Jump to content

Sud Aviation Caravelle: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Nelievsky (talk | contribs)
159 edits
→‎Incidents: Added Flight 730
Line 280: Line 280:


*12 October 1976: [[Indian Airlines]], Mumbai, India: The right engine caught fire shortly after takeoff and the crew elected to return.{{Fact|date=October 2008}} Fuel flow to the engine was not stopped and the fire spread through the fuselage and led to hydraulic system failure and a loss of aircraft control shortly before landing. All six crew members and 89 passengers were killed.{{Fact|date=October 2008}}
*12 October 1976: [[Indian Airlines]], Mumbai, India: The right engine caught fire shortly after takeoff and the crew elected to return.{{Fact|date=October 2008}} Fuel flow to the engine was not stopped and the fire spread through the fuselage and led to hydraulic system failure and a loss of aircraft control shortly before landing. All six crew members and 89 passengers were killed.{{Fact|date=October 2008}}

*December 18, 1977 – [[SA de Transport Aérien]] [[SA de Transport Aérien Flight 730|Flight 730]] crashed into the sea while on final approach to [[Madeira Airport]], killing 36 people.


==Aircraft on display==
==Aircraft on display==

Revision as of 15:33, 4 March 2009

Caravelle
Sud SE-210 Caravelle 10B3 Super B of Finnair at Basel Airport in April 1976
Role Airliner
Manufacturer Sud Aviation
First flight 27 May 1955
Introduction 1959
Retired 2005
Number built 282

The Sud Aviation SE 210 Caravelle was the first short/medium-range jet airliner, produced by the French Sud Aviation firm starting in 1955 (when it was still known as SNCASE). The Caravelle would go on to be one of the more successful European first generation jetliners, selling throughout Europe and even penetrating the United States market, with an order for 20 from United Airlines [1]. The Caravelle established the aft-mounted-engine, clean-wing design that has since been used on a wide variety of subsequent aircraft. [1]

Design and development

On 12 October 1951 the Comité du Matériel Civil (civil aircraft committee) published a specification for a medium range aircraft, which was later sent to the industry by the Direction Technique et Industrielle. This called for an aircraft carrying 55 to 65 passengers and 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) of cargo on routes up to 2,000 km (1,100 nmi; 1,200 mi) with a cruise speed about 600 km/h (320 kn; 370 mph). The type and number of engines was not specified. Various design studies for aircraft in this category had been underway since 1946 by several of the leading French aircraft manufacturing organisations, but none had the financial power to start construction.[1]

Response from the French industry was strong, with every major manufacturer sending in at least one proposal, and a total of 20 different designs were received. Most of the proposals used all-turbojet power, although Breguet entered a number of designs for both turbojet and turboprop types; among these was one for an Atar-powered tri-jet to be developed in association with the SNCA du Nord and a turboprop type, all known as Br. 978. Hurel-Dubois entered several turboprop designs based on a narrow fuselage and shoulder mounted wing similar to many regional propliners. Proposals from the SNCA du Sud-Ouest included the S.O.60 with two Rolls-Royce Avon RA.7 engines, with two smaller Turbomeca Marborés as auxiliaries. SNCA du Sud-Est returned a number of designs from the X-200 to X-210, all of them pure-jet.[1]

After studying the various entries, the Comité du Matériel Civil cut the list to three entrants on 28 March 1952: the four-engined Avon/Marbore S.0.60, the twin-Avon Hurel-Dubois project, and the three-Avon Sud-Est X-210. At this point Rolls-Royce started offering a new version of the Avon that could develop 9,000 lbf (40 kN) thrust, making the auxiliary engines on the S.O.60 and the third engine on the X-210 unnecessary.[1]

The Committee requested SNCASE re-submit the X-210 as a twin-Avon design. In doing so they decided not to bother moving the remaining engines from their rear-mounted position; most designs mounted the engines under the wing where they can be mounted on the spar for lower overall weight, but SNCASE felt the savings were not worth the effort. This turned out to be a benefit to the design, as the cabin noise was greatly reduced. The revised X-210 design with twin Avons was re-submitted to the SGACC in July 1952. [1]

