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[[2023 Nigerian elections#Federal elections|Other federal elections]], including elections to the [[2023 Nigerian House of Representatives election|House of Representatives]] and the [[2023 Nigerian Senate election|Senate]], will also be held on the same date while [[2023 Nigerian elections#State elections|state elections]] will be held two weeks afterward on 11 March. The winners of the election will be inaugurated on 29 May 2023, the former date of [[Democracy Day (Nigeria)|Democracy Day]].
[[2023 Nigerian elections#Federal elections|Other federal elections]], including elections to the [[2023 Nigerian House of Representatives election|House of Representatives]] and the [[2023 Nigerian Senate election|Senate]], will also be held on the same date while [[2023 Nigerian elections#State elections|state elections]] will be held two weeks afterward on 11 March. The winners of the election will be inaugurated on 29 May 2023, the former date of [[Democracy Day (Nigeria)|Democracy Day]].


Party primaries were scheduled for between 4 April and 9 June 2022 with the [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]] nominating former [[Vice President of Nigeria|Vice President]] [[Atiku Abubakar]] on 28 May while the [[All Progressives Congress]] nominated former [[Governor of Lagos State]] [[Bola Tinubu]] on 8 June.<ref name="PDP primary results" /><ref name="APC primary results" /> For the smaller [[Labour Party (Nigeria)|Labour Party]], former [[Governor of Anambra State]] [[Peter Obi]] was nominated on 30 May.<ref name="LP primary results" />
Party primaries were scheduled for between 4 April and 9 June 2022 with the [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]] nominating former [[Vice President of Nigeria|Vice President]] [[Atiku Abubakar]] on 28 May while the [[All Progressives Congress]] nominated former [[Governor of Lagos State]] [[Bola Tinubu]] on 8 June.<ref name="PDP primary results" /><ref name="APC primary results" /> The less popular [[Labour Party (Nigeria)|Labour Party]] also nominated former [[Governor of Anambra State]] [[Peter Obi]] was on 30 May 2023.<ref name="LP primary results" /> His popularity however has grown very fast since his nomination albeit the party having little structural coverage nationwide. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Peter Obi, the social media king, but can he defeat Tinubu, Atiku? - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2022/06/09/peter-obi-the-social-media-king-but-can-he-defeat-tinubu-atiku/ |access-date=2022-06-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>.


==Electoral system==
==Electoral system==

Revision as of 18:08, 13 June 2022

2023 Nigerian presidential election
← 2019 25 February 2023 2027 →
  File:Peter Obi in Washington (cropped).jpg
Nominee Bola Tinubu Peter Obi Atiku Abubakar
Party APC LP PDP
Home state Lagos Anambra Adamawa
President before election

Muhammadu Buhari
APC

Elected President

TBD
TBD

Politics of Nigeria
Constitution
Government
Legislature
  • State delegations
Judiciary
Subdivisions
Elections
Foreign relations
flag Nigeria portal

The 2023 Nigerian presidential election will be held on 25 February 2023 to elect the President and Vice President.[1] Incumbent APC President Muhammadu Buhari is term-limited and cannot seek re-election to a third term.

Other federal elections, including elections to the House of Representatives and the Senate, will also be held on the same date while state elections will be held two weeks afterward on 11 March. The winners of the election will be inaugurated on 29 May 2023, the former date of Democracy Day.

Party primaries were scheduled for between 4 April and 9 June 2022 with the Peoples Democratic Party nominating former Vice President Atiku Abubakar on 28 May while the All Progressives Congress nominated former Governor of Lagos State Bola Tinubu on 8 June.[2][3] The less popular Labour Party also nominated former Governor of Anambra State Peter Obi was on 30 May 2023.[4] His popularity however has grown very fast since his nomination albeit the party having little structural coverage nationwide. [5].

Electoral system

The President of Nigeria is elected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive a majority of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least 24 of the 36 states. If no candidate passes this threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of states.

Background

After the first term of Muhammadu Buhari as President, he won re-election to the office as the nominee of the All Progressives Congress by defeating Atiku Abubakar of the People's Democratic Party with a margin of 14 percentage points—nearly 4 million votes. For the legislative elections, the APC solidified its majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate after nearly losing the majorities due to defections in 2018. On the state level, the PDP gained two in total as the party gained four governorships from the APC while the APC gained two governorships from the PDP. During the first two years of the 2019–2023 term, the APC expanded slightly through the defections of dozens of state and federal legislators and three governors—Ebonyi State's Dave Umahi, Cross River State's Benedict Ayade, and Zamfara State's Bello Muhammad Matawalle—but went through a prolonged leadership crisis;[6] for the PDP, the losses through defection took a toll but the party resolved its leadership crisis and held a peaceful convention.[7] During the second half of the term, both parties were hit by defections but the APC held its long-postponed convention and the PDP underwent public disputes over not zoning its presidential nomination.

