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| Designer = [[Christopher Gadsden]]
| Designer = [[Christopher Gadsden]]
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{{Libertarianism in the United States sidebar|expanded=culture}}
The '''Gadsden flag''' is a [[History of the flags of the United States#Historical flags|historical American flag]] with a yellow field depicting a [[timber rattlesnake]]<ref name="herpetology-guy">{{cite web |url=https://steemit.com/science/@herpetologyguy/the-symbolism-of-the-timber-rattlesnake-in-early-america |title=The Symbolism of the Timber-Rattlesnake in Early America |last=Waser |first=Thomas |website=Herpetology Guy (Thomas Waser) on Steemit|date=December 6, 2016 |access-date=August 26, 2019}}</ref><ref name="dcnr-pa-gov">{{cite web |url=https://docplayer.net/22266478-Timber-rattlesnake-conservation-strategy-for-pennsylvania-state-forest-lands.html |title=Timber Rattlesnake Conservation Strategy for Pennsylvania State Forest Lands |publisher=Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources |date=April 7, 2010 |access-date=August 26, 2019}}</ref> coiled and ready to strike. Beneath the rattlesnake are the words "{{Not a typo|DONT}} TREAD ON ME".{{efn|During the 18th century, when contractions were coming into widespread use, they were often written without an apostrophe. The standard-form for the contraction of "do not" later came to include the apostrophe.<ref>{{cite book|first=Robert|last=Lowth|title=A Short Introduction to English Grammar: With Critical Notes|year=1794|pages=67, 79}}</ref>}} Some modern versions of the flag include an apostrophe.
The '''Gadsden flag''' is a [[History of the flags of the United States#Historical flags|historical American flag]] with a yellow field depicting a [[timber rattlesnake]]<ref name="herpetology-guy">{{cite web |url=https://steemit.com/science/@herpetologyguy/the-symbolism-of-the-timber-rattlesnake-in-early-america |title=The Symbolism of the Timber-Rattlesnake in Early America |last=Waser |first=Thomas |website=Herpetology Guy (Thomas Waser) on Steemit|date=December 6, 2016 |access-date=August 26, 2019}}</ref><ref name="dcnr-pa-gov">{{cite web |url=https://docplayer.net/22266478-Timber-rattlesnake-conservation-strategy-for-pennsylvania-state-forest-lands.html |title=Timber Rattlesnake Conservation Strategy for Pennsylvania State Forest Lands |publisher=Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources |date=April 7, 2010 |access-date=August 26, 2019}}</ref> coiled and ready to strike. Beneath the rattlesnake are the words "{{Not a typo|DONT}} TREAD ON ME".{{efn|During the 18th century, when contractions were coming into widespread use, they were often written without an apostrophe. The standard-form for the contraction of "do not" later came to include the apostrophe.<ref>{{cite book|first=Robert|last=Lowth|title=A Short Introduction to English Grammar: With Critical Notes|year=1794|pages=67, 79}}</ref>}} Some modern versions of the flag include an apostrophe.


Revision as of 08:32, 1 July 2023

Gadsden flag
UseBanner Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag
ProportionVaries, generally 2:3
AdoptedDecember 20, 1775
DesignA yellow banner charged with a yellow coiled timber rattlesnake facing toward the hoist sitting upon a patch of green grass, with thirteen rattles for the thirteen colonies, the words "DONT TREAD ON ME" positioned below the snake in black.
Designed byChristopher Gadsden
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The Gadsden flag is a historical American flag with a yellow field depicting a timber rattlesnake[1][2] coiled and ready to strike. Beneath the rattlesnake are the words "DONT TREAD ON ME".[a] Some modern versions of the flag include an apostrophe.

