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==Cervids==
==Cervids==
The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by ''[[Mammal Species of the World]]'' (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using [[molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic analysis]]. This includes merging the two [[moose]] species of ''Alcus'' into one and splitting out the genus ''[[Hyelaphus]]'' from ''[[Axis (genus)|Axis]]''. There are several additional proposals which are disputed, such as splitting out the monotypic ''[[Panolia]]'' genus from ''[[Rucervus]]'', combining the monotypic subfamily [[Hydropotinae]] with [[Capreolinae]], or the addition of the [[fair brocket]] to the ''[[Brocket deer|Mazama]]'' genus, which are not included here.<ref name="Rework1"/><ref name="Rework2"/>
The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by ''[[Mammal Species of the World]]'' (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using [[molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic analysis]]. This includes merging the two [[moose]] species of ''Alces'' into one and splitting out the genus ''[[Hyelaphus]]'' from ''[[Axis (genus)|Axis]]''. There are several additional proposals which are disputed, such as splitting out the monotypic ''[[Panolia]]'' genus from ''[[Rucervus]]'', combining the monotypic subfamily [[Hydropotinae]] with [[Capreolinae]], or the addition of the [[fair brocket]] to the ''[[Brocket deer|Mazama]]'' genus, which are not included here.<ref name="Rework1"/><ref name="Rework2"/>


===Subfamily Capreolinae===
===Subfamily Capreolinae===

Revision as of 21:10, 3 May 2021

Eight cervid species (counter-clockwise from top left): red deer (Cervus elaphus), sika deer (Cervus nippon), barasingha (Rucervus duvaucelii), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), gray brocket (Mazama gouazoubira), elk (Cervus canadensis), and southern pudú (Pudu puda)

Cervidae is a family of hoofed ruminant mammals in the order Artiodactyla. A member of this family is called a deer or a cervid. They are widespread throughout North and South America, Europe, and Asia, and are found in a wide variety of biomes. Cervids range in size from the 60 cm (24 in) long and 32 cm (13 in) tall pudú to the 3.4 m (7.5 ft) long and 3.4 m (7.5 ft) tall moose. Most species do not have population estimates, though the roe deer has a population size of approximately 15 million, while several are considered endangered or critically endangered with populations as low as 200. One species, Père David's deer, is extinct in the wild, and one, Schomburgk's deer, went extinct in 1938.

The 53 species of Cervidae are split into 19 genera within 3 subfamilies: Capreolinae, or New World deer; Cervinae, or Old World deer; and Hydropotinae, comprising the water deer. Extinct species have also been placed into Capreolinae and Cervinae. Over one hundred extinct Cervidae species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[1]

Conventions

IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (1 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (1 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (2 species)
 EN Endangered (5 species)
 VU Vulnerable (16 species)
 NT Near threatened (4 species)
 LC Least concern (14 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (9 species)
 NE Not evaluated (1 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the cervid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN red list for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification

The family Cervidae consists of 52 extant species belonging to 19 genera in 3 subfamilies and divided into dozens of extant subspecies. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Additionally, one species, Schomburgk's deer, went extinct in 1938.[2]

Cervidae  

Cervids

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis. This includes merging the two moose species of Alces into one and splitting out the genus Hyelaphus from Axis. There are several additional proposals which are disputed, such as splitting out the monotypic Panolia genus from Rucervus, combining the monotypic subfamily Hydropotinae with Capreolinae, or the addition of the fair brocket to the Mazama genus, which are not included here.[3][4]

Subfamily Capreolinae

Main article: Capreolinae
Genus Alces – Gray, 1821 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Moose

Large dark brown cervid

A. alces
Linnaeus, 1758

Nine subspecies
  • A. a. alces (European elk)
  • A. a. americanus (Eastern moose)
  • A. a. andersoni (Western moose)
  • A. a. buturlini (Chukotka elk)
  • A. a. caucasicus (Caucasian moose)†
  • A. a. cameloides (Ussuri elk)
  • A. a. gigas (Alaskan moose)
  • A. a. pfizenmayeri (Yakutia elk)
  • A. a. shirasi (Shiras' moose)
Arctic North America, Europe, and Asia
Map of range 		Size: 230–340 cm (91–134 in) long, plus 8–12 cm (3–5 in) tail; up to 230 cm (91 in) tall at shoulder[5]

Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands[6]

Diet: Vegetative parts of trees, as well as shrubs, herbs, and aquatic plants[6] 		 LC 


2,000,000[6][7] Population increasing[6]

Genus Blastocerus – Wagner, 1844 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Marsh deer

Brown cervid

B. dichotomus
Illiger, 1815 		Scattered parts of central South America (former range in red)
Map of range 		Size: 153–191 cm (60–75 in) long, plus 12–16 cm (5–6 in) tail; 110–127 cm (43–50 in) tall at shoulder[8]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and inland wetlands[9]

Diet: Grasses, reeds and aquatic plants, as well as shrubs and vines[9] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[9]

Genus Capreolus – Gray, 1821 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
European roe deer

Two brown cervids

C. capreolus
Linnaeus, 1758

Four subspecies
  • C. c. canus
  • C. c. capreolus
  • C. c. caucasicus
  • C. c. italicus
Europe
Map of range 		Size: 104–124 cm (41–49 in) long, plus 2–3 cm (1–1 in) tail; 66–84 cm (26–33 in) tall at shoulder[10]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[11]

Diet: Wide variety of plants[11][10] 		 LC 


15,000,000 Population increasing[11]

Siberian roe deer

Reddish-brown cervid

C. pygargus
Pallas, 1771

Four subspecies
  • C. p. bedfordi
  • C. p. mantschuricus
  • C. p. ochraceus
  • C. p. pygargus
Northeastern Asia Size: 95–140 cm (37–55 in) long, plus 20–40 cm (8–16 in) tail; 65–95 cm (26–37 in) tall at shoulder[12]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[13]

Diet: Grasses[13] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[13]

Genus Hippocamelus – Leuckart, 1816 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
South Andean deer

Brown cervid

H. bisulcus
Molina, 1782 		Southern Andes mountains
Map of range 		Size: 144–156 cm (57–61 in) long, plus 12–13 cm (5–5 in) tail; 80–90 cm (31–35 in) tall at shoulder[14]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, rocky areas, and desert[15]

Diet: Varied range of grasses and other plants[15] 		 EN 


1,000–1,500 Population declining[15]

Taruca

Brown cervid

H. antisensis
d'Orbigny, 1834 		Andes mountains
Map of range 		Size: 69–77 cm (27–30 in) tall at shoulder[16]

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and other[17]

Diet: Sedges and grasses[16][17] 		 VU 


4,200–5,700 Population declining[17]

Genus Mazama – Rafinesque, 1817 – ten species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Amazonian brown brocket

Drawing of brown cervid

M. nemorivaga
F. Cuvier, 1817 		Northern and central South America
Map of range 		Size: Unknown

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[18]

Diet: Unknown[18] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[18]

Central American red brocket

Brown cervid

M. temama
Kerr, 1792

Three subspecies
  • M. t. cerasina
  • M. t. reperticia
  • M. t. temama
Central America
Map of range 		Size: Unknown

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[19]

Diet: Unknown[19] 		 DD 


Unknown Population declining[19]

Dwarf brocket


M. chunyi
Hershkovitz, 1959 		Central Andes mountains
Map of range 		Size: About 70 cm (28 in) long; about 38 cm (15 in) tall at shoulder[20]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[21]

Diet: Fruit and shrubs[21] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[21]

Gray brocket

Brown cervid

M. gouazoubira
Fischer von Waldheim, 1814

Eleven subspecies
  • M. g. cita
  • M. g. gouazoubira
  • M. g. medemi
  • M. g. mexianae
  • M. g. murelia
  • M. g. nemorivaga
  • M. g. permira
  • M. g. sanctaemartae
  • M. g. rondoni
  • M. g. superciliaris
  • M. g. tschudii
Eastern South America
Map of range 		Size: 85–105 cm (33–41 in) long[22]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and inland wetlands[23]

