Fuzhou

This article is about the capital city of Fujian province. For the city in Jiangxi province, see Fuzhou, Jiangxi. For other uses, see Fuzhou (disambiguation).

Fuzhou 福州 Hók-ciŭ
Prefecture-level city
福州市
Fuzhou City View from Mt.Jin ji (Golden Rooster Hill (金鸡山)) Fuzhou City View from Mt.Jin ji (Golden Rooster Hill (金鸡山))
Nickname(s):  榕城 (Banyan City), 三山 (Three Hills)
Location of Fuzhou Prefecture within Fujian
Country	China
Province	Fujian
County-level divisions	13
Area
• Prefecture-level city	12,000 km2 (5,000 sq mi)
Population  (2009)
• Prefecture-level city	6,830,000
• Density	570/km2 (1,500/sq mi)
• Urban	2,710,000
• Metro density	776/km2 (2,009/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+8 (China Standard Time)
Postal code	350000
Area code	591
License plate prefixes	闽A
GDP (2008)	CNY 228.4 billion
- per capita	CNY 33,615
Local dialect	Fuzhou dialect
Website	http://www.fuzhou.gov.cn/

Fuzhou ( in the native Foochow language and in Mandarin Chinese), Chinese: ; pinyin: Fúzhōu; Wade–Giles: Fu-chou; Foochow Romanized: Hók-ciŭ; EFEO: Fou-Tcheou; also seen as Foochow, Fuchow, Fuh-chau, Hock Chew or Hokchew in earlier Western documents, is the capital and the largest municipality of Fujian (福建) province, People's Republic of China.

The city is also referred to as Rongcheng (榕城; Foochow Romanized: Ṳ̀ng-siàng) which means "city of banyan trees".

Along with the many counties of Ningde, those of Fuzhou are considered to constitute the Mindong (闽东, lit. East of Fujian) linguistic and cultural area.

Fuzhou's core counties lie on the north (or left) bank of the estuary of Fujian's largest river, the Min River. All along its northern border lies Ningde, and Ningde's Gutian County lies upriver. Fuzhou's counties south of the Min border on Putian, Quanzhou, Sanming and Nanping municipalities.

Culture

Banyan King in Fuzhou National Forest Park (福州国家森林公园).

The City of Banyans is distinct from the mainstream inland cultures of central China, and in details varies from other areas of Maritime China

Language and art

Besides Mandarin Chinese, local residents of Fuzhou also speak Fuzhou dialect, a language that is considered to be the standard form of the Min Dong dialect.

Min opera, also known as Fuzhou drama, is one of the major operas in Fujian Province. It enjoys popularity in Fuzhou area, and neighboring parts of Fujian such as the northeast and northwest areas where the Fuzhou dialect is spoken, as well as in Taiwan and the Malay Archipelago. It became a fixed opera in the early 20th century. There are more than 1000 plays of Min opera, most of which originate from folk tales, historical novels, or ancient legends, including such traditional plays as "Making Seal", "The Purple Jade Hairpin" and "Switching Fairy Peach with Litchi".

Religion

The two traditional mainstream religions practiced in Fuzhou are Mahayana Buddhism and Taoism. Traditionally, many people practice both religions simultaneously. The city is also home to many Buddhist monasteries/Taoist temples and Buddhist monks.

Islam and Christianity are practised to a lesser degree.

Apart from mainstream religions, a number of religious worship sites of various local religions, are situated in the streets and lanes of Fuzhou.

The origins of local religion can be dated back centuries. These diverse religions incorporated elements such as gods and doctrines from other religions and cultures, such as totem worship and traditional legends. For example, Monkey King, originated to monkey worship among local ancients, gradually came to embody the God of Wealth in Fuzhou after the novel Journey to the West was issued in Ming dynasty.

As the most popular religion in the Min River Valley, the worship of Lady Linshui (临水夫人) is viewed as one of the three most influential local religions in Fujian, the other two being the worship of Mazu (妈祖) and Baosheng Dadi (保生大帝).

Local cuisine

Fuzhou's local dish Litchi Pork, famous for its sweet flavor.