Ahead of Buhari's second term, his promises included the completion of in-process rail lines and other infrastructure projects, the further inclusion of women in government, educational reform, and increasing anti-corruption initiatives.[8] In terms of his performance, the administration was commended for improving the agriculture sector, finishing infrastructure projects, successful advances in the fight against terrorists in the northeast, securing the return of previously looted public funds from abroad, and increasing the minimum wage.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15] However, he faced criticism for abandoning anti-corruption initiatives, poor quality of life, an increasingly dire security situation outside of the northeast (bandits and some terrorist expansion in the North West, herders-farmer and interethnic conflicts in the North Central, pirates and illegal oil bunkering gangs in the Niger Delta, and a violent separatist movement in the South East along with nationwide kidnapping and security force brutality epidemics), and increasing national debt.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] Buhari also came under fire for instituting a seven-month long national ban on Twitter after the site removed an abusive tweet he posted in reference to the Civil War; the ban was decried as a failed attempt at censorship.[33] Another key source of controversy was the administration's handling of the October 2020 protest wave of the End SARS movement with the most fervent criticism emerging over the Lekki massacre when soldiers in Lagos killed multiple peaceful protesters before the Army and administration attempted to deny the shooting ever took place.[34]

Buhari also had to contend with a fluctuating, but consistently low, approval rating.[35]

Primary elections

The primaries, along with any potential challenges to primary results, were to take place between 4 April and 3 June 2022 but the deadline was extended to 9 June.[1][36] An informal zoning gentlemen's agreement sets the South (the South East, South South, and South West geopolitical zones) to have the next President as Buhari, a Northerner, was elected twice. Another informal convention calls for nominees to have vice presidential running mates from a different region and religion as themselves. Despite the arrangement, most parties did not formally close their primaries to non-Southern candidates or officially designate that their tickets cannot have running mates of the same religion.

Both the APC and PDP had heated internal debates over zoning and same religion tickets in the year ahead of the primary. Despite the informal convention, the People's Democratic Party declined to formally zone its nomination in early May 2022 before going against the convention to nominate northerner Atiku Abubakar; the All Progressives Congress also declined to formally zone its nomination but later nominated a southerner Bola Tinubu as its flagbearer.[37][38]

All Progressives Congress

2022 All Progressives Congress presidential primary
← 2019 8 June 2022 2027 →
Turnout91.09%
  File:Yemi Osinbajo portrait.jpg
Nominee Bola Tinubu Rotimi Amaechi Yemi Osinbajo
Party APC APC APC
Home state Lagos Rivers Ogun
Popular vote 1,271 316 235
Percentage 60.5% 15.0% 11.2%
Elected Presidential Nominee

Bola Tinubu
APC

With Muhammadu Buhari having been elected to the presidency twice, he was ineligible for renomination. In July 2021, then-national APC Caretaker Chairman and Yobe State Governor Mai Mala Buni backed the consensus method of nominating a presidential candidate instead of the more common direct or indirect primary methods but the party did not come to a decision on primary method at the time.[39] During Buni's term as Caretaker Chairman from 2020 to 2022, he campaigned heavily for prominent PDP members to defect to the APC, weakening the opposition's caucus in the National Assembly and gaining three governors—Ebonyi State's Dave Umahi, Cross River State's Benedict Ayade, and Zamfara State's Bello Muhammad Matawalle—in 2020 and 2021. However, the APC's electoral performance and party unity were more mixed as it came a distant third in the 2021 Anambra State gubernatorial election[a] and was still beset by infighting.[40] The APC primary was framed in the wider context of internal party feuds stemming from the APC's formation in 2013 and pre-2019 election party crises to the 2020 removal of party leadership and contentious 2021 state party congresses. The ability of the APC national caretaker committee to resolve state party factionizations and properly organize the 2022 national party convention was seen as vital for both the APC's presidential chances and its future as a party.[41] After several postponements, the convention was successfully held on 26 March 2022 despite some controversy over the consensus method used for most party offices.[42][43]

In terms of zoning, there was no announced formal zoning agreement for the APC nomination despite calls from certain politicians and interest groups such as the Southern Governors' Forum to zone the nomination to the South as Buhari, a Northerner, was elected twice.[44][45] Countering its proponents were prospective candidates from the North and the Northern Governors' Forum, which did not oppose a southern presidency but initially disagreed with formal zoning.[46] On the other hand, there were few proponents of a same religion ticket, mainly supporters and allies of eventual nominee Bola Tinubu who argued that there were few powerful Northern Christian APC politicians who could be his running mate.[47] Allies of other potential candidates and groups like the Christian Association of Nigeria came out strongly against the idea of a same religion ticket on grounds of national unity and religious harmony.[48][49]

On 20 April 2022, the APC National Executive Committee announced the party timetable for the presidential primary and that the primary would use the indirect primary method. The announcement set the party's expression of interest form price at ₦30 million and the nomination form price at ₦70 million with a 50% nomination form discount for candidates younger than 40 while women and candidates with disabilities get free nomination forms. Forms were to be sold from 26 April to 6 May until the deadline was later extended to 10 May then 12 May.[50] After the submission of nomination forms by 13 May, candidates were to be screened by a party committee on 24 and 25 May but it was delayed several times to while the screening appeal process will take place afterwards.[51][52][53] Ward congresses and LGA congresses were rescheduled for between 12 and 14 May to elect "ad hoc delegates" for the primary. Candidates approved by the screening process were to advance to a primary set for 30 May and 1 June but the party delayed the primary to 6-8 June.[54][55][56][57]