The flag is named for Christopher Gadsden, South Carolina delegate to the Continental Congress and brigadier general in the Continental Army.[4][5] Gadsden designed the flag in 1775 during the American Revolution.[6] He gifted it to Commodore Esek Hopkins, and the flag was unfurled on the main mast of Hopkins' flagship, USS Alfred, on December 20, 1775.[5][7] Two days later, Congress made Hopkins commander-in-chief of the Continental Navy.[8] He adopted the Gadsden banner as his personal flag, flying it "from the mainmast of the flagship" while he was aboard.[5] The Continental Marines also flew the flag during the early part of the war.[6]

In the context of the American Revolution, the rattlesnake was a "symbol of the unity" of the colonies, and had a long history as a political symbol in America; Benjamin Franklin used the animal for his Join, or Die woodcut in 1754.[5][9] Gadsden intended his flag as a "warning to Great Britain" not to violate the liberties of its American subjects.[5]

Starting in 1860 in Savannah, Georgia, variations of the flag were adopted as symbols of secession from the United States. Some newspaper accounts during the American Civil War treat the flag as the official banner of the Confederacy.

The flag has been described as the "most popular symbol of the American revolution."[5] Its design proclaims an assertive warning of vigilance and willingness to act in defense against coercion.[10] This has led it to be associated with the ideas of individualism and liberty.[11][12][13][14][15][16] It is often used in the United States as a symbol for right-libertarianism, classical liberalism, and small government; for distrust or defiance against authorities and government; and occasionally co-opted for right-wing populism or far-right ideology.[17][18][19]

Appearance and symbolism

Variations in appearance

Many variations of the Gadsden flag exist. The motto sometimes includes an apostrophe in the word "Don't" and sometimes not;[20]: 339  the typeface used for the motto is sometimes a serif typeface and other times sans-serif. The rattlesnake sometimes is shown as resting on a green ground; representations dating from 1885 and 1917 do not display anything below the rattlesnake. The rattlesnake usually faces to the left, and the early representations mentioned above face left. However, some versions of the flag show the snake facing to the right.

History of the rattlesnake symbol in America

Benjamin Franklin's Join, or Die cartoon

The timber rattlesnake can be found in the area of the original Thirteen Colonies. Like the bald eagle, part of its significance is that it was unique to the Americas, serving as a means of showing a separate identity from the Old World. Its use as a symbol of the American colonies can be traced back to the publications of Benjamin Franklin. In 1751, he made the first reference to the rattlesnake in a satirical commentary published in his Pennsylvania Gazette. It had been the policy of Parliament to send convicted criminals to the Americas (primarily the Province of Georgia), so Franklin suggested that they thank them by sending rattlesnakes to Britain.[21]

In 1754, during the French and Indian War, Franklin published Join, or Die, a woodcut of a snake cut into eight sections. It represented the colonies, with New England joined as the head and South Carolina as the tail, following their order along the coast. This was the first political cartoon published in an American newspaper.[citation needed]

In 1774, Paul Revere added Franklin's iconic cartoon to the nameplate of Isaiah Thomas's paper, the Massachusetts Spy, depicted there as fighting a British griffin.[22]

In December 1775, Benjamin Franklin published an essay in the Pennsylvania Journal under the pseudonym "American Guesser" in which he suggested that the rattlesnake was a good symbol for the American spirit and its valuation for vigilance, assertiveness, individualism, unity, and liberty:[23]

[...] there was painted a Rattle-Snake, with this modest motto under it, "Don't tread on me." [...] she has no eye-lids. She may therefore be esteemed an emblem of vigilance. She never begins an attack, nor, when once engaged, ever surrenders [...] The Rattle-Snake is solitary, and associates with her kind only when it is necessary for their preservation [...] 'Tis curious and amazing to observe how distinct and independent of each other the rattles of this animal are, and yet how firmly they are united together, so as never to be separated but by breaking them to pieces. [...] The power of fascination attributed to her, by a generous construction, may be understood to mean, that those who consider the liberty and blessings which America affords, and once come over to her, never afterwards leave her, but spend their lives with her.

Flag of the Culpeper Minutemen

The rattlesnake symbol was first officially adopted by the Continental Congress in 1778 when it approved the design for the seal of the War Office.[citation needed] At the top center of the seal is a rattlesnake holding a banner that says, "This we'll defend". This design of the War Office seal was carried forward—with some minor modifications—into the subsequent designs as well as the Department of the Army's seal, emblem and flag.[citation needed] As such, some variation of a rattlesnake symbol has been in continuous official use by the US Army for over 243 years.