Fuzhou cuisine is one of the four traditional cooking styles of Fujian cuisine, which in turn is of the eight Chinese regional cuisines. Dishes are light but flavourful, with particular emphasis on umami taste, known in Chinese cooking as "xiānwèi" (traditional Chinese: 鮮味; simplified Chinese: 鲜味), as well as retaining the original flavour of the main ingredients instead of masking them. In Fuzhou cuisine, the taste is light compared to that of some other Chinese cooking styles, and often have a mixed sweet and sour taste. Soup, served as a indispensable dish in meals, is cooked in various ways with local seasonal fresh vegetables and seafood.

Special crafts

Bodiless lacquerwares (脱胎漆器), paper umbrellas (纸伞) and horn combs (角梳) are the "Three Treasures" of Fuzhou traditional arts. In addition, bodiless lacquerwares, cork pictures (软木画) and Shoushan stone sculptures (寿山石雕) are called "Three Superexcellences" of Fuzhou.

Gender roles

Fuzhou males are perceived in the rest of Fujian province as being rather subservient in sex-relations, the stereotypical image being that of a husband following his wife around a shopping area, holding many bags. This has led to the Fujianese maxim (or cultural rule of thumb) "Don't marry a Fuzhou woman". Whatever the truth of these perceptions, Fuzhou males do seem rather more given than men in other cities to compensatory counter-type behaviour towards female strangers, such as cutting queues, stealing taxis and even flashing, for which the local term is liuniaoxia (遛鸟侠, from liuniao, to take the (pet) bird out for a stroll (ie to the park, as done by retirees all over China) + xia, action hero).

History

The exact foundation date of the city is not known. The province's pre-Han history is sketchy: it is known that the Yue Kingdom (in present-day Zhejiang, to the north) fell to that of the Chu in 306 BC; the legend is that a branch of the Yue royal family fled south to found upon the natives the reign of the Minyue (闽越). Duing the ensuing century of independence from central China, their major centre was not here but far up the Min watershed in Wuyishan City.

The first city wall of Fuzhou was built in 202 BC when Liu Bang, the founding emperor of the Han Dynasty, gave permission to Wuzhu (无诸), the king of Minyue, to set up his capital in Fuzhou. The city was named Ye (冶), meaning "the beautiful". The city name has changed many times, but the city itself has been continuously occupied since 202 BC and has never suffered major destruction by wars or natural disasters.

The Minyue was annexed by Han in 110 BC.

Han Dynasty to Song Dynasty

"Fuzhou" literally means "Happy Region" or "Blessed Region".

Under the Han, Fuzhou became Ye County.

During the Jin Dynasty, West Lake, East Lake (now silted up) and numerous canals in the city were constructed (282 AD). When the Jin Dynasty collapsed, the first wave of immigrants of the gentile class arrived in Fujian (308 AD).

Hualin Temple in the original Ye city, which has been declared a national heritage site, was built in 964 AD according to documentation, but was carbon-dated to the 4th or 5th century AD. It is likely the oldest existing wooden structure in China.

During the Tang Dynasty (725 AD), the city started to be called Fuzhou.

More immigrants arrived from the north starting from 892 as the Tang Dynasty was collapsing. After the Tang Dynasty fell in 907, the Wang family managed to establish a kingdom called Min (909 – 945) with its capital in Fuzhou, then known as Changle. Min is still used as another name for the province of Fujian, in names of region such as minnan, and the river that runs through Fuzhou is called Min Jiang.

New city walls were built in 282 AD, 901 AD, 905 AD, and 974 AD, so the city had many layers of walls — more so than the Chinese capital.

Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty (宋) ordered the destruction of all the walls in Fuzhou in 978 AD but new walls were rebuilt later. The latest was built in 1371 AD.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, Fuzhou became more prosperous; many scholars came to live and work. Among them were Zhu Xi (朱熹), the most celebrated Chinese philosopher after Confucius, and Xin Qiji (辛弃疾), the greatest composer of the ci form of poetry.

Mongolian Yuan Dynasty

Marco Polo, an Italian guest of the Emperor Kubilai, transcribed, after the conventions of Italian orthography, the place name as Fugiu. This was not the local Min pronunciation but that of the Mandarin administrative class.