Before the primary, controversy over the prospective electors emerged due to the legal ramifications of the amended Electoral Act. After years of debate and public pressure, Buhari signed a new Electoral Act in January 2022 that drastically reformed election and electoral systems for both primary and general elections. One of the reforms was the exclusion of ex officio "statutory delegates"—thousands of current and former officeholders—from voting in party primaries; National Assembly leadership said the exclusion was inadvertent and in May, NASS passed an amendment to the act to allow statutory delegates to vote in primaries.[58] However, Buhari refused to sign the amendment into law, forcing the APC to suddenly prohibit statutory delegates from voting. Not only did the action prevent Buhari and other high-ranking officeholders from voting, it drastically reduced the number of delegates from over 7,800 to just the 2,322 elected "ad hoc delegates."[59][60][61]

The pre-primary period was dominated by questions around major candidates and Buhari's endorsement. Of the formally announced candidates, analysts viewed five as the major contenders: Rotimi Amaechi—former Minister of Transportation and former Governor of Rivers State, Kayode Fayemi—Governor of Ekiti State, Ahmad Lawan—Senate President, Yemi Osinbajo—Vice President, and Bola Tinubu—former Governor of Lagos State; however, two potential surprises emerged: former President Goodluck Jonathan and Governor of the Central Bank Godwin Emefiele. Groups purchasing forms on behalf of Emefiele and Jonathan coupled with months of speculation about their candidacies led to rumours of a plot to impose one of the two as nominee despite the legally-mandated nonpartisanship of Emefiele's office and Jonathan's membership in the PDP; neither candidacy came to fruition as Jonathan refused the forms while Emefiele was forced to withdraw due to public pressure.[62] The other main question was Buhari's endorsement; despite months of contending that he would not weigh in on the primary, about a week before the primary, Buhari held a meeting with APC governors where he asked them to support his preferred candidate.[63][64] Reports emerged that while the vast majority of governors agreed, a few rejected the proposal or did not state their position.[65] Another point of contention was the oft-postponed candidate screening, where a committee led by former APC National Chairman John Odigie Oyegun cleared all twenty-three candidates but recommended only thirteen candidates continue their campaigns due to their perceived chances of victory.[66][67]

In the days directly before the primary, the vast majority of northern APC governors released a letter in support of a southern nominee where they also asked northern candidates to withdrew; in response, one northern candidate withdrew from the primary.[68] Later that day (4 June 2022), Buhari held a meeting with most APC candidates where he reportedly privately backed a nominee being from the south and told the candidates to find a consensus nominee amongst themselves.[69] However, on 6 June—the day before primary voting, national party chairman Abdullahi Adamu told northern APC governors that the party's (and Buhari's) consensus candidate would be Lawan; the announcement was met with opposition by governors and other members of the party's National Working Committee leading the party to backtrack and claim that Adamu was just expressing his personal opinion.[70][71][72][73] The same day, Buhari stated that he had no anointed candidate in the primary.[74] Then early on primary day, APC governors and the party NWC made a joint recommendation of five southern candidates—Amaechi, Fayemi, Osinbajo, Tinubu, and Governor of Ebonyi State Dave Umahi—to Buhari while asking all other aspirants to withdrew from the race.[75] Seven other candidates released a joint statement rejecting the shortlist while all six southeastern candidates penned a letter to Buhari asking that the nomination be zoned to the South-East.[76][77]

On the day of the primary, delegates gathered in Eagle Square, Abuja to be accredited and vote. The early part of the exercise was beset by logistical issues as there were significant delays in both delegate and journalist accreditation along with the deployment of tear gas by security to disperse crowds.[78][79][80] Meanwhile inside the Square, Economic and Financial Crimes Commission personnel took positions to prevent bribery before candidates gave their final speeches to the delegates before voting.[81] During these speeches, six candidates—Godswill Akpabio, Ibikunle Amosun, Dimeji Bankole, Robert Ajayi Boroffice, Fayemi, and Uju Kennedy Ohanenye—stepped down in favour of Tinubu and one aspirant—Nicholas Felix—withdrew for Osinbajo while the remaining candidates issued promises and proposals for their prospective campaigns.[82] After the candidate speeches and an address by Buhari, voting began in the early morning of 8 June and after hours of voting, votes were publicly tabulated.[83] When collation completed, Bola Tinubu emerged as nominee after results showed him winning 60% of the votes with a margin of 45% over runner-up Amaechi.[84][85][3] In his acceptance speech, Tinubu thanked his team while striking a conciliatory tone in regards to his former opponents.[86] Post-primary analysis noted multiple potential reasons for Tinubu's victory, namely: other candidates' focus on a Buhari endorsement that never came, the failure of Buhari's succession plan, bribery, and the last-minute withdrawals.[87][88][89] The week after the primary were based around the search for Tinubu's running mate, as Tinubu is a southern Muslim it was expected that his running mate would be a northern Christian but controversy emerged as some prominent APC politicians stated their openness to a Muslim-Muslim ticket.[90][91]

