joseph T. Reinaud (1795–1867).
• Nouvelle collection des mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de France, 32 volumes (1836–1844). Edited with Jean Poujoulat.
• Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne, 45 volumes (1843–1865). Ou, Histoire, par ordre alphabétique, de la vie publique et privée de tous les hommes qui se sont fait remarquer par leurs écrits, leurs actions, leurs talents, leurs vertus ou leurs crimes.
• The History of the Crusades, 3 volumes (1852). Translated by British author William Robson (1785–1863). With a biographical notice on the author and preface and supplementary chapter by American essayist Hamilton W. Mabie (1846–1916). Covers the period 300–1095, the First through Eighth Crusades, attempted Crusades against the Turks from 1291–1396, Crusades against the Turks from 1453–1481, and commentary on the status of Europe from 1571–1685.
• History of the Crusades, 2 volumes (1875). An edition of Histoire des Croisades, translated by W. Robson, and illustrated by Gustave Doré (1832–1863) with 100 grand compositions.
• The Saracen (1810). Or, Matilda and Malek Adhel, a Crusade romance. From the French work of Mme. Sophie Cottin (1770–1807), with an historical introduction.

Jean Joseph François Poujoulat. Jean Joseph François Poujoulat (1808–1880), a French historian and journalist.

• Histoire des Croisades, 6 volumes (1812–1822). With Joseph François Michaud, updated by Jean L. A. Huillard-Bréholles (Paris, 1862).
• Nouvelle collection des mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de France, 32 volumes (1836–1844). With Joseph Michaud.
• Histoire de Richard Ier Cœur de Lion, duc d'Aquitaine et de Normandie, roi d'Angleterre (1837). A biography of Richard I of England.
• Histoire de Jérusalem (1840–1842). A religious and philosophical study.
• Histoire de la conquète et de l'occupation de Constantinople par les Latins (1868). An account of the sack and subsequent occupation of Constantinople by the Franks in 1204.
• Histoire des Croisades, abrégée à l'usage de la jeunesse (1883). Abridged version of Histoire des Croisades for juvenile readers.

Adrien-Jean-Quentin Beuchot. Adrien-Jean-Quentin Beuchot (1777–1851), a French bibliographer.

• Dictionnaire historique et critique de Pierre Bayl, 16 volumes (1820). New edition of the Dictionnaire Historique et Critique (Historical and Critical Dictionary ) begun by French philosopher and writer Pierre Bayle (1647–1706).

François Guizot. François Pierre Guillaume Guizot (1787–1874), a French historian, orator, and statesman who published a collection of original or transcribed documents, many of which are of particular relevance to the Crusades.

• Collection des mémoires relatifs à l'histoire de France, 31 volumes (1823–1835). Editor-in-chief, Guizot. Depuis la fondation de la monarchie française jusqu'au 13e siècle, avec une introduction, des supplémens, des notices et des notes. A collection of original (or translated) documents on the history of France from the founding of the French monarchy until the thirteenth century, with an introduction, supplements, notices and notes.
• Historical documents by Gregory of Tours, Einhard, Ermoldus Nigellus, Flodoard, Abbo II of Metz, Radolfus Glaber, Adelberon and Suger in Volumes 1-8 of Collection des mémoires.
• A French translation of Dei gesta per Francos by Guibert of Nogent (1055–1124); the autobiography of Guibert; and the biography of Bernard of Clairvaux by William of St-Thierry. In Volumes 9–10 of Collection des mémoires.
• Gesta Philippi Augusti by Rigord (c. 1150 – c. 1209); Gesta Philippi H. regis Francorum and the poem Philippide by William the Breton (c. 1165 – c. 1225); and the Latin epic Gesta Ludovici VIII by Nicholas of Bray, in Volumes 11–12 of Collection des mémoires.
• Chronicon, a universal history from Creation to 1300, by Guillaume de Nangis (died 1300), in Volume 13 of Collection des mémoires.
• Historia Albigensis, a chronicle of the Albigensian Crusade, by Peter of Vaux de Cernay (died c. 1218), in Volume 14 of Collection des mémoires.
• Cronica, a history of Catharism and the Albigensian Crusade by Guillaume de Puylaurens (1200–1274), in Volume 19 of Collection des mémoires.
• Historia Rerum in Partibus Transmarinis Gestarum by William of Tyre (1130–1186), in Volumes 16–19 of Collection des mémoires.
• Historia Hierosolymitanae expeditionis by Albert of Aachen (died after 1150), in Volumes 20–21 of Collection des mémoires.
• Historia Orientalis (Historia Hierosolymitana) by James of Vitry (1160/1170–1240), in Volume 22 of Collection des mémoires.
• The Deeds of Tancred in the Crusade by Ralph of Caen (1080 – after 1130) and Historia Hierosolymitana by Robert the Monk (1055–1122), in Volume 23 of Collection des mémoires.
• Gesta Francorum Iherusalem Perefrinantium by Fulcher of Chartres (c. 1059 – after 1128) and De profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem by Odo of Deuil (1110–1162) in Volume 24 of Collection des mémoires.
• The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy (1853–1856), in Bohn's Libraries. Translation of work by Orderic Vitalis, with introduction by Guizot and critical notice by Léopold V. Delisle (1826–1910). Also in Collection des mémoires, Volumes 25-27.
• Histories of the Normans by William of Jumièges (c. 1000 – after 1070) and William of Poitiers (c. 1020 – 1090), in Volumes 28–29 of Collection des mémoires.

Honoré de Balzac. Honoré de Balzac (1799–1850), a French novelist and playwright.

• Clotilde de Lusignan: ou, Le beau juif, 4 volumes (1823). A romance and historical novel about John II of Jerusalem, inspired by Scott's Ivanhoe. (cf. French Wikipedia, Clotilde de Lusignan)

Joseph Toussaint Reinaud. Joseph Toussaint Reinaud (1795–1867), a French orientalist.

• Notice sur la vie de Saladin: sultan d'Egypte et de Syrie (1824). A short biographical work on Saladin.
• Histoire de la sixième croisade et de la prise de Damiette (1826). An account of the Fifth Crusade and the siege of Damietta in 1218–1219.
• Bibliothèque des Croisades, 4 volumes (1829). A bibliography of the Crusades, with Joseph François Michaud.
• Extraits des historiens arabes (1829). Translation of Muslim works related to the Crusades.
• Géographie d'Aboulféda (1840). Translation of Taqwim al-Buldan (A Sketch of the Countries) by Kurdish historian and geographer Abu'l-Fida (1273–1331).
• Ancient accounts of India and China (1845). Edition of the very curious records of early Arab intercourse with China of which Eusèbe Renaudot had given but an imperfect translation in 1733.
• Fragments arabes et persans inédits relatifs à l'Inde, antérieurement au XIe siècle de l'ère chrétienne (1845). Unpublished Arab and Persian fragments relating to India prior to the eleventh century.
• Les séances de Hariri, publiées en arabe avec un commentaire choisi by Ḥarīrī, 2nd edition (1822, 1847). Translation of the work of Arab poet al-Harīrī (1030–1122). With French orientalist Antoine Isaac Silvestre de Sacy (1758–1838) and Franco-German orientalist Joseph Derenbourg (1811–1895).

Jean Alexandre Buchon. Jean Alexandre Buchon (1791–1849). a French historian.

• Collection des chroniques nationales français, 47 volumes (1824–1828): Works from the 13th through the 16th centuries:écrites en langue vulgaire du treizième au seizième siècle. Includes material relevant to the Fourth Crusade and Latin states in Greece. This includes Geoffrey of Villehardouin's chronicle De la Conquête de Constantinople, Robert de Clari's La Conquête de Constantinople, the Chronicle of Ramon Muntaner, and a new edition of du Cange's Histoire de l'empire de Constantinople sous les empereurs françois.
• Chronique de la conquête de Constantinople et de l'établissement des français en Morée (1825). Chronicle of the conquest of Constantinople and the establishment of the French in Morea.
• Recherches et matériaux pour servir à une histoire de la domination française: aux XIIIe, XIVe et XVe siècles dans les provinces démembrées de l'Empire Grec à la suite de la quatrième croisade, 2 volumes (1840). Research and materials to serve a history of French domination: in the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries in the dismembered provinces of the Greek Empire following the Fourth Crusade. Includes Histoire de l'empereur Henri de Constantinople (1210) by Henri de Valenciennes (fl. 13th century) and De la Conquête de Constantinople by Geoffrey de Villehardouin.
• Recherches historiques sur la principauté française de Morée (1845). Historical research on the French principality of Morée (Morea) and its high baronies. Conquest and feudal establishment from 1205–1333.
• Atlas des nouvelles recherches historiques sur la principauté française de Morée et ses hautes baronies fondées à la suite de la quatrième croisade (1845). Forming the second part of this work and serving as a complement to the historical, genealogical and numismatic clarification of the French principality of Morea and to the journey in Morea, mainland Greece, the Cyclades and the Ionian Island.

François Pouqueville. François Charles Hugues Laurent Pouqueville (1770–1838), a French diplomat and historian.

• Mémoire historique et diplomatique sur le commerce et les établissements français au Levant, depuis l'an 500 jusqu'à la fin du XVII siècle (1833). An account of the historical and diplomatic activities of French commerce and establishments in the Levant, from the year 500 through the end of the seventeenth century. In Mémoires de l'Institut de France, Volume X.

Nicholas Rudolphe Taranne. Nicolas Rudolphe Taranne (1795-1857), a French historian. Secretary to the Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques from 1838–1857.

• Historia Francorum (1836). Translation of the sixth-century text of Gregory of Tours (538–594) in which chronicles events in the history of France from the Creation through his own term as Bishop of Tours.
• Histoire ecclésiastique des Francs, 2 volumes (1836).
• Les familles d'outremer (unpublished). Genealogy of the royal families of the Kingdom of Jerusalem through 1244. By the decree of the Minister of Public Instruction, 1854, the publication and completion of Du Cange's unfinished work was entrusted to Taranne. After the latter's death it was continued by Emmanuel Guillaume-Rey (1869).
• Répertoire biographique généalogique et historique des croisés et des familles établies dans les royaumes de Jérusalem, de Chypre et d'Arménie. Extension of Les familles d'outremer to 1291.

Alexis Paulin Paris. Alexis Paulin Paris (1800–1881), a French philologist and author.

• Grandes chroniques de France, 6 volumes (1836-1840). Alexis Paris, editor. Traces the history of the French kings from their origins in Troy to the death of Philip II of France (1223). Its final form brought the chronicle down to the death of Charles V of France in the 1380s. Source material included Historia Caroli Magni. andVita Karoli Magni.
• Oeuvres complètes du roi René, 4 volumes (1844). Editor of the works of René of Anjou (1409–1480), king of Naples and titular king of Jerusalem.
• La Chanson d'Antioche (edition 1848). Twelfth-century chanson de geste about the sieges of Antioch and Jerusalem. Original author identified as Ricard le Pèlerin and recast by Graindor de Douai. Mostly forgotten until 1848 when Alexis Paris published an edition translated by French politician Louis-Clair de Beaupoil comte de Saint-Aulaire (1778–1854). De Beaupoil also translated Goethe's Faust.
• Les historiens des croisades: discours d'ouverture du cours de langue et litterature du Moyen Age. The historians of the crusades: opening speech of the language course and literature of the Middle Ages.
• Les aventures de maître Renart et d'Ysengrin, son compère (1861). A version of the story of the fabled anthropomorphic Reynard the Fox. [Other versions include ones by Chaucer and Goethe.]
• Guillaume de Tyr et ses continuateurs: texte français du XIIIe siècle, 2 volumes (1879–1880). Translation of the Historia Rerum in Partibus Transmarinis Gestarum (History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea) by Jerusalem-born historian William of Tyre (1130–1186).

Étienne Marc Quatremère. Étienne Marc Quatremère (1782–1857), a French orientalist.

• Recherches ... sur la langue et la littérature de l'Egypte (1808). A study of the language of ancient Egypt and its relationship with Coptic.
• Mémoires géographiques et historiques sur l'Égypte… sur quelques contrées voisines, 2 volumes (1811). The publication of Quatremère's Mémoires forced French orientalist Jean-François Champollion (1790–1832), decoder of the Rosetta stone, to prematurely publish an introduction to his L'Égypte sous les pharaons (1814). Since both works concerned the Coptic names of Egyptian towns, Champollion was incorrectly accused by some of plagiarism.
• History of the Ayyubit and Mameluke Rulers, 2 volumes (1837–1845). French translation of a work by Egyptian historian al-Makrizi (1364–1442).
• Prolégomènes d'Ebn-Khaldoun (1858). Editor of a translation of Al-Muqaddimah, the work on the universal history of empires, by Arab historian Ibn Khaldūn (died 1406).

Jean Louis Alphonse Huillard-Bréholles. Jean Louis Alphonse Huillard-Bréholles (1817–1871), a French archivist and historian. (cf. German Wikipedia, Alphonse Huillard-Bréholles)

• Grande chronique de Matthieu Paris, 9 volumes (1840–1841). An edition of the Grand chronique (also known as Chronica Majora) by English chronicler Matthew Paris (c. 1200 – 1259). Edited by Huillard-Bréholles. With an introduction by French nobleman Charles-Philippe d'Albert Duc de Luynes (1695–1758), who had also written a memoir of Louis XV of France.
• La grande chronique de Richard I Coeur de Lion 1189-1199 (1840). Volume 2 of Grande chronique de Matthieu Paris.
• Recherches sur les monuments et l'histoire des Normands et de la maison de Souabe dans l'Italie méridionale (1844),
• La fondation de la maison de Souabe dans l'italie méridionale (1844)
• Historia diplomatica Frederici secundi, 6 volumes (1852–1861). A history of the diplomacy of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. Under the auspices of French nobleman Honoré Théodoric d'Albert de Luynes (1802–1867).
• Histoire des Croisades, 6 volumes (1849). Update of the classic work of Joseph F. Michaud (1767–1839).
• Vie et correspondance de Pierre de La Vigne (1864).
• Titres de la maison ducale de Bourbon (1866).

Recueil des historiens des croisades. A history of the Crusades that was begun by the Congregation of St. Maur in the eighteenth century by Dom George F. Berthereau. Publication was precluded by the French Revolution, but later turned into a general collection of Crusader sources for the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, resulting in the collection Recueil des historiens des croisades.

• Historians of the Crusades, 31 volumes (eighteenth century). Material from oriental authors collected by French orientalist George François Berthereau (1732–1792).
• Notice des Manuscrits laissés par Dom Berthereau, religieux bénédictin de la c. de S. Maur, mort en 1794 (1801). Notice by French orientalist Antoine Isaac Silvestre de Sacy (1758–1838) concerning the manuscripts collected by Dom Berthereau.
• Recueil des historiens des croisades, 16 volumes (1841–1906). Regarded as the best general collection of original Crusaders sources, containing many of the Latin, Arabic, Greek, Armenian and Syriac authorities, and also the text of the Assizes (laws).
• Inventaire des matériaux rassemblés par les Bénédictins au xviiie siècle pour la publication des historiens des croisades: Collection dite de Dom Berthereau (1882). An inventory of Berthereau's collection, edited by French historian Paul E. D. Riant (1836-1888).
• Les origines du recueil des "historiens des croisades" (1919). A study of the origins of Recueil des historiens des croisades, by French historian and geographer Henri Dehérain (1867–1941).

Auguste-Arthur Beugnot. Auguste-Arthur Beugnot (1797–1865), French historian and statesman.

• Assises de Jérusalem ou Recueil des ouvrages de jurisprudence composés pendant le XIIIe siècle dans les royaumes de Jérusalem et de Chypre, 2 volumes (1841–1843). A treatise on the Assizes of Jerusalem, in Recueil des historiens des croisades lois (RHC Lois).

Charles Defrémery. Charles Defrémery (1822–1883), a French orientalist, specializing in Arabic and Persian history and literature.

• Histoire des sultans du Kharezm, par Mirkhond. Texte persan, accompagné de notes historiques, géographiques et philologiques (1842). A translation of the work by Mīr-Khvānd concerning the Khwarazmian dynasty in the eleventh through thirteenth centuries.
• Histoire des Seldjoukides et des Ismaéliens ou assassins de l'Iran. Translation of a work by Persian historian Hamd-Allah Mustawfi (1281-1349)
• Recherches sur le règne de Barkiarok, sultan seldjoukide (485-498 de l'hégire: 1092-1104 de l'ère chrétienne) (1853). A biography of the Seljuk sultan Barkyaruq.
• Voyages d'Ibn Battuta, 4 volumes (1853-1859). A translation of the work of Moroccan explorer Ibn Battuta (1304–1369).
• Mémoires d'histoire orientale, suivis de Mélanges de critique, de philologie et de géographie (1854).
• Gulistan, ou le Parterre de roses, par Sadi, traduit du persan et accompagné de notes historiques, géographiques et littéraires (1858). A translation of the Gulistan (The Flower Garden), written in 1258, by Persian poet Saadi Shirazi (1210–1292).
• Mémoire sur cette question: Jérusalem a-t-elle été prise par l'armée du calife d'Égypte pendant l'année 1096 ou dans l'année 1098? (1872). A discussion on the Fatimid capture of Jerusalem in the late eleventh century.

Salles des Croisades. The Salles des Croisades (Hall of Crusades) opened at the Palace of Versailles in 1843 and houses over 120 paintings related to the Crusades. Historiographers of the Crusades frequently use the gallery to demonstrate their popularity in the nineteenth century.

Vincent-Victor Henri Viénot de Vaublanc. Vincent-Victor Henri Viénot de Vaublanc (1803–1874), a French writer and artist. (cf. French Wikipedia, Vincent-Victor Henri Viénot de Vaublanc)

• La France au temps des croisades: ou, Recherches sur les moeurs et coutumes des Français aus XIIe et XIIIe siècles, 4 volumes (1844–1847). Mores and customs of France at the time of the Crusades, twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
• Material for Literature from the Crusades (1904). An essay in Medieval Civilization: Selected Studies from European Authors, edited by Dana C. Munro.

Jacques Paul Migne. Jacques Paul Migne (1800–1875), a French priest and scholar.

• Patrologiae Cursus Completus. The collected works of Patrologia Latina and Patrologia Graeco-Latina.
• Patrologia Latina (MPL), 221 volumes (1844-1855). Writing of the Church fathers and other ecclesiastical writers from 230–1216 edited by Migne. Volume 155 is of particular interest to the Crusades, with biographical material on Godfrey of Bouillon, original texts, and other documents on the kingdom through 1250.
• Patrologia Graeco-Latina (MPG), 161 volumes (1857-1866). Edited by Migne and updated by Italian theologian Ferdinand Cavallera (1875–1954). Writing of the Church fathers and other secular writers in Greek from the third century to the fifteenth century.

Carl Benedict Hase. Carl Benedict (Charles-Benoît) Hase (1780-1864), a French Hellenist.

• Recueil des Itinéraires Anciens (1845). A collection of ancient routes including the Antonine Itinerary, the Tabula Peutingeriana and assorted Greek tours.
• Recueil des historiens des croisades historiens grecs, 2 volumes (1875–1881).

Thomas de Reiffenberg. Frédéric Auguste Ferdinand Thomas de Reiffenberg (1795–1850), a Belgian writer, historian-medievalist, and linguist.

• Chronique rimée de Philippe Mouskes, 2 volumes (1836–1838). An edition of Chronique rimée by Philippe Mouskes (before 1220 – 1282). Portions reprinted in In Itinéraires à Jérusalem et descriptions de la Terre Sainte...(1882) by French historian Henri-Victor Michelant (1811–1890).
• Le Chevalier au cygne et Godefroid de Bouillon: poëme historique, 3 volumes (1846–1854). An edition of Le Chevalier au cygne (Knight of the Swan).

Ludovic Lalanne. Ludovic Lalanne (1815–1898), a French historian and librarian.

• Les Pèlerinages en Terre Sainte avant les Croisades (1845). Pilgrimages to the Holy Land before the Crusades, with a chronology covering from Saint Helen’s in 325 (sic ) through Peter the Hermit in 1096. Used as a source for Tobler's Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867).
• Essai sur le feu grégeois et sur la poudre à canon (1845). An essay on Greek fire and gunpowder.

Honoré Théodoric d'Albert de Luynes. Honoré Théodoric d'Albert de Luynes (1802–1867), a French nobleman, archaeologist and numismatist.

• Essai sur la numismatique des Satrapies et de la Phénicie sous les rois Achæménides (1846).
• Numismatique et inscriptions cypriotes (1852).
• Voyage d'exploration à la mer Morte, à Petra et sur la rive gauche du Jordan (published posthumously).
• Catalogue de la Collection de Luynes, 3 volumes (1924).

René de Mont-Louis. René de Mont-Louis (1818-1883), a French historian who also wrote under the name Charles Farine.

• Histoire des Croisades (1846), writing as Charles Farine. Covering the First through Eighth Crusades, and the history of the Holy Land from 800–1453 and the influence of the Crusades on the West.
• La Croisade des enfant (1871). An account of the Children's Crusade of 1212.

Louis de Mas Latrie. Louis de Mas Latrie (1815–1897), a French historian specializing in medieval Cyprus.

• Monuments français existant dans l'île de Chypre (1850). In Journal général de l'instruction publique et des cultes, Tome 16 (1850).
• Inscriptions de Chypre et Constantinople (1850).
• Histoire de l'île de Chypre sous le règne des princes de la maison de Lusignan, 3 volumes (1852–1861). Includes Informatio ex parte Nunciorum Regis Cypri.
• Nouvelles Preuves del'Historie de Chypre, 3 works (1871-1874). Includes the anonymous fourteenth-century history of Cyprus Informatio ex parte Nunciorum Regis Cypri.
• Chronique d'Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier (1871). An edition of La Chronique d'Ernoul et de Bernard le trésorier (The Chronicle of Ernoul and Bernard the Treasurer), covering the Crusades over the period 1183–1197, by Ernoul (fl. 1187), a squire of Balian of Ibelin.
• La prise d'Alexandrie; ou, Chronique du roi Pierre Ier de Lusignan (1877). Edition of the fourteenth-century work of French poet Guillaume de Machaut (1300–1377), preface by Mas Latrie.
• De quelques seigneuries de Terre-Sainte (1878).
• Les Comtes de Jaffa et d'Ascalon du XIIe au XIXe siècle (1879).
• Chronique de l'Ile de Chypre (1884). Translation of Floria Bustron's Historia overo commentarii de Cipro.
• Les Seigneurs d'Arsur en Terre Sainte (1894).