Other American flags that use a rattlesnake motif include The United Companies of the Train of Artillery of the Town of Providence, the First Navy Jack, and the Culpeper Minutemen flag, among others.

In the 21st century, the Gadsden Flag has been used by supporters of the Tea Party movement and sometimes, it has been associated with the Patriot movement.

History

Gadsden's flag in an 1885 schoolbook
Christopher Gadsden, designer of the flag, painted by Charles Fraser in 1819

In the fall of 1775, the Continental Navy was established by General George Washington in his role as Commander in Chief of all Continental Forces, before Esek Hopkins was named Commodore of the Navy. Those first ships were used to intercept incoming transport ships carrying war supplies to the British in the colonies in order to supply the Continental Army, which was desperately undersupplied in the opening years of the American Revolutionary War. The Second Continental Congress authorized the mustering of five companies of Marines to accompany the Navy on their first mission.

Continental Colonel Christopher Gadsden represented his home state of South Carolina in the Congress, and was one of seven members of the Marine Committee outfitting the first naval mission.[5][20]: 289  Writing in 2008, Paul Aron described Gadsden as a "leading advocate of an American navy."[24] The first Marines enlisted in the city of Philadelphia and carried drums painted yellow and depicting a coiled rattlesnake with thirteen rattles along with the motto "Don't Tread on Me." This is the first recorded mention of the future Gadsden flag's symbolism.[citation needed]

Gadsden decided the American navy needed a distinctive flag, and took it upon himself to make one in 1775.[25][6] Before his departure in December 1775, the newly appointed commander-in-chief of the Navy, Commodore Esek Hopkins, received a yellow rattlesnake flag from Gadsden to serve as his personal standard on USS Alfred, the flagship of America's first navy squadron.[7][20]: 289  Gadsden intended the design as a warning to Great Britain not to trample the liberties of its subjects.[26] Writer Daniel J. McDonough described it in 2000 as the "famous gray coiled rattlesnake poised upon a bright yellow background," and remarked that it "quickly became popular among the American public."[25] In addition to its prior history as an American symbol, the rattlesnake was seen at the time in Gadsden's birthplace of Charleston, South Carolina as a "noble and useful" animal that gave warning before it attacked.[5] Writing in 2008, Aron observed that as a man who "grew up in South Carolina's lowcountry," Gadsden would have "learned to respect rattlesnakes."[24] Before being appointed to lead the Navy, Commodore Hopkins had previously led The United Companies of the Train of Artillery of the Town of Providence, a unit that flew a flag similar to Gadsden's.[27][28] The Gadsden flag was first seen unfurled on the main mast of USS Alfred on December 20, 1775, while the ship rested at anchor in Chesapeake Bay.[5][25] Whenever he was aboard, Hopkins flew the flag from the mainmast of the flagship as his personal banner.[5] Alfred was also the first recorded ship to fly the Grand Union Flag, the first national flag of the United States, when Senior Lieutenant John Paul Jones hoisted it on December 3, 1775 while the ship floated in the Delaware River near Philadelphia.[29][7]