Nominated

Eliminated in primary

Withdrew

Declined

Results

Candidates' vote share

  Bola Tinubu (60.47%)
  Rotimi Amaechi (15.03%)
  Yemi Osinbajo (11.18%)
  Ahmad Lawan (7.23%)
  Other candidates (6.09%)
APC primary results[3]
Party Candidate Votes %
APC Bola Tinubu 1,271 60.47%
APC Rotimi Amaechi 316 15.03%
APC Yemi Osinbajo 235 11.18%
APC Ahmad Lawan 152 7.23%
APC Yahaya Bello 47 2.24%
APC Dave Umahi 38 1.81%
APC Benedict Ayade 37 1.76%
APC Ahmad Sani Yerima 4 0.19%
APC Ogbonnaya Onu 1 0.05%
APC Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba 1 0.05%
APC Tunde Bakare 0 0.00%
APC Tein Jack-Rich 0 0.00%
APC Ikeobasi Mokelu 0 0.00%
APC Rochas Okorocha 0 0.00%
Total votes 2,102 100.00%
Invalid or blank votes 13 N/A
Turnout 2,322 91.09%

Peoples Democratic Party

2022 Peoples Democratic Party presidential primary
← 2019 28 May 2022 2027 →
Turnout98.43%
 
PDP
Nominee Atiku Abubakar Nyesom Wike Bukola Saraki
Party PDP PDP PDP
Home state Adamawa Rivers Kwara
Popular vote 371 237 70
Percentage 49.3% 31.5% 9.3%
Elected Presidential Nominee

Atiku Abubakar
PDP

In October 2021, newly elected PDP Chairman Iyorchia Ayu backed the indirect primary method of nominating a presidential candidate instead of the direct or consensus methods.[161] In the year prior to Ayu's election at the October 2021 PDP National Convention, the party had been beset by months of defections from prominent members, most notably of over a dozen National Assembly members and three governors—Ebonyi State's Dave Umahi, Cross River State's Benedict Ayade, and Zamfara State's Bello Muhammad Matawalle; the party also came a distant second in the 2021 Anambra State gubernatorial election and suspended then-national party chair, Uche Secondus.[162] However, the PDP was able to hold its convention without controversy or violence in October, electing nearly all party officials by consensus and inaugurating the full National Working Committee in December.[7]

In terms of zoning, the PDP did not have a formal zoning agreement for the nomination, however, there were calls from certain politicians and interest groups such as the Southern Governors' Forum to zone the nomination to the South as the APC's Buhari, a Northerner, was elected twice.[163][164] Amid calls for zoning, the party set up an internal committee in March 2022 with a decision on the issue expected by April.[165][166] However, the decision's release was delayed until May when the party announced that it would not zone its nomination.

On 16 March 2022, the national PDP announced its primary schedule, setting its expression of interest form price at ₦5 million and the nomination form price at ₦35 million with a 50% discount for candidates between 25 and 30. Forms were to be sold from 18 March to 1 April but the party later extended the deadline four times before reaching a final deadline of 22 April. After the submission of nomination forms by 25 April, candidates were screened by a party committee on 29 April while 2 May was the rescheduled date for the screening appeal process. Ward congresses were set for 29 April and LGA congresses were rescheduled for 10 May to elect "ad hoc delegates" for the primary; ex officio "statutory delegates"—thousands of current and former officeholders—will not be electors unlike previous primaries.[167][168][169] Candidates approved by the screening process will advance to a primary set for 28 and 29 May.[170][171]

At the party screening, a committee led by former Senate President David Mark cleared most candidates but disqualified two—Nwachukwu Anakwenze and Cosmos Chukwudi Ndukwe; The disqualifications were then upheld by a screening appeal committee led by Ayu.[172][173] After the screening, the party's oft-postponed zoning decision was announced with the PDP National Executive Council choosing not to zone the nomination to any particular region, throwing the race open to all candidates.[174] Of the candidates, analysts viewed five as the most likely to win: Atiku Abubakar—former Vice President and 2019 presidential nominee, Peter Obi—former Governor of Anambra State and 2019 vice presidential nominee, Bukola Saraki—former Senate President, Aminu Waziri Tambuwal—Governor of Sokoto State and former Speaker of the House of Representatives, and Nyesom Wike—Governor of Rivers State with a few other notable candidates seen as unlikely to have a chance.[175][176] However, a few days before the primary, Obi suddenly withdrew from the primary and decamped to the Labour Party.[177][178]

In the days before the primary, controversy over the prospective electors emerged due to the legal ramifications of the amended Electoral Act. After years of debate and public pressure, Buhari signed a new Electoral Act in January 2022 that drastically reformed election and electoral systems for both primary and general elections. One of the reforms was the exclusion of ex officio "statutory delegates"—thousands of current and former officeholders—from voting in party primaries; National Assembly leadership said the exclusion was inadvertent and in May, NASS passed an amendment to the act to allow statutory delegates to vote in primaries.[58] However, Buhari refused to sign the amendment into law, forcing the PDP to suddenly barr statutory delegates from voting. Not only did the action prevent incumbent governors and other high-ranking officeholders from voting, it drastically reduced the number of delegates to just 810 then 774.[60][179][180][181]

