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'''{{Audio|zh-Fuzhou.ogg|Fuzhou}}''' ({{zh|c={{wd|福}}{{wd|州}}|p=Fúzhōu|w=Fu-chou}}; [[Foochow Romanized]]: <font face="Lucida Sans Unicode">Hók-ciŭ</