By winter 1775, the South Carolina Provincial Congress expected that the British would invade Charleston—which they soon attempted in June 1776—and decided to recall Gadsden home from Congress in Philadelphia to command the provincial troops, specifically the 1st South Carolina Regiment.[5] By January 14, Gadsden had both his orders to return home and permission from the Continental Congress to leave.[5] On Friday, February 9, 1776, he made a "triumphal entry" to the South Carolina Congress and presented an example of his yellow rattlesnake flag to the president of the Congress, William Henry Drayton.[5] As Gadsden walked to the front of the room, some members cheered, and Drayton ordered the flag displayed to the left of his presidential chair.[5] The Provincial Congress "promptly approved" a resolution thanking Gadsden for his service in Philadelphia, appointed him to a defense committee and, that same day, included his name on a committee tasked with forming a temporary system of government for the colony.[5][25] The Continental Congress had recommended that the colonies create temporary governments and maintain them until the trouble with Britain was resolved; the day before Gadsden arrived, the South Carolina Congress created a committee to consider this recommendation, and this is the committee to which Gadsden was added.[25] The next day, February 10, Gadsden announced his support for American independence and gave a speech that, according to Drayton, fell on the legislature "like an explosion of thunder."[5] John Rutledge accused Gadsden of treason, and members found themselves frightened by the idea of independence; according to E. Stanly Godbold Jr. and Robert Hilliard Woody in their 1982 biography of Gadsden, the South Carolina Congress was sent "into chaos."[5] Despite the impact of this speech, however, the exact words Gadsden spoke "were not recorded."[5]

Flag of the Providence United Train of Artillery

Gadsden's presentation of the rattlesnake flag was recorded in the South Carolina congressional journals on February 9, 1776:

Col. Gadsden presented to the Congress an elegant standard, such as is to be used by the commander in chief of the American Navy; being a yellow field, with a lively representation of a rattlesnake in the middle in the attitude of going to strike and these words underneath, "Don't tread on me."[30]

The Gadsden flag has been described as the "first American flag designed expressly for American naval use," and newspaper accounts at the time indicate there was some discussion about adopting it as the "colors of the American navy."[29] The Continental Marines also used the flag during the war.[6][31] On January 5, 1776, Commodore Hopkins proclaimed a series of flag signals that were included in the Orders and Directions for the Commander-in-Chief of Fleet of United Colonies, issued by the Naval Committee of the Continental Congress; among the flags Hopkins listed was "the Standard or Gadsden's flag."[32] By late 1775, especially after the Prohibitory Act, many American colonists did not see themselves as subjects to The Crown but instead as independent individuals possessing the rights of liberty and revolution. These rapidly growing convictions helped fuel the flag's adoption.[33]

A variation of the Gadsden flag appears at a pro-succession rally in Savannah, Georgia at the onset of the American Civil War in 1860

In the 19th century, the flag reappeared as a symbol of secessionists and the Confederacy. In 1860, the Gadsden flag became the “first flag of independence raised in the south” according to news reports at the time. [34] In addition, some Civil War-era envelopes included the rattlesnake with the “Don’t Tread On Us” motto. [35] In 1861, a ship from Georgia entered Boston Harbor flying a version of the Gadsden Flag with 15 stars on it (signifying the 15 slave states). The captain removed the flag after a large and angry crowd gathered, who subsequently destroyed the flag after it was taken down. [36]

Modern use

Map of states (colored yellow) that offer Gadsden flag specialty license plates.

For historical reasons, the Gadsden flag is still popularly flown in Charleston, South Carolina, the city where Christopher Gadsden first presented the flag and where it was commonly used during the revolution, along with the blue and white crescent flag of pre-Civil War South Carolina.

The Gadsden flag has become a popular specialty license plate in several states. As of 2022, the following states offer the option of obtaining a Gadsden flag specialty license plate: Alabama, Arizona,[37] Florida,[38][39] Kansas,[40] Maryland,[41] Missouri, Montana,[42] Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee,[43] Texas, and Virginia.[44][45]

Use as a libertarian symbol

In the 1970s the Gadsden flag started being used by libertarians, using it as a symbol representing individual rights and limited government.[46] The flag's prominent yellow color is also strongly associated with libertarianism.[47] The libertarian Free State Project uses a modified version of the flag with the snake replaced with a porcupine, a symbol of the movement.[48][unreliable source?]

Use as a terrorist symbol

In 2014, the flag was used by Jerad and Amanda Miller, the perpetrators of the 2014 Las Vegas shootings who killed two police officers and a civilian.[49] The Millers reportedly placed the Gadsden Flag on the corpse of one of the officers they killed.[50]

Use by the left

In the mid-1970s, the New Left People's Bicentennial Commission used the Gadsden Flag symbolism on buttons and literature.[51][52]

Use by the far-right

The Gadsden flag next to the Confederate battle flag and the flag of Nazi Germany at the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia
Gadsden Flag flown in the area of demonstration during the January 6, 2021 storming of the U.S. Capitol.