On the day of the primary, delegates gathered in the Velodrome of the Moshood Abiola National Stadium to be accredited and vote. Despite a few unexpected events, including the arrival of Economic and Financial Crimes Commission personnel meant to prevent bribery and the withdrawal of candidate Mohammed Hayatu-Deen in protest of the "obscenely monetized" race, the process continued as every candidate gave a final speech to the delegates before voting.[182][183] Another surprise came after the speeches, when Tambuwal returned to the dais to withdraw from the primary and direct his delegates to vote for Abubakar.[184] After the withdrawal, voting began and after over an hour of voting, the votes were publicly tabulated. When collation completed, Atiku Abubakar emerged as nominee after results showed him winning just under 50% of the votes with a margin of 18% over runner-up Wike.[185][186][2] Later investigations into reported vote breakdowns stated that Abubakar won the majority of delegates from the North West and North East while delegates from the North Central and South West split Abubakar, Saraki, and Wike; delegates from the South East and South South also split, mainly between Abubakar and Wike but with Emmanuel winning a portion of the votes.[187] In his acceptance speech, Abubakar vowed to carry the party to victory in the general election on a platform based on unity and economic growth while striking a conciliatory tone in regards to his former opponents. Post-primary analysis noted multiple potential reasons for Abubakar's victory, namely: Tambuwal’s withdrawal, Abubakar's public office and campaign experience, the higher number of Northern delegates, and bribery.[188] The weeks after the primary were dominated by the search for Abubakar's running mate, as Abubakar is a northern Muslim it was expected that his running mate would be a southern Christian with Wike, Emmanuel, and Governor of Delta State Ifeanyi Okowa being noted as potential options.[90]

Nominated

Eliminated in primary

Disqualified by screening committee

Withdrew

Declined

Results

Candidates' vote share

  Atiku Abubakar (49.34%)
  Nyesom Wike (31.52%)
  Bukola Saraki (9.31%)
  Udom Gabriel Emmanuel (5.05%)
  Other candidates (4.78%)
PDP primary results[2]
Party Candidate Votes %
PDP Atiku Abubakar 371 49.34%
PDP Nyesom Wike 237 31.52%
PDP Bukola Saraki 70 9.31%
PDP Udom Gabriel Emmanuel 38 5.05%
PDP Bala Mohammed 20 2.66%
PDP Anyim Pius Anyim 14 1.86%
PDP Sam Ohuabunwa 1 0.13%
PDP Diana Oliver Tariela 1 0.13%
PDP Ayo Fayose 0 0.00%
PDP Chikwendu Kalu 0 0.00%
PDP Dele Momodu 0 0.00%
PDP Charles Ugwu 0 0.00%
Total votes 752 100.00%
Invalid or blank votes 12 N/A
Turnout 764 98.43%

Minor parties

Accord

Accord first scheduled its primary for 2 June before shifting it to 4 June.[228][229] That day the party nominated entrepreneur, Christopher Imumolen, as its presidential nominee. The nomination was determined by voice vote after all other candidates stepped down.[230][231]

Accord primary results[230]
Party Candidate Votes %
A Christopher Imumolen Voice vote 100.00%
Total votes N/A 100.00%
Turnout N/A 100.00%
Action Alliance

Candidates' vote share

  Hamza al-Mustapha (70.08%)
  Samson Odupitan (29.92%)

The Action Alliance initially scheduled its primary for 3 June 2022 but moved it to 9 June with forms being sold from 4 April to 15 May.[232] The expression of interest form price was set at ₦5 million and the nomination form price at ₦10 million with a 50% discount for women, youth, and candidates with disabilities.[233][229]

On the primary date, two candidates (Tunde Kelani and Felix Johnson Osakwe) withdrew while the other two candidates continued to an indirect primary in Abuja that ended with Hamza al-Mustapha—the former security officer and close aide to former military dictator Sani Abacha—emerging as the party nominee after results showed al-Mustapha winning over 70% of the delegates' votes.[234] In his acceptance speech, al-Mustapha called for national and party unity before his sole opponent, Samson Odupitan, pledged to support al-Mustapha in the general election.[235]

AA primary results[234]
Party Candidate Votes %
AA Hamza al-Mustapha 506 70.08%
AA Samson Odupitan 216 29.92%
Total votes 722 100.00%
Turnout 854 100.00%
Action Democratic Party

The Action Democratic Party scheduled its primary for 31 May where the party nominated its national chairman, Yabagi Sani, as its presidential nominee. The nomination was determined using the consensus method which ended in Sani's emergence as nominee. Sani thanked the party in his acceptance speech, noting that the consensus method was benefitial and promising to adhere to party members as their nominee.[236]

ADP primary results[236]
Party Candidate Votes %
ADP Yabagi Sani Consensus 100.00%
Total votes N/A 100.00%
Turnout N/A 100.00%
Action Peoples Party

The Action Peoples Party initially scheduled its primary for 27 May.[229]

African Action Congress

The years prior to the AAC primary were beset by a party crisis as two groups both claimed to be the legitimate party organization, one faction led by Leonard Nzenwa and the other faction led by party founder Omoyele Sowore.[237] Both politicians claimed to be party chairman with INEC initially recognizing Nzenwa until Sowore was confirmed to be the rightful chair in early June 2022.[238]

The African Action Congress initially scheduled its primary for 1 to 3 June before moving it to 9 June with candidates registering to contest between 6 and 9 May.[239] The party waived fees for both its expression of interest and nomination forms with candidates only having to pay ₦500,000 "obligatory donation" fees with a 25% discount for women and no fees for candidates with disabilities, students, honorably discharged security personnel, teachers, nurses, and emergency service workers.[240][241]