Vivien de Saint-Martin. Louis Vivien de Saint-Martin (1802 –1896), a French historian and geographer.

• Description historique et géographique de l'Asie Mineure, 2 volumes (1852). Historical and geographical description of Asia Minor, including ancient times, the Middle Ages and modern times, with a detailed account of the journeys that have been made in the peninsula, from the time of the Crusades to the most recent times. Preceded by a table of the geographical history of Asia, from the most ancient times to the present day. Used as a source for Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867) by Swiss orientalist Titus Tobler (1806–1877).

Jules Berger de Xivrey. Jules Berger de Xivrey (1801-1863), a French historian. (cf. French Wikipedia, Jules Berger de Xivrey)

• Mémoire sur la vie et les ouvrages de l'empereur Manuel Paléologue (1853). A memoir on the life and works of emperor Manuel II Palaiologus (1350–1425). In Mémoires de l'Institut de France, Volume XIX/2.

Léopold Victor Delisle. Léopold Victor Delisle (1826–1910), a French bibliophile and historian.

• The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy (1853–1856), in Bohn's Libraries. Translation of work by Orderic Vitalis, with introduction by François Guizot (1787–1874) and critical notice by Delisle.
• Mémoire sur les actes d'Innocent III: suivi de l'Itinéraire de ce pontifs (1857). An account of the correspondence and acts of pope Innocent III (1198–1216).
• Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France (RHF), 24 volumes (1869–1904). New edition of Martin Bouquet's classical work.
• Mémoire sur les ouvrages de Guillaume de Nangis (1873). A commentary on the works of French chronicler and biographer Guillaume de Nangis (died 1300).
• Mémoire sur les opérations financières des Templiers (1889). A memoir on the financial transactions of the Knights Templar.

Jean-François-Aimé Peyré. Jean-François-Aimé Peyré (1792-1868), a French historian.

• Histoire de la Première Croisade, 2 volumes (1859).

Louis-Alexandre Foucher de Careil. Louis-Alexandre Foucher de Careil (1826–1891), a French politician and author. (cf. French Wikipedia, Louis-Alexandre Foucher de Careil)

• Oeuvres de Leibniz, 7 volumes (1859–1875). A collection of original manuscripts of German mathematician Gottfried W. Leibniz (1646–1716). Includes Leibniz' proposal for a new Crusade against the Ottomans, the Project de conquête l'Egypte présenté à Louis XIV (1671).

Gustave Dugat. Gustave Dugat (1824-1894), a French orientalist.

• Histoire des orientalistes de l'Europe du XIIe au XIXe siècle, précédée d'une esquisse historique des études orientales, 2 volumes (1868–1870). A historical outline of the work of European orientalists.
• Histoire des philosophes et des théologiens musulmans (632–1258) (1878). A history of Islamic dynasties and scholars from the beginning until 1258.

Paul E. D. Riant. Paul E. D. Riant (1836-1888), a French historian specializing on the Crusades. (cf. French Wikipedia, Paul Riant).

• Expéditions et pèlerinages des Scandinaves en Terre sainte au temps des croisades, 2 volumes (1865–1869). Scandinavian expeditions and pilgrimages to the Holy Land during the Crusades.
• Hystoria de desolacione et conculcacione civitatis Acconensis et tocius Terre Sancte, in A. D. 1291 (1874). By Italian magister Thaddeus of Naples (fl. 1291). Edited by P. Riant.
• Notes sur les oeuvres de Gui de Bazaches (1877). Notes on the works of French cleric and Third Crusader Guy de Bazoches (before 1146–1203).
• La charte du maïs (1877). In Revue des questions historiques, Librairie de Victor Palmé, Volume XXI.
• Le changement de direction de la quatrième croisade: d'après quelques travaux récen. (1878). I in Revue des questions historiques, Librairie de Victor Palmé, Volume XXIII.
• Inventaire critique des lettres historiques des croisades, 768-1100 (1880). A collections of letters relevant to the Crusades, 768–1110.
• Un récit perdu de la première croisade (1882). Extrait du Bulletin de la Société nationale des Antiquaires de France, Séance du 19 avril 1882, pp. 203–212.
• Un dernier triomphe d'Urbain II (1883), in Revue des questions historiques, juillet 1883, XXXIV, pp. 247-255.
• La Part de l'évêque de Bethléem dans le butin de Constantinople en 1204, (1886).
• Les Possessions de l'église de Bethléem en Gascogne (1887).
• Exuviae Sacrae Constantinoploitanae (1877–1888). A collection of documents edited by Paul Riant relating to the status of relics at Constantinople before 1204 and their disposition after the Fourth Crusade. A further study La croix des premiers croisés; la sainte lance; la sainte couronne was published by Fernand de Mély in 1904.
• Études sur l'histoire de l'église de Bethléem, 3 volumes (1889, 1896).
• Catalogue de la bibliothèque de feu M. le comte Riant , 2 volumes (1896). A bibliography of the works of Count Riant.

Marie Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville. Marie Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville (1827–1910), a French historian.

• Livre des vassaux du comté de Champagne et de Brie 1172-1222 (1869). With Auguste H. Longnon (1844–1911).
• Recueil des actes de Philippe Ier, roi de France (1059-1108) (1908). With French archivist Maurice Prou (1861–1930).

Auguste Honoré Longnon. Auguste Honoré Longnon (1844–1911), a French historian and archivist.

• Livre des vassaux du comté de Champagne et de Brie 1172-1222 (1869). With Henry d'Arbois de Jubainville (1827–1910).

August Molinier. Auguste Molinier (1851–1904), a French palaeographer and historian.

• Catalogue des actes de Simon et d'Amaury de Montfort (1874). In Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes, Volume 34.
• Itinera hierosolymitana et descriptiones terrae sanctae bellis sacris anteriora (1879). Itineraries of pilgrimages to the Holy Land from the fourth through the eleventh century. Includes Bernard the Pilgrim (fl. 865), Saint Willibald (c. 700-c. 787), the Venerable Bede (c. 720), Arculf (fl. late seventh century), Theodosius' De situ terrae sanctae (530), Eucherius of Lyon (440), and Saint Paula of Rome (347-404) and her daughter Eustochium. Editor, with Swiss orientalist Titus Tobler (1806–1877) and archivist Charles A. Kohler (1854–1917).
• Description de deux manuscrits contenant la règle de la Militia passionis Jhesu Christi de Philippe de Mézières (1881). A description of two works by French knight Philippe de Mézières (c. 1327 – 1405)
• Les Sources de l'Histoire de France (des origines aux guerres d'Italie, 1494), 6 volumes (1901–1906). The sources of the history of France from the origins to the wars in Italy (1494).

Ernest Lavisse. Ernest Lavisse (1842–1922), a French historian nominated by the Nobel Prize in Literature five times.

• De Hermano Salzensi ordinis Teutonici magistro (1875). Dissertation for Doctor of Letters. A biography of Hermann von Salza (c. 1165–1239), fourth Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.
• Ernest Lavisse et l'Histoire de l’Ordre teutonique (2004), by Gouguehneim Sylvain.

Gustave Doré. Paul Gustave Louis Christophe Doré (1832–1883) was a French artist, printmaker and illustrator.

• History of the Crusades, 2 volumes (1875). An edition of Joseph François Michaud's Histoire des Croisades, translated by William Robson. Illustrated by Gustave Doré with 100 grand compositions.
• Die Kreuzzüge und die Kultur ihrer Zeit (1884). The Crusades and the culture of their time, by Swiss writer Otto Henne am Rhyn (1828–1914). Illustrated by Gustave Doré with 101 plates.

Gabriel Hanotaux. Albert Auguste Gabriel Hanotaux (1853–1944), a French statesman and historian.

• Les Vénitiens ont-ils trahi la chrétienté en 1202 (1877). In Revue historique, Volume 4, 1877.

Henri Vast. Henri Vast (1847–1921), a French historian.

• Le Cardinal Bessarion (1403-1472), étude sur le chrétienté et la renaissance vers le milieu du XVe siècle (1878). A biographical study of cardinal Bessarion (1403–1472).
• Petite histoire de la grande guerre (1920). Translation, A Little History of the Great War, by Raymond Weeks (1863–1954).

Clément Huart. Clément Huart (1854–1926), a French orientalist and translator of Persian, Turkish and Arabic documents.

• La poésie religieuse des Nosaïris (1880). Contains several fragments of poetry in Arabic and French translation.
• A History of Arabic Literature (1903). Translated by Lady Mary S. Loyd (1853–1936).

Ulysse Robert. Ulysse Robert (1845–1903), a French archivist.

• Supplément à l'Histoire littéraire de la Congrégation de Saint-Maur (1881). A supplement to Histoire littéraire de la congregation de Saint-Maur by René-Prosper Tassin (1697–1777).
• Histoire du Pape Calixte II (1891). A history of pope Callixtus II (served 1119–1124).

Gaston Raynaud. Gaston Raynaud (1850–1911), a French historian.

• Itinéraires à Jérusalem et descriptions de la Terre Sainte, rédigés en français aux XIe, XIIe [et] XIIIe siècles (1882). With French medievalist Henri-Victor Michelant (1811-1890).
• Les gestes des Chiprois: recueil de chroniques françaises écrites en Orient au XIIIe & XVIe siècles (1887). Translation for the Société de l'Orient latin by Raynaud. Raynaud's version of Les gestes des Chiprois is found in both RHC Documents arméniens (1869–1906), Volume 2.VI, and Revue de l'Orient Latin (ROL), Volumes XIIIe, XIVe.
• An edition of the Annales de Terre Sainte, 1095-1291 (1884). With German historian Reinhold Röhricht (1842-1905). The Annales de Terre Sainte is a series of chronological entries recounting the history of the Crusades and the Latin East from 1095–1291. The Annales tradition proved popular enough that it was copied into a number of compilation manuscripts, such as the Gestes des Chiprois.

Étienne Antoine Vlasto. Étienne Antoine Vlasto (1831–?), a French historian.

• 1453: Les derniers jours de Constantinople (1883). The last days of Constantinople: End of the reign of John VIII Palaiologos; new attempts to bring about the union of the two churches; advent of Constantine XI Palaiologos; the siege and capture of Constantinople. (Fin du règne de Jean Paléologue, nouvelles tentatives pour amener l'union des deux églises, avènement de Constantin Paléologue, siège et prise de Constantinople{.

Léon Gautier. Émile Théodore Léon Gautier (1832–1897), a French literary historian.

• La Chevalerie (1884). A comprehensive study of chivalry and its history, renown for its length and lavish drawings. Illustrated by Luc-Olivier Merson (1846–1920), Édouard François Zier (1856–January 1924) and Michał Elwiro Andriolli (1836–1893).
• Bibliographie des chansons de geste, 1 volume (1897). A bibliography of works related to chanson de geste.

Jules Tessier. Jules Tessier (1836–1908), a French historian.

• Quatrième croisade: la diversion sur Zara & Constantinople (1884).

Geoffroi Jacques Flach. Geoffroi Jacques Flach (1846–1919), a French historian.

• Les origines de l'ancienne France, Xe et XIe siècles, 4 volumes (1886–1918). A history of France in the tenth and eleventh centuries.
• Chivalry (1904). Essay in Medieval Civilization: Selected Studies from European Authors, edited by Dana C. Munro.

Henri de Curzon. Henri de Curzon (1861–1942), a French historian, musicologist and archivist. (cf. French Wikipedia, Henri de Curzon)

• La règle du Temple (1886). The rules of the Order of the Temple, directly inspired by those of Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153) that were established after the Council of Troyes (1129). Published by the Société de l'histoire de France. (cf. French Wikipedia, Règle et statuts de l'ordre du Temple).

Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome. Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome (BEF) 336 volumes (1887-1960). The Library of the French schools of Greece and Rome. A collection of historical documents that includes the Registres des Popes.

Gabriel Mailhard de La Couure. Gabriel Mailhard de La Couture (19th century), a French writer.

• Godefroy de Bouillon et la Première Croisade.

Albert Lecoy de La Marche. Albert Lecoy de La Marche (1839-1897), a French historian.

• La Prédiction de la Croisade au Theizième Siècle (1890), in Revue des questions historiques 48 1890. Preaching a Crusade in the thirteenth century.

Émile Bouchet. Émile Bouchet (1848-19...), a French historian.

• La Conquête de Constantinople, 2 volumes (1891). A translation of Geoffrey of Villehardouin's (1150–1215) chronicle De la Conquête de Constantinople.

Élie Berger. Élie Berger (1850–1925), a French palaeographer and archivist.

• Saint Louis et Innocent IV: étude sur les rapports de France et du Saint-siège (1893).

Eugène Jarry. Eugène Jarry (1865-1940), a French paleographer and archivist.

• Le retour de la croisade de Barbarie (1390) (1893). An account of the Barbary Crusade of 1390. In Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, Volume 54.

Henri-François Delaborde. Henri François, comte Delaborde (1854–1927) a French historian. (cf. French Wikipedia, Henri-François Delaborde)

• Jean de Joinville et les seigneurs de Joinville, suivi d'un catalogue de leurs actes (1894).

Gaston Dodu. Gaston Dodu (1863-1939), a French historian.

• Histoire des institutions monarchiques dans le Royaume latin de Jérusalem, 1099-1291 (1894).

Charles Farcinet. Charles Farcinet (1824-1903), a French historian and numismatist.

• Mélanges de numismatique et d'histoire (1895). Mixtures of numismatics and history. The feudal coins of Poitou.
• Les anciens sires de Lusignan (1897). The former lords of Lusignan, Geoffroy la Grand'Dent (Geoffrey II of Lusignan) and the counts of La Marche: historical research on the Middle Ages in Poitou. Includes the Testament on Geoffrey II of Lusignan (1198–1247), by Jean Besly.

Jean-Barthélemy Hauréau. Jean-Barthélemy Hauréau (1812–1896), a French historian, journalist and administrator. From 1969–1893, he was editor-in-chief of Histoire littéraire de la France.

• Raimond Lulle, in Histoire littéraire de la France, Tome XXIX (1895). A biographical account of Ramon Lull (1232/1236–1315).

Abbé A. Parraud. Abbé A. Parraud (fl. later nineteenth century), a French cleric.

• Vie de saint Pierre Thomas, de l'ordre des carmes, fervent serviteur de Marie, patriarche titulaire de Constantinople, légat de la croisade de 1365 (1895). A biography of saint Peter Thomas (1305–1366), a participant in the Alexandrian Crusade of 1365. In Journal général de l'imprimerie et de la librairie, Volume 84.

Charles Clermont-Ganneau. Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau (1846–1923), a French orientalist and archaeologist.

• Etudes d'Archéologie Orientale, 2 volumes (1895–1897).

Marcel Schwob. Mayer André Marcel Schwob (1867–1905), a French symbolist writer.

• La Croisade des Enfants (1896). A novella about the Children's Crusade of 1212. Mixes history with fiction through the voices of eight different protagonists: a goliard, a leper, pope Innocent III, a cleric, a qalandar, pope Gregory IX and two of the marching children.

David Léon Cahun. David Léon Cahun (1841–1900), a French traveler, orientalist and writer.

• Introduction à l'histoire de l'Asie: Turcs et Mongols, des origines à 1405 (1896).

Louis Petit. Louis Petit (1868–1927), a French orientalist, founder of l'Institut d'etudes Byzantines.

• Les Confréries Musulmanes (1899). A history of Islamic dynasties.
• Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, 53 volumes (1901–1927). First published in 31 volumes (1759-1798) by Giovanni D. Mansi (1692 –1769). Continued by L. Petit and Abbé Jean Baptiste Martin (1864–1922). Extensive edition of Church councils from the First Council of Nicaea in 325 through the Council of Florence in 1438. Includes the Canons of the Council of Clermont. and other source material relevant to the Crusades.

English historians and other authors

James Bland Lamb. Sir James Bland Lamb, 1st Baronet (1752–1824), born James Burges, a British author, barrister and Member of Parliament.

• Richard the First: a poem in eighteen books. 2 volumes (1801).
• Dramas, 2 volumes (1817). Includes the plays The Knight of Rhodes and The Crusades.

Thomas Johnes. Thomas Johnes (1748–1816), an English politician, farmer, printer, writer and translator.

• Memoirs of the Life of Froissart (1801). A biography of Belgian historian Jean Froissart (c. 1337 – c. 1405) by Jean-Baptiste de La Curne de Sainte-Palaye (1697–1781). Edited with acomplete index by T. Johnes.
• Chronicles of England, France and the Adjoining Countries by Jean Froissart (c. 1337 – c. 1405), 5 volumes (1803–1810). From the latter part of the reign of Edward II to the coronation of Henry IV. (Froissart's Chronicles). Edited by Johnes and Jean-Baptiste de La Curne de Sainte-Palaye (1697–1781).
• Memoirs of John Lord de Joinville, Grand Seneschal of Champagne, 2 volumes (1807). Edited by T. Johnes. Includes Life of Saint Louis (1309) by Jean de Joinville; Notes and Dissertations by Charles du Cange (1610–1688); Dissertation on Louis IX of France by Jean-Baptiste de La Curne de Sainte-Palaye (1697–1781); and Dissertation on the Assassins of Syria by Camille Falconet (1671-1762).
• The Travels of Bertrandon de La Brocq́uière to Palestine, and his return from Jerusalem overland to France, during the years 1432–1433 (1807). Translation of Bertrandon de la Broquière's Voyage d'Outremer. With a lengthy introductory discussion on travels and pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and a critique of the later Crusades.
• The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet, 4 volumes (1809). Translated and edited by T. Johnes
• Chronicles of the Crusades (1848), in Bohn's Libraries. Two contemporary narratives of the Crusade of Richard Coeur de Lion, by Richard of Devizes and by Geoffrey de Vinsauf ; and one of the Crusade at Saint Louis, by Lord Jean de Joinville. Edited and translated by Thomas Johnes (1748–1816).

Robert Walpole. Robert Walpole (1781–1856), an English classical scholar.

• Remarks Written at Constantinople (1802).
• Memoirs Relating to European and Asiatic Turkey, 2 volumes (1817).
• Travels in Various Countries of the East, 2 volumes (1820). Edited by R. Walpole.

Henry Ellis. Sir Henry Ellis (1777–1869), an English antiquarian, once principal librarian at the British Museum.

• The New Chronicles of England and France, in two parts (1811). By Robert Fabyan (died 1513). Named by himself The concordance of histories. Reprinted from Pynson's edition of 1516. The first part collated with the editions of 1533, 1542, and 1559; and the second with a manuscript of the author's own time, as well as the subsequent editions: including the different continuations. To which are added a biographical and literary preface, and an index.
• A General Introduction to Domesday Book (1813). A description of the 1086 Domesday Book , accompanied by indexes of the tenants-in-chief, and under-tenants, at the time of the survey: as well as of the holders of lands mentioned in Domesday anterior to the formation of that record: with an abstract of the population of England at the close of the region of William the Conqueror, so far as the same is actually entered. Illustrated by numerous notes and comments.
• The Pylgrymage of Sir Richard Guylforde to the Holy Land, A.D. 1506 (1851). Edited by H. Ellis.
• Chronica Johannis de Oxenedes (1859). An edition of the late 13th century chronicle Chronica Johannis de Oxenedes.

John Taaffe. John Taaffe (1787-1862), an English historian and Knight Commander of the Sovereign Order of St. John of Jerusalem.

• Padilla: A tale of Palestine (1815). A fictional account of chivalry in the time of Saladin. An account of a Spaniard at Tiberias in 1187, shortly after the fall of Jerusalem.
• A comment on the Divine comedy of Dante Alighieri (1822). Commentary on Dante's Divine Comedy.
• The History of the Holy, Military, Sovereign Order of St. John of Jerusalem: or, Knights Hospitallers, Knights Templars, Knights of Rhodes, Knights of Malta, 4 volumes (1852). Includes the account of commander Pierre d'Aubusson.
• History of the Order of Malta (1852).

Charles Mills. Charles Mills (1788–1826), an English historian.

• History of Mohammedanism (1817). A biography of the prophet of Mohammad, and an account of the caliphates and sultanates subsequently founded. Includes an inquiry into the theological, moral, and judicial codes of Islam, and their literature and sciences, with a view of the present extent and influence of Islam. French edition Histoire du Mahométisme, published in 1825.
• History of the Crusades for the Recovery and Possession of the Holy Land, 2 volumes (1820). A complete history of nine Crusades (the first eight numbered), with pre-Crusades material and commentary. Mills praises the works of Thomas Fuller and Sharon Turner, but disparages Gibbon's work as superficial. Volume 1 covers the First and Second Crusades, with no mention of the Crusade of 1101, and does not paint a good picture of the Western invaders of the Holy Land. Volume 2 covers the Third through Eighth Crusades, plus Lord Edward's Crusade and the loss of Acre.
• The travels of Theodore Ducas, 2 volumes (1822). Subtitled: In various countries in Europe at the revival of letters and art. An imaginary voyage of Theodore Ducas, written in imitation of the Travels of Anacharsis. Only the first part, comprising Italy, was published
• History of Chivalry; Knighthood and its times, 2 volumes (1825).

Sir Walter Scott. Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832), a Scottish novelist and historian.

• Ivanhoe, 3 volumes (1820)
• Tales of the Crusaders (1825), includes the novels: The Betrothed and The Talisman.
• Count Robert of Paris (1832). A novel set in Constantinople during the buildup of the First Crusade that centers on the relationship between Crusading forces and emperor Alexius I Comnenus.
• Chivalry (1842), in Encyclopædia Britannica, 7th Edition. Volume 6, pp. 592–617.
• Essays on Chivalry and Romance, in Edward Gibbon's The Crusades, AD 1095–1261 (1869).
• Introduction to The Castle of Otranto, by English writer Horatio Walpole (1719–1797), describing it as the "first modern attempt to found a tale of amusing fiction upon the basis of the ancient romances of chivalry."