Diet: Wide variety of plants as well as fruit[23] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[23]

Little red brocket

Brown cervid

M. rufina
Bourcier, Pucheran, 1852 		Northern Andes mountains
Map of range 		Size: About 78 cm (31 in) long, plus 8 cm (3 in) tail; about 45 cm (18 in) tall at shoulder[24]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[25]

Diet: Herbs as well as other plants[25] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[25]

Mérida brocket


M. bricenii
Thomas, 1908 		Northern Andes mountains
Map of range 		Size: Unknown

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[26]

Diet: Fruit and shrubs[26] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[26]

Pygmy brocket

Brown cervid

M. nana
Hensel, 1872 		Southeastern South America (possible range in yellow)
Map of range 		Size: About 78 cm (31 in) long, plus 8 cm (3 in) tail; less than 50 cm (20 in) tall at shoulder[24]

Habitat: Forest[27]

Diet: Unknown[27] 		 VU 


Unknown Unknown[27]

Red brocket

Reddish-brown cervid

M. americana
Erxleben, 1777

Twelve subspecies
  • M. a. americana
  • M. a. carrikeri
  • M. a. gualea
  • M. a. jucunda
  • M. a. rosii
  • M. a. rufa
  • M. a. sarae
  • M. a. sheila
  • M. a. trinitatis
  • M. a. whitelyi
  • M. a. zamora
  • M. a. zetta
Northern and central South America
Map of range 		Size: 103–146 cm (41–57 in) long, plus 8–15 cm (3–6 in) tail; 65–80 cm (26–31 in) tall at shoulder[28]

Habitat: Forest[29]

Diet: Fruit and shrubs[29] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[29]

Small red brocket

M. bororo
Duarte, 1996 		Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil (possible range in yellow)
Map of range 		Size: Unknown

Habitat: Forest[30]

Diet: Unknown[30] 		 VU 


8,500 Population declining[30]

Yucatan brown brocket

Gray cervid

M. pandora
Merriam, 1901 		Yucatán Peninsula
Map of range 		Size: About 105 cm (41 in) long, plus 8 cm (3 in) tail[31]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[32]

Diet: Unknown[32] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[32]

Genus Odocoileus – Rafinesque, 1832 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Mule deer

Two brown cervids

O. hemionus
Rafinesque, 1817

Ten subspecies
  • O. h. californicus (California mule deer)
  • O. h. cerrosensis (Cedros Island mule deer)
  • O. h. columbianus (Black-tailed deer)
  • O. h. eremicus (desert mule deer)
  • O. h. fuliginatus (southern mule deer)
  • O. h. hemionus (Rocky Mountain mule deer)
  • O. h. inyoensis (Inyo mule deer)
  • O. h. peninsulae (peninsular mule deer)
  • O. h. sheldoni (Tiburon Island mule deer)
  • O. h. sitkensis (Sitka deer)
Western North America
Map of range 		Size: 152–203 cm (60–80 in) long; 80–106 cm (31–42 in) tall at shoulder[33]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, desert, and intertidal marine[34]

Diet: Leaves, twigs, acorns, legume seeds, and fleshy fruits[33][34] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[34]