On the primary date, Sowore was the sole candidate but resigned as party chairman before the primary in accordance with the party constitution.[242] He then won the nomination by acclamation.[243][244][245]

AAC primary results[243]
Party Candidate Votes %
AAC Omoyele Sowore Consensus 100.00%
Total votes N/A 100.00%
Turnout N/A 100.00%
African Democratic Congress

During the 2019 elections, the ADC solidified its place as one of the larger minor parties by becoming the fourth largest party in the House of Representatives and taking a distant fourth in the presidential race. However, the party faced difficulty as the majority of its legislators decamped to different parties during their terms.[246]

The African Democratic Congress initially scheduled its primary for 1 June but rescheduled it for 8 June with forms being sold from 24 March to 24 May.[229] The expression of interest form price was set at ₦5 million and the nomination form price at ₦20 million with forms being free for women, youth, and candidates with disabilities.[247][248]

Candidates' vote share

  Dumebi Kachikwu (49.29%)
  Kingsley Moghalu (29.69%)
  Chukwuka Monye (17.09%)
  Other candidates (7.51%)

Ahead of the primary in Abeokuta, it was noted that the ADC had a high number of aspirants compared to other smaller parties with analysts viewing two as the major contenders: Dumebi Kachikwu—Roots Television Nigeria founder and brother of former minister Ibe Kachikwu along with Kingsley Moghalu—a former Central Bank official.[246][249][250] On the primary date, the candidates contested an indirect primary that ended with Kachikwu emerging as the presidential nominee after results showed him winning just under 50% of the delegates' votes.[251][252]

ADC primary results[251]
Party Candidate Votes %
ADC Dumebi Kachikwu 978 49.29%
ADC Kingsley Moghalu 589 29.69%
ADC Chukwuka Monye 339 17.09%
ADC Chichi Ojei 72 3.63%
ADC Ebiti Ndok-Jegede 5 0.25%
ADC Angela Johnson 1 0.05%
Total votes 1,984 100.00%
Turnout 2,100 100.00%
Allied Peoples Movement

The Allied Peoples Movement initially scheduled its primary for 30 May but rescheduled it for 9 June.[253][229] Party chairman Yusuf Mamman Dantalle was the sole candidate and won the nomination unopposed at the party secretariat.[254]

All Progressives Grand Alliance

In 2021 and 2022, APGA retained the Anambra State governorship by a substantial margin and gained a senator through defection, cementing its place as the nation's third largest party. However, the party rarely expands out from its southeastern base and has not obtained over a percent of the vote in any presidential election since 2003.

The All Progressives Grand Alliance scheduled its primary for 1 June 2022 with ward congresses set for 10 May to elect delegates for the primary. The expression of interest form price was set at ₦5 million and the nomination form price at ₦20 million with a 50% discount for women and candidates with disabilities;[255][256] forms were to be sold from 29 March to 11 April but the deadline was extended to 15 April.[257]

On primary day, Peter Umeadi—former Chief Judge of Anambra State—was the sole presidential candidate and was nominated by voice vote.[258] Abdullahi Muhammed Koli, a labour union activist from Bauchi State, was announced as Umeadi's vice presidential running mate on 12 June.[259]

APGA primary results[258]
Party Candidate Votes %
APGA Peter Umeadi Voice vote 100.00%
Total votes 150 100.00%
Turnout 150 100.00%
Boot Party

The Boot Party nominated Sunday Adenuga.[229]

Labour Party

In 2021, a number of politicians and activists led by Patrick Utomi, Attahiru Jega, and Femi Falana announced an effort to find a party to lead a "Third Force" alliance in an attempt to unseat the APC and the PDP.[260] After a number of delays, in May 2022, the group adopted the Labour Party as its platform with hopes of forming an alliance with a number of other smaller parties.[261][262][263][264] The party received another boost when former Governor of Anambra State Peter Obi joined the party in May 2022 to continue his presidential campaign after leaving the PDP.[265] Obi was welcomed into the party by its leadership which also used the announcement to attack the APC and PDP as well as commit to the party manifesto.[266] However, the party had to contend with deep divisions as a factional crisis from 2018 is still in the courts.[267]

The Labour Party initially scheduled its primary for 3 June but rescheduled it for 30 May.[268][229] It set the price for expression of interest and nomination forms at ₦30 million. On the day of the primary, 104 delegates gathered in Asaba for the primary but no election was needed as three of four candidates—Utomi, Olubusola Emmanuel-Tella, and Joseph Faduri—withdrew in favour of Obi. Obi then won the primary unanimously with only a sole invalid vote not going for him. In his acceptance speech, he promised to revolutionize the nation economically and mobilize an effective general election campaign.[4][269] A few days after the primary, the other Labour faction held its own parallel primary but INEC recognized the Obi-won election.[270]

LP primary results[4]
Party Candidate Votes %
LP Peter Obi 96 100.00%
Total votes 96 100.00%
Invalid or blank votes 1 N/A
Turnout 97 93.27%
New Nigeria Peoples Party