Ming Dynasty

Between 1405 and 1433 AD, a fleet of the Ming Imperial navy under Admiral Zheng He sailed from Fuzhou to the Indian Ocean seven times; on three occasions the fleet landed on the east coast of Africa. Before the last sailing, Zheng erected a stele dedicated to the goddess Tian-Fei (Matsu) near the seaport.

Galeote Pereira, a Portuguese soldier and trader, was taken prisoner during the pirate extermination campaign of 1549 and imprisoned in Fuzhou. Later transferred to a form of internal exile elsewhere in the province, Pereira escaped to Macau in 1553. The record of his experiences in the Ming Empire, logged by the Jesuits at Goa in 1561, was the first non-clerical account of China to reach the West since Polo's.

Qing Dynasty

In the 19th century, Lin Zexu, born in Fuzhou, a high-ranking official of Qing Dynasty, led an attempt to resist British colonialism at Guangzhou. Unsuccessful and reviled by the East India Company, he was internally exiled to Xinjiang near the Russian border. By the 1842 peace treaty which concluded the Opium War I, Fuzhou became one of the five Chinese treaty ports, and it became completely open to Western merchants and missionaries.

Fuzhou was one of the most important Protestant mission fields in China. On January 2, 1846, the first Protestant missionary, Rev. Stephen Johnson from ABCFM, entered the city and soon set up the first missionary station there. ABCFM was followed by the Methodist Episcopal Missionary Society that was led by Revs. M. C. White and J. D. Collins, who reached Fuzhou in early September 1847. The Church Missionary Society also arrived in the city in May 1850. These three Protestant agencies remained in Fuzhou until the communists' takeover of mainland China in the 1950s, leaving a rich heritage in Fuzhou's Protestant culture.

On August 23, 1884, the Battle of Fuzhou broke out between the French Far East Fleet and the Fujian Fleet of the Qing Dynasty. As the result, the Fujian Fleet, one of the four Chinese regional fleets, was destroyed completely in Mawei Harbor.

Engravings and photos

• 
  City of Fuzhou, ca. 1850. The Black and White Pagodas (乌塔, 白塔) were the tallest buildings of this city before its modernization.
• 
  View of the southern suburbs of Fuzhou in the late 19th century, from left to right: Black Stone Hill (乌山), Church of American Board (铺前顶救主堂), White Pagoda (白塔), Nine Immortals' Hill (九仙山/于山).
• 
  City of Fuzhou in the late 19th century.
• 
  Zhongzhou Island (中洲岛), first Methodist Episcopal Mission premises in China.
• 
  Hongshan Bridge (洪山桥), ca. 1850.
• 
  Scenery of River Min, west of the southern suburbs of Fuzhou, ca. 1850.
• 
  Fuzhou and the River Min in the late 19th century.
• 
  View of Fuzhou from the Black-Stone Hill (乌山), in the late 19th century.
• 
  St. John's Church, 1880.
• 
  1800s painting of the France and Qing naval battle in Fuzhou.

Republic of China

On November 8, 1911, revolutionaries staged an uprising in Fuzhou. After an overnight street battle, the Qing (Manchu) army surrendered.

Revolutionary Republic

On November 22, 1933, Eugene Chen and the leaders of the National Revolutionary Army's 19th Army set up the short-lived People's Revolutionary Government of Republican China (中華共和國人民革命政府). Blockaded by Chiang Kai-shek and left to twist in the wind by the nearby Soviet Republic of China, the PRGRC collapsed within two months.

Japanese Occupation

The 1940 Japanese seizure was quickly effected. Surrounded by hills on 3 sides, the only escape route Fuzhou afforded its civilians was the bridges across the Min. These the Japanese bombed, leaving many of the civilians to make the dangerously river crossing on foot. The Japanese army soon controlled the city and occupied it until Japan's surrender in 1945.

Following the restitution of Republic control (1946), the administration divisions of Fuzhou were annexed, and administration level was promoted from county-level to city-level officially.

People's Republic

On December 13, 1993, a raging fire swept through a textile factory in Fuzhou and claimed the lives of 60 workers.