White-tailed deer

Brown cervid

O. virginianus
Rafinesque, 1832

38 subspecies
  • O. v. acapulcensis
  • O. v. borealis (northern white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. cariacou
  • O. v. carminis (Carmen Mountains white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. chiriquensis
  • O. v. clavium (Key deer)
  • O. v. couesi (Coues' white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. curassavicus
  • O. v. dacotensis (Dakota white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. goudotii
  • O. v. gymnotis (South American white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. hiltonensis (Hilton Head white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. leucurus (Columbian white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. macrourus (Kansas white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. margaritae
  • O. v. mcilhennyi (Avery Island white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. mexicanus
  • O. v. miquihuanensis
  • O. v. nelsoni
  • O. v. nemoralis (Nicaraguan white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. nigribarbis (Blackbeard Island white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. oaxacensis
  • O. v. ochrourus (northwestern white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. osceola (Florida coastal white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. peruvianus (South American white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. rothschildi
  • O. v. seminolus (Florida white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. sinaloae
  • O. v. taurinsulae (Bulls Island white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. texanus (Texas white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. thomasi
  • O. v. toltecus
  • O. v. tropicalis
  • O. v. ustus
  • O. v. venatorius (Hunting Island white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. veraecrucis
  • O. v. virginianus (Virginia white-tailed deer)
  • O. v. yucatanensis
North America and northern South America
Map of range 		Size: 150–200 cm (59–79 in) long, plus 10–28 cm (4–11 in) tail[35]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, desert, neritic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[36]

Diet: Wide variety of vegetation and grasses[36] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[36]

Genus Ozotoceros – Ameghino, 1891 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Pampas deer

Brown cervid

O. bezoarticus
Linnaeus, 1758

Five subspecies
  • O. b. arerunguaensis
  • O. b. bezoarticus
  • O. b. celer
  • O. b. leucogaster
  • O. b. uruguayensis
Scattered central South America
Map of range 		Size: 110–140 cm (43–55 in) long; 70–75 cm (28–30 in) tall at shoulder[37]

Habitat: Savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands[38]

Diet: Grasses and shrubs[37][38] 		 NT 


20,000–80,000 Population declining[38]

Genus Pudu – Gray, 1852 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Northern pudú

Small brown cervid

P. mephistophiles
Winton, 1896 		Northern Andes mountains
Map of range 		Size: 60–85 cm (24–33 in) long plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail; 32–35 cm (13–14 in) tall at shoulder[39][40]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[41]

Diet: Leaves of ferns, trees, vines, herbs and shrubs[41][42] 		 DD 


Unknown Population declining[41]

Southern pudú

Small brown cervid

P. puda
Molina, 1782 		Southern Andes mountains
Map of range 		Size: 60–85 cm (24–33 in) long plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail; 35–45 cm (14–18 in) tall at shoulder[39][40]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[43]

Diet: Leaves of ferns, trees, vines, herbs and shrubs[42][43] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[43]

Genus Rangifer – H. Smith, 1827 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Reindeer

Grayish-brown cervid

R. tarandus
Linnaeus, 1758

Fourteen subspecies
 Arctic North America, Europe, and Asia
Map of range 		Size: 150–230 cm (59–91 in) long; up to 120 cm (47 in) tall at shoulder[44]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[45]

Diet: Lichen, forbs, sedges, grasses, and shrubs[45] 		 VU 


2,890,000 Population declining[45]

Subfamily Cervinae

Main article: Cervinae
Genus Axis – H. Smith, 1827 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Chital

Brown cervid with white spots

A. axis
Erxleben, 1777 		Indian subcontinent
Map of range 		Size: 70–90 cm (28–35 in) long plus 20 cm (8 in) tail; 35–38 cm (14–15 in) tall at shoulder[46][47]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and grassland[48]

Diet: Wide variety of grasses as well as fallen leaves, flowers, and fruit[48] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[48]

Genus Cervus – Linnaeus, 1758 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Elk

Brown cervid

C. canadensis
Erxleben, 1777

Fourteen subspecies
 North America and Asia (former range in light green)
Map of range 		Size: 210–280 cm (83–110 in) long plus 10–22 cm (4–9 in) tail; 120–175 cm (47–69 in) tall at shoulder[49][50]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[51]

Diet: Shrub and tree shoots, as well as grasses, sedges, and shrubs[51] 		 LC 


Unknown Population increasing[51]

Red deer

Brown cervid

C. elaphus
Linnaeus, 1758

Ten subspecies
 Europe and western Asia (former range in light green)
Map of range 		Size: 160–270 cm (63–106 in) long; 75–150 cm (30–59 in) tall at shoulder[52]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[53]