Two months later the SNCASE received official notification that its design had been accepted. On 6 July 1953 the SGACC ordered two prototypes and two static airframes for fatigue testing. Sud's design licensed several fuselage features from de Havilland, a company Sud had dealings with for several earlier designs. The nose area and cockpit layout were both taken directly from the de Havilland Comet, while the rest of the plane was locally designed. [1]

Detail of the Rolls-Royce Avon turbojet engines

The first prototype of the Caravelle (F-WHHH), christened by Madame de Gaulle, was rolled out on 21 April 1955, and flew on 27 May powered by two British Rolls-Royce RA-26 Mk.522 with 4,536 kgf (44,480 N; 10,000 lbf) of unitary thrust. The crew was composed by Pierre Nadot (first officer), André Moynot (second officer), Jean Avril (mechanic), André Préneron (radio operator) and Roger Beteille. The flight duration was 41 minutes. The second prototype flew a year later on 6 May 1956. The first prototype had a cargo door on the lower left side of the fuselage, but this was removed in the second prototype for an all-seating arrangement. The first order was from Air France in 1956, followed by SAS in 1957. That year Sud-Est merged with Sud-Ouest to become Sud Aviation, but the original SE naming was retained. More orders followed, mainly triggered by presentations on airshows and demonstrations to potential customers. The Caravelle was certified in May 1959 and shortly afterwards entered service with SAS and Air France. [1]

Several models were produced over the lifetime of the production run, as the power of the available engines grew and allowed for higher takeoff weights. By this time most of Sud Aviation's design department turned to a supersonic transport of the same general size and range as the Caravelle, naturally naming it the Super-Caravelle, however this work would later be merged with similar work at the Bristol Aeroplane Company to produce the Concorde. In some configurations, aircraft had a number of rearward facing passenger seats, an uncommon seating arrangement for civil aircraft. [1]

In total 282 Caravelles of all types were built (2 prototype or pre-production aircraft and 280 production aircraft), with Sud Aviation's break-even point at around the 200 mark. [1]

Variants

The triangular windows of this plane remained unaltered throughout the development

data from [1]

Template:Standard table ! style="text-align: center; background: #aacccc;"|Variant ! style="text-align: center; background: #aacccc;"|Length ! style="text-align: center; background: #aacccc;"|Engines ! style="text-align: center; background: #aacccc;"|Passengers |----- | Caravelle I || 32.01 m (105 ft 0 in) || RA-29 Mk.522 || 80 |----- | Caravelle IA || 32.01 m (105 ft 0 in) || RA-29 Mk.522A || 80 |----- | Caravelle III || 32.01 m (105 ft 0 in) || RA-29 Mk.527 and 527B || 80 |----- | Caravelle VI-N || 32.01 m (105 ft 0 in) || RA-29 Mk.531 and 531B || 80 |----- | Caravelle VI-R || 32.01 m (105 ft 0 in) || RA-29 Mk.533R || 80 |----- | Caravelle 10R || 32.01 m (105 ft 0 in) || P&W JT8D-7 || 80 |----- | Caravelle 11R || 32.71 m (107 ft 4 in) || P&W JT8D-7 || 89-99 |----- | Caravelle 10B || 33.01 m (108 ft 4 in) || P&W JT8D-7 || 105 |----- | Caravelle 12 || 36.24 m (118 ft 11 in) || P&W JT8D-9 || 140 |}