On October 2, 2005, floodwaters from Typhoon Longwang swept away a military school, killing at least 80 paramilitary officers.

Administrative divisions

The administrative divisions of Fuzhou have been changed frequently throughout history. From 1983, the Fuzhou current administrative divisions were formed officially, namly, 5 districts and 8 counties respectively. In 1990 and 1994, Fuqing (Hók-chiăng) and Changle (Diòng-lŏ̤h) counties were promoted to county-level cities. Despite these changes, the administrative image of "5 districts and 8 counties" is still held popularly among local residents. Fuzhou's entire area only covers 9.65% of Fujian Province.

The city of Fuzhou has direct jurisdiction over 5 districts (区 qu), 2 county-level cities (市 shi), and 6 counties (县 xian) :

File:Subdivisions of Fuzhou-China.png	Subdivision
	Fuzhou City Proper				Fuzhou Suburban and Rural
	■ Gulou-qu	鼓楼区	Gū-làu		■ Fuqing-shi	福清市	Hók-chiăng
	■ Taijiang-qu	台江区	Dài-gĕ̤ng		■ Changle-shi	长乐市	Diòng-lŏ̤h
	■ Cangshan-qu	仓山区	Chŏng-săng		■ Minqing-xian	闽清县	Mìng-âu
	■ Mawei-qu	马尾区	Mā-muōi		■ Minhou-xian	闽侯县	Mìng-chiăng
	■ Jin'an-qu	晋安区	Céng-ăng		■ Yongtai-xian	永泰县	Īng-tái
					■ Lianjiang-xian	连江县	Lièng-gŏng
					■ Luoyuan-xian	罗源县	Lò̤-nguòng
					■ Pingtan-xian	平潭县	Bìng-tàng

Fuzhou subdivision（County、City）Area and Population（End of 2007）

Location	Area（km²）	Resident population	Registered Population
Fuzhou	12,153.31	6,760,000	6,303,043
- Gulou District	36.60		584,531
- Taijiang District	18.28		325,172
- Cangshan District	139.41		456,531
- Mawei District	254.33		164,163
- Jinan District	566.45		328,806
Minhou County	2,133.03	560,000	645,195
Lianjiang County	1,190.67	550,000	613,354
Louyuan County	1,081.17	200,000	254,111
Minqing County	1,468.90	240,000	301,334
Yongtai County	2,243.41	270,000	352,854
Pingtan County	371.09	350,000	380,721
Fuqing City	1,932.43	1,190,000	1,231,288
Changle City	717.54	670,000	664,983

Geography and climate

Fuzhou is located in the northeast coast of Fujian province, in the opposite of North Taiwan, connects jointly northwards with Ningde and Nanping, southwards with Quanzhou and Putian, westwards with Sanming respectively.

Climate data for Fuzhou
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Source: China Meteorological Administration

Transportation

File:Fuzhouseal.jpg

The seal of Fuzhou: 3 hills and a river.

Airports

The city is served by two airports: Fuzhou Changle International Airport and Fuzhou Yixu Airport (old airfield). The former is its main international airport and a air-hub in the southeast China, the latter one was turned into a PLA airbase after 1997.

Railways

Currently, the main railway is the "Wai Fu Railway", running eastwards through the northern districts towards Jiangxi province. The subline "Fuma railway" runs from the city hub to Mawei district. Two more railways are also under construction: The "Wen Fu railway" runs north towards Wenzhou in southern Zhejiang province, while the "Fuxia railway" runs south towards Xiamen. This later railway is designed to be a high-speed railway with speeds up to 200 km and will be completed by early July 2009. There are also plans for 2 metro lines, with the first line to be completed by 2014.

• Railway stations: The Fuzhou Rail Station is located north of city center, near the North Second Ring Road. Construction on the Strait Rail Station in Cangshan district, a key landmark of the New City development scheme, began in 2007 and is scheduled to be completed in 2010.

Seaport

In 1867 the Fuzhou seaport was the site of one of China's first major experiments with Western technology, when the Fuzhou Navy Yard was established: A shipyard and an arsenal were built under French guidance and a naval school was opened. A naval academy was also established at the shipyard, and it became a center for the study of European languages and technical sciences. The academy, which offered courses in English, French, engineering, and navigation, produced a generation of Western-trained officers, including the famous scholar-reformer Yan Fu (1854–1921).