The Gadsden flag has also been used by far-right groups and individuals. The Gadsden flag was featured prominently in a report related to the January 6, 2021 storming of the United States Capitol.[53][b]

Use as a symbol of the Tea Party movement

Beginning in 2009, the Gadsden flag was widely used as a protest symbol by protesters who supported the American Tea Party movement.[56][57][58] It was also displayed by members of Congress at Tea Party rallies.[59] In some cases, the flag was ruled to be a political, rather than a historic or military, symbol due to the strong Tea Party connection.[60]

Legal cases involving the Gadsden flag

In March 2013, the Gadsden flag was raised at a vacant armory building in New Rochelle, New York without permission from city officials. The city ordered its removal[61] and the United Veterans Memorial & Patriotic Association, which had maintained the U.S. flag at the armory, filed suit against the city. A federal judge dismissed the case, rejecting the United Veterans' First Amendment argument and ruling that the flagpole in question was city property and thus did not represent private speech.[62]

In 2014, a US Postal Service employee filed a complaint about a coworker repeatedly wearing a hat with a Gadsden Flag motif at work. Postal service administration dismissed the complaint, but the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission reversed the decision and called for a careful investigation. The EEOC issued a statement clarifying that it did not make any decision that the Gadsden flag was a "racist symbol," or that wearing a depiction of it constituted racial discrimination.[63]

Rainbow version

Rainbow Gadsden flag

Street Patrol, a 1990s queer self defense group affiliated with Queer Nation/San Francisco, used as its logo a coiled snake over a triangle holding a ribbon with the motto "Don't Tread on Me".[64][65] Some libertarian circles use a version of the flag with the snake and motto placed over a rainbow flag.[66] Following the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting, posters containing a rainbow Gadsden flag inscribed with "#ShootBack" were placed around West Hollywood.[67]

Parodies

"No Step on Snek" parody flag

Parodies and pastiches of the Gadsden flag exist; one common design replaces the "Don't tread on me" motto with "No Step on Snek", sometimes paired with a crudely drawn snake.[68]

Appearances in popular culture

The Gadsden flag has made numerous appearances in popular culture, particularly in post-apocalyptic stories.

In film and television

  • In the 1982 film Tootsie, the character of Jeff Slater (Bill Murray) is shown to have the Gadsden flag displayed in his bedroom.
  • In the 1995 The Simpsons episode "Bart vs. Australia", Bart reveals in an act of "patriotism" the phrase "Don't Tread On Me" written across his buttocks when he is supposed to be kicked by the Australian Prime Minister as a punishment.
  • In the 2006 CBS apocalyptic drama series Jericho, Gadsden flags are shown several times, most notably in the series finale when Jericho's mayor, Gray Anderson (Michael Gaston), replaces the town hall's "Allied States of America" flag with a Gadsden flag.[69]
  • In the 2009 NBC mockumentary sitcom Parks and Recreation, Ron Swanson (Nick Offerman) has a miniature Gadsden flag in his office.[70]
  • In the 2023 HBO apocalyptic drama series The Last of Us, Bill (Nick Offerman) has a Gadsden flag in his house.[71]

In music

Notes

  1. ^ During the 18th century, when contractions were coming into widespread use, they were often written without an apostrophe. The standard-form for the contraction of "do not" later came to include the apostrophe.[3]
  2. ^ Thirty-four-year-old Rosanne Boyland carried one when she collapsed from an amphetamine overdose and died in the Capitol.[54][55]