Thomas Love Peacock. Thomas Love Peacock (1785–1866), an English novelist, poet, and official of the East India Company.

• Maid Marian (1822). A tale of Robin Hood taking place in the twelfth century, giving satirical look at the romantic medievalism of the Young England movement and Richard the Lionheart. Edited by English scholar Richard Garnett (1835–1906) in a later edition.
• Crotchet Castle (1831, 1837). A novel where the protagonist is diverted from his interest in the Third Crusade by a love interest.

Eleanor Anne Porden. Eleanor Anne Porden (1795–1825), a British Romantic poet.

• Cœur de Lion, or The Third Crusade. A poem, in sixteen books, 2 volumes (1822).

George Procter. Major George Procter (1795–1842), an English historian.

• The lucubrations [meditations] of Humphrey Ravelin (1823). Late major in the * * regiment of infantry.
• The history of Italy (1844). From the fall of the Western empire to the commencement of the wars of the French revolution.
• History of the Crusades (1854). Comprising the rise, progress and results of the various extraordinary European expeditions for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Saracens and Turks. A discussion of the causes of the wars and the numbered eight Crusades, with commentary on consequences; and 150 original illustrations.

Henry Stebbings. Henry Stebbings (1799–1883), an English historian and editor.

• History of Chivalry and the Crusades, 2 volumes (1829–1830). Volumes 50-51 of Constable's Miscellany, 80 volumes (1826–1834). A discussion of chivalry and history of the first seven Crusades. Volume 2 begins with the death of Godfrey of Bouillon.
• The surprising adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1838). An edition of Robinson Crusoe, with 22 plates and a life of the author Daniel Defoe.
• The Christian in Palestine, or Scenes of Sacred History (1847). Subtitled, to illustrate sketches taken on the spot by English artist William Henry Bartlett (1809–1854).

Henry Hallam. Henry Hallam (1777–1859), an English historian.

• View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages (1818). Historical dissertations for the fifth through fifteenth centuries for France, Italy, Spain, Germany, and the Greek and Muslim empires. Includes major institutional features of medieval society, the feudal system, the ecclesiastical system, and the political system of England. A final chapter discussed society, commerce, manners, and literature in the Middle Ages.
• L'Europe au Moyen Age, 3 volumes (1821-1822). French edition of View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, translated by P. Dudoit and A. R. Borghers.
• Chivalry (1869), in Gibbon's The Crusades.

G. P. R. James. George Payne Rainsford James (1799–1860), an English novelist and historical writer, holding the honorary office of British Historiographer Royal..

• The History of Chivalry (1830). An account of the Crusades, beginning with the rise of chivalry. Includes: the first three Crusades, with vivid descriptions of the major battles; the death of Saladin; the later Crusades and the loss of Acre; the decline of the military orders.
• The History of Charlemagne (1833).
• A History of the Life of Richard Coeur-de-Lion, King of England (1842).

William Martin Leake. William Martin Leake (1777–1860), an English officer, topographer, diplomat, antiquarian and author.

• Travels in the Morea: With a map and plans, 3 volumes (1830).
• Travels in Northern Greece, 4 volumes (1835).
• Peloponnesiaca: A Supplement to Travels in the Morea (1846).

Ellis Cornelia Knight. Ellis Cornelia Knight (1757–1837), an English gentlewoman, traveler and writer.

• Sir Guy de Lusignan: a Tale of Italy, 2 volumes (1833). A fictional account of Lord Edward's Crusade of 1271–1272 and the assassination attempt on Edward's life.

Thomas Keightley. Thomas Keightley (1789–1872), an Irish writer known for his works on mythology and folklore.

• The Crusaders: or, Scenes, Events, and Characters, from the times of the Crusades, 2 volumes (1834).

Thomas Duffus Hardy. Sir Thomas Duffus Hardy (1804–1878), an English archivist and antiquary.

• Gesta Regum Anglorum, 2 volumes (1840). An edition of Gesta Regum Anglorum (Deeds of the Kings of the English) by English historian William of Malmesbury (1095–1143). Includes an account of the White Ship disaster of 1120 which claimed the lives of over 140 knights and noblemen, including First Crusader Ralph the Red of Pont-Echanfray.
• Rerum britannicarum medii aevi scriptores (Rolls Series), 253 volumes 1858-1911. Begun by Hardy and British archivists John Romilly (1802-1874), Joseph Stevenson (1806-1895). A collection of British and Irish medieval chronicles, archival records, legal tracts, folklore and hagiographical materials.

Richard Harris Barham. Richard Harris Barham (pseudonym Thomas Ingoldsby) (1788–1845), an English cleric, a novelist and a humorous poet.

• The Ingoldsby Legends, 2 volumes (1840, 1842, 1847). A collection of myths, legends, ghost stories and poetry. Several of the entries deal with the Crusades, including A Lay of St Nicholas; The Lord of Thoulouse: a legend of Languedoc; and The Lay of the Old Woman Clothed in Grey: a legend of Dover.

Edward Robinson. Edward Robinson (1794–1863), an American Biblical scholar, known as the "father of Biblical geography."

• Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea, 3 volumes (1841). An archaeological survey of nineteenth-century Palestine, the Sinai and the former Roman province of Arabia Petraea, including Jordan and the southern Levant.
• Supplement to Biblical Researches in Palestine (1842).

John Breakenridge. John Breakenridge (1820–1854), an English poet.

• The Crusades, and other Poems (1846). A collection of poems about the events of the Crusades, biblical events and other topics. With an interesting commentary on sources for the Crusader poems.

Henry George Bohn. Henry George Bohn (1796–1884), a British publisher.

• Bohn's Libraries (1846–1884). Editions of standard works and translations, dealing with history, science, classics, theology and archaeology.
• Chronicles of the Crusades (1848), in Bohn's Libraries. Two contemporary narratives of the Crusade of Richard Coeur de Lion, by Richard of Devizes and by Geoffrey de Vinsauf; and one of the Crusade at Saint Louis, by Lord John de Joinville . Edited and translated by Thomas Johnes (1748–1816).
• The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy (1853–1856), in Bohn's Libraries. Translation of work by Orderic Vitalis, with introduction by François Guizot (1787–1874) and critical notice by Léopold V. Delisle (1826–1910).

Benjamin Disraeli. Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield (1804–1881), a British politician and prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1874–1880.

• Tancred, or the New Crusade (1847). A novel about an idealistic young noble, Tancred, who leave his parents and retraces his ancestors to the Holy Land. Edition of 1904 edited by Bernard N. Langdon-Davies. Discussed in Elizabeth Siberry's Images of the Crusades.

John Mason Neale. John Mason Neale (1818–1866), an English Anglican priest, scholar and hymnwriter.

• Stories of the Crusades: I. De Hellingley. II. The Crusade of S. Louis (1848). The first part concerns a knight Sir Rainald de Hellingley in the time of Baldwin IV of Jerusalem. The second part, Lord Edward's Crusade.

John Kitto. John Kitto (1804–1854), an English Biblical scholar.

• The History of Palestine (1850). From the patriarchal age to the present time with introductory chapters on the geography and natural history of the country, and on the customs and institutions of the Hebrews. Used as a source for Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867) by Swiss orientalist Titus Tobler (1806–1877).

William Robson. William Robson (1785–1863), a British author and translator.

• The Great Sieges of History (1855). A study of sieges, including Crusader sieges of Acre, Antioch, Edess and Jerusalem. Illustrated by John Gilbert (1817–1897).
• History of France, from the invasion of the Franks under Clovis, to the accession of Louis Philippe (1856). Translated from the French work by Émile de Bonnechose (1801–1875). (cf. French Wikipedia, Émile de Bonnechose)
• The History of the Crusades, 3 volumes (1852). A translation of Histoire des Croisades by Joseph François Michaud.
• Three Musketeers, 2 volumes (1853). Translation of the classic work of Alexander Dumas. With a letter from Alexander Dumas fils. With 150 illustrations by Maurice Leloir (1853–1940).
• History of the Crusades, 2 volumes (1875). An edition of Michaud's Histoire des Croisades, translated by Robson, and illustrated by Gustave Doré (1832–1863) with 100 grand compositions.

Henry Hart Milman. Henry Hart Milman (1791–1868), an English historian and ecclesiastic.

• History of Latin Christianity, 9 volumes (1855).
• Edward Gibbon's History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 6 volumes (1871). A new edition, edited and with notes by Milman.

William Bernard McCabe. William Bernard McCabe (1801–1891), an Irish author of historical romances.

• Florine, Princess of Burgundy: A Tale of the First Crusaders (1855). A historical novel of French Crusader Florine of Burgundy (1083–1097), the wife of Sweyn the Crusader.

Thomas Wright. Thomas Wright (1810–1877), an English antiquarian and writer. Additional works listed in Chapter 6 above.

• Early Christianity in Arabia: a historical essay (1855).
• The History of France: from the earliest period to the present time, 3 volumes (1856–1862). Volume 1 discusses the Crusades.

Celestia Angenette Bloss. Celestia Angenette Bloss (1812–1855), an American teacher and historian.

• Heroines of the Crusades (1857). A stylized history of women important to the Crusades including Adela of Blois, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Berengaria of Navarre, Isabella of Angoulême, Isabella II (Violante) of Jerusalem, and Eleanor of Castile.

John George Edgar. John George Edgar (1834–1864), an English writer of miscellany.

• The Crusades and the Crusaders (1860). A student-level romanticized version of the Crusades through the loss of Acre in 1291.

Arthur Penrhyn Stanley. Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (1815–1881), an English Anglican priest and ecclesiastical historian. Stanley was a co-founder of the Palestine Exploration Fund.

• Sinai and Palestine: in connection with their history (1863).
• The Recovery of Jerusalem: A narrative of exploration and discovery in the city and the Holy Land (1871). With Richard Phené Spiers, Melchior Vogüé, Charles W. Wilson, Charles Warren and others.

William Stubbs. William Stubbs (1825–1901), an English historian and Anglican bishop.

• Chronicles and memorials of the reign of Richard I, 2 volumes (1864–1865). Edited by Stubbs.
• The Medieval Kingdoms of Cyprus and Armenia (1878). Two lectures delivered Oct. 26 and 29, 1878. Talbot collection of British pamphlets .

Charlotte Mary Yonge. Charlotte Mary Yonge (1823–1901), an English novelist.

• The Prince and the Page: A Story of the Last Crusade (1866). A fictional account of Lord Edward's Crusade of 1271–1272 and two assassination attempts on Edward's life (the second of which is foiled by his page).

Barbara Hutton. Barbara Hutton (fl. 1863–1892), an English author of juvenile works and biographies.

• Heroes of the Crusades (1869). A stylized history of heroes of the First through Third Crusades, from Peter the Hermit to Richard the Lionheart.

William Makepeace Thackeray. William Makepeace Thackeray (1811–1863), an English novelist.

• Burlesques (1869). In the story Barbazure, a character relates his time in the Crusades, improbably claiming to have been with Richard I of England at Ascalon, Louis IX of France at Damietta, and Suleiman at Rhodes.

Edward H. Palmer. Edward H. Palmer (1840–1882), an English orientalist and explorer. Member of the Palestine Exploration Fund.

• The Desert of the Exodus, 2 volumes (1871). An account of journeys to the Sinai and Palestine.
• Poems of Beha-ed-Din (1876–1877). Poetry of Egyptian poet Behá-ed-Dín Zoheir (died 1258), in Arabic and English. Behá-ed-Dín Zoheir is mentioned in the biographical dictionary Wafayat al-ayan wa-anba al-zaman of Ibn Khallikan (1211–1282) and in Arabian Nights, but is otherwise unknown.
• Arabic Grammar (1874). The Arabic manual, comprising a condensed grammar of classical and modern Arabic, reading lessons and exercises, with analyses, and a vocabulary of useful words
• Jerusalem, the city of Herod and Saladin (1871), with English novelist and historian Walter Besant (1836–1901). A history of Jerusalem from 33 BCE through the time Saladin, including the first kings of Jerusalem (1099–1191)
• A Concise Dictionary of the Persian Language (1884).
• A translation of the Qur'an (1880). Volume 9 of the Sacred Books of the East series.

Charles Warren. Sir Charles Warren (1840–1927), an officer in the British Royal Engineers. An early European archaeologist in the Holy Land, and particularly the Temple Mount. He was head of the London Metropolitan Police during the Jack the Ripper murders.

• The Recovery of Jerusalem: A narrative of exploration and discovery in the city and the Holy Land (1871). With Richard Phené Spiers, Melchior Vogüé, Charles W. Wilson, Arthur P. Stanley and others.
• The Temple or the Tomb (1880). Giving further evidence in favour of the authenticity of the present site of the Holy Sepulchre, and pointing out some of the principal misconceptions contained in Notes on the Site of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem (1860) and The Temples of the Jews and the other Buildings in the Haram Area at Jerusalem (1878), by Scottish architectural historian James Fergusson (1808–1886).

George Zabriskie Gray. George Zabriskie Gray (1837–1889), an American clergyman and author.

• The Children's Crusade: an episode of the thirteenth century (1872).

Frederick Charles Woodhouse. Frederick Charles Woodhouse (1827-1905), an English historian.

• The Military Religious Orders of the Middle Ages (1879). The Hospitallers, the Templars, the Teutonic Knights, and others. With an appendix of other orders of knighthood: legendary, honorary, and modern.

Edwin Pears. Sir Edwin Pears (1835–1919), a British barrister, author and historian.

• The Fall of Constantinople: Being the Story of the Fourth Crusade (1885).
• The Destruction of the Greek Empire and the Story of the Capture of Constantinople by the Turks (1903).

Jacob Isadore Mombert. Jacob Isadore Mombert (1829–1913), an American historian.

• Great Lives: A Course of History in Biographies (1886). Biographies from ancient to modern times, including one of Godfrey of Bouillon.
• A History of Charles the Great (Charlemagne) (1888).
• A Short History of the Crusades (1894). A history of the Crusades from the First to the Eighth, continuing to 1312. Includes a detailed section on pilgrimage, particularly Helena's discovery of the True Cross. In addition, it discusses the Albigensian Crusade of 1209–1229.

Alfred Hayes. Alfred Hayes (1857–1936), an English poet and translator.

• The Last Crusade, and other Poems (1887). A work concerning the Eighth Crusade of 1270.

Charles Montagu Doughty. Charles Montagu Doughty (1843–1926), an English poet and explorer.

• Travels in Arabia Deserta, 2 volumes (1888). An account of Doughty's travels to the Middle East in the 1870s. Introduction by T. E. Lawrence (1888–1935). Reviewed by explorer Richard F. Burton (1821–1890) in 1898.

Henry Charles Lea. Henry Charles Lea (1825–1909), an American historian, specializing on church history of the Middle Ages.

• A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, 3 volumes (1888). Volume 3, Chapter III discusses the Crusades.
• A History of Auricular Confession and Indulgences in the Latin Church, 3 volumes (1896).

Thomas Andrew Archer. Thomas Andrew Archer (1853–1905), an English historian of the Crusades.

• The Crusade of Richard I, 1189–1192 (1889). A history of the Third Crusade from 1189–1192, in particular, the role of Richard I of England, with English historian Charles L. Kingsford (1862–1926). A detailed chronology with excerpts from Itinerarium Regis Ricardi and works by Ambroise of Normandy (fl. 1190), Roger of Howden (fl. 1174–1201), Ralph of Coggeshall (died after 1227), Ralph de Diceto (1120–1202), Roger of Wendover (died 1236), Matthew Paris (1200–1259), ibn al-Athir (1160–1233) and Bar Hebraeus (1226–1286). With interesting appendices on such diverse subjects as coinage, medieval warfare, the Assassins and the Old Man in the Mountain, beards, Arabic speaking among Crusaders, beheading of the dead. Illustrations of various war engines of the time.
• The Crusades: The Story of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1894). A history of the Crusades and the kingdom of Jerusalem from the fourth century through the First Crusade, ending with the fall of Acre in 1291. Additional material on the post-Crusade era and commentary are provided. With English historian Charles L. Kingsford (1862–1926) and British author Henry E. Watts (1826–1904).

Charles Lethbridge Kingsford. Charles Lethbridge Kingsford (1862–1926), an English historian and author.

• The Crusade of Richard I, 1189-1192 (1889). A history of the Third Crusade, in particular, the role of Richard I of England, with English historian Thomas A. Archer (1853–1905).
• The Crusades: The Story of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1894). With English historian Thomas A. Archer (1853–1905) and British author Henry E. Watts (1826–1904).

Claude Reignier Conder. Claude Reignier Conder (1848–1910), an English soldier, explorer and antiquarian. Member of the Palestine Exploration Fund.

• Mediæval Topography of Palestine (1875). In Palestine Exploration Quarterly (1875–1876).
• The Survey of Western Palestine (1881). With British officer Herbert Kitchener (1850–1916). Arabic and English name lists collected during the survey.
• The Survey of Eastern Palestine (1889). Memoirs of the topography, orography, hydrography and archaeology.
• The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1897). A history of the kingdom from Peter the Hermit through the fall of Acre in 1291. With a list of authorities.
• The Life of Saladin (1897). Translation of biography of Saladin by Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad (1145–1234), published as part of the library of the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society.

Claude Delaval Cobham. Claude Delaval Cobham (1842–1915), a British colonial official and historian.

• An Attempt at a Bibliography of Cyprus (1886). Original edition had 157 entries. Third edition (1894) shows 497 with new sections of cartography and consular reports.
• The Sieges of Nicosia and Famagusta in Cyprus (1903). Translation of an Italian work on the Ottoman-Venetian war of 1500–1503, originally by historian Uberto Foglietta (1518-1581).
• Travels in the Island of Cyprus (1909). English translation of the Italian work by Giovanni Filippo Mariti (1736–1806).

• The Patriarchs of Constantinople (1911). Chronology of the patriarchs of Constantinople from A.D. 35 through 1884. With H. T. F. Duckworth (1868–1927) and Adrian Fortescue (1874–1923).

Guy Le Strange. Guy Le Strange (1854–1933), a British orientalist specializing in historical geography of the Middle East and editing of Persian geographical texts.

• Palestine under the Moslems: A description of Syria and the Holy Land from A. D. 650 to 1500 (1890).
• Baghdad during the Abbasid caliphate from contemporary Arabic and Persian sources (1900).
• The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia from the Moslem conquest to the time of Timur (1905).

George William Cox. George William Cox (1827–1902), a British theologian and historian.

• The Crusades (1891). Part of the Epochs of Modern History series. A history of the Holy Land from the capture of Jerusalem by Khosrow II in 611 through the First through Ninth Crusades, arranged chronologically. Includes a section on chivalry.

Stanley Lane-Poole. Stanley Edward Lane-Poole (1854–1931), a British orientalist and archaeologist.

• The Barbary Corsairs (1890). Includes an account of the Spanish Crusade to Mahdia of 1550.

• The Mohammedan Dynasties: Chronological and Genealogical Tables with Historical Introductions (1894). Includes the dynasties of Egypt, the Levant, Persia, Afghanistan and the Mongols.

• Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1898).
• History of Egypt in the Middle Ages (1901).
• Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Meccah, 3 volumes (1913). Introduction to the work by British explorer Richard Francis Burton (1821–1890), edited by Lady Isabel Burton (1831–1896).

Henry Edward Watts. Henry Edward Watts (1826–1904), a British journalist and author on Spanish topics.

• The Story of the Christian Recovery of Spain (1895). A history from the Moorish conquest until the fall of Granada, 711–1492. The second part of a new edition of Archer and Kingsford's The story of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem.
• The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha (1895). A new translation of Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes (1547–1616), with notes, original and selected.

J. Dunbar Hylton. J. Dunbar Hylton (1837-1893), an American author.

• The Sea-King. A tale of the Crusade under Richard the First of England, in seven parts (1895). An imaginative approach to the Third Crusade featuring sea nymphs and other marine exotic

Hilaire Belloc. Hilaire Belloc (1870–1953), a British-French writer and historian.

• Syllabus of a course of six lectures of the Crusades (1896).
• The Crusades: the World's Debate (1937).

James M. Ludlow. James Meeker Ludlow (1841–1932), an English historian and novelist.

• The Age of the Crusades (1896). An account of the First Crusade through the fall of Acre in 1291, plus material on chivalry and the feudal system. Includes an extensive bibliography. Volume VI of Ten Epochs of Church History (1896), edited by John Fulton.

John Fulton. John Fulton (1834–1907), an English traveler, archivist and historian.

• Ten Epochs of Church History, 10 volumes (1896–1900). Volumes include: I. The Apostolic Age: Its Life, Doctrine, Worship and Polity; II. The Post-Apostolic Age; III. The Ecumenical Councils; IV. The Age of Charlemagne; V. The Age of Hildebrand; VI. The Age of the Crusades; VII. The Age of Renascence (1377–1527); VIII. The Age of the Great Western Schism; IX. The Reformation; and X. The Anglican Reformation.
• Palestine: the Holy Land as it was and as it is (1900).

Marvin R. Vincent. Marvin R. Vincent (1834–1922), an American theologian and author.

• The Age of Hildebrand (1896). The church and papacy from Leo IX (1049–1054) through Innocent III (1198–1216). Accounts of the First through Fourth Crusades, Albigensian Crusade. Volume V of Ten Epochs of Church History (1896), edited by John Fulton.

Richard Davey. Richard Davey (1848–1911), an English author and journalist.

• The Sultan and His Subjects, 2 volumes (1897). A fictional account of the sultans of the Ottoman empire, with an extensive bibliography as sources and an explicit criticism of Islam.

William Foster. Sir William Foster (1863–1951), a British historiographer and member of the Hakluyt Society.

• Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul, 1615-1619, as narrated in his journal and correspondence (1898). By English historian and diplomat Thomas Roe, (c. 1581 – 1644). Edited with an introduction by W. Foster for the Hakluyt Society.
• Travels in Persia, 1627-1629 (1928). By English historian and explorer Thomas Herbert (1606-1682). Abridged and edited by W. Foster.

Israel Smith Clare. Israel Smith Clare (1847–1924), an American historian.