The yard was established as part of a program to strengthen China in the wake of the country's disastrous defeat the second Opium War (1856–60). But most talented students continued to pursue a traditional Confucian education, and by the mid-1870s the government began to lose interest in the shipyard, which had trouble securing funds and declined in importance. Fuzhou remained essentially a commercial center and a port until World War II; it had relatively little industry. The port was occupied by the Japanese during 1940–45.

Since 1949, Fuzhou has grown considerably. Transportation has been improved by the dredging of the Min River for navigation by medium-sized craft upstream to Nanping. In 1956 the railway linking Fuzhou with the interior of the province and with the main Chinese railway system began operation. The port has also been improved; Fuzhou itself is no longer accessible to seagoing ships, but Luoxingta anchorage and the outer harbor at Guantou on the coast of the East China Sea have been modernized and improved. The chief exports are timber, fruits, paper, and foodstuffs.

Economy

Taijiang District of Fuzhou.

Residential Buildings in Fuzhou

Industry is supplied with power by a grid running from the Gutian hydroelectric scheme in the mountains to the northwest. The city is a center for industrial chemicals and has food-processing, timber-working, engineering, papermaking, printing, and textile industries. A small iron and steel plant was built in 1958. In 1984 Fuzhou was designated one of China's "open" cities in the new open-door policy inviting foreign investments. Handicrafts remain important in the rural areas, and the city is famous for its lacquer and wood products.

Its GDP was ¥33,615 (ca. US$4,840) per capita in 2008, ranked no. 21 among 659 Chinese cities.

Fuzhou is undoubtedly the province’s political, economic and cultural center as well as an industrial center and seaport on the Min River. In 2008, Fuzhou’s GDP amounted to ¥228.4 billion, an increase of 13 percent.

Manufactured products include chemicals, silk and cotton textiles, iron and steel, and processed food. Among Fuzhou's exports are fine lacquerware and handcrafted fans and umbrellas. The city's trade is mainly with Chinese coastal ports. Its exports of timber, food products, and paper move through the harbor at Guantou located about 50 km downstream.

In 2008, exports reached US$13.6 billion, a growth of 10.4 percent while imports amounted to US$6.8 billion. Total retail sales for the same period came to ¥113.4 billion and per capita GDP grew to ¥33,615.

During the same period, Fuzhou approved 155 foreign-invested projects. Contracted foreign investment amounted to US$1.489 billion, while utilized foreign investment increased by 43 percent to US$1.002 billion.

Sites

Historical / cultural

• Sanfang Qixiang (三坊七巷) (a cluster of ancient residential buildings dated from late Jin Dynasty)
• West Lake (福州西湖) (an artificial landscape style lake built in 282 AD)
• Hualin Temple (华林寺) (Built in 964 AD, Song Dynasty)

Its main hall is known as the oldest surviving wooden building in south China，and was confirmed as an important heritage site under state protection in 1982.

• Dizang Temple (The Temple of Sacrificing Guardian of the Earth, founded in 527 AD)
• Xichan Temple (西禅寺) (founded in 867 AD)
• Wu Ta (乌塔) (Black Pagoda) (originally built in 799 AD, rebuilt in 936 AD)
• Bai Ta (白塔) (White Pagoda) (originally built in 905 AD, 67 m in height, collapsed in 1534 AD, rebuilt in 1548 AD, 41 m in height)
• Yongquan Temple (涌泉寺) (founded in 915 AD)
• Gu Shan (鼓山) (Drum Mountain)

Recreational

• Fujian Provincial Museum (福建省博物院)
• Wulongjiang Shidi Park (乌龙江湿地公园)(A wetland park. However, the park is in distress due to ineffective environmental protection and construction.)
• Senlin Park (森林公园)
• Zuohai Park （左海公园）
• Fuzhou National Forest Park (福州国家森林公园)