References

  1. ^ Waser, Thomas (December 6, 2016). "The Symbolism of the Timber-Rattlesnake in Early America". Herpetology Guy (Thomas Waser) on Steemit. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
  2. ^ "Timber Rattlesnake Conservation Strategy for Pennsylvania State Forest Lands". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. April 7, 2010. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
  3. ^ Lowth, Robert (1794). A Short Introduction to English Grammar: With Critical Notes. pp. 67, 79.
  4. ^ "GADSDEN, Christopher | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Godbold Jr., E. Stanly; Woody, Robert Hilliard (1982). Christopher Gadsden and the American Revolution. Univ. of Tennessee Press. pp. 142–150. ISBN 978-0-87049-363-8.
  6. ^ a b c d "Short History of the United States Flag". American Battlefield Trust. November 6, 2019. Archived from the original on February 15, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  7. ^ a b c "Alfred". Naval History and Heritage Command. U.S. Navy. June 9, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2023. Alfred, Hopkins' flagship, was placed in commission on 3 December 1775
  8. ^ "Esek Hopkins appointed Commander-in-Chief of Continental Navy". California SAR. Archived from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  9. ^ "Join, or Die". Pennsylvania Gazette. Philadelphia. May 9, 1754. p. 2. Retrieved January 19, 2014 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  10. ^ "The Rattlesnake as a Symbol of America - by Benjamin Franklin". greatseal.com. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
  11. ^ "Top 23 Symbols of Freedom & Liberty Throughout History". Give Me History. November 25, 2020.
  12. ^ Nicholson, Katie (February 15, 2022). "From snakes to Spartans: The meaning behind some of the flags convoy protesters are carrying". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
  13. ^ Miller, Matthew M. F. (November 20, 2020). "The Radical Individualism Raging Throughout America". Shondaland. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
  14. ^ Robertson, Marcella (October 28, 2020). "Confederate flag along I-95 in Stafford removed, replaced with 'Don't Tread On Me' flag". WUSA9.
  15. ^ Bosso, Joe (June 25, 2012). "James Hetfield, Kirk Hammett reflect on Metallica's Black Album". MusicRadar. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
  16. ^ Scocca, Tom. "Flag daze". The Boston Globe. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
  17. ^ "Yellow Gadsden Flag Carries a Long and Shifting History". Snopes.com. January 8, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
  18. ^ Neuman, Scott (August 10, 2022). "A Florida license plate has reopened the debate over the 'Don't tread on me' flag". NPR. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
  19. ^ Rosenberg, Matthew; Tiefenthäler, Ainara (January 13, 2021). "Decoding the Far-Right Symbols at the Capitol Riot". The New York Times. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
  20. ^ a b c McCandless, Byron; Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor (1917). Our flag number: with 1197 flags in full colors and 300 additional illustrations in black and white. National Geographic Society. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  21. ^ Leepson, Marc; DeMille, Nelson (May 30, 2006). Flag: An American Biography. Macmillan. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-312-32309-7. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  22. ^ "A More Perfect Union: Symbolizing the National Union of States". Library of Congress. July 23, 2010. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
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  24. ^ a b Aron, Paul (2008). We Hold These Truths...: And Other Words That Made America. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-7425-6273-8.
  25. ^ a b c d e McDonough, Daniel J. (2000). Christopher Gadsden and Henry Laurens: The Parallel Lives of Two American Patriots. Susquehanna University Press. pp. 169–173. ISBN 978-1-57591-039-0.
  26. ^ Godbold, E.; Woody, Robert (January 1982). Christopher Gadsden and the American Revolution. The University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 0-87049-362-0. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  27. ^ "United Company of the Train of Artillery (U.S.)". www.crwflags.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  28. ^ "Flag of the United Train of Artillery of Providence". The Monticello Classroom. January 28, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
  29. ^ a b Rankin, Hugh F. “The Naval Flag of the American Revolution.” The William and Mary Quarterly, vol. 11, no. 3, 1954, pp. 340–53. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1943310. Accessed 20 Feb. 2023.