In early 2022, former Governor of Kano State Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso and many of his allies defected from the PDP to join the NNPP.[271] Within a few weeks, a number of other politicians (mainly from the North, especially Kano State) joined the party and Kwankwaso was named national leader of the party in preparation for his presidential campaign.[272][273][274]

The New Nigeria Peoples Party initially scheduled its primary for 1 and 2 June 2022 before pushing it back to 8 June.[229] To elect delegates for the primary, ward and local government congresses were set for 22 and 25 April, respectively. The expression of interest form price was set at ₦10 million and the nomination form price at ₦20 million with those forms being sold from 10 to 15 April.[275]

Ahead of the primary, the party attempted to woo Peter Obi to be Kwankwaso's running mate but he instead went to the Labour Party;[276][277] as an alternative, presidential candidate Olufemi Ajadi stepped down and agreed to be Kwankwaso's running mate.[278] Ajadi's withdrawal left Kwankwaso unopposed in the primary.[279] On 8 June, Kwankwaso won the nomination by voice vote at the primary in Velodrome of the Moshood Abiola National Stadium.[280][281]

NNPP primary results[281]
Party Candidate Votes %
New Nigeria Peoples Party Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso Voice vote 100.00%
Total votes N/A 100.00%
Turnout 774 100.00%
National Rescue Movement

The National Rescue Movement scheduled its primary for 1 and 2 June;[229] setting its expression of interest form price at ₦1.5 million and nomination form price at ₦17.5 million with a 50% discount for women, youth, and candidates with disabilities.[282] At the primary, Okwudili Nwa-Anyajike—a businessman—defeated seven other candidates to win the nomination by a margin of over 60% of the vote.[283]

Candidates' vote share

  Okwudili Nwa-Anyajike (78.26%)
  Benedicta Egbo (14.78%)
  Other candidates (6.96%)
NRM primary results[283]
Party Candidate Votes %
NRM Okwudili Nwa-Anyajike 180 78.26%
NRM Benedicta Egbo 34 14.78%
NRM Ibrahim Yunusa 10 4.35%
NRM Vincent Anthony Ubani 2 0.87%
NRM Sam Emiaso 1 0.43%
NRM Barry Avotu Johnson (withdrawn) 1 0.43%
NRM Emeka Mandela Ukaegbu 1 0.43%
NRM Solomon Uchenna Winning 1 0.43%
NRM Francis Ikechukwu Igbo (withdrawn) 0 0.00%
Total votes 230 100.00%
Invalid or blank votes 10 N/A
Turnout 240 100.00%
People's Redemption Party

Candidates' vote share

  Kola Abiola (59.88%)
  Usman Bugaje (23.22%)
  Patience Key (9.39%)
  Gboluga Mosugu (7.51%)

The People's Redemption Party first scheduled its primary for 28 May but moved it to 4 and 5 June;[229] setting its expression of interest form price at ₦500,000 and its nomination form price at ₦10 million with a 50% discount for women candidates and free nomination forms for candidates with disabilities.[284] In the primary, Kola Abiola—businessman and the son of former president-elect M. K. O. Abiola—defeated three other candidates to win the nomination by a margin of over 37% of the vote.[285] Unlike other parties' presidential primaries, the PRP had delegates vote from their state events instead of holding one central primary.

PRP primary results[285]
Party Candidate Votes %
PRP Kola Abiola 2,097 59.88%
PRP Usman Bugaje 813 23.22%
PRP Patience Key 329 9.39%
PRP Gboluga Mosugu 263 7.51%
Total votes 3,502 100.00%
Invalid or blank votes 158 N/A
Turnout 3,660 100.00%
Social Democratic Party

The Social Democratic Party initially scheduled its primary for 28 to 30 May 2022 but one faction instead scheduled its primary for 8 June while the another faction held its primary on 31 May. Ward/LGA and state congresses were set for 19 May and 20 May, respectively, to elect delegates for the primary.[286][287] The party set its expression of interest form price at ₦3 million and its nomination form price at ₦32 million with a 50% discount for youth and free forms for women and candidates with disabilities.[288]

The months prior to the SDP primary were beset by a party crisis as two groups both claimed to be the legitimate party organization.[289][290] On 31 May, the Supo Shonibare-led faction held its primary and nominated Ebenezer Ikeyina—former Senator for Anambra Central—unopposed.[291][292][293] On 8 June, the Olu Agunloye-led faction held its primary at the Abuja International Conference Centre and nominated Adewole Adebayo—a lawyer and media mogul—by a wide margin over his sole opponent, Khadijah Okunnu-Lamidi.[294]

SDP (Shonibare faction) primary results[291]
Party Candidate Votes %
SDP Ebenezer Ikeyina 308 99.35%
SDP Against Ebenezer Ikeyina 2 0.65%
Total votes 310 100.00%
Invalid or blank votes 1 N/A
Turnout 311 100.00%
SDP (Agunloye faction) primary results[294]
Party Candidate Votes %
SDP Adewole Adebayo 1,546 94.90%
SDP Khadijah Okunnu-Lamidi 83 5.10%
Total votes 1,629 100.00%
Invalid or blank votes 44 N/A
Turnout 1,673 97.84%
Young Progressives Party