Photo gallery

• 
  Black Pagoda (乌塔)
• 
  Flower Lane Church (花巷堂)
• 
  Confucian Temple (文庙)
• 
  Hualin Temple (华林寺)
• 
  Jinshan Temple (金山寺)
• 
  Mawei Harbor, old battlefield of Battle of Foochow
• 
  Pagoda Anchorage (罗星塔)
• 
  Puqian Church (铺前堂)
• 
  Three Lanes & Seven Alleys (三坊七巷)
• 
  White Pagoda (白塔)
• 
  Yinfeng Temple (隐峰寺) in Luoyuan County
• 
  Zhenhai Tower (镇海楼)

Famous Natives

Fuzhou Memorial Hall of Lin Zexu

• Lin Zexu (林则徐, 1785—1850), Chinese scholar and official, considered a national hero for his strong opposition to the trade of opium before the First Anglo-Chinese War
• Shen Baozhen (沈葆桢, 1820—1879), Viceroy of Liangjiang from 1875 to 1879
• Chen Baochen (陈宝琛, 1848—1935), Chinese scholar and loyalist to the Qing Dynasty
• Wong Nai-siong (黄乃裳, 1849—1924), Chinese Christian scholar
• Lin Shu (林纾, 1852—1924), Chinese scholar and translator, most famous for his translation of Alexandre Dumas' La Dame aux Camélias
• Yan Fu (严复, 1854—1921), Chinese scholar and translator, best known for introducing western ideas such as Darwinian evolution
• Sa Zhenbin (萨镇冰, 1859—1952), high-ranking naval officer of Mongolian origin
• Lin Sen (林森, 1868—1943), President of the Republic of China from 1931 to 1943
• Lin Juemin (林觉民, 1887—1911), one of 72 Revolutionary Martyrs at Huanghuagang,Guangzhou
• Hou Debang (侯德榜, 1890—1974), Chinese chemical engineer
• Zheng Zhenduo (郑振铎, 1898—1958), Chinese journalist and literary scholar
• Bing Xin (冰心, 1900—1999), female Chinese writer
• Watchman Nee (倪柝声, 1903—1972), Chinese Christian author and church leader
• Lin Huiyin (林徽因, 1904—1955), female Chinese architect and writer
• Chen Jingrun (陈景润, 1933—1996), Chinese mathematician who made significant contributions to number theory
• Chen Zhangliang (陈章良, 1962—), Chinese biologist, elected as vice-governor of Guangxi in 2007
• Wu Qingyuan (吳清源, 1914—), Chinese Weiqi/Go player, considered by many players to be the greatest player of the game in the 20th century and one of the greatest of all time.

Education

Fujian Seminary

Colleges and universities

• Fujian Normal University (福建师范大学) (founded in 1907)
• Fuzhou University (福州大学) (founded in 1958)
• Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (福建农林大学)
• Fujian Medical University (福建医科大学)
• Fujian College of Traditional Chinese Medicine (福建中医学院)
• Minjiang University (闽江学院)
• Fujian University of Technology (福建工程学院)
• Fujian Seminary (福建神学院)

Note: Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed.

Twin towns — Sister cities

Fuzhou is twinned with the following cities:

Country	City	County/District/Region/State	Date
Japan	Nagasaki	Nagasaki	October 20, 1980
Japan	Naha	Okinawa	May 20, 1981
USA	Syracuse	New York	August 25, 1991
USA	Tacoma	Washington	November 16, 1994
Brazil	Campinas	São Paulo	November 8, 1996
Australia	Shoalhaven	New South Wales	October 15, 2003
Guyana	Georgetown	Demerara-Mahaica	May 17, 2006
Poland	Koszalin	West Pomeranian Voivodeship	May 19, 2007
Kenya	Mombasa	Coast Province	May 19, 2008

Friendly exchanges with the following cities:

Country	City	County/District/Region/State	Date
South Korea	Pyeongtaek	Gyeonggi-do	August 26, 2002

See also

• Fuzhou people
• Fuzhou dialect
• Min Dong language
• List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population
• Battle of Fuzhou
• Sibu

External links

• Fuzhou Government website
• An early history of Fujian and Fuzhou
• Template:Wikitravel
• Maritime Art - On the River Min