Diet: Shrub and tree shoots, as well as grasses, sedges, shrubs, fruit, and seeds[53] 		 LC 


Unknown Population increasing[53]

Sika deer

Brown cervid with white spots

C. nippon
Temminck, 1838

Sixteen subspecies
 East Asia Size: 95–180 cm (37–71 in) long plus 7–13 cm (3–5 in) tail; 64–109 cm (25–43 in) tall at shoulder[54]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[55]

Diet: Grass, as well as shrubs and fruit[55] 		 LC 


Unknown Population increasing[55]

Thorold's deer

Two brown cervids

P. albirostris
Przhevalsky, 1883 		Central China Size: 155–210 cm (61–83 in) long, plus 10–13 cm (4–5 in) tail; 115–140 cm (45–55 in) tall at shoulder[56]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[57]

Diet: Grass, herbs, lichens, leaves, and bark of trees and bushes[57] 		 VU 


Unknown Unknown[57]

Genus Dama – Frisch, 1775 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Fallow deer

Brown cervid with white spots

D. dama
Linnaeus, 1758

Two subspecies
 Europe and west Asia; introduced scattered areas worldwide (in teal)
Map of range 		Size: 130–175 cm (51–69 in) long, plus 15–23 cm (6–9 in) tail; 90–100 cm (35–39 in) tall at shoulder[58]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[59]

Diet: Grasses, mast, and shrubs, as well as leaves, buds, shoots, and bark[58][59] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[59]

Genus Elaphodus – H. Milne-Edwards, 1872 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Tufted deer

Brown cervid

E. cephalophus
H. Milne-Edwards, 1872

Four subspecies
  • E. c. cephalophus
  • E. c. fociensis
  • E. c. ichangensis
  • E. c. michianus
Central China and northeastern Myanmar Size: 110–160 cm (43–63 in) long, plus 7–16 cm (3–6 in) tail; 50–70 cm (20–28 in) tall at shoulder[60]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[61]

Diet: Grass, as well as shrubs, fruits, bamboo, and herbs[61] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[61]

Genus Elaphurus – H. Milne-Edwards, 1872 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Père David's deer

Three brown cervids

E. davidianus
Milne-Edwards, 1866 		China Size: 183–216 cm (72–85 in) long, plus 22–36 cm (9–14 in) tail[62]

Habitat: Grassland, inland wetlands, and intertidal marine[63]

Diet: Grass, reeds, and bush leaves[63] 		 EW 


Unknown Unknown[63]

Genus Hyelaphus – Sundevall, 1846 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bawean deer

Brown cervid

H. kuhlii
Müller, 1840 		Bawean island of Indonesia
Map of range 		Size: 100–175 cm (39–69 in) long[64]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[65]

Diet: Herbs and grasses, as well as young leaves and twigs[65] 		 CR 


200–500 Population steady[65]

Calamian deer

Brown cervid

H. calamianensis
Heude, 1888 		Calamian Islands of the Philippines Size: 100–175 cm (39–69 in) long, plus 12–38 cm (5–15 in) tail; 60–100 cm (24–39 in) tall at shoulder[66]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and grassland[67]

Diet: Leaves[67] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[67]

Indian hog deer

Brown cervid

H. porcinus
Zimmermann, 1780 		Southern and southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 105–115 cm (41–45 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail; 60–72 cm (24–28 in) tall at shoulder[68]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[69]

Diet: Young grasses, as well as herbs, flowers, fruit, and shrubs[69] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[69]

Indochinese hog deer

Brown cervid

H. annamiticus
Heude, 1888 		Southeast Asia Size: 100–127 cm (39–50 in) long, plus 15–25 cm (6–10 in) tail; 66–74 cm (26–29 in) tall at shoulder[70]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[69]

Diet: Young grasses, as well as herbs, flowers, fruit, and shrubs[69] 		 NE 


Unknown Unknown

Genus Muntiacus – Rafinesque, 1815 – eleven species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bornean yellow muntjac