Caravelle I
Similar to the original prototypes which first flew on May 14, 1958. This variant was powered by two Rolls-Royce RA-29 Avon Mk.522 with 4,763 kgf (46,710 N; 10,500 lbf) of unitary thrust and a passenger capacity of 80 people. The French certification was obtained on April 2, 1959 and the FAA one six days later. The first revenue flight took place in that same year with Air France in the Paris-Rome-Athens-Istanbul route. The Air France Caravelle F-BHRB "Lorraine" was introduced in the Paris-London route on July 27, 1959.
Sales: 20 sold; to Air France (10), SAS (6), Air Algérie (2), and VARIG (2). One of the VARIG examples was leased by Sud to Air Vietnam and Middle East Airlines before delivery to Royal Air Maroc.
Caravelle IA
This variant had the same external configuration as variant I but with more powerful engines, the Rolls-Royce Avon RA-29/1 Mk.526. Obviously, with improved capabilities. The first flight took place on February 11, 1960. Variants I and IA were later reconverted to the III variant.
Sales: 12 built. Deliveries were to Air France, SAS, Air Algérie, Finnair, and Royal Air Maroc.
Caravelle III
Later improvements of the Avon engine led to another model: The Caravelle III. It first flew on December 30, 1959, beginning service with Alitalia four months later, in April, 1960. The Caravelle III was powered with Rolls-Royce Avon RA-29/3 Mk.527 and RA-29/3 Mk.527B, both with 5,170 kgf (50,700 N; 11,400 lbf) of unitary thrust.
Sales: The Series III was the best-selling Caravelle with 78 built. Of the 32 Series I, 31 were upgraded to Series III standard. Air Inter used 16 of this type for its domestic routes. Major deliveries to Air France, as well as examples for Swissair, Alitalia, SAS, and Royal Air Maroc.
Corse Air VI-N variant
Caravelle VI-N
Power-improved version with Avon RA-29/6 Mk 531 and RA 29/6 Mk 531B with 5,535 kgf (54,280 N; 12,200 lbf) of unitary thrust engines. The capabilities were improved and the weights increased; the payload was reduced. The Caravelle VI-N first flew on September 10, 1960 beginning service with Sabena (Belgium) on January 1961. Of the 78 Series III, 5 were upgraded to Series VI N.
Sales: 53 built. Deliveries to Saeta, Corse Air, Europe A.S., Minerve and Pushpaka Aviation.
Caravelle VI-R
This variant introduced a major improvement in aviation history, being the first airliner in the world provided with thrust reversers and spoilers. Previous models had braking parachutes. The cockpit windows were made bigger with redesigned layout and also more powerful brakes were introduced. It first flew on February 6, 1961, obtaining the FAA certificate on June 5 that same year. It began service with United Airlines on July 14. Dash-6R was powered by Avon Ra-29 Mk. 533R and Mk 535R (R, for Reverse) with an unitary thrust of 5,715 kgf (56,050 N; 12,600 lbf).
Sales: 56 built, 20 for United Airlines. Other series VI customers included Indian Airlines (9), Panair do Brasil (4), Cruzeiro do Sul, Iberia Lineas Aeras De España (4), LAN Chile (3), Aerolineas Argentinas (3), TAP Portugal (3). This was also used by Filipinas Orient Airways [2], Aerocesar, Airborne Express and SA Nacionales.
Caravelle VII
This was a modified Series III which was purchased by General Electric and equipped with GE CJ-805 engines. It would form the basis for later sales into the US. A TWA order for 20 aircraft was cancelled in favor of the DC-9.
Caravelle 10A
Based on the Series VII, but intended for the US market. The 10A was 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) longer than the Series VI, with the windows located 200 mm (7.9 in) higher on the fuselage, and an APU installed in the rear. A modified wing with improved flaps was also included to meet FAA requirements. However TWA later cancelled its order due to financial problems, and by the time they were ready to purchase new designs, the Douglas DC-9 was available. Only a single Caravelle 10A was ever built.
Caravelle 10B (Super Caravelle)
Based on the Series 10A, this variant offered many modifications in respect to other series. It introduced the Lex or "Leading Edge Extension" (a fillet added to the front of an aircraft wings in order to provide usable airflow at high angles of attack). The wing mounted split flaps and the fuselage was extended 1.40 m (4 ft 7 in) , with an increase in passenger capacity to 105. The engines used were the new Pratt & Whitney JT8D turbofan engines with 6,350 kgf (62,300 N; 14,000 lbf) of unitary thrust which would later be used by the famous DC-9 and Boeing 727 instead of the General Electric models. Turbofans were first used in commercial aviation in 1960, in the Soviet Tupolev Tu-124, mounting the Soloviev D-20P engine. The 10B first flew on August 31, 1964 and was produced as a run of 22 aircraft.
Sales: Primary operator of the 10B was Finnair with 8 examples. Aviaco ordered 5 but this was cancelled, with those aircraft going to Sterling Airways, LTU, and Iberia Airlines. Alia and UTA also acquired aircraft.
Caravelle 10R
A combination of the 10B's engines on the Series VI-R fuselage, creating a smaller but higher powered plane. Maximum weight at take-off was increased to 52,000 kg (115,000 lb) (6,000 kg or 13,000 lb more than the Series I and 2,000 kg or 4,400 lb more than the Series VI-R). It first flew on January 8, 1965 and received the FAA certification on May 23 of that same year.
Sales: 20 were built, starting service with Alia on July 31, 1965. It also flew with Aero Lloyd, CTA, Hispania and SAT, among others.
Caravelle 11R
The 11R had a fuselage length of 31.72 m (104 ft 1 in) (70 cm or 28 in more than other variants) and incorporated a 3.32 m × 1.84 m (10.9 ft × 6.0 ft) cargo door in the port side. This enabled it to carry a mixed load of passengers and cargo. First flight of the series 11R was on April 21, 1967.
sales: Only 6 planes were built and delivered to Air Afrique, Air Congo, and Transeuropa of Spain.
One of the last Caravelles built, flying with Air Inter
Caravelle 12 (Super Caravelle)
This was the last version of the Caravelle to appear, the most advanced of them all which first flew on March 12, 1971. The Series 12 was a 10B with a noticeably longer fuselage, stretched by 3.2 metres (10 ft), and a newer uprated version of the JT8D engines with 6,577 kgf (64,500 N; 14,500 lbf) of unitary thrust. This allowed for up to 140 passengers over a reduced range. The 12 was aimed primarily at the charter market, produced to 12 examples starting in 1972. By this point a worldwide famous Supersonic transport was in production known as the Concorde, whose design was first known in France as Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle. The 12 was often referred to by this name.
Sales: Launch customer for the Series 12 was Sterling Airways with 7 delivered, while the remaining 5 went to Air Inter. Series 12s flew in Europe until October 1996, and in Africa until recently.