• Library of Universal History, 12 volumes (1898). A universal world history from ancient Egypt to the Spanish-American War of 1898. Volume 5 considers the rise of Islam and the Fatimid, Seljuk and Ghaznavid dynasties; chivalry; the First Crusade; the Second and Third Crusade; the last four Crusades; the military orders; and the Albigensian Crusade. Volume 6 considers the fall of Constantinople and subsequent Latin Empire; the Mongol conquests; and the rise of the Ottoman empire.

German historians and other authors

August von Kotzebue. August Friedrich Ferdinand von Kotzebue (1761–1819), a German dramatist and writer.

• Die Kreuzfahrer (1803). A play about the First Crusade. Published in London as Alfred and Emma (1806).

Frederich Wilken. Frederich Wilken (1777–1840), a German orientalist. Referred to as the first professional historian to capture the Crusades in book form, pioneering the use of Eastern sources. (cf. German Wikipedia, Frederich Wilken)

• Geschichte der Kreuzzüge nach morgenländischen und abendländischehn Berichten, 7 volumes (1807-1832). A complete history of the Crusades, based on Western, Arabic, Greek and Armenian sources.
• History of the Crusades, English translation of Geschichte der Kreuzzüge.

Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren. Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren (1760–1842) a German historian.

• Essai sur l'influence des croisades (1808). An essay to examine the influence of the Crusades on the civil liberty of the peoples of Europe, on their civilization, on the progress of trade and industry. Translated by French philosopher Charles F. de Villers (1765–1815).

Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall. Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774–1856), an Austrian orientalist and historian.

• Der Diwan des Mohammed Schemsed-Din Hafis (1812-1813). First complete translation of the Divān of Persian poet Ḥāfeẓ (1315–1390) into a Western language.
• Die Geschichte der Assassinen aus morgenländischen Quellen (1818). A history of the Assassins from oriental sources. French translation: Histoire de l'ordre des assassins à l'origine de l'État islamique.
• Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches, 10 volumes (1827–1835). A history of the Ottoman empire.
• New Arabian Nights Entertainment, 3 volumes (1827), translated by British politician and writer George Lamb (1784–1834).
• Narrative of travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa in the seventeenth century (1834). English language translation of the first two volumes of Evliya Celebi's travelogue Seyahatname, 10 volumes (1611–1682). Printed for the Oriental translation fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
• The History of the Assassins (1835). An English language translation of Die Geschichte der Assassinen aus morgenländischen Quellen by Oswood C. Wood.
• Geschichte der Goldenen Horde in Kiptschak (1840). A history of the Golden Horde in Russia (Kipchak) around 1200-1500: with detailed references, a descriptive overview of the four hundred sources, nine enclosures containing documents and extracts, and a name and subject index.

Friedrich Heinrich Karl de la Motte. Friedrich Heinrich Karl de la Motte, Baron Fouqué (1777–1843), a German writer of the Romantic style.

• Der Zauberring, 3 volumes (1813). The Magic Ring, set during the Third Crusade.

Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste. The Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste, 167 volumes (1813–1889). The Universal Encyclopaedia of Sciences and Arts, originally compiled by German bibliographers Samuel Ersch (1766–1828) and Johann Gottfried Gruber (1774–1851). Known as the Ersch-Gruber Encyclopädie.

Georg Heinrich Pertz. Georg Heinrich Pertz (1795–1876), a German historian.

• Monumenta Germaniae Historica (MGH) (1826). Edited first by Pertz and then by German historians Georg Waitz (1813-1886), Theodor Mommsen (1817-1903) and others. Comprehensive set of chronicle and archival sources for German history from the end of the Roman Empire until 1500.

Josef Dobrovský. Josef Dobrovský (1753–1829), a Czech philologist and historian.

• Historia de expeditione Friderici Imperatoris (1827). An edition of Historia de expeditione Friderici imperatoris (History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick), or Espeditio Friderici Imperatoris, providing a history of the Third Crusade from 1189–1192 with an emphasis on the expedition of Frederick I Barbarossa.

Barthold Georg Niebuhr. Barthold Georg Niebuhr (1776–1831), a Danish–German statesman and historian who was a founder of modern historiography.

• Corpus Scriptorum Historæ Byzantinæ (CSHB), 50 volumes (1828–1897). Also known as the Bonn Corpus. Originally edited by Jesuit historian and geographer Philippe Labbe (1607-1667) in 1648, updated by Niebuhr. Primary sources from 330–1453 for the history of the Byzantine empire.

Leopold von Ranke. Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886), a German historian and a founder of modern source-based history.

• Das Zeitalter der Kreuzzüge und das späte Mittelalter. The Age of the Crusades and the Middle Ages.
• Heinrich IV, König von Frankreich. A biography of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
• The History of the Popes during the Last Four Centuries (1834). A history of the popes from the sixteenth century through the late nineteenth century, with an overview of the papacy prior to 1500, and detailed biographies from Leo X (1513–1521) to Sixtus V (1585–1590).
• Weltgeschichte, 9 volumes (1881–1888). World history, particularly Volume 8: The Crusades and Papal World Domination. Covers the First through Fourth Crusades, the Mongol conquests and the Teutonic Order in Prussia.

Heinrich Ferdinand Wüstenfeld. Heinrich Ferdinand Wüstenfeld (1808–1899), a German orientalist, known as a literary historian of Arabic literature.

• Vitae illustrium virorum (1837). Translation into Latin of the sources of Wafayat al-ayan wa-anba al-zaman (Deaths of Eminent Men and the Sons of the Epoch) used by Arab scholar ibn Khallikan (1211–1282).
• Abhandlung über die in Aegypten eingewanderten arabischen stämme (1847). Translation of Al-Mawāʻiẓ wa-al-Iʻtibār bi-Dhikr al-Khiṭaṭ wa-al-āthār by Egyptian historian al-Makrizi (1364–1442).
• Kitābʻ ʻAjāʾib al-makhlūqāt wa-gharāʾib al-mawjūdāt (1848–1849). Edition of ʿAjā'ib al-makhlūqāt wa gharā'ib al-mawjūdāt (Marvels of creatures and Strange things existing), an Arabic work on cosmography by Persian polymath Zakariya al-Qazwini (1203–1283).

Karl Georg von Raumer. Karl Georg von Raumer (1783–1865), a German geologist.

• Palästina (1838). A description of the geography and geology of Palestine.
• Kreuzzüge, 2 volumes (1840–1864). A history of the Crusades.

Friedrich Emmanuel von Hurter. Friedrich Emmanuel von Hurter (1787–1865), a Swiss historian.

• Histoire du pape Innocent III et de ses contemporains, 2 volumes (1839).

Heinrich von Sybel. Heinrich von Sybel (1817–1895), a German historian who studied under German historian Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886). Sybel and Ranke challenged the work of William of Tyre as being secondary.

• Ueber das königreich Jerusalem, 1100-1131 (1840). A history of the kingdom of Jerusalem under Baldwin I of Jerusalem and Baldwin II of Jerusalem.
• Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges (1841, updated 1881). A history of the First Crusade and contains a full study of the authorities for the First Crusade.
• History and Literature of the Crusades, 1 volume (1861). A history and bibliography of the Crusades through the Third Crusade, translated by English author Lucie, Lady Duff-Gordon (1821–1969).

Joseph Ignatius Ritter. Joseph Ignatius Ritter (1787–1857), a German historian.

• Ueber die Verehrung der Reliquien und besonders des heil (1845). About the veneration of relics and especially of the holy.

Joseph Derenbourg. Joseph Derenbourg (1811–1895) was a Franco-German orientalist.

• Les séances de Hariri, publiées en arabe avec un commentaire choisi by Ḥarīrī, 2nd edition (1847). Translation of the work of Arab poet al-Harīrī (1030–1122). Original translation by French orientalist Antoine Isaac Silvestre de Sacy (1758–1838). Second edition edited with French orientalist Joseph Toussaint Reinaud (1795–1867).
• Essai sur l'histoire et la géographie de la Palestine (1867). An original contribution to the history of the Jews and Judaism in the time of Christ.
• Oeuvres complètes de r. Saadia ben Iosef al-Fayyoûmî, 9 volumes (1893). The complete works of Gaon and Jewish philosopher Saadia ben Joseph Al-Fayyumi (892–942). With his son, French orientalist Hartwig Derenbourg (1844–1908)

Heinrich Joseph Wetzer. Heinrich Joseph Wetzer (1801–1853), a German orientalist.

• Wetzer-Welte Kirchenlexikon, 12 volumes (1847–1860). Oder Encyklopädie der katholischen Theologie und ihrer Hülfswissenchaften.

Heinrich Graetz. Heinrich Graetz (1817–1891), a German historian who wrote one of the first comprehensive history of the Jewish people from a Jewish perspective.

• History of the Jews, 6 volumes (1853–1875). The Crusades are covered in Volume 3.

Gottlieb Lukas Friedrich Tafel. Gottlieb Lukas Friedrich Tafel (1757–1860), a German classical philologist and a pioneer of Byzantine studies in Europe. (cf. German Wikipedia, Gottlieb Lukas Friedrich Tafel)

• Urkunden zur älteren Handels- und Staatsgeschichte der Republik Venedig, mit besonderer Beziehung auf Byzanz und die Levante, 3 volumes (1856–1857). Documents on the earlier commercial and state history of the Republic of Venice, with special reference to Byzantium and the Levant. From the 9th to the end of the 15th century. With German historian Georg Martin Thomas (1817–1887).

Georg Martin Thomas. Georg Martin Thomas (1817–1887), a German philologist and historian. (cf. German Wikipedia, Georg Martin Thomas)

• Urkunden zur älteren Handels- und Staatsgeschichte der Republik Venedig, mit besonderer Beziehung auf Byzanz und die Levante, 3 volumes (1856–1857). Documents on the earlier commercial and state history of the Republic of Venice, with special reference to Byzantium and the Levant. From the 9th to the end of the 15th century. With German historian Gottlieb Lukas Friedrich Tafel (1757–1860).
• Diplomatarium veneto-levantinum sive Acta et diplomata res Venetas, Graecas atque Levantis illustrantia, 1300-1454, 2 volumes (1880–1899). With Italian archivist Riccardo Predelli (1840–1909).

Wilhelm Wattenbach. Wilhelm Wattenbach (1819–1897), a German historian.

• Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen im mittelalter bis zur mitte des dreizehnten jahrhunderts, 2 volumes (1858). Germany's historical sources from the Middle Ages to the middle of the thirteenth century. Later edition of Volume 1 edited by German paleographer Ludwig Traube (1861-1907) and German historian Ernst Dümmler (1830-1902).

August Potthast. August Potthast (1824–1898), a German historian.

• Bibliotheca Historica Medii Aevi, 2 volumes (1862). Guide through the historical works of the European Middle Ages up to 1500. Complete table of contents for 'Acta sanctorum' Boll - Bouquet - Migne - Monum. Germ. hist .-- Muratori - Rerum Britann. scriptores etc.; Appendix: Source studies for the history of European states during the Middle Ages.
• Regesta Pontificum Romanorum inde ab a. post Christum natum MCXCVIII ad a. MCCCIV, 2 volumes (1874–1875). Works of the popes from 1198–1304, edited by Potthast.

Franz Miklosich. Franz Miklosich (1813–1891), a Slovene philologist.

• Acta et diplomata graeca medii aevi sacra et profana, 6 volumes (1862–1890). With German philologist Joseph Müller (1825-1895).
• Monumenta spectantia ad unionem ecclesiarum Graecae et Romanae (1872). With German historian Augustin Theiner (1804–1874).

Joseph Müller. Joseph Müller (1825-1895), a German philologist. (cf. German Wikipedian, Joseph Müller)

• Acta et diplomata graeca medii aevi sacra et profana, 6 volumes (1862–1890). With Slovene philologist Franz Miklosich (1813–1891).

Bernhard von Kugler. Bernhard von Kugler (1837–1898), a German historian.

• Boemund und Tankred, Fürsten von Antiochien: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Normannen in Syrien (1862).
• Studien zur Geschichte des Zweiten Kreuzzuges (1866). Studies on the history of the Second Crusade.
• Geschichte der Kreuzzüge (1880). A history of the Crusades. Reprinted in Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen.
• Albert von Aachen (1885). A commentary on German historian of the Crusades Albert of Aachen (fl. 1100) and his major work Historia Hierosolymitanae expeditionis (History of the Expedition to Jerusalem).

Karl Hopf. Karl Hopf (1832–1873), a German historian, specializing in medieval Greece, both Byzantine and Frankish.

• Geschichte Griechenlands vom Beginn des Mittelalters bis auf unsere Zeit, 2 volumes (1876). History of Greece from the beginning of the Middle Ages to our time. Originally printed in the Ersch-Gruber Encyclopädie, Volumes 85–86.

Carl Hermann Ethé. Carl Hermann Ethé (1844–1917), a German orientalist who specialized in catalogues of Islamic manuscripts and German translations of Persian poetry.

• Kazwînis Kosmographie: Die Wunder der Schöpfung (1868). German translation of ʿAjā'ib al-makhlūqāt wa gharā'ib al-mawjūdāt (Marvels of creatures and Strange things existing), an Arabic work on cosmography by Persian polymath Zakariya al-Qazwini (1203–1283). Based on the 1848 edition by German orientalist Heinrich Ferdinand Wüstenfeld (1808–1899).
• Catalogue of Persian Manuscripts in the Library of the India Office, 42 volumes (1903).
• Articles for the Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Edition (1911).

Tabulae Ordinis Teutonici. Tabulae Ordinis Teutonici (1869) is a collection of original documents related to the Teutonic Order. Edited by German archivist Ernst Strehlke (1834–1869), completed posthumously by German historian Philipp Jaffé. (cf. German Wikipedia, Ernst Strehlke)

Karl Fischer. Karl Fischer (1840–1933), a German historian and social scientist.

• Geschichte des Kreuzzüges Kaiser Friedrich's I (1870).

Augustin Theiner. Augustin Theiner (1804–1874), a German theologian and historian. Prefect of the Vatican secret archives.

• Monumenta spectantia ad unionem ecclesiarum Graecae et Romanae (1872). With Slovene philologist Franz Miklosich (1813–1891).

Reinhold Röhricht. Reinhold Röhricht (1842-1905), a German historian of the Crusades, regarded as a pioneer with fellow German historian Heinrich Hagenmeyer (1834-1915) in the history of the kingdom of Jerusalem, laying the foundation for modern Crusader research.

• Die Kreuzfahrt Kaiser Friedrich des Zweiten (1228–1229) (1872)
• Beiträge zur Geschichte der Kreuzzüg, 2 volumes (1874–1888). Contributions to the history of the Crusades. Includes three parts: (1) Die Kreuzfahrt des Kaisers Friedrich II (Crusade of Frederick II, 1228–1229); Die Kämpfe Saladins mit den Christen in den Jahren 1187 und 1188 (Saladin's battles with the Christians in 1187 and 1188); and Auszüge aus dem Werke Kamål ad-Dins: Die Sahne der Geschichte Halebs (Excerpts from Kamal al-Din's history of Aleppo, Bughyat al-ṭalab fī tārīkh Ḥalab).
• Der Kinderkreuzzug von 1212 (1876), in Historische Zeitschrift, Bd. 36, H.1, 1876. An account of the Children's Crusade of 1212.
• Quinti Belli sacri scriptores minores (1879). Six minor works edited by Röhricht, primarily concerning the Fifth Crusade. Continued by the author's Testimonia minora de quinto bello sacro. Also referred to as Scriptores Minores Quinti Belli sacri.
• Die Jerusalemfahrten der Grafen Philipp, Ludwig (1484) und Reinhard von Hanau (1550). Accounts of fifteenth- and sixteenth- century pilgrimages to Jerusalem by the house of Hanau-Münzenberg.
• Die eroberung Akkâs durch die Muslimen (1291). An account of the fall of Acre in 1291.
• Études sur les derniers temps du royaume de Jérusalem (1881, 1884). Studies on the latter days of the kingdom of Jerusalem. La croisade du prince Édouard d'Angleterre (1270–1274) and Les batailles de Hims (1281 du 1289) in Archives de l'Orient Latin (AOL), Tome 1. Les combats du sultan Bibars contre les Chêtiens en Syrie (1261–1277) in AOL Tome 2.
• Testimonia minora de quinto bello sacro (1882). A continuation of Quinti Belli sacri scriptores minores, providing some 233 lesser-known excerpts of contemporaneous authors concerning the Fifth Crusade. Volume 2 of Société de l'Orient Latin, Série historique.
• An edition of the Annales de Terre Sainte, 1095-1291 (1884). With French historian and philologist Gaston Raynaud (1850–1911). The Annales de Terre Sainte was first composed in Old French and refers to a series of brief chronological entries that recount the history of the Crusades and the Latin East from 1095–1291. The Annales tradition proved popular enough that it was copied into a number of compilation manuscripts, such as the Chronique de Terre Sainte of Gestes des Chiprois.
• Bibliotheca geographica Palaestinae (1890). Summaries of over 3500 books on the geography of the Holy Land issued between 355 and 1878.
• Studien zur Geschichte des fünften Kreuzzuges (1891). Study on the history of the Fifth Crusade.
• Regesta Regni Hierosolymitani, MXCVII-MCCXCI (1893), with Additamentum (1904). The biographies of the kings of Jerusalem from 1097–1291.
• Karten und Pläne zur Palästinakunde aus dem 7 bis 16 Jahrhundert (1895). A catalog of the eight known Crusader maps of Jerusalem. In Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins Bd.18 (1895), pp. 173-182.
• Syria sacra (1897).
• Geschichte der Kreuzzüge im Umriss (1898). An outline of the history of the Crusades. Covers the Holy Land pre-1095; pope Urban II and the First Crusade; the kings of Jerusalem through Guy of Lusignan; the Second through Eighth Crusades; minor Crusades and the Children's Crusade; the fall of Acre.
• Geschichte der Königreichs Jerusalem (1100–1291) (1898). A history of the kingdom of Jerusalem from 1100–1291.
• Marino Sanudo sen. als Kartograph Palästinas (1898). In Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins Bd. 21 (1898), pp. 84–126..
• Deutsche Pilgerreisen nach dem heiligen Lande (1900). German pilgrimages to the Holy Land.

• Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges (1901). A history of the First Crusade.

Eduard Winkelmann. Eduard Winkelmann (1838–1896), a German historian.

• Philipp von Schwaben und Otto IV, 2 volumes (1873–1878).

Hans Prutz. Hans Prutz (1843–1929), a German historian.

• Quellenbeiträge zur Geschichte der Kreuzzüge (1874). Source contributions to the Crusades, including works by English chronicler Ralph of Coggeshall (died after 1227) and French or Norman Crusader Walter the Chancellor (died after 1122).
• Geheimlehre und Geheimstatuten des Tempelherrenordens (1879). Translated to The Secret Teaching of the Knights Templar.
• Entwickelung und Untergang des Tempelherrenordens (1888). A history of the rise and fall of the Templars.
• Kulturgeschichte der Kreuzzüge (1883). A cultural history of the Crusades.
• Geschichte des Mittelalters (1889–1892). Edited by Prutz with German historian Julius von Pflugk-Harttung (1848–1919).
• The Economic Development of Western Europe under the influence of the Crusades (1903). In Essays on the Crusades, edited by American historian Dana C. Munro (1866–1933).
• Die Anfänge der Hospitaliter auf Rhodos, 1310–1355 (1908). The beginnings of the Knights Hospitallers in Rhodes from 1310–1355.

Hermann Hagen. Hermann Hagen (1844–1898), a German-Swiss classical philologist. (cf. German Wikipedia, Hermann Hagen)

• Jacobus Bongarsius (1874). A biography of Jacques Bongars (1554–1612)
• Catalogus codicum bernensium (Bibliotheca Bongarsiana) (1875). Edited by German philosopher Hermann Hagen (1844–1898).

Wilhelm Oncken. Christian Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Oncken (1838–1905), a German historian. (cf. German Wikipedia, Wilhelm Oncken)

• Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen, 45 volumes (1876–1891). (cf., German Wilkipedia, Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen)

Heinrich Hagenmeyer. Heinrich Hagenmeyer (1834-1915), a German Protestant pastor and historian, specializing in writing and editing Crusader texts. Closely associated with fellow German historian Reinhold Röhricht (1842-1905), their contribution to the history of the kingdom of Jerusalem set a sound archival footing. In particular, Hagenmeyer's Peter der Eremite (1879) established an orthodoxy on the Crusade's origins and course not seriously challenged until the 1980s (cf. German Wikipedia, Heinrich Hagenmeyer)

• Ekkehardi Uraugiensis abbatis Hierosolymita (1877). An edition of the Chronicon universale (World Chronicle) of Bavarian abbot and First Crusader Ekkehard of Aura (died 1126).
• Peter der Eremite. Ein kritischer Beitrag zur Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges (1879). A critical contribution to the history of the First Crusade and the role of Peter the Hermit.
• Galterii Cancellarii Bella Antiochena. mit Erläuterungen und einem Anhange (1896). An edition of Bella Antiochena (Wars of Antioch) by French or Norman First Crusader Walter the Chancellor (died after 1122).
• Anonymi gesta Francorum et aliorum hierosolymitanorum (1890). An edition of the anonymous account of the First Crusade Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum (Deeds of the Franks and the other pilgrims to Jerusalem), written in 1100–1101.
• Epistulae et chartae ad historiam primi belli sacri spectantes, quae supersunt aevo aequales ac genuinae (1901). A collection of letters and charters on the history of the First Crusade, 1088–1100. Also published as Die Kreuzzugsbriefe aus den Jahren 1088–1100.
• Die Kreuzzugsbriefe aus den Jahren 1088–1100 (1901). An alternate edition of Epistulae et chartae ad historiam primi belli sacri spectantes.
• Chronologie de la première croisade 1094–1100 (1902). A day-by-day account of the First Crusade, cross-referenced to original sources, with commentary.
• Chronologie de l'Histoire du Royaume de Jérusalem. Règne de Baudouin I (1101–1118) (1902). In Revue de l'Orient Latin (ROL), Volumes 9–12.
• Fulcheri Carnotensis Historia Hierosolymitana (1059–1127). Mit Erläuterungen und einem Anhange.(1913). An edition of the chronicle Gesta Francorum Iherusalem Perefrinantium (Historia Hierosolymitana) by priest and First Crusader Fulcher of Chartres (c. 1059 – after 1128). With explanations and an appendix.