The Young Progressives Party initially scheduled its primary for 1 June before moving it to 8 June.[229] It was won by Malik Ado-Ibrahim, the founder of the Reset Nigeria Initiative and son of Ohinoyi of Ebiraland Abdul Rahman Ado Ibrahim, by a large margin over Ruby Isaac.[295] In his acceptance speech, Ado-Ibrahim vowed to unify Nigerians and provide basic services.[296]

YPP primary results[295]
Party Candidate Votes %
YPP Malik Ado-Ibrahim 66 94.29%
YPP Ruby Isaac 4 5.71%
Total votes 70 100.00%
Turnout 70 94.59%
Zenith Progressives Alliance[f]

The then-Zenith Labour Party[f] initially scheduled its primary for 1 June before moving it to 8 June;[229] setting its expression of interest form price at ₦5 million and the nomination form price at ₦18 million with free forms for women, youth, and candidates with disabilities.[298] At the primary, Dan Nwanyanwu—the party national chairman—won the nomination on the same day that the party name was changed to the Zenith Progressives Alliance.[297]

Conduct

Recognized parties and nominees

After the 2019 elections, INEC deregistered 74 political parties for failing to "satisfy the requirements" of continued registration based on their performances during the elections.[299][300][301] The move, which was unsuccessfully challenged in court several times from 2019 to 2022, left the nation with 18 political parties: Accord, the Action Alliance, the Action Democratic Party, the Action Peoples Party, the African Action Congress, the African Democratic Congress, the Allied Peoples Movement, the All Progressives Congress, the All Progressives Grand Alliance, the Boot Party, the Labour Party, the New Nigeria Peoples Party, the National Rescue Movement, the Peoples Democratic Party, the People's Redemption Party, the Social Democratic Party, the Young Progressives Party, and the Zenith Progressives Alliance. In March 2022, INEC announced that no new parties would be registered before the 2023 elections.[302]

Parties were required to submit their presidential and vice presidential nominees between 10 and 17 June.[303][304]

2023 Presidential nominees
Party Ticket
Presidential nominee Vice Presidential nominee
Accord Christopher Imumolen TBA
Action Alliance Hamza al-Mustapha TBA
Action Democratic Party Yabagi Sani TBA
Action Peoples Party TBD TBA
African Action Congress Omoyele Sowore TBA
African Democratic Congress Dumebi Kachikwu TBA
Allied Peoples Movement Yusuf Mamman Dantalle TBA
All Progressives Congress Bola Tinubu TBA
All Progressives Grand Alliance Peter Umeadi Abdullahi Muhammed Koli
Boot Party Sunday Adenuga TBA
Labour Party Peter Obi TBA
New Nigeria Peoples Party Rabiu Kwankwaso TBA
National Rescue Movement Okwudili Nwa-Anyajike TBA
Peoples Democratic Party Atiku Abubakar TBA
People's Redemption Party Kola Abiola TBA
Social Democratic Party TBD[g] TBA
Young Progressives Party Malik Ado-Ibrahim TBA
Zenith Progressives Alliance[f] Dan Nwanyanwu TBA

Election administration

Primary and post-primary period

Party primaries are administered by the parties themselves but must be monitored by Independent National Electoral Commission observers and fall inside the scheduled primary period set by INEC. The commission released the timetable in February 2022 with a final date of 3 June 2022 for party primaries; as this date neared, parties repeatedly asked INEC to extend the deadline by two months.[305] After several refusals, INEC agreed to a shorter extension of six days to 9 June but the decision proved controversial as pundits noted that the PDP was about to hold its primary while the APC had not even screened its candidates.[306][307] Further criticism arose because INEC initially did not also extend the voter registration deadline in kind.[308][309]

After the primaries, focus shifted to voter registration and the logistical issues surrounding it. Due to years of IPOB attacks on southeastern INEC offices, the commission's capacity in the region was low in 2022 while in Lagos, a registration drive by market traders in June 2022 that overwhelmed an INEC centre also drew the commission's registration capability into question as the deadline neared.[310][311] In the wake of the incidents, INEC deployed extra registration machines to Lagos State, Kano State, and some southeastern states.[312] Around the same time, INEC hinted at a potential extension of the registration deadline.[313]

Campaign period

The official campaign period begins on the 28 September 2022 and ends on 23 February 2023.[303]

Campaign issues

In the wake of party primaries, several major factors for the upcoming general election campaign were noted, namely: ethnic and religious identity, the role of Buhari and his incumbency power, the economy, corruption, the personal brands of candidates, and the public anger with the political status quo.[314]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ On Election Day, Andy Uba and Emeka Okafor were officially listed as the APC gubernatorial and deputy gubernatorial nominees, respectively. However, in December 2021, a Federal High Court nullified the APC gubernatorial primary and declared Uba’s nomination illegal, null, and void.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m This candidate was recommended by the party screening committee.[97]
  3. ^ a b c d e This candidate was recommended by APC governors and the party National Working Committee.[75]
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j This candidate was not recommended by the party screening committee.[97]
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p This candidate was not recommended by APC governors and the party National Working Committee.[75]
  6. ^ a b c The party was named the "Zenith Labour Party" until 8 June 2022.[297]
  7. ^ The Shonibare-led faction nominated Ebenezer Ikeyina while the Agunloye-led faction nominated Adewole Adebayo. Litigation and/or INEC will determine the legitimate nominee.

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