Operators

Civil operators

 Algeria
 Argentina
 Austria
 Belgium
 Brazil
 Burundi
 Cambodia
 Central African Republic
 Chile
 Ivory Coast
 Colombia
 Congo
 Denmark Norway Sweden
 Denmark
 Ecuador
 Egypt
 Finland
 France
 Gabon
 Germany
 India
 Italy
 Jordan
 Laos
 Lebanon
 Libya
 Luxembourg
 Mali
 Morocco
 Martinique
 New Caledonia
 Netherlands
 Philippines
 Portugal
 Spain
 Switzerland
 Syria
 Taiwan
 Thailand
 Tunisia
 United States
 Venezuela
 Vietnam
 Yugoslavia
 Zaire

Military and government operators

 Algeria
 Argentina
 Central African Republic
  • Central African Empire/Republic Government (1970-1979) [74]
 Czechoslovakia
  • Chad Government [75]
 France
 Gabon
  • Gabon Government (1976-1978) [77]
 Mauritania
  • Mauritanian Government [78]
 Mexico
 Rwanda
  • Rwanda Government[79]
 Senegal
  • Sengal Government[75]
 Sweden
 Yugoslavia

Incidents

  • 12 October 1976: Indian Airlines, Mumbai, India: The right engine caught fire shortly after takeoff and the crew elected to return.[citation needed] Fuel flow to the engine was not stopped and the fire spread through the fuselage and led to hydraulic system failure and a loss of aircraft control shortly before landing. All six crew members and 89 passengers were killed.[citation needed]