Charles A. Kohler. Charles A. Kohler (1854–1917), a Swiss archivist and director of the Revue de l'Orient Latin (ROL).

• Itinera hierosolymitana et descriptiones terrae sanctae bellis sacris anteriora (1879). Itineraries of pilgrimages to the Holy Land from the fourth through the eleventh century. Includes Bernard the Pilgrim (fl. 865), Saint Willibald (c. 700-c. 787), the Venerable Bede (c. 720), Arculf (fl. late seventh century), Theodosius' De situ terrae sanctae (530), Eucherius of Lyon (440), and Saint Paula of Rome (347-404) and her daughter Eustochium. Editor, with French historian Auguste Molinier (1851–1904) and Swiss orientalist Titus Tobler (1806–1877).
• Mélanges pour servir à l'Histoire de l'Orient Latin et des Croisades (1906). Selected articles extracted from ROL Tomes IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX and X.
• Documents relatifs à Guillaume Adam, archevêque de Sultanieh, puis d'Antivari et son entourage (1906), in Mélanges pour servir à l'Histoire de l'Orient Latin et des Croisades, Volume 2, pp. 475–515. Documents relating to Guillaume Adam (died 1341), archbishop of Soltaniyeh and then of Antivari, and his entourage.

Wilhelm Heyd. Wilhelm Heyd (1823–1906), a German historian. (cf. German Wikipedia, Wilhelm Heyd).

• Geschichte des Levantehandels im mittelalter, 2 volumes (1879).
• Histoire du Commerce du Levant au Moyen-âge, 2 volumes (1885–1886). A French translation of Geschichte des Levantehandels im mittelalter by Marc Furcy-Raynaud (1872-1933.

Theodor Ilgen. Theodor Ilgen (1854–1924), a German archivist and historian.

• Markgraf Conrad von Montferrat (1880). A biography of marquess Conrad of Montferrat (died 1192), de facto king of Jerusalem (as Conrad I) by virtue of his marriage to Isabella I of Jerusalem.

Karl Neumann. Karl Neumann (1860–1934), a German historian.

• Bernard von Clairvaux und die Anfänge des zweiten Kreuzzüges (1882). Bernard of Clairvaux and the beginnings of the Second Crusade.
• Griechische Geschichtschreiber und Geschichtsquellen im zwölften Jahrhundert (1888). Greek historians and sources of history in the 12th century. Studies on Anna Komnene (1083–1153), Theodore Prodromus (c. 1100 – before 1170) and John Kinnamos (1143 – after 1185).
• Die Weltstellung des byzantinischen Reiches vor de Kreuzzügen (1894). A history of the Byzantine empire before the Crusades. Includes accounts of Constantine IX Monomachos, George Maniakes and the Norman conquest of southern Italy.

Karl von Lama. Karl von Lama (1841–1920), a German librarian and bookseller. (cf. German Wikipedia, Karl von Lama)

• Bibliothèque des écrivains de la Congrégation de Saint-Maur (1882). Bibliography of Maurist works from the Congregation of Saint Maur between 1645–1787. Compiled by K. von Lama, reducing and completing the earlier Histoire littéraire de la congregation de Saint-Maur (1770) of René-Prosper Tassin (1697–1777).

August Reifferscheid. Karl Wilhelm August Reifferscheid (1835–1887), a German archaeologist and classical philologist.

• Annae Comnenae, Porphyrogenitae, Alexias, 2 volumes (1884).

August Müller. August Müller (1848–1892), a German orientalist.

• Der Islam im Morgen- und Abendland, 2 volumes (1885–1887). Reprinted in Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen.
• Orientalische bibliographie, 26 volumes (1887–1892).

Theodor Wolff. Theodor Wolff (1867–1927), a German historian and editor. (cf. German Wikipedia, Theodor Wolff)

• Die Bauernkreuzzüge des Jahres 1096 : ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der ersten Kreuzzüge (1891). An account of the People's Crusade of 1096.

Julius Hermann Gotthelf Gmelin. Julius Hermann Gotthelf Gmelin (1859–1919), a German historian specializing in the Knights Templar.

• Schuld oder Unschuld des Templerordens: Kritischer Versuch zur Lösung der Frage (1893).

Franz Xaver von Funk. Franz Xaver von Funk (1840–1907), a German Catholic theologian and historian.

• Petrus von Amiens (1895). A history of Peter the Hermit. In Wetzer–Welte Kirchenlexikon, Volume IX..

Richard Sternfeld. Richard Sternfeld (1858–1926), a German historian and musicologist. (cf. German Wikipedia, Richard Sternfeld)

• Ludwigs des heiligen kreuzzug nach Tunis 1270 und die politik Karls I von Sizilien (1896). An account of the Eighth Crusade, Louis IX of France and Charles I of Sicily.

Nicolae Iorga (Jorga). Nicolae Iorga (1871–1940), a Romanian historian and politician.

• Philippe de Mézièves et la croisade au XIVe siècle (1896), in Bibliothèque de l'École des hautes études. Sciences historiques et philologiques, Fascicule 110. An account of French knight Philippe de Mézières (c. 1327 –1405) and his quest for a new Crusade (see Fourteenth century above).
• Notes et extraits pour servir a l'hist. des croisades au XVe siècle, 6 volumes (1899–1916).
• Latins et Grecs d'Orient et l'établissement des Turcs en Europe (1342–1362), in Byzantinische Zeitschrift, Fünfzehn Band (1906).
• Brève histoire des croisades et de leurs fondations en Terre Sainte (1924).

Walter Carl Norden. Walter Carl Norden (1876–1937), a German historian and community scientist. (cf. German Wikipedia, Walter Norden)

• Der vierte Kreuzzug im Rahmen der Beziehungen des Abendlandes zu Byzanz (1898).
• Das Papsttum und Byzanz: die Trennung der beiden Mächte und das Problem ihrer Wiedervereinigung bis zum Untergange des Byzantinischen Reichs (1453) (1903).

Alexander Cartellier. Alexander Cartellieri (1867-1955), a German historian.

• Philipp II.: August, 4 volumes (1899–1921). A biography of Philip II of France.

Eduard Heyck. Eduard Heyck (1862–1941), a German cultural historian, editor, writer and poet.

• Die Kreuzzüge und das Heilige Land (1900). Covers: pilgrimages and the origins of the Crusades; the First Crusade through the fall of Acre in 1291; law and administration of the Crusader states. Three maps and 163 illustrations.

Arabic and Turkish historians

Original works by Muslim historians include the following.

Namik Kemal. Namik Kemal (1840–1880), a Turkish journalist and political activist. One of the founders of the modern Ottoman literature.

• Selâhaddini Eyyûbî (Biography of Saladin) (1872). First modern Muslim biography of Saladin.
• Celâleddin Harzemşah (1875). Biography of Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu (1199–1231), last shah of the Khwarezmian empire.
• Edebiyat i-Cedide (1884). Ottoman New Literature, includes three works: Salah al-Din – on sultan Saladin (1137-1193), Fatih – on sultan Mehmed II (1432–1481), and Sultan Selim (1470–1520).

Sayyid ‘Ali al-Hariri. Sayyid ‘Ali al-Hariri (fl. 1899), an Egyptian historian.

• Splendid Accounts in the Crusading Wars (1899), the first Muslim account of the Crusades using Arab sources.

Translations of original sources

Translations of Arabic, Persian, Coptic and Byzantine works by Western historians include the following.

Joseph White. Joseph White (1745–1814), an English orientalist and theologian.

• Account of Egypt (1800). By Arab historian Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (1162–1231). Arabic document first discovered and published by Edward Pococke (1604–1691). His son, Edward Pococke the Younger, then translated a fragment of the work into Latin. Thomas Hunt began the task of completing the translation but did not finish. The Latin translation was then completed by J. White.

Gustav Flügel. Gustav Leberecht Flügel (1802–1870), a German orientalist.

• Bibliographical and Encyclopaedic Lexicon, 7 volumes (1835–1858). A translation of Kaşf az-Zunūn by Kâtip Çelebi (1609–1657). A bibliographic encyclopedia of Arabic works whose title translates to The Removal of Doubt from the Names of Books and the Arts. Published in a French translation by Barthélemy d'Herbelot (1625–1695).

Michael Jan de Goeje. Michael Jan de Goeje (1836–1909), a Dutch orientalist focusing on Arabia and Islam.

• Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum, 8 volumes (1870–1894).
• Selection from the Annals of Tabari (1902). Selected translations from the chronicle History of the Prophets and Kings (Annals of Tabari), written by Persian historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838–923).
• Selections from Arabic Geographical Literature (1907).

Beniamino Raffaello Sanguinetti. Beniamino Raffaello Sanguinetti (1811–1883), an Italian orientalist.

• Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325-1354 (before 1883). Translation of Morrocan explorer ibn Battūta's Voyages (Rihla) by Sanguinetti with Charles Defrémery (1822–1883) and H. A. R. Gibb (1895–1971).

Urbain Bouriant. Urbain Bouriant (1849–1903), a French Egyptologist, who discovered the Gospel of Peter in a tomb at Akhmim.

• Description topographique et historique de l'Égypte, 2 volumes (1895–1900). French translation of the Al-Mawāʻiẓ wa-al-Iʻtibār bi-Dhikr al-Khiṭaṭ wa-al-āthār written by Egyptian historian al-Makrizi (1364–1442).

David Samuel Margoliouth. David Samuel Margoliouth (1858–1940), an English orientalist.

• Umayyads and 'Abbásids, being the fourth part of Jurjí Zaydán's History of Islamic civilization (1907). A translation of Tarikh al-Tamaddun al-Islami, 5 volumes (1901–1906) of Lebanese writer Jurji Zaydan 1861–1914).
• The Eclipse of the Abbasid Caliphate: Original Chronicles of the Fourth Islamic Century, 7 volumes (1920-1921). Edited with British orientalist Henry P. Amedroz (1854-1917). Includes the Book of Viziers of Hilal al-Sabi', Tajárib al-Umam by Miskawayh and the Damascus Chronicles of ibn al-Qalanisi.

Jean-Baptiste Chabot. Jean-Baptiste Chabot (1860–1948), a leading French Syriac scholar.

• Chronique de Michel le Syrien: patriarche jacobite d'Antioche, 1166-1199, 4 volumes (1899–1910). A translation of The Chronicle of Michael the Syrian (1126–1199).
• Répertoire d'Epigraphie Sémitique (RES), 8 volumes (1900). With French archaeologist Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau (1846–1923). Published by the Commission du Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum.
• Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium (CSCO) , 600+ volumes (1903 ff.). A collection of Eastern Christian texts in Syriac, Arabic, Coptic, Ethopic, Armenian and Georgian. Editor, with French orientalist Bernard Carra de Vaux (1867–1953), Chaldean priest and orientalist Louis Cheikho (1859–1927), Italian orientalist Ignazio Guidi (1844–1935) and Franco-American Coptologist Henri Hyvernat (1858–1941).

Constantine Sathas. Constantine Sathas (1842–1914), a Greek historian and researcher.

• Biblioteca Graeca Medii Aevi (Medieval Library), 7 volumes (1872–1894). Collection of Greek, Byzantine and post-Byzantine works, including works by Michael Attaliates, Niketas Choniates, Theodoros Metochites, Leontios Machairas, Kaisarios Dapontes, Anastasios Gordios, Michael Psellos, and lists of martyrs, catalogs and mixed writings from Jerusalem, Cyprus and Crete.
• Documents inédits relatifs à l'histoire de la Grèce au Moyen Âge publi es sous les auspices del la Chambre des députés de Grèce, 9 volumes (1880–1890). Mnēmeia Hellēnikēs historias or Monuments of Greek history.

Charles Henri Auguste Schefer. Charles Henri Auguste Schefer (1820-1898), a French historian. (cf. French Wikipedia, Charles-Henri-Auguste Schefer)

• Description des lieux saints de la Galilée et de la Palestine (1881). Translation of work by Aboul Hassan Aly el Herewy.
• Description topographique et historique de Boukhara (1892). A translation of Tarikh-i Bukhara, by Bukharan historian Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Jafar Narshakhi (c. 899 – 959).
• Catalogue de la collection de manuscrits orientaux, arabes, persans et turcs (1900).
• Translation of accounts of journeys to the Holy Land. See Section 6.

François Nau. François Nau (1864–1931), a French Catholic priest, mathematician, Syriacist, and specialist in oriental languages.

• Patrologia Orientalis (PO), 49 volumes (1907, ongoing). Edited by Nau and French Syriacist René Graffin (1858–1941). A collection of medieval writings through the fifteenth century of eastern Church Fathers in Syriac, Armenian, Arabic, Coptic, Ethopic and Georgian.

Archaeology, cartography and numismatics

Cartography (cf. cartography of Palestine and cartography of Jerusalem)

Johann Host von Romberch. Johann Host von Romberch (c. 1480 – 1533), a German Dominican and writer.

• Veridica Terre Sancte reginoumque finitimarum ac in eis mirabilium Descriptio (1519). Art of the Holy Land based on the descriptions in Descriptio Terrae Sanctae by Burchard of Mount Sion (fl. 1283)
• Dialogo di M. Lodovico Dolce, nel quale si ragiona del modo di accrescere e conseruar la memoria (1562). An edition of a work by Italian art historian Lodovico Dolce (1508/10–1568)

Abraham Ortelius. Abraham Ortelius (1527–1598), a Brabantian cartographer, geographer, and cosmographer, known as the creator of the first modern atlas.

• Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (1570). Theatre of the World, regarded as the first modern atlas.

Michaël Eytzinger. Michaël Eytzinger (c. 1530 – 1598), an Austrian genealogist, cartographer and historian, who invented the Ahnentafel genealogical numbering system. Also known as Michael Aitsinger.

• Terra Promissionis topographice atque historice descripta (1582). The work provides a list of the holy sites arranged in colophons. A portrait of the author and a folded map of the Holy Land are included. Used as a source for Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867) by Swiss orientalist Titus Tobler (1806–1877).

Christian van Adrichem. Christian Kruik van Adrichem (1533–1585) was a Catholic priest and theological writer.

• Theatrum Terrae Sanctae et Biblicarum Historiarum (1590). A description of Palestine, with two maps, and of the antiquities of Jerusalem, with a comprehensive list of sources. Includes a chronology of Biblical history from Adam through the death of John the Apostle in 109. Referred to as Johannes van Adrichom in Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867) by Swiss orientalist Titus Tobler (1806–1877).

George Sandys. George Sandys (1578–1644), an English traveler, colonist, poet, and translator. Sandys' writings influenced contemporary literature and other disciplines including art, archaeology and geography. Sandys is considered to be the first English Egyptologist.

• A Relation of a Journey begun an. Dom. 1610, 4 volumes (1615). The account of an extended tour of Europe and the Middle East in 1610–1612, giving detailed accounts of Constantinople , Cairo, Jerusalem, Emmaus, Bethlehem and Nazareth.
• A General History of the Ottoman Empire (1740). Including Turkey, Egypt, the Holy Land, Jerusalem, Palestine and Arabia. Conjecture as the fate of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel.
• Sandys Travels: containing an history of the original and present state of the Turkish empire (1673). The Mahometan religion a nd ceremonies. A description of Constantinople ... also , of Greece ... Of Ægypt ... A description of the Holy-Land ... Lastly, Italy described, and the islands adjoining. Illustrated with fifty graven maps and figures. 7th edition.

Jan van Cootwijk. Jan van Cootwijk (died 1629), a Flemish antiquary, also known as Johannes Cotovicus.

• Itinerarium Hierosolymitanum et Syriacum, 2 volumes (1619). An account of a journey to Jerusalem and Syria. Cootwijk was the first to describe the archaeological remains of the Holy Land. He was also the first European researcher to identify the Tomb of the Kings in Jerusalem. Contains valuable maps and drawings of Jaffa, Ramle, Bethlehem and Jerusalem. Includes detailed plans of the Church of theHoly Sepulchre, the Temple Mount, the Kidron Valley and Mount Zion. Also includes an abridgment of De magistratibus et republica Venetorum (1543) by Gasparo Contarini .
• Arabia, seu, Arabum vicinarumq[ue] gentium Orientalium leges, ritus, sacri et profani mores, instituta et historia (1633). Inputs to work by Maronite Gabriel Sionita (1577–1648).

Gabriel Sionita. Gabriel Sionita (1577–1648), a Lebanese Maronite orientalist and author.

• Geographia Nubiensis (1619). A translation of De geographia universali, or Nuzhat al-Mushtaq, by Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi (1100–1165).
• Arabia, seu, Arabum vicinarumq[ue] gentium Orientalium leges, ritus, sacri et profani mores, instituta et historia (1633). Laws of the Eastern rites, sacred and profane behavior, institutions and history is also near several routes through Arabia, containing many noteworthy accounts. Includes works by Flemish antiquarian Jan van Cootwijk (died 1629) and Arab historian Yūḥannā al- Ḥaṣrūnī (died 1626).

Yūḥannā al- Ḥaṣrūnī. Yūḥannā al- Ḥaṣrūnī (died 1626), an Arab author. Also known as Joannes Hesronita.

• Geographia Nubiensis, id est accuratissima totius orbis in septem climata divisi descriptio (1619). A translation of the Tabula Rogeriana by Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi (1100–1165).
• Arabia, seu, Arabum vicinarumq[ue] gentium Orientalium leges, ritus, sacri et profani mores, instituta et historia (1633). Inputs to work by Maronite Gabriel Sionita (1577–1648).

Giovanni Biagio Amico. Giovanni Biagio Amico (1684–1754), an Italian architect, theologian and priest. (cf. Italian Wikipedia, Giovanni Biagio Amico)

• Trattato delle piante et immagini de Sacri edifizi di Terre Santa (1620). A treatise on the plants and images of the sacred buildings of the Holy Land. Of particular value are the many drawings and plans of Jerusalem and Bethlehem.

Thomas Fuller. Thomas Fuller (1608–1661), an English churchman and historian.

• A Pisgah-Sight of Palestine and the confines thereof; with the history of the Old and New Testaments acted thereon (1650). A descriptive geography of the Holy Land, with "facsimiles of all the quaint maps and illustrations" of the original edition.

Eugène Roger. Eugène Roger (17th century), French missionary in the Holy Land (1630–1635). Roger served as the physician of the Druze leader Fakhr ad-Din II.

• La Terra Sainte ou description topographique tres particuliere des saints Lieux, et de La Terra de Promission (1664). Describes the differing societies (Turks, Druze, Jews, Greeks) in Palestine under Ottoman rule. The chapter Des Iuifs que habitent en la Terre Sainte (Of the Jews that inhabit the Holy Land) includes a sketch of Jewish figures performing religious rituals.

Jacob Spon. Jacob Spon (1647–1685), a French physician and archaeologist. Spon was a pioneer in the exploration of the monuments of Greece.

• Voyage d'Italie, de Dalmatie, de Grece, et du Levant: fait aux années 1675 & 1676, 2 volumes (1676). With travel writer George Wheler (1651–1724).
• Recherche des antiquités et curiosités de la ville de Lyon (1857).
• Voyage d'Italie curieux et nouveau (1681).

Bernard Randolph. Bernard Randolph (1643-1690?), an English cartographer and traveler, specializing in Greece.

• The Present State of the Morea (1680). Called anciently Peloponnesus: together with a description of the city of Athens, islands of Zant, Strafades, and Serigo. With the maps of Morea and Greece, and several cities. Also a true prospect of the grand serraglio, or imperial palace of Constantinople, as it appears from Galata: curiously engraved on copper plates.
• The Present State of the Islands of the Archipelago (1687).

Jean Mabillon. Jean Mabillon (1632–1707), a French Benedictine monk and scholar of the Congregation of Saint Maur. One of the greatest historical scholar of the 17th century, he is considered to be the founder of the disciplines of palaeography and diplomatics.

• De re diplomatica (1681). An analysis of medieval documents and manuscripts back to the early 7th century. (cf. French Wikipedia, De re diplomatica )

Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri. Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri (1651–1725), an Italian adventurer and traveler, among the first Europeans to tour the world by securing passage on merchant ships. Generally referred to as Gemelli. His travels may have inspired the character Phileas Fogg in Jules Verne's Around the World in Eighty Days. He was suspected of spying for the Vatican on his journey.

• Giro Del Mondo, 6 volumes (1699). The account of Gernelli's world trip in 1693 including Egypt, Constantinople, and the Holy Land (Volume 1); Armenia and Persia (Volume 2); and China, where he was able to visit the emperor at Beijing, attend the Lantern Festival celebrations and tour the Great Wall. Used as a source for Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867) by Swiss orientalist Titus Tobler (1806–1877).

Joseph Pitts. Joseph Pitts (c. 1662 – c. 1735?), an English author and geographer, taken into slavery by Barbary pirates in Algiers in 1678.

• A True and Faithful Account of the Religion and Manners of the Mohammetans (1704).
• The Red Sea and adjacent countries at the close of the seventeenth century (18th century). With Jacques-Charles Poncet (1655-1706) and William Daniel.

Bernard de Montfaucon. Bernard de Montfaucon (1655–1741), a Benedictine monk and scholar who is considered one of the founders of archaeology and palaeography.

• Bibliotheca Coisliniana (1705). An examination of ancient and medieval Greek writings.
• L'antiquité expliquée et représentée en figures (Antiquity Explained and Represented in Diagrams), 15 volumes (1719–1724).

Raffaele Savonarola. Innocenzo Raffaele Savonarola (1646-1730), an Italian a monk and cartographer who worked in the monastery library in Padua, also known by the alias of Alphonsus Lasor a Verea.