  30. ^ Hicks, Frederick Cocks (1918). The flag of the United States. United States Government Printing Office. p. 23. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  31. ^ Marshall, Tim (2016). A Flag Worth Dying For: The Power and Politics of National Symbols. Simon and Schuster. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-5011-6833-8.
  32. ^ Miller, William Davis. “The Background and Development of Naval Signal Flags.” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, vol. 68, 1944, pp. 60–71. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25080375. Accessed 21 Feb. 2023.
  33. ^ "American colonies - The decision for independence". Britannica. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
  34. ^ "Georgia to U.S. "Don't Tread on Me"". New York Times. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
  35. ^ "Don't Tread on US". Georgetown University Library. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
  36. ^ "The disgraced Confederate history of the 'Don't Tread on Me' flag". Washington Post. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
  37. ^ "2020 Arizona Revised Statutes :: Title 28 - Transportation :: § 28-2439 Don't tread on me special plates". Justia Law. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
  38. ^ Neuman, Scott (August 10, 2022). "A Florida license plate has reopened the debate over the 'Don't tread on me' flag". NPR. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
  39. ^ Abad, Dylan (August 2, 2022). "Florida's new 'Don't Tread On Me' license plate stirs controversy". WFLA-TV. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  40. ^ Taborda, Noah (April 12, 2021). "Kansas Legislature endorses Gadsden flag license plate supporting state rifle association". Kansas Reflector. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
  41. ^ "Gadsden Pew Club license plate". Maryland Motor Vehicle Administration. Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
  42. ^ "Service Organizations & Associations". Montana Department of Justice.
  43. ^ "Friends of Sycamore Shoals State Historic Park". friendsofsycamoreshoals.org. Archived from the original on December 14, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
  44. ^ "Seven States Now Offer 'Don't Tread on Me' License Plates; Is Yours on the List? - Tea Party News". Tea Party. Archived from the original on August 12, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  45. ^ Schwarz, Hunter (August 25, 2014). "States where you can get a 'Don't Tread On Me' license plate". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  46. ^ Walker, Rob. "The Shifting Symbolism of the Gadsden Flag". The New Yorker. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
  47. ^ Sawer, Marian (April 18, 2007). "Wearing your Politics on your Sleeve: The Role of Political Colors in Social Movements". Social Movement Studies. 6 (1): 39–56. doi:10.1080/14742830701251294. ISSN 1474-2837. S2CID 145495971.
  48. ^ Doherty, Brian (November 16, 2016). "Free State Project Supporter Shot in Fight That Began Over Its Porcupine Flag". Reason. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
  49. ^ "Las Vegas shooting suspects left swastika, 'Don't tread on me' flag on dead officers". CBS News.
  50. ^ "Two Cops, Three Others Killed in Las Vegas Shooting Spree". NBC News. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
  51. ^ Hall, Simon. "'Guerrilla-Theater... In the Guise of Red, White, and Blue Bunting': The People's bicentennial Commission and the Politics of (Un-)Americanism. Journal of American Studies, Vol. 52, No. 1 (February 2018); pp. 114–136. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018; pp. 114-136
  52. ^ Daly, Christopher. "The Peoples Bicentennial Commission: Slouching Towards the Economic Revolution" The Harvard Crimson April 28, 1975
  53. ^ Rosenberg, Matthew; Tiefenthäler, Ainara (January 13, 2021). "Decoding the Far-Right-Symbols at the Capitol-Riot". The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  54. ^ Melendez, Pilar (April 7, 2021). "Capitol Rioter Rosanne Boyland died from Drug-Overdose, not trampling". The Daily Beast.
  55. ^ "Death of QAnon-Follower at Capitol leaves a Wake of Pain". The New York Times. May 30, 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
  56. ^ "Gadsden flag denied over State Capitol". New Haven, Connecticut: WTNH. May 26, 2010. Archived from the original on January 13, 2011. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
  57. ^ Hayes, Ted (May 27, 2010). "'Tea Party' flag rankles some". East Bay Newspapers. Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
  58. ^ Macedo, Diane (April 7, 2010). "Connecticut Marines Fight for 'Don't Tread on Me' Flag Display". Fox News. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
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External links

Media related to Gadsden flag at Wikimedia Commons

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