Aircraft on display

  • One Caravelle, SE-DAI, is located at the Stockholm Arlanda Airport. The aircraft engines are run regularly to keep all systems working until funds covering a "Grand Visit" (=C-check) can be found. The aircraft is maintained by "Le Caravelle Club" [3]. Ex-Swedish Air Force Tp85 tail number 852. The cabin is restored to civil standard with SAS 1970 seats in a spacious 2+2 configuration.
  • A second Caravelle at Arlanda is owned by "Luftfartsverket", and kept since 1974 for a future museum. The aircraft is in a bad condition but exterior is complete and SAS colors are visible.
  • One Caravelle is outside the Museum of Aviation in Belgrade in Belgrade, Serbia, near the Nikola Tesla International Airport 44°49′10.85″N 20°17′8.54″E / 44.8196806°N 20.2857056°E / 44.8196806; 20.2857056. The aircraft was from JAT Yugoslav Airlines from some 3-4 decades ago.
  • At least until 2001, there was a Caravelle at Le Bourget Aerospace Museum in Paris 48°57′16.10″N 2°25′20.48″E / 48.9544722°N 2.4223556°E / 48.9544722; 2.4223556.
  • A 1959 Caravelle III, "Finn Viking", SAS reg number LN-KLH is preserved at the Museum of Technology, Oslo, Norway [4].
  • A 1960 Caravelle III, "Ulf Viking", SAS, reg number OY-KRD is preserved at the Danish National Museum of Science and Technology, Helsingør, Denmark.[81]
  • A Sabena Caravelle is located at the Brussels Museum for Aviation.
  • A former United Airlines Caravelle, in Airborne Express livery, is parked at the New England Air Museum, Windsor Locks, Connecticut, USA.
  • One Caravelle is located within the perimeter of Nice airport on the Eastern side (43°40′23″N 7°13′38″E / 43.672922°N 7.227191°E / 43.672922; 7.227191). Close by is the monument to the September 1968 accident when a Caravelle crashed with the loss of all on board.
  • One Caravelle in good condition is located in Makedonia Airport, Thessaloniki [Greece].
  • N98KT, a Caravelle VI-R, is parked at Van Nuys Airport in Van Nuys (near Los Angeles), California.
  • N1001U, c/n 86, the first production Caravelle VI-R, is preserved at the Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona.
  • An unidentified Caravelle model is located at the Pima Community College Aviation Technology Center, Tucson Arizona. (N1002U c/n 87?)
  • Another preserved ex-Air-France-Aircraft sits besides the tower at Avignon Airport in Southern France.
  • The Aircraft Museum of Montelimar in Southern France has a French ex-military Caravelle. Visitors can climb inside.
  • Istanbul Aviation Museum gives shelter for an ex Istanbul Airlines Caravelle.
  • A Caravelle aircraft used for microgravity flights is parked at Bordeaux-Merignac airport.
  • A blank Caravelle is parked at Satolas, near Lyons' St Exupery Int'l (LYS) airport. 45°43′43″N 5°04′52″E / 45.728618°N 5.08108°E / 45.728618; 5.08108
  • Swedish Air Force Museum in Linköping cares for one Caravelle III serial# 172. Ex-Swedish Air Force Tp85 tail number 851. Ex-SAS reg. SE-DAG. Its current location is on the "Malmen" air base outside of Linköping, Sweden. It is being stored outdoors and the long-term plan is to restore it for display in the configuration in which it was used by the air force (signal reconnaissance).
  • Two Caravelles are stored at the Royal Air Maroc training facilities at Mohammed V International Airport in Casablanca. Registrations are CN-CCZ [5] which seems in a slightly better condition, and CN-CCX [6]. Both have been used for training purposes. One of them, CN-CCZ, briefly appears in the 2008 German movie "Mogadischu".