• Universus terrarum orbis scriptorum calamo delineatus ... qui de Europae, Asiae, Africae, & Americae regnis, provinciis, populis, civitatibus...., 2 volumes (1713). A historical dictionary the geography and cartography of the time and includes a large number of maps and views taken from old plates dating from a century or more earlier. The plates are taken from Francesco Valeggio's Raccolta (1595), Tomaso Porcacchi Castilione's Le Isole più famose del mondo (1572), Gioseppe Rosaccio's Viaggi a Costantinopoli (1598), Giovanni Antonio Magini's Geografia (1596) and Donato Bertelli's Tavola moderne di geographia (cf. Lafreri atlases). Used as a source for Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867) by Swiss orientalist Titus Tobler (1806–1877).

Fedinand Delamonce. Ferdinand-Sigismond Delamonce (1678–1753), a German-French architect. (cf. French Wikipedia, Ferdinand-Sigismond Delamonce)

• De tabernaculo foederis, de sancta civitate Jerusalem, et de templo ejus, libri septem (1720). A Latin treatise on the Ark of the Covenant by Bernard Lamy (1640–1715). Edited by French historian Pierre Nicolas Desmolets (1678–1760) who added Vita auctoris (a biography of the author) and De templo Salomonis historico (history of Solomon's Temple). Engraved plates by F. Delamonce and Pierre Giffart (1638–1723).

Claude Buffier. Claude Buffier (1661–1737), French philosopher and historian.

• Géographie Universelle (1739). Exposée dans les differentes méthodes qui peuvent abréger l'étude & faciliter l'usage de cette science, avec les secours des vers artificiels. Engraved plates by Pierre François Giffart (1638–1723)

Richard Pococke. Richard Pococke (1704–1765), an English prelate and anthropologist.

• A Description of the East: and some other countries, 2 volumes (1743–1745). An account based on Pococke's travels to the Near East from 1737–1742.

Frederic Louis Norden. Frederic Louis Norden (1708–1742), a Danish naval captain, cartographer, and archaeological explorer.

• Voyage d'Egypte et de Nubie (1755). Extensive documentation and drawings of Norden's voyage through Egypt in 1737–1738.

Carsten Niebuhr. Carsten Niebuhr (1733–1815), a German mathematician, cartographer, and explorer in the service of Denmark. Participant in the Danish Arabia Expedition of 1761–1767.

• Description de l'Arabia d'apres les observations et recherches faites dans le pays mome (1771).
• Voyage en Arabie and en d'autres pays circonvoisins
• Travels through Arabia and other Countries in the East, 2 volumes (1776–1780). Translation of Voyage en Arabie and en d'autres pays circonvoisins by Scottish writer Robert Heron (1764–1807).
• Description of Arabia (1797). Translation of portions of Description de l'Arabia..., in A Collection of Late Voyages and Travels (1797) by R. Heron.

Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville. Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville (1697–1782), a French geographer and cartographer who greatly improved the standards of map-making. His maps of ancient geography have been characterized by careful, accurate work and based on original research. Over 1600 cartographic works are attributed to him. The cited reference below includes a partial bibliography.

• Compendium of Ancient Geography, 2 volumes (1742). Translated by British antiquarian John Horsley (c. 1685 – 1732), with an interesting discussion on translation.

Robert Wood. Robert Wood (1717–1771), an Irish traveler, classical scholar, civil servant and politician. Wood travelled with James Dawkins (1722–1757), who funded his work, and artist Giovanni Battista Borra (1713–1770).

• Les Ruines de Palmyre, autrement dite Tedmor au désert (1753). Engravings by Pierre Fourdrinier (1698–1758) based on drawings of G. B. Borra.
• The Ruins of Palmyra, otherwise Tedmor, in the desart (1753). English edition of Les Ruines de Palmyre.
• Les Ruines de Balbec, autrement dite Heliopolis dans la Coelosyrie (1757). Engravings by P. Fourdrinier based on drawings of G. B. Borra
• The Ruins of Balbec, otherwise Heliopolis in Cœlosyria (1757). English edition of Les Ruines de Balbec.

Alexander Russell. Alexander Russell (1715–1768), a Scottish physician and naturalist.

• The Natural History of Aleppo, and parts adjacent (1756). Revised and expanded by herpetologist Patrick Russell (1727–1805) in the 2nd edition (1794). Containing a description of the city, and the principal natural productions in its neighbourhood. Together with an account of the climate, inhabitants, and diseases; particularly of the plague.

Bibliography of Topography of Palestine. An extensive bibliography of works on the topography of Palestine from 333–1764 can be found in The Land of Promise: Notes of a Spring-journey from Beersheba to Sidon (1858) by Scottish churchman Horatius Bonar (1808–1889).

Wilhelm Albert Bachiene. Wilhelm Albert Bachiene (1712–1783), a German cartographer.

• Historische und geographische beschreibung von Palästina, 7 volumes (1766–1775). The history and geography of the Holy Land according to its past and present, along with the associated landcharts. Used as a source for Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867) by Swiss orientalist Titus Tobler (1806–1877).

Gottlieb Heinrich Stuck. Gottlieb Heinrich Stuck (1716–1787), a German geographer.

• Gottlieb Heinrich Stuck's...Verzeichniss von aeltern und neuern Land- und Reisebeschreibungen (1784). Directory of older and newer land and travel descriptions. With German geographer Johann Ernst Fabri (1755–1825). Used as a source for Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867) by Swiss orientalist Titus Tobler (1806–1877).

Johann Joachim Bellermann. Johann Joachim Bellermann (1754–1842), a German Hebraist and one of the experts in of Hebrew epigraphy.

• Handbuch der biblischen Literatur (1793). A handbook of Biblical literature, with a section on Biblical geography. Used as a source for Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867) by Swiss orientalist Titus Tobler (1806–1877).

Carl Ritter. Carl Ritter (1779–1859), a German geographer who was referenced by Swiss orientalist Titus Tobler (1806–1877) in his Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867).

• Die Erdkunde im Verhältniss zur Natur und zur Geschichte des Menschen, 17 volumes (1832–1859). Geography in relation to nature and human history. General comparative geography as a secure foundation for studying and teaching physical and historical sciences. Volume 17 covers Palestine, Syria and the Sinai.

Ernst Friedrich Karl Rosenmüller. Ernst Friedrich Karl Rosenmüller (1768–1835), a German orientalist and theologian.

• Reis in Palestina: Syrië en Egypte, gedaan in het jaar 1817 (1822). Journey in Palestine: Syria and Egypt, done in the year 1817.
• Handbuch der Biblischen Alterthumskunde , 4 volumes (1823–1831). Handbook of biblical antiquity, concerning the geography, flora, fauna and mineralogy of the Holy Land, Arabia and Central Asia. Used as a source for Tobler's Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867).
• Biblical Geography of Asia Minor, Phoenicia, and Arabia (1836). Volume 1 of Handbuch der Biblischen Alterthumskunde.

• The Biblical Geography of Central Asia, 2 volumes (1836–1837). Volumes 2 and 3 of Handbuch der Biblischen Alterthumskunde. With a general introduction to the study of sacred geography, including the antediluvian period. Translated by Scottish historian Nathaniel Morren (1798–1847).
• Mineralogy and Botany of the Bible (1840). Volume 4 of Handbuch der Biblischen Alterthumskunde.

Heinrich Berghaus. Heinrich Karl Wilhelm Berghaus (1797–1884), a German geographer and cartographer.

• Dr. Berghaus' Physikalischer Atlas, 2 volumes (1838–1848). Used as a source for Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867) by Swiss orientalist Titus Tobler (1806–1877).

Karl Georg von Raumer. Karl Georg von Raumer (1783–1865), a German geologist and educator.

• Kreuzzüge (1840).
• Beiträge zur Biblischen Geographie: Nebst einer Höhendurchnitte (1843).
• Palästina (1850).

Edward Robinson. Edward (Eduard) Robinson (1794–1863), an American Biblical scholar whose work in geography and archaeology earned him the epithets "Father of Biblical Geography" and "Founder of Modern Palestinology." Referenced in Tobler's Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ.

• Biblical Researches in Palestine, 3 volumes (1841). Based on a 1838 exploration trip to Palestine. With American missionary Eli Smith (1801–1857).
• Biblical Researches in Palestine: First Supplement (1842).
• Notes on Biblical Geography (1849).
• Later Biblical Researches in Palestine, and in the Adjacent Regions (1856). A journal of travels in the year 1852. Drawn up from the original diaries, with historical illustrations, with new maps and plans.

Salomon Munk. Salomon Munk (1803–1867), a French orientalist.

• Palestine: description géographique, historique, et archéologique (1845). Used as a source for Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867) by Swiss orientalist Titus Tobler (1806–1877)

Friedrich August Arnold. Friedrich August Arnold (1812-1869), a German orientalist. (cf. German Wikipedia, Friedrich August Arnold)

• Palästina: historisch-geographisch mit besonderer berüksichtigung der Helmuthschen karte für theologen und gebildete bibelleser (1845). Palestine: historically and geographically with special consideration of the Helmuth map for theologians and educated Biblical readers. Used as a source for Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867) by Swiss orientalist Titus Tobler (1806–1877).

Louis Félicien de Saulcy. Louis Félicien de Saulcy (1807–1880), a French historian, numismatist and archaeologist.

• Numismatique des croisades (1847). A pioneering work on the coins of the Crusader era.

Lorenz Clemens Gratz. Lorenz Clemens Gratz (1805–1884), a German Biblical scholar.

• Erd- und Länderkunde der heiligen Schrift (1848). Geography and regional studies of the Holy Scriptures for Catholic schools and families to explain the sacred history of the Old and New Covenants.

Vivien de Saint-Martin. Louis Vivien de Saint-Martin (1802 –1896), a French historian and geographer.

• Description historique et géographique de l'Asie Mineure, 2 volumes (1852). Historical and geographical description of Asia Minor, including ancient times, the Middle Ages and modern times, with a detailed account of the journeys that have been made in the peninsula, from the time of the Crusades to the most recent times. Preceded by a table of the geographical history of Asia, from the most ancient times to the present day. Used as a source for Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867) by Swiss orientalist Titus Tobler (1806–1877).

Wilhelm Engelmann. Wilhelm Engelmann (1808–1878), a German publisher and bookseller.

• Bibliotheca geographica (1858). In Tobler's Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ.

Heimann Jolowicz. Heimann Jolowicz (1816–1875), a German historian mentioned in Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ.

• Bibliotheca Ægyptiaca (1858). Bibliography on Egypt up to 1857, its geography, natural history, monuments, language, script, religion, mythology, history, art and science.

C. M. W. van de Velde. Charles William Meredith van de Velde (1818–1898), a Dutch painter, cartographer and missionary.

• Narrative of a Journey through Syria and Palestine in 1851 and 1852, 2 volumes (1854).
• Van de Velde maps of Palestine and Jerusalem (1858). An important scientific mapping of Palestine and Jerusalem.
• Memoir to Accompany the Map of the Holy Land (1858).
• Planography of Jerusalem (1858). With Titus Tobler. Memoir to accompany the new-ground-plan of the city of Jerusalem and the environs, constructed anew by C. W. M. van de Velde.

Thomas Wright. Thomas Wright (1810–1877), an English antiquarian and writer. Additional works listed in Chapter 6 above.

• Essays on Archaeological Subjects: and on various questions connected with the history of art, science and literature in the middle ages (1861).

Emmanuel Guillaume-Rey. Emmanuel Guillaume-Rey (1837–1913), a French archaeologist, topographer and orientalist who wrote seminal works on the archaeology of the Holy Land. (cf. French Wikipedia, Emmanuel Guillaume-Rey)

• Voyage dans le Haouran et aux bords de la Mer Morte exécuté pendant les années 1857 et 1858 (1861). An account of a voyage on the Dead Sea and to the Hauran.
• Étude historique et topographique de la tribu de Juda (1862). A historical and topographical study of the tribe of Judah.
• Essai sur la domination française en Syrie durant le moyen âge (1866). An essay on French domination in Syria during the Middle Ages
• Etude sur les monuments de l'architecture militaire des croisés en Syrie et dans l'île de Chypre (1871). A study on the monuments of the military architecture of the Crusaders in Syria and on Cyprus
• Les familles d'outremer (1869). Original work by French historian Charles du Cange (1610–1688), extended by Guillaume-Rey. Genealogy of the royal families of the Kingdom of Jerusalem through 1244.
• Etudes sur les monuments de l'architecture militaire des croisés (1871). A study of Crusader fortifications in the Holy Land.
• Recherches géographiques et historiques sur la domination des latins en Orient, accompagnées de textes inédits ou peu connus du XIIe au XIVe siècle (1877).
• Étude sur la topographie de la ville d'Acre au XIIIe siècle (1879). A study of the topography of Acre in the thirteenth century.

Titus Tobler. Titus Tobler (1806–1877), a Swiss oriental scholar.

• Planography of Jerusalem (1858). A memoir to accompany the new-ground-plan of the city of Jerusalem and the environs, constructed anew by C. W. M. van de Velde. Includes the Arculf Map of Jerusalem, the second oldest known map of the city.
• Bibliographia Geographica Palestinæ (1867). A bibliography of sources for the geography of the Holy Land, prepared by Tobler after an 1865 visit there. Includes works by Michaël Eytzinger (c. 1530 – 1598), Christian Kruik van Adrichem (1533–1585), Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri (1651–1725), Wilhelm Albert Bachiene (1712–1783), Gottlieb Heinrich Stuck (1716-1787); Johann Joachim Bellermann (1754–1842), Gilles Boucher de La Richarderie (1733-1810), François-René de Chateaubriand (1768–1848), Ernst Friedrich Karl Rosenmüller (1768–1835), Joachim Heinrich Jäck (1777-1847), Heinrich Berghaus (1797–1884), Salomon Munk (1803–1867), Friedrich August Arnold (1812-1869), Ludovic Lalanne (1815–1898), Xavier Marmier (1808–1892), John Kitto (1804–1854), Carl Ritter (1779–1859), Gerhard Heinrich van Senden (1793–1851), Louis Vivien de Saint-Martin (1802 –1896), Laorti-Hadji (1789–1879), Edward (Eduard) Robinson (1794–1863), Alessandro Bassi (fl. 1857), Wilhelm Engelmann (1808–1878), Felix Geisheim (fl. 1858), Horatius Bonar (1808–1889), Heimann Jolowicz (1816–1875), Lorenz Clem. Gratz (1805–1884), C. W. M. van de Velde (1818–1898), Karl von Raumer (1783–1865), Julius Petzholdt (1812–1891), and Avraam S. Norov (Abraham von Noroff) (1795-1869).
• Descriptiones Terrae Sanctae ex saeculo VIII., IX., XII. et XV (1874). Descriptions of the Holy Land from the 8th century through the 15th century, compiled and edited by T. Tobler. See the description in Chapter 6 for author and accounts.
• Itinera hierosolymitana et descriptiones terrae sanctae bellis sacris anteriora (1879). Itineraries of pilgrimages to the Holy Land from the fourth through the eleventh century. Editor, with French historian Auguste Molinier (1851–1904) and Swiss archivist Charles A. Kohler (1854–1917).

Theodor Mommsen. Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (1817–1903), a German classical scholar, historian and archaeologist.

• Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL), 15 volumes (1872). A collection of ancient Latin inscriptions. Two additional volumes were published in 1936 and 1986. Published by the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities , founded by Mommsen in 1853.

Melchior Vogüé. Melchior, Marquis de Vogüé (1829–1916), a French archaeologist, orientalist, epigraphist, historian and diplomat. Served as ambassador to Constantinople.

• Monnaies inedites des Croisades (1864).
• The Recovery of Jerusalem: A narrative of exploration and discovery in the city and the Holy Land (1871). With Richard Phené Spiers, Charles W. Wilson, Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, Charles Warren and others.
• Jérusalem hier et aujourd'hui: notes de voyage (1912).

Charles W. Wilson. Sir Charles William Wilson (1836–1905), a British Army officer, geographer and archaeologist. Wilson served as director of the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society and was chairman of the Palestine Exploration Fund.

• The Recovery of Jerusalem: A narrative of exploration and discovery in the city and the Holy Land (1871). With Richard Phené Spiers, Melchior Vogüé, Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, Charles Warren and others.
• Picturesque Palestine, Sinai, and Egypt , 4 volumes (1880–1884).
• The Masonry of the Haram Wall, in the Quarterly statement of The Palestine Exploration Fund (1880). See also The Gates of the Haram Area, in Volume IV of the Library of the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society
• Library of the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (1897). Editor of numerous volumes of the series.
• Names and Places in the Old and New Testament and Apocrypha: with their modern identifications (1889). With Claude R. Conder and George Armstrong.
• Ancient Jerusalem: a lecture delivered for the Palestine Exploration Fund (1892).

Richard Phené Spiers. Richard Phené Spiers (1838–1916), an English architect and author.

• The Recovery of Jerusalem: A narrative of exploration and discovery in the city and the Holy Land (1871). With Charles W. Wilson, Melchior Vogüé, Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, Charles Warren and others.
• A History of Ancient and Medieval Architecture, 2 volumes (1893).

Gustave Schlumberger. Gustave Schlumberger (1844-1929), a French historian and numismatist who specialized on the Crusades and the Byzantine Empire.

• Numismatique des croisades. Monnaie inédite des seigneurs du Toron en Syrie (1875).
• Sigillographie de l'Orient latin (1877). Continued by French Byzantinist Ferdinand Chalandon (1875–1921).
• Numismatique de l'Orient Latin , 2 volumes (1878–1882). The principal work on the coinage of the Crusades.
• La Vierge, le Christ, les saints sur les sceaux byzantins des Xe, XIe et XIIe siècles (1883).
• Sigillographie de l'empire byzantin (1884). A compendium of Byzantine seals.
• Renaud de Châtillon, prince d'Antioche, seigneur de la terre d'Outre-Jourdain (1898). A biography of Raynald of Châtillon.
• Expédition des "Almugavares" ou routiers Catalans en Orient de l'an 1302 à l'an 1311 (1902). A history of the Catalan Company during the expedition of the Almogavars from 1301–1311.
• Campagnes du roi Amaury Ier de Jérusalem en Egypte, au XIIe siècle (1906).
• Prise de Saint-Jean-d'Acre, en l'an 1291 (1914).
• Le siege, la prise et le sac de Constantinople par les Turcs en 1453 (1914).
• Récits des Byzance et des Croisades, 2 volumes (1922–1923).
• Byzance et les croisades, pages médiévales (1927).

Max van Berchem. Max van Berchem (1863–1921), a Swiss epigraphist and historian, and a pioneer in the use of Arabic epigraphs and inscriptions in historical analysis.

• Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum (1894). A reference work on Arabic inscriptions. With French orientalist Gaston Wiet (1887–1971) and German Iranologist Ernst Emil Herzfeld (1879–1948).
• Epigraphie des Assassins de Syrie (1897). The epigraphs of the Assassins of Syria during the time of Louis IX of France and the Seventh Crusade (1248–1254).
• Notes sur les croisades. Le royaume de Jérusalem et le livre de m. Röhricht (1902). Notes on the Crusades, in particular the royalty of Jerusalem, based on the work of German historian Reinhold Röhricht (1842-1905).
• Monuments et inscriptions de lʾatābek Luʾluʾ de Mossoul (1906). Monuments and inscriptions of the Armenian ruler of Mosul Badr al-Din Lu'lu' (died 1259).
• Épigraphie des Atabeks de Damas (1909). Epigraphs of the atabegs of Damascus from Atsiz ibn Abaq through Toghtekin (1076–1128).

Ernst Emil Herzfeld. Ernst Emil Herzfeld (1879–1948), a German archaeologist and Iranologist.

• Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum (1894). A reference work on Arabic inscriptions. With Swiss epigraphist Max van Berchem (1863–1921) and French orientalist Gaston Wiet (1887–1971).
• Archaeological History of Iran (1937).

Gaston Wiet. Gaston Wiet (1887–1971), a French orientalist.

• Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum (1894). A reference work on Arabic inscriptions. With Swiss epigraphist Max van Berchem (1863–1921) and German Iranologist Ernst Emil Herzfeld (1879–1948).
• Répertoire chronologique d'épigraphie arabe (1931).

Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau. Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau (1846–1923), a French orientalist and archaeologist.

• Archæological Researches in Palestine during the years 1873–1874, 2 volumes (1896, 1899). Translated by Aubrey Stewart.
• Répertoire d'Epigraphie Sémitique (RES) , 8 volumes (1900). With Syriac scholar Jean-Baptiste Chabot (1860–1948). Published by the Commission du Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum.
• Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum (CIS), 5 volumes (published through 1950). Published by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.

Camile Enlart. Camille Enlart (1862–1927), a French archaeologist and art historian.

• L'Art Gothique et la Renaissance en Chypre, 2 volumes (1899). A seminal work on Crusader-era art with 41 plates and 421 figures.

Paul Balog. Paul Balog (1900–1982), an Italian Islamic numismatic and archaeologist.

• Monnaies à lé genres arabes de l’Orient latin (1958). By Paul Balog and Jacques Yvon (1923–1983). The standard reference for the classifications of coins in Arabic from the Crusader era.
• The Coinage of the Mamluk Sultans of Egypt and Syria (1964), both regarded as classic studies in Islamic numismatics.
• Umayyad, ʻĀbbasid, and Ṭūlūnid glass weights and vessel stamps (1976).
• The Coinage of the Ayyubids (1980).

Kathleen Kenyon. Dame Kathleen Mary Kenyon (1906–1978), a British archaeologist of Neolithic culture in the Fertile Crescent. One of the most influential archeologists of the 20th century.

• Archaeology in the Holy Land (1960).
• Ancient Cities (1994). Contribuiions by Kenyon, among a host of others.

John Porteous. John Porteous (20th century), a British numismatist.

• Crusader Coinage with Greek or Latin Inscriptions (1989). In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe (1989). Edited by Norman P. Zacour and Harry W. Hazard (1918-1989).

Michael L. Brown. Michael L. Brown (20th century), a prominent American numismatist.

• Crusader Coinage with Arabic Inscriptions (1989). With British numismatist D. M. Metcalf. In the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe (1989). Edited by Norman P. Zacour and Harry W. Hazard (1918-1989).

Hugh N. Kennedy. Hugh N. Kennedy (born 1947), a British medieval historian.

• The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates, 600–1050 (1986).
• Crusader Castles (1994). An account of the history and architecture of Crusader castles in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, County of Tripoli and Principality of Antioch between 1099 and 1291. Work summarized in The Crusades - An Encyclopedia.
• The Historiography of Islamic Egypt, c. 950-1800 (2000).