M. atherodes
Groves, Grubb, 1982 		Borneo Size: 90–100 cm (35–39 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[71]

Habitat: Forest[72]

Diet: Herbs, seeds, grass, and fruit[72] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[72]

Fea's muntjac

Drawing of a brown cervid

M. feae
Thomas, Doria, 1889 		Southern Myanmar and Thailand
Map of range 		Size: Unknown

Habitat: Forest[73]

Diet: Fruit and leaves[73] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[73]

Giant muntjac


M. vuquangensis
Tuoc, Dung, Dawson, Arctander, & Mackinnon, 1994 		Northern Vietnam and Laos
Map of range 		Size: Unknown

Habitat: Forest[74]

Diet: Unknown[74] 		 CR 


Unknown Population declining[74]

Gongshan muntjac


M. gongshanensis
Ma, 1990 		South-central China
Map of range 		Size: 95–105 cm (37–41 in) long, plus 9–16 cm (4–6 in) tail; 55–57 cm (22–22 in) tall at shoulder[75]

Habitat: Forest[76]

Diet: Unknown[76] 		 DD 


Unknown Population declining[76]

Hairy-fronted muntjac

Brown cervid with a white rump

M. crinifrons
P. L. Sclater, 1885 		Southeastern China Size: 98–113 cm (39–44 in) long, plus 21 cm (8 in) tail[77]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[78]

Diet: Wide variety of tree leaves and twigs, forbs, grass, and fruit[78] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[78]

Indian muntjac

Brown cervid

M. muntjak
Zimmermann, 1780

Eleven subspecies
  • M. m. annamensis
  • M. m. aureus
  • M. m. curvostylis
  • M. m. guangdongensis
  • M. m. malabaricus
  • M. m. menglalis
  • M. m. montanus (Sumatran muntjac)
  • M. m. muntjak
  • M. m. nigripes
  • M. m. vaginalis
  • M. m. yunnanensis
Southern and Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 89–135 cm (35–53 in) long, plus 13–23 cm (5–9 in) tail; 40–65 cm (16–26 in) tall at shoulder[79]

Habitat: Forest[80]

Diet: Fruit, buds, tender leaves, flowers, herbs, and young grass[80] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[80]

Leaf muntjac


M. putaoensis
Amato, Egan & Rabinowitz, 1999 		Myanmar Size: 77–83 cm (30–33 in) long, plus 8–12 cm (3–5 in) tail; 50 cm (20 in) tall at shoulder[81]

Habitat: Forest[82]

Diet: Fruit and a range of plant materials[82] 		 DD 


Unknown Population declining[82]

Pu Hoat muntjac


M. puhoatensis
Trai, 1997 		Vietnam Size: Unknown

Habitat: Forest[83]

Diet: Unknown[83] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[83]

Reeves's muntjac

Brown cervid

M. reevesi
Ogilby, 1839

Three subspecies
  • M. r. jiangkouensis
  • M. r. micrurus
  • M. r. reevesi
Eastern China; introduced to Britain and Japan Size: 70–113 cm (28–44 in) long, plus 10 cm (4 in) tail; 43–45 cm (17–18 in) tall at shoulder[84]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[85]

Diet: Bamboo, seeds, bark, fruit and foliage, as well as eggs, carrion, small mammals, and ground-nesting birds[84][85] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[85]

Roosevelt's muntjac


M. rooseveltorum
Osgood, 1932
Map of range 		Size: Unknown

Habitat: Forest[86]

Diet: Unknown[86] 		 DD 


Unknown Population declining[86]

Truong Son muntjac


M. truongsonensis
Giao, Tuoc, Dung, Wikramanayake, Amato, Arctander, & Mackinnon, 1997 		Southern Vietnam Size: Unknown

Habitat: Forest[87]

Diet: Unknown[87] 		 DD 


Unknown Population declining[87]

Genus Rucervus – Hodgson, 1838 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Barasingha