Specifications

Data from [1]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 3
  • Capacity: 80 (I,IA,III,VI-R,VI-N,10R); 89-99 (11R); 105 (10A); 140 (12)
  • Airfoil: Swept wing at 1/4 of the chord line: 20º

Performance

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Reactores Comerciales (1999a) (en: Comercial Jetliners) ISBN 84-95088-87-8". Antonio López Ortega (in Spanish). Agualarga Editores S.l. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
  2. ^ a b c Avrane 1981, page 47
  3. ^ Avrane 1981, page 44
  4. ^ Avrane 1981, page 62
  5. ^ Avrane 1981, page 68
  6. ^ Avrane 1981, page 87
  7. ^ Avrane 1981, page 92
  8. ^ Avrane 1981, page 69
  9. ^ Avrane 1981, page 86
  10. ^ Avrane 1981, page 99
  11. ^ a b c Avrane 1981, page 48
  12. ^ Avrane 1981, page 75
  13. ^ Avrane 1981, page 46
  14. ^ Avrane 1981, page 45
  15. ^ Avrane 1981, page 95
  16. ^ Avrane 1981, page 90
  17. ^ Avrane 1981, page 61
  18. ^ Avrane 1981, page 68
  19. ^ Avrane 1981, page 92
  20. ^ Avrane 1981, page 87
  21. ^ Avrane 1981, page 90
  22. ^ a b c d Avrane 1981, page 71
  23. ^ Avrane 1981, page 72
  24. ^ a b c d Avrane 1981, page 74
  25. ^ Avrane 1981, page 45
  26. ^ Avrane 1981, page 51
  27. ^ Avrane 1981, page 68
  28. ^ Avrane 1981, page 70
  29. ^ Avrane 1981, page 85
  30. ^ Avrane 1981, page 97
  31. ^ Avrane 1981, page 99
  32. ^ Avrane 1981, page 50
  33. ^ Avrane 1981, page 44
  34. ^ Avrane 1981, page 75
  35. ^ Avrane 1981, page 84
  36. ^ Avrane 1981, page 85
  37. ^ Avrane 1981, page 91
  38. ^ Avrane 1981, page 73
  39. ^ Avrane 1981, page 86
  40. ^ Avrane 1981, page 62
  41. ^ Avrane 1981, page 62
  42. ^ Avrane 1981, page 90
  43. ^ Avrane 1981, page 61
  44. ^ Avrane 1981, page 86
  45. ^ Avrane 1981, page 52
  46. ^ Avrane 1981, page 84
  47. ^ Avrane 1981, page 75
  48. ^ Avrane 1981, page 84
  49. ^ Avrane 1981, page 52
  50. ^ Avrane 1981, page 86
  51. ^ Avrane 1981, page 52
  52. ^ Flight International, March 26, 1988
  53. ^ a b c Avrane 1981, page 96
  54. ^ Avrane 1981, page 93
  55. ^ Avrane 1981, page 95
  56. ^ Avrane 1981, page 63
  57. ^ Avrane 1981, page 72
  58. ^ Avrane 1981, page 95
  59. ^ Avrane 1981, page 97
  60. ^ Avrane 1981, page 70
  61. ^ Avrane 1981, page 91
  62. ^ Avrane 1981, page 94
  63. ^ Avrane 1981, page 94
  64. ^ Avrane 1981, page 69
  65. ^ a b Avrane 1981, page 98
  66. ^ Avrane 1981, page 84
  67. ^ Avrane 1981, page 63
  68. ^ Avrane 1981, page 100
  69. ^ Avrane 1981, page 52
  70. ^ Avrane 1981, page 46
  71. ^ Avrane 1981, page 61
  72. ^ Avrane 1981, page 119
  73. ^ Avrane 1981, page 113
  74. ^ Avrane 1981, page 112
  75. ^ a b Avrane 1981, page 117
  76. ^ Avrane 1981, page 101
  77. ^ Avrane 1981, page 116
  78. ^ Avrane 1981, page 116
  79. ^ Avrane 1981, page 116
  80. ^ a b Avrane 1981, page 115
  81. ^ [1]

Bibliography

Avrane, Alexandre (1981). Sud Est Caravelle. Jane's Publishing. ISBN 0 7106 0044 5.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sud Aviation Caravelle.
This aircraft article is missing some (or all) of its specifications. If you have a source, you can help Wikipedia by adding them.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sud_Aviation_Caravelle&oldid=274941517"