Moshe Sharon. Moshe Sharon (born 1937), an Israeli historian of Islam. Referred to as "Israel's greatest Middle East scholar."

• Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, 6 volumes to date; 7th projected (1997–2021). An extensive work that provides the epigraphy of the Holy Land relating to construction, dedication, religious endowments, epitaphs, Quranic texts, prayers and invocations. His work has been instrumental in the continued analysis of original texts of the Crusades. Current volumes cover A through J, Part 1. Seventh volume partially covers Jerusalem.

Sheila Blair. Sheila Blair (born 1948), an American scholar of Islamic art.

• A Compendium of Chronicles: Rashid al-Din's Illustrated History of the World (1995). An illustrated (59 folios) edition of Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh (Compendium of Chronicles) by Persian historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani (1247–1318). The commentary traces the compendium’s history from the scriptorium in Tabriz, through Herat during the Timurid dynasty, through the 19th-century Mughal court and the East India Company, to its final acquisition by the Royal Asiatic Society. Includes a translation by Wheeler Thackson of the articles of endowment of the Rabi’ Rashid. Volume XXVII of the Khalili Collection of Islamic Art.
• Arab Inscriptions in Persia (1998). In Encyclopædia Iranica's article on Epigraphy.
• Būyid Art and Architecture (2009).

Nasser Khalili. Sir Nasser David Khalili (born 1945), a British-Iranian scholar, collector, and philanthropist.

• Khalili Collections. Eight distinct art collections, including one on Islamic art.

Nicholas Ambraseys. Nicholas Ambraseys (1929-2012), a Greek archaeoseismologist who was a pioneer in the study of medieval earthquakes in the Middle East.

• The 12th century seismic paroxysm in the Middle East: a historical perspective (2004).

David Nicolle. David Nicolle (born 1944) is a British historian specializing in the military history of the Middle East.

• Crusader Castles in the Holy Land, 1192–1302 (2004). Examines the early fortifications erected by the Crusaders in Israel, the Palestinian territories, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Turkey.

Encyclopedia articles

The first encyclopedia article on the Crusades is credited to Denis Diderot in the 18th century. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, three notable encyclopedia articles appeared. These are Philip Schaff's article in the Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia of Religious Knowledge; Louis Bréhier's two works on the Crusades and their Bibliography and Sources in the Catholic Encyclopedia; and the work of Ernest Barker in the 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, later expanded into a separate publication. All three have interesting bibliographies showing histories deemed important at the time.

Denis Diderot. Denis Diderot (1713-1784), French author who regarded the effects of the Crusades as "uniformly dire" (Oeuvres, Volume 14).

• Encyclopédie (1751–1772). The entry on Crusades in Volume 2 is based on Voltaire's Histoire des Croisades.
• Oeuvres, 26 volumes, edited by French philosopher and editor Jacques-André Naigeon (1738–1810), published 1821-1834.

Philip Schaff. Philip Schaff (1819–1893), a Swiss theologian and ecclesiastical historian.

• History of the Christian Church, 8 volumes (1858–1867). Volume 5: The Middle Ages from Gregory VII (1049) to Boniface VIII (1294). Chapter VII: The Crusades, covers the First Crusade through the fall of Acre in 1291. Includes discussion on literature.
• Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia of Religious Knowledge (1884). Editor of the general work and author of influential article on the Crusades in Volume 3, pp. 315–318. Covers the first eight Crusades (combining the last two into one). Topics include: The First Crusade, 1096–1099; The Second and Third Crusades, 1147–1149, 1189–1192; The Fourth Crusade, 1202–1204; The Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Crusades, 1228–1270; Power of Papacy Increased, also Intolerance; Devotion Stimulated, Absolution Extended; The Renaissance and Reformation; with extensive bibliography.

Louis R. Bréhier. Louis R. Bréhier (1869–1951), a French historian specializing in Byzantine studies.

• Crusades (1908). In the Catholic Encyclopedia (1907–1912), edited by Charles G. Herbermann (1840–1916). A overview of the history of the Crusades, numbered as eight. Topics include: I. Origin of the Crusades; II. Foundation of Christian states in the East; III. First destruction of the Christian states (1144-1187); IV. Attempts to restore the Christian states and the Crusade against Saint-Jean d'Acre (1192-1198); V. The Crusade against Constantinople (1204); VI. The thirteenth-century Crusades (1217-1252); VII. Final loss of the Christian colonies of the East (1254-1291); VIII. The fourteenth-century Crusade and the Ottoman invasion; IX. The Crusade in the fifteenth century; X. Modifications and survival of the idea of the Crusade.
• Crusades (Bibliography and Sources) (1908). A concise summary of the historiography of the Crusades. In the Catholic Encyclopedia.
• L'Église et l'Orient au Moyen Âge: Les Croisades (1907). The Church and the East in the Middle Ages: The Crusades, including an extensive bibliography. Covers the Holy Land from before the Crusades, including the role of Holy relics, Charlemagne's role in the Middle East, and the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in 1109; the Crusades through 1291; and later activities through 1453.
• Crusade of the Pastoureaux (1911). An account of the First Shepherds’ Crusade (1251). In the Catholic Encyclopedia.
• Histoire anonyme de la première croisade (1924). A translation of the anonymous account of the First Crusade, Gesta Francorum (Deeds of the Franks).
• List of Contributions of Bréhier to the Catholic Encyclopedia (1908–1913).
• Bibliography of works by Bréhier (1899–1950).
• Works of Bréhier from the HathiTrust bibliographic catalog (1899–1950).

Ernest Barker. Ernest Barker (1874–1960), an English political scientist.

• Crusades (1911), in the 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. A summary of the history of the Crusades, with sections on the Meaning of the Crusades, Historical Causes of the Crusades, and Literature of Crusades.
• The Crusades (1923). A later edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica article, edited with additional notes.
• List of Contributions of Barker to the Encyclopædia Britannica 11th Edition.
• Bibliography of works by Barker (1906–1956).

Early twentieth century

J. B. Bury. John Bagnell (J. B.) Bury (1861–1927), an Anglo-Irish historian, classical scholar, Medieval Roman (Byzantine) historian and philologist.

• Edward Gibbon's History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 6 volumes (1898). A new edition, edited and with notes by Bury.
• The Cambridge Medieval History, 8 volumes (1911–1936). Planned by J.B. Bury.

Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of History. Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of History, 6 volumes (1901). A collection published by the University of Pennsylvania that includes articles by Dana C. Munro on Urban II, letters from the Crusaders and the Fourth Crusade.

Joseph Delaville Le Roulx. Joseph Delaville Le Roulx (1855-1911), a French historian specializing on the Knights Hospitaller (Order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem). (cf. French Wikipédia, Joseph Delaville Le Roulx)

• Les Hospitaliers à Rhodes, 1310–1421 (1874).
• Documents concernant les Templiers extraits des archives de Malte (1882).
• Les archives la bibliothèque et le trésor de l'Ordre de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem à Malte (1883). The archives the library and treasury of the Order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem in Malta.
• La France en Orient au xive siècle: expéditions du maréchal Boucicaut. (1885). An account of the travels of French marshal Jean II Le Maingre (1366–1421), known as Boucicaut, a knight renown for his martial skills and chivalry. He was the sole participant in the Crusade of Marchal Boucicaut to Constantinople in 1399.
• Cartulaire général de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers, 4 volumes (1894-1904). Collection edited by le Roulx that consists of various charters and documents of the Order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem which are numbered and organized chronologically from 1100–1310.
• Les Hospitaliers en Terre sainte et à Chypre (1100–1319) (1904).
• Les Hospitaliers à Rhodes jusqu'à la mort de Philibert de Naillac (1310-1421) (1913).

Dana Carleton Munro. Dana Carleton Munro (1866–1933), an American historian.

• The Fourth Crusade (1896). In Volume 3.I of Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of History.
• A Syllabus of Medieval History, 395-1300 (1899). Includes chapters of chivalry, the Byzantine empire, the Saracen empires, and the Crusades. Extended to 1500 by American medieval historian Joseph R. Strayer (1904–1987), published in 1942.
• Letters of the Crusaders (1902). Correspondence regarding the First through Sixth Crusades, and others through 1281. Published as a stand-alone document as well as Volume 1.IV of Translations and Reprints.
• Essays on the Crusades (1902). With works by Munro, Hans Prutz (1843–1929) and Charles Diehl (1859–1944).
• Urban and the Crusaders (1902). Collection of sources including Urban II at the Council of Clermont (also published separately), the Truce of God, privileges granted to the Crusaders, Peter the Hermit, and selected bibliography. Volume 1.II of Translations and Reprints.
• Christian and Infidel in the Holy Land (1902). In Essays on the Crusades.
• A History of the Middle Ages (1902). A textbook on the history of the Western world from Charlemagne until the fourteenth century, including the Byzantine empire, the Muslim world from 750-1095, and the Crusades from 1096–1204.
• Medieval Civilization: Selected Studies from European Authors (1904). with American historian George Sellery (1872–1962). Includes articles on: Chivalry (Jacques Flach); Character and results of the Crusades (Charles Seignobos); ibn Jubayr's al-Rihlah; and Material for Literature from the Crusades (Vincent Vaublanc).
• The Kingdom of the Crusaders (1935). Based on Munro's lectures of 1924. A history from before the First Crusade until the loss of Jerusalem to Saladin in 1189. With an extensive bibliography.

Girolamo Golubovich. Girolamo Golubovich (1865–1941), an Italian historian.

• Serie cronologica dei reverendissimi superiori di Terra Santa (1898). A chronological series on the Grand Masters of the Knights Templar.
• Tratatello delle indulgentie de Terra Sancta (1900). The travel account of Italian friar Francesco Suriano (1480-1481). Edited by Golubovich.
• Biblioteca bio-bibliografica della Terra Santa e dell'Oriente francescano, 14 volumes (1906–1927).
• Collectanea Terrae Sanctae ex archivo Hierosolymitano deprompta (1933). Edited by Golubovich.

William Miller. William Miller (1864–1945), a British-born medievalist and journalist, specializing in the period of Frankish rule in Greece following the sack of Constantinople in 1204.

• Travels and Politics in the Near East (1898).
• The Latins in the Levant: History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566) (1908).
• Essays on the Latin Orient (1921). A comprehensive history of Greece, from Roman times, through the Byzantine empire, rule by the Franks, Venetians and Genoese, Turkish Greece (1460–1684), and the Venetian revival (1684–1718). Includes brief sections on the Balkans, the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, and a biography of Anna Komnene (1083 – 1153), called a Byzantine Blue Stocking.
• Empire of Trebizond, the Last Greek Empire (1926). A history of the Empire of Trebizond (1204–1461), a successor state to the Eastern Roman Empire.

Camile Enlart. Camille Enlart (1862–1927), a French archaeologist and art historian, with an emphasis on the Middle Ages.

• L'Art Gothique et la Renaissance en Chypre: illustré de 34 planches et de 421 figures, 2 volumes (1899).
• Gothic Art and the Renaissance in Cyprus (1987). Translation of L'art gothique et la renaissance en Chypre by David Hunt.
• Les Monuments des Croisés dans le Royaume de Jérusalem ; 2 volumes (1925-1929). Crusader monuments of the kingdom of Jerusalem. Published by the Haut Commissariat Français en Syrie et au Liban Bibliothèque Archéologique.

Ferdinand Chalandon. Ferdinand Chalandon (1875–1921), a French medievalist and Byzantinist.

• Essai sur le règne d'Alexis Ier Comnène (1081-1118) (1900). An account of the rule of Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos (c. 1048 – 1118).
• Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicile, 2 volumes (1907).
• Jean II Comnène, 1118-1143, et Manuel I Comnène, 1143-1180 (1912).
• Histoire de la Première Croisade jusqu'à l'élection de Godefroi de Bouillon (1925). A history of the First Crusade from the Council of Clermont until the election of Godfrey of Bouillon as Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri, ruler of the kingdom of Jerusalem.
• Sigillographie de l'Orient latin (1943). Continuation of the work of French historian and numismatist Gustave Schlumberger (1844-1929).

Marius André. Marius André (1868-1927), a French historian.

• Le Bienheureux Raymond Lulle (1232-1315) (1900). A biography of Spanish missionary blessed Ramon Lull (1232/1236–1315).

Émile Bridrey. Émile Bridrey (1873-1943), a French historian.

• La Condition Juridique des Croisés et le Privilège de Croix (1900). Etude d'histoire du droit français.

Jean-Baptiste Martin. Abbé Jean-Baptiste Martin (1864–1922), a French historian of the Catholic Church. (cf. French Wikipedia, Jean-Baptiste Martin)

• Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, 53 volumes (1901–1927). First published in 31 volumes (1759-1798) by Giovanni D. Mansi (1692 –1769). Continued by J-B. Martin and Louis Petit (1868–1927). Extensive edition of Church councils from the First Council of Nicaea in 325 through the Council of Florence in 1438. Includes the Canons of the Council of Clermont. and other source material relevant to the Crusades.

Arturo Magnocavallo. Arturo Magnocavallo (fl. 1901), an Italian historian.

• Marin Sanudo il Vecchio e il suo progetto di crociata (1901).

Charles Diehl. Charles Diehl (1859–1944), a French historian specializing in Byzantine art and history.

• The Byzantine Empire and the Crusades (1902). The empire from 1095–1189. In Essays on the Crusades, edited by Dale C. Munro.
• Byzance. Grandeur et décadence (1919). English translation, Byzantium: Greatness and Decline, published in 1957. Translated by Semantic scholar Naomi Walford with an introduction and bibliography by Byzantine scholar Peter Charanis (1908–1985).
• Jérusalem (1921). A survey of historical sites in Jerusalem in the early twentieth century.

Charles Bémont. Charles Bémont (1848–1939), a French scholar.

• History of Europe from 395 to 1270 (1902). A textbook originally written in French in collaboration with French historian Gabriel Monod (1844–1912). Introduction by American medievalist George Burton Adams (1851–1925). Translated into English by Mary Sloan. Chapters on the Christian and Muslim (Mussulman) Orient from the seventh to eleventh centuries, and on the First through Eighth Crusades.
• Histoire de l'Europe au moyen âge, 1270–1493 (1931).

Early Twentieth Century Fiction. The Crusades continued to be a popular subject in twentieth-century fiction, including:

• G. A. Henty (1832–1902), an English novelist who wrote Winning His Spurs: A Tale of the Crusades (1882), American title, The Boy Knight (1891); For the Temple: A Tale of the Fall of Jerusalem (1888); and A Knight of the White Cross: A Tale of the Siege of Rhodes (1896).
• The Assassins: a Romance of the Crusades (1902). A fictionalized account of the attempt of master Assassin Rashid ad-Din Sinan (after 1132 – 1193) to murder Saladin in 1176. By British writer Nevill Myers Meakin (1876–1912).
• Richard the Fearless: A Tale of the Red Crusade (1904), by Paul Creswick.
• The Brethren (1904), by H. Rider Haggard (1856–1925). A novel set during the Third Crusade that features Saladin and the Assassins.
• Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle (1927–1928), in which Lord Greystoke encounters the descendants of a Crusader contingent of knights of Richard I of England. By author Edgar Rice Burroughs (1875–1950).
• The Lord of Samarcand (originally published in the 1920s and 1930s), short stories about Crusader knights, by authorAmerican author Robert E. Howard (1906–1936), famous for his novels about Conan the Barbarian.
• Crusades Trilogy (1998–2000), a trio of novels entitled The Road to Jerusalem, The Knight Templar, and The Kingdom at the End of the Road, by Swedish author Jan Guillou (born 1944).

Edgar Blochet. Edgar Blochet (1870-1937), a French historian.

• Les relations diplomatiques des Hohenstaufen avec les Sultans d'Egypte (1902), in Revue historique 80, 1902.
• Introduction à l'Histoire des Mongols de Fadl Allah Rashid ed-Din (1910). An introduction to the work Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh by Persian historian Rashīd al-Dīn Hamadān (1247–1318).

Karl Zimmert. Karl Zimmert (fl. 1903), a German historian.

• Der Friede zu Adrianapol, in Byzantinische Zeitschrift (1902).
• Der deutsch-byzantinische Konflikt vom Juli 1189 bis Februar 1190, in Byzantinische Zeitschrift (1903).

Lucien Paulot. Lucien Paulot (1864-1938), a French historian.

• Un Pape français: Urbain II (1903). With a preface by French historian Georges Goyau (1869–1939).

Charles Seignobos. Charles Seignobos (1854–1942), a French historian and historiographer. Considered as one of the leading proponents of the historical method along with French historian Charles-Victor Langlois (1863–1929). Seignobos' view of the Crusades is best summarized in a quote: "In the eleventh century ... the barbarous Christians penetrated the lands of the civilized Muslims".

• Character and Results of the Crusades (1904). An essay in Dana C. Munro's Medieval Civilization: Selected Studies from European Authors.
• History of Mediæval Civilization (1909). Translated by American historian James Alton James (1864–1962). The Crusades though the loss of Jerusalem to Saladin are briefly covered in Chapter VIII, Oriental Civilization in the West.

Achille Luchaire. Denis Jean Achille Luchaire (1846–1908), a French historian.

• Innocent III, 6 volumes (1904–1908). The six volumes are: Rome et Italie; La Croisade des Albigeois; La Papauté et l'Empire; La Question d'Orient; Les Royautés vassales du Saint-Siège; and Le Concile de Latran et la réforme de l'Église.

Jules Gay. Jules Gay (1867-1935), a French historian specializing in the medieval popes.

• Le Pape Clément VI et les affaires d'Orient (1342-1352) (1904).

Ernst Gerland. Ernst Gerland (1870–1934), a German historian.

• Geschichte des lateinischen Kaiserreiches von Konstantinopel (1905).

Giuseppe Gerola. Giuseppe Gerola (1877–1938), an Italian historian known for his involvement in monument restoration projects and his studies on the Kingdom of Candia (Venetian Crete).

• Monumenti veneti nell'isola di Creta, 4 volumes (1905).

William Barron Stevenson. William Barron Stevenson (1869-1954), a British historian.

• The Crusaders in the East: A brief history of the wars of Islam with the Latins in Syria during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries (1907). A history of the Crusades from the Muslim viewpoint, with sources drawn from Islamic histories. Includes major chapters on Zengi, Nur ad-Din and Saladin. Extensive bibliography and chronology discussion.

James Rennell Rodd. James Rennell Rodd, 1st Baron Rennell (1858–1941), a British historian, poet and politician, serving as British Ambassador to Italy during the First World War.

• The Princes of Achaia and the Chronicles of Morea: A study of Greece in the middle ages (1906).

Maurice Prou. Maurice Prou (1861–1930), a French archivist, paleographer and numismatist.

• Recueil des actes de Philippe Ier, roi de France (1059-1108) (1908). With Auguste H. Longnon (1844–1911).

August C. Krey. August Charles Krey (1887–1961), an American medievalist.

• John of Salisbury's Knowledge of the Classics (1909). Classical interests of John of Salisbury (1115/1120–1180), bishop of Chartres, author of Historia Pontificalis quae Supersunt, a description of Western Europe during and after the Second Crusade. John reputedly lost a arm trying to protect Thomas Becket from a fatal blow.
• The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Participants (1921).

T. E. Lawrence. Thomas Edward (T. E.) Lawrence (1888–1935), a British officer, archaeologist and author, famously known as Lawrence of Arabia. Member of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Lawrence was a British representative at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919–1920.

• The Influence of the Crusades on European Military Architecture—to the End of the 12th Century (1910). Lawrence's thesis at Oxford. Eventually published as Crusader Castles, 2 volumes, in 1936.
• Introduction to Travels in Arabia Deserta (1921), by English explorer Charles M. Doughty (1843–1926)
• Anonymous articles for the Times of London, supporting the Arab cause after World War I.
• Seven Pillars of Wisdom (1922, published 1926). An autobiographical account of Lawrence's activities during the war. Made into the film Lawrence of Arabia in 1962.

Henri Dehérain. Henri Dehérain (1867–1941), a French historian and geographer.

• Les origines du recueil des "historiens des croisades" (1919). A study of the origins of Recueil des historiens des croisades.
• Le consul orientaliste Joseph Rousseau (1936). An account of the work of French orientalist Jean-Baptiste Rousseau (1780-1831).
• Silvestre de Sacy et l'enseignement de l'arabe à Marseille (1937).

Winston Churchill. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (1874–1965), a British statesman, army officer, and writer.

• A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, 4 volumes (1956–1958). A history of Great Britain and America from 55 BC through 1902. The first volume, The Birth of Britain, includes a chapter on Richard I of England and the Third Crusade.

René Grousset. René Grousset (1885–1952), a French historian.

• The Epic of the Crusades (1926). Translation of L'épopée des Croisades by Noël Lindsay (1970). Two centuries of history of the Frankish kingdom of Jerusalem and nine Crusades which marked two extraordinary centuries, from 1095–1291, in the history of the Christian West and of Islam.
• Histoire des croisades et du royaume franc de Jérusalem, 3 volumes (1934-1936). The translation of Histoire, The History of the Crusades, was a standard reference of the subject. (cf. French Wikipedia, Histoire des croisades et du royaume franc de Jérusalem)
• L'empire mongol (1941). A history of the Mongol empire.
• L'empire du Levant: histoire de la question d'Orient (1946). For René Grousset, the question of the Orient is the problem of relations between Europe and Asia. He first shows in this historical sketch what was the legacy of Antiquity and what, at the advent of the Christian empire, around 323, remained from the results of the Alexandrian conquest. The history of these East-West relations is then studied in its three successive aspects: Byzantine solution in the early Middle Ages, Frankish solution from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century, Turkish solution from 1360 and especially from 1453.
• Histoire de l'Arménie des origines à 1071 (1947).