Brown cervid

R. duvaucelii
Cuvier, 1823

Three subspecies
  • R. d. branderi (Southern swamp deer)
  • R. d. duvaucelii (Western swamp deer)
  • R. d. ranjitsinhi (Eastern swamp deer)
Scattered parts of south Asia (historical range in yellow)
Map of range 		Size: About 180 cm (71 in) long; 119–124 cm (47–49 in) tall at shoulder[88]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands[89]

Diet: Grass and aquatic plants[89] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[89]

Eld's deer

Brown cervid

R. eldii
McClelland, 1842

Three subspecies
  • R. e. eldii (Sangai)
  • R. e. siamensis (Burmese brow-antlered deer)
  • R. e. thamin (Thai brow-antlered deer)
Scattered parts of southeast Asia Size: Unknown

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[90]

Diet: A variety of grasses, fruit, and herbaceous and wetland plants[91][90] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[90]

Schomburgk's deer†

Black-and-white photo of a cervid

R. schomburgki
Blyth, 1863 		Central Thailand Size: Unknown

Habitat: Grassland and inland wetlands[92]

Diet: Unknown[92] 		 EX 


0 Population steady[92]

Genus Rusa – H. Smith, 1827 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Javan rusa

Two brown cervids

R. timorensis
Blainville, 1822

Seven subspecies
  • R. t. djonga
  • R. t. floresiensis (Flores rusa deer)
  • R. t. macassaricus (Celebes rusa deer)
  • R. t. moluccensis (Moluccan rusa deer)
  • R. t. renschi
  • R. t. russa (Javan rusa deer)
  • R. t. timorensis (Timor rusa deer)
Indonesia and East Timor
Map of range 		Size: 142–185 cm (56–73 in) long, plus 10–30 cm (4–12 in) tail; 80–110 cm (31–43 in) tall at shoulder[93]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and grassland[94]

Diet: Grass, herbs, the leaves and bark of shrubs, and seaweed[94] 		 VU 


10,000 Population declining[94]

Philippine deer

Brown cervid

R. marianna
Desmarest, 1822

Four subspecies
  • R. m. barandana
  • R. m. marianna
  • R. m. nigella
  • R. m. nigricans
Philippines Size: 100–151 cm (39–59 in) long; 55–70 cm (22–28 in) tall at shoulder[95]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[96]

Diet: Grass[96] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[96]

Sambar deer

Brown cervid

R. unicolor
Kerr, 1792

Seven subspecies
  • R. u. brookei (Bornean sambar)
  • R. u. cambojensis (Mainland Southeast Asian sambar)
  • R. u. dejeani (South China sambar)
  • R. u. equina (Malayan sambar)
  • R. u. hainana (Hainan sambar)
  • R. u. swinhoii (Formosan sambar)
  • R. u. unicolor (Sri Lankan sambar)
South and Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 160–270 cm (63–106 in) long, plus 25–30 cm (10–12 in) tail; 102–160 cm (40–63 in) tall at shoulder[97]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[98]

Diet: Wide variety of plants[98] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[98]

Visayan spotted deer

White-spotted brown cervid

R. alfredi
P. L. Sclater, 1870 		Philippines Size: 120–130 cm (47–51 in) long, plus 8–13 cm (3–5 in) tail; 60–80 cm (24–31 in) tall at shoulder[99]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[100]

Diet: Cogon grass and young leaves and buds[100] 		 EN 


700 Population declining[100]

Subfamily Hydropotinae

Main article: Hydropotinae
Genus Hydropotes – R. Swinhoe, 1870 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Water deer

Brown cervid

H. inermis
Swinhoe, 1870

Two subspecies
  • H. i. argyropus (Korean water deer)
  • H. i. inermis (Chinese water deer)
East China and Korean peninsula Size: 89–103 cm (35–41 in) long, plus 6–7 cm (2–3 in) tail; 45–57 cm (18–22 in) tall at shoulder[101]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and intertidal marine[102]

Diet: Reeds, coarse grasses, vegetables, and beets[102][103] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[102]

See also

References

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Sources

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