H. A. R. Gibb. H. A. R. Gibb (1895–1971), a Scottish historian on orientalism.

• Arabic Literature – An Introduction (1926).
• Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325-1354 (1929). Translation of Rihla (Voyages), the travelogue of Moroccan scholar and explorer Ibn Battūta (1304–1369). Translated by Charles Defrémery (1822–1883), B. R. Sanguinetti (1811–1883) and H. A. R. Gibb (1895–1971).
• The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades (1932). Extracted and translated from the Dhayl tārīkh Dimashq (Chronicle of Damascus from 1097–1159) of Arab historian ibn al-Qalānisi (c. 1071 – 1160).
• Modern Trends in Islam (1947). French edition Les tendances modernes de l'islam translated by Bernard Vernier.
• Mohammedanism: An Historical Survey (1949).
• Islamic Society and the West, with Harold Bowen, 2 volumes (1950, 1957)
• Encyclopaedia of Islam, 11 volumes (1954– ). Edited by a number of leading orientalists including Gibb.
• Saladin–Studies in Islamic History (1974). Edited by Gibb and Yusuf Ibish.

Anton Chroust. Anton Chroust (1864–1945), a German historian. (cf. German Wikipedia, Anton Chroust)

• Quellen zur Geschichte des Kreuzzüges Kaiser Friedrichs I, 1 volume (1928). Sources on the history of Frederick I on the Third Crusade. Includes Historia de expeditione Friderici imperatoris, Historia Peregrinorum and Epistola de Morte Friderici Imperatoris.

Philip Khuri Hitti. Philip Khuri Hitti (1886 –1978), a Lebanese-American historian, an authority on Arab and Middle Eastern history, Islam, and Semitic languages.

• An Arab-Syrian Gentleman in the Period of the Crusades: Memoirs of Usamah ibn-Munqidh (1929). A translation of Kitab al-I'tibar, the autobiography of Arab historian Usama ibn-Munqidh (1095–1188).
• History of the Arabs (1937). A history covering the pre-Islamic period; the rise of Islam; the Ummayad and Abbasid caliphates; Moslems in Europe; and the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk dynasties.

Aziz Suryal Atiya. Aziz Suryal Atiya (1898–1988), an Egyptian Coptologist and historian specializing in Islamic and Crusades studies.

• The Crusade of Nicopolis (1934). An account of the battle of Nicopolis in 1396.
• The Crusade in the Later Middle Ages (1938). Includes five appendixes: Petitio pro recuperatione Terrae Sanctae; Pilgrims and travelers; Aragon and Egypt; Lists of the crusaders; and Chronological tables.
• The Crusade (1962).
• The Crusade: Historiography and Bibliography (1962).
• Kitāb al-Ilmām, 7 volumes (1968–1976). A history of Alexandria by al-Nuwayrī (fl. 1365–1373) edited by Atiya and Swiss Egyptologist Étienne Combe (1881-1962).
• The Coptic Encyclopedia, 8 volumes (1991). Editor-in-chief.

Claude Cahen. Claude Cahen (1909–1991), a French orientalist and historian, specializing in the studies of the Islamic Middle Ages and Crusades sources.

• La Syrie du nord à l'époque des croisades et la principauté franque d'Antioche (1940).
• Historiography of the Seljuqid period (1962).
• Tribes, Cities and Social Organizations (1975). Chapter 8 of The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4.
• The Formation of Turkey: the Seljukid Sultanate of Rūm: eleventh to fourteenth century (2001). With Peter M Holt.

John L. La Monte. John L. La Monte (1902–1949), an American historian.

• Feudal Monarchy in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1100–1291 (1932).
• The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria and Cyprus by Philip de Novare (1936).
• A syllabus and reading list to accompany Carl Stephenson's Mediæval History (1936). Companion to Mediæval History: Europe from the Fourth to the Sixteenth Century (1935) by American historian Carl Stephenson (1886–1954).
• The Noble Houses of Outremer (1937). Genealogical and biographical studies of the Crusading States.
• Some Problems in Crusading Historiography (1940). In Speculum, Volume 15.

T. S. R. Boase. Thomas Sherrer Ross (T. S. R.) Boase (1898–1974), a British art historian.

• Boniface VIII (1933). A biography of pope Boniface VIII.
• Recent Developments in Crusading Historiography (1937). In History, Volume 22.
• The Cilician Kingdom of Armenia (1978).

Paul Deschamps. Paul Deschamps (1888-1974), a French medieval historian. (cf. French Wikipedia, Paul Deschamps)

• Les Châteaux des Croisés en Terre Sainte (1934-1939).
• Terre Sainte Romane (1964).

Carl Erdmann. Carl Erdmann (1898–1945), a German historian specializing in medieval political and intellectual history.

• Die Entstehung des Kreuzzugsgedankens (1935).
• The Origin of the Idea of Crusade (1977). Translation of Die Entstehung des Kreuzzugsgedankens by Marshall W. Baldwin (1903–1975) and Walter Goffart (born 1934). Forward and introductory notes by Baldwin.

Joseph Reese Strayer. Joseph Reese Strayer (1904–1987), an American medievalist historian.

• A Syllabus of Medieval History, 395-1500 (1942). Includes chapters of chivalry, the Byzantine empire, the Saracen empires, and the Crusades. Extension of A Syllabus of Medieval History, 395-1300 (1899) by American historian Dana C. Munro (1866–1933).
• The Albigensian Crusade (1972). An account of the Albigensian Crusade of 1209–1229, with an epilog by Carol Lansing.

Raymond Charles Smail. Raymond Charles Smail (1913-1986), a British historian and medievalist.

• Crusading Warfare (1097–1193) (1956).
• The Crusaders in Syria and the Holy Land. (1973).

Richard N. Frye. Richard Nelson Frye (1920–2014), an American scholar of Iranian and Central Asian Studies.

• The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuks (1975).

Clifford Edmund (C. E.) Bosworth. Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1928–2015), an English historian and orientalist, specializing in Arabic and Iranian studies.

• The Early Ghaznavids (1975). Chapter 5 of The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4.
• The Ghaznavids, their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran 994–1040 (1963). The first part of a history of the Ghaznavid empire.
• The Later Ghaznavids, Splendour and Decay: the dynasty in Afghanistan and northern India 1040–1186. (1977). The second part of the history of the Ghaznavids.
• The New Islamic Dynasties. A chronological and genealogical manual (1996).

Joshua Prawer. Joshua Prawer (1917–1990), an Israeli historian.

• Histoire du royaume Latin de Jérusalem (1969).
• The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem: European Colonialism in the Middle Ages (1972).
• The World of the Crusaders (1972).
• Crusader Institutions (1980)
• The History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1988)
• The History of Jerusalem: The Early Muslim Period (638-1099) (1996).

David Michael Metcalf. David Michael Metcalf (1933–2018), a British numismatist.

• Coinage of the Crusades and the Latin East in the Ashmolean Museum Oxford (1995). A collection of Crusade-era coins at the Ashmolean Museum, Britain's first public museum. Published by the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East, Royal Numismatic Society.

Later twentieth century and afterwards

Steven Runciman. Steven Runciman (1903–2000), a British historian of the Middle Ages, specializing in the Crusades and the Byzantine empire. (cf. French Wikipedia, Steven Runciman)

• A History of the Crusades, Volume One: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1951).
• A History of the Crusades, Volume Two: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187 (1952).
• A History of the Crusades, Volume Three: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades (1954).
• The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century (1958).
• Byzantine Civilisation (1959).
• The Families of Outremer: the Feudal Nobility of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099-1291 (1960).

Wisconsin Collaborative History. Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, 6 volumes (1969-1989). Under the general editorship of Kenneth M. Setton (1914–1995).

• Volume I. The First One Hundred Years (1969). Edited by Marshall W. Baldwin (1903–1975). Western Europe, Byzantium, the Assassins and the Holy Land before the Crusades. The First Crusade, the Crusade of 1101, the kingdom of Jerusalem from 1101-1146, with the loss of Edessa. The Second Crusade and afterward. The rise of Saladin and the loss of Jerusalem.
• Volume II. The Later Crusades, 1189–1311 (1969). Edited by Robert L. Wolff (1915-1980) and Harry W. Hazard (1918-1989). The Norman kingdom of Sicily. The Third Crusade. The Fourth Crusade. The Latin Empire of Constantinople and the Frankish states in Greece. The Albigensian Crusade. The Children's Crusade. The Fifth Crusade. The Sixth Crusade. The Baron's Crusade. The Crusades of Louis IX. The Ayyubids. The Mongols. The Mamluks.
• Volume III. The Fourteenth and Fifteen Centuries (1975). Edited by Harry W. Hazard (1918-1989). Crusades in the fourteenth century. Byzantium and the Crusades. The Morea. The Catalans and Florentines in Greece. The Hospitallers at Rhodes. The kingdom of Cyprus. The Reconquista. The Mamluks. The Mongols. The German Crusade in the Baltics. The Crusade against the Hussites.
• Volume IV. The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States (1979). Edited by Harry W. Hazard (1918-1989). Life in Palestine and Syria. Pilgrimages and shrines. Ecclesiastical art. Military architecture. Arts in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, Cyprus and Rhodes.
• Volume V. The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East (1985). Edited by Norman P. Zacour and Harry W. Hazard (1918-1989). Impact on Muslim lands. Social classes. Political and ecclesiastical organization of the Crusader States. Agriculture. Teutonic Knights. Venice and the Crusades. Missions to the East.
• Volume VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe (1989). Edited by Norman P. Zacour and Harry W. Hazard (1918-1989). Legal and political theory. Crusader propaganda. Financing. Institutions of the kingdom of Cyprus. Social evolution in Latin Greece. The Ottoman Turks. The Crusade of Varna. Coinage.
• Select Bibliography on the Crusades. Compiled by Hans E. Mayer (born 1932) and Joyce McLellan. Edited by Harry W. Hazard (1918-1989).

Kenneth Meyer Setton. Kenneth Meyer Setton (1914–1995), an American historian and an expert on the history of medieval Europe and the Crusades.

• Catalan Domination of Athens, 1311–1388 (1948). A history of the founding of the Catalan Company and their subsequent control of the Duchy of Athens and Thebes.
• The Age of Chivalry (1969).
• Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, 6 volumes (1969-1989). General editorship.
• The Catalans in Greece, 1311–1380 (1975). Chapter VI of A History of the Crusades, Volume III. "The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.
• The Catalans and Florentines in Greece, 1380–1462 (1975). Chapter VII of A History of the Crusades, Volume III. "The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.
• The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571, 4 volumes (1976).

The Crusades—An Encyclopedia. The Crusades—An Encyclopedia (2006). Edited by historian Alan V. Murray. A comprehensive treatment of the Crusades with over 1000 entries written by 120 authors from 25 countries. Highlights include the following.

• The Crusades: An Introduction. Contribution by Editorial Consultant, American historian James M. Powell (1930–2011).
• British academic Anna Sapir Abulafia (born 1952) who specializes in medieval Christian-Jewish relations.
• British medieval historian Malcolm Barber (born 1943), a leading expert on the Knights Templar.
• Canadian historian Niall Christie, specializing on Islamic sources of the Crusades. Works also include Muslims and Crusaders: Christianity's Wars in the Middle East, 1095-1382, from the Islamic Sources (2014).
• British historian Susan B. Edgington, with works on original Western sources of the Crusades.
• Egyptian historian Taef El-Azhari, specializing in the history of the Seljuk and Zengid dynasties. Works include The Saljūqs of Syria: during the Crusades, 463-549 A.H./1070-1154 A.D (1997) and Zengi and the Muslim Response to the Crusades (2006).
• Italian historian Laura Minervini, an expert on the Gestes des Chiprois.
• French historian Jean Richard (born 1921), renown medievalist who authored The Crusades: c. 1071 - c. 1291(1999).
• British historian Jonathan Phillips, author of numerous works on the First, Second and Fourth Crusades.
• British historian Jonathan Riley-Smith (1938–2016), a widely-published expert on the Crusades; member of the Editorial Advisory Board.
• British historian J. Elizabeth Siberry, an scholar on Crusader literature.
• British historian Christopher J. Tyerman (born 1953), a prominent expert on the Crusades.

The Oxford History of the Crusades. The Oxford History of the Crusades (1995). Edited by Jonathan Riley-Smith (1938–2016), a British historian of the Crusades. A series of essays on the Crusades by contemporary historians as follows.

• The Crusading Movement and Historians, by Jonathan Riley-Smith.
• Origins [of the Crusades], by British historian Marcus G. Bull.
• The Crusading Movement, 1096–1274, by British historian Simon Lloyd.
• The State of Mind of Crusaders to the East, 1095–1300, by Jonathan Riley-Smith.
• Songs [of the Crusades], by Michael J. Routledge.
• The Latin East, 1098–1291, by British medievalist Jonathan P. Phillips.
• Art in the Latin East, 1098–1291, by American art historian Jaroslav T. Folda III (born 1940).
• Architecture in the Latin East, 1098–1571, by British archeologist Denys Pringle.
• The Military Orders, 1120–1312, by British historian Alan J. Forey.
• Islam and the Crusades, 1096–1699, by British historian Robert Irwin.
• The Crusading Movement, 1274–1700, by British historian Norman Housley.
• The Latin East, 1291–1669, by British historian Peter W. Edbury.
• The Military Orders, 1312–1798, by historian Anthony T. Luttrell.
• Images of the Crusades in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, by British historian J. Elizabeth Siberry.
• Revival and Survival, by Jonathan Riley-Smith.
• Chronology and Maps.

Norman Housley. Norman Housley, a British historian specializing in the Crusades.

• The Later Crusades, 1274-1580: From Lyons to Alcazar (1992).
• The Crusading Movement, 1274–1700. (1995).
• The Italian Crusades: The Papal-Angevin Alliance and the Crusades Against Christian Lay Powers, 1254-1343 (1982).

Other Crusader Historians. Other Crusader historians, collections of works and databases include the following

• Historians of the Crusades (2007–2008). Database of scholars working in the field of Crusader studies. Part of the Resources for Studying the Crusades created at Queen Mary University of London 2007–2008 under the auspices of medieval history scholar Thomas S. Asbridge.
• Collection of works by Thomas S. Asbridge from the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) and HathiTrust bibliographic catalogs.
• Dictionaire des Orientalistes de langue française, a list of French orientalists, prepared by the École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS).

Historiography

The historiography of the Crusades (literally, the history of histories) includes the original sources and subsequent histories, as well as the study of how historians have interpreted the Crusades. This is a complex subject that several contemporary historians have provided their perspective. Prominent ones are discussed below.

Louis R. Bréhier. Louis R. Bréhier (1869–1951), a French historian specializing in Byzantine studies.

• Crusades (1908). In the Catholic Encyclopedia (1907–1912), edited by Charles G. Herbermann (1840–1916). A overview of the history of the Crusades, numbered as eight. Topics include: I. Origin of the Crusades; II. Foundation of Christian states in the East; III. First destruction of the Christian states (1144-1187); IV. Attempts to restore the Christian states and the Crusade against Saint-Jean d'Acre (1192-1198); V. The Crusade against Constantinople (1204); VI. The thirteenth-century Crusades (1217-1252); VII. Final loss of the Christian colonies of the East (1254-1291); VIII. The fourteenth-century Crusade and the Ottoman invasion; IX. The Crusade in the fifteenth century; X. Modifications and survival of the idea of the Crusade.
• Crusades (Bibliography and Sources) (1908). In the Catholic Encyclopedia. A concise summary of the historiography of the Crusades.
• L'Église et l'Orient au Moyen Âge: Les Croisades (1907). The Church and the East in the Middle Ages: The Crusades, including an extensive bibliography. Covers the Holy Land from before the Crusades, including the role of Holy relics, Charlemagne's role in the Middle East, and the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in 1109; the Crusades through 1291; and later activities through 1453.
• Crusade of the Pastoureaux (1911). An account of the First Shepherds’ Crusade (1251). In the Catholic Encyclopedia.
• Histoire anonyme de la première croisade (1924). A translation of the anonymous account of the First Crusade, Gesta Francorum (Deeds of the Franks).
• List of Contributions of Bréhier to the Catholic Encyclopedia (1908–1913).
• Bibliography of works by Bréhier (1899–1950).
• Works of Bréhier from the HathiTrust bibliographic catalog (1899–1950).

Ernest Barker. Ernest Barker (1874–1960), an English political scientist.

• Crusades (1911), in the 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. A summary of the history of the Crusades, with sections on the Meaning of the Crusades, Historical Causes of the Crusades, and Literature of Crusades.
• The Crusades (1923). A later edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica article, edited with additional notes.
• List of Contributions of Barker to the Encyclopædia Britannica 11th Edition.
• Bibliography of works by Barker (1906–1956).

Christopher Tyerman. Christopher Tyerman (born 1953), a British historian focusing on the Crusades.

• Modern Historiography (2006). In The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, edited by Alan V. Murray. A critical analysis of Crusader histories from the fifteenth century to the early twenty-first century.
• The Invention of the Crusades (1998). Particularly, Proteus Unbound: Crusading Historiography. A historical study of the Crusades from the original sources of the First Crusade through the nineteenth century.
• The Debate on the Crusades, 1099–2010 (2011). A study of how historians from the eleventh century to the present have developed accounts of the Crusades to suit changing contemporary circumstances and interests. Assessment of works by leading scholars from John Foxe, Gottfried Leibniz, Voltaire and Dave Hume, to historians such as William Robertson, Edward Gibbon and Leopold Ranke. Related the study of the Crusades to academic trends and controversies over the last hundred years, including twentieth-century works by Crusader scholars such as Carl Erdmann and Steven Runciman. In Issues in Historiography (2011)
• God's War: A New History of the Crusades (2006). The dust jacket announces God's War as "the definitive account of a fascinating and horrifying story" and compares it to Runciman's "well-loved and much-published classic study of the Crusades."
• Bibliography of works by Christopher Tyerman.

Jonathan Riley-Smith. Jonathan Riley-Smith (1938–2016), a British historian of the Crusades.

• The Crusading Movement and Historians (1995). A discussion of the evolving view of historians to the Crusades. In The Oxford History of the Crusades.
• The works of Jonathan Riley-Smith in HathiTrust.

Bernard Lewis. Bernard Lewis (1916–2018), a British-American historian specialized in Oriental studies, particularly the Assassins.

• The Sources for the History of the Syrian Assassins, in Speculum, XXVII (1952).
• The Assassins: a Radical Sect in Islam (1967).
• The IIsmāʻīlites and the Assassins (1969). In Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, Volume 1.
• Islam: From the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople (1974).
• The Origins of Ismāʻīlism: A Study of the Historical Background of the Fātimid Caliphate (2001).

Carole Hillenbrand. Carole Hillenbrand (born 1943), a British Islamic scholar.

• History of the Jazira, 1100–1150: The Contribution of ibn al-Azraq al-Fariq (1979). Translations of the two existing manuscripts of Ta'rikh Mayyafariqin wa-Amid (The history of Mayyafariqin and Amid) by historian ibn al-Azraq al-Fāriqī (1116–1176), with annotations and commentary. Ph.D thesis, University of Edinburgh.
• A Muslim Principality in Crusader Times: the Early Artuqid state (1990). Based on History of the Jazira, 1100–1150.
• The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (2000). Discusses themes that highlight how Muslims reacted to the presence of the Crusaders in the heart of traditionally Islamic territory. Examines ideological concerns and the importance of the jihad in the context of the gradual recovery of the Holy Land and the expulsion of the Crusaders.

Further Works on the Historiography of the Crusades, Western View. Additional works presenting the Western viewpoint of the topic of historiography, some previously cited, include the following.

• History and Literature of the Crusades (1861), by Heinrich von Sybel (1817–1895), translated by Lucie, Lady Duff-Gordon. Particularly, Part II: Literature of the Crusades.
• Recent Developments in Crusading Historiography (1937), by T. S. R. Boase (1898–1974). In History, Volume 22.
• Some Problems in Crusading Historiography (1940), by John L. La Monte (1902–1949). In Speculum, Volume 15.
• The Origin of the Idea of Crusade (1977), by Carl Erdmann (1898–1945). Translation by Marshall W. Baldwin (1903–1975) and Walter Goffart (born 1934).
• The Historiography of the Crusades (2001), by Giles Constable (born 1929). In The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World .
• Introduction to the Historiography of the Crusades (1966) and Historiography of the Crusades [15th–19th century] (1971), both in Russian. By Mikhail Abramovich Zaborov,
• The Crusades: A Documentary Survey (1962) and The Crusades, Motives and Achievements (1964), by James A. Brundage.
• Recent Crusade Historiography: Some Observations and Suggestions (1964) by James A. Brundage. In Catholic Historical Review (CHR) 49.
• The New Crusaders: Images of the Crusades in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (2000). By British historian J. Elizabeth Siberry.
• The Historiography of Islamic Egypt, c. 950-1800 (2000). By British historian Hugh N. Kennedy.
• Perceptions of the Crusades from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-first Century (2018). Edited by Jonathan P. Phillips. An exploration of the ways in which the Crusades have been used in the last two centuries, including the varying uses of Crusading rhetoric and imagery.

Byzantine, Islamic, Jewish and Armenian Views on the Crusades. Works that present the historiography of the Crusades from Byzantine, Islamic, Jewish or Armenian viewpoints included the following.

• The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World (2001). Edited by Greek-American Byzantinist Angeliki E. Laiou (1941–2008) and American historian Roy Parviz Mottahedeh.
• Arabic Historiography of the Crusades (1962) and Arab Historians of the Crusades (1969), by Italian Arabist and orientalist Francesco Gabrieli (1904–1996).
• The Crusade: Historiography and Bibliography (1962), by Egyptian Coptologist Aziz Suryal Atiya (1898–1988).
• The Crusaders in the East (1907), by William Barron Stevenson (1869-1954). A history of the Crusades from the Muslim viewpoint.
• History of the Jews, 6 volumes (1853–1875), by Heinrich Graetz (1817–1891). The Crusades from a Jewish viewpoint are covered in Volume 3.
• The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (2000), by British Islamic scholar Carole Hillenbrand.
• The History of Jerusalem: The Early Muslim Period (638-1099), by Israeli historian Joshua Prawer (1917–1990).
• The Crusaders through Armenian Eyes (2001), by British Armenian historian Robert William Thomson (1934–2018). In The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World (2001).

See also

• Crusades
• Historiography of the Crusades
• Islamic view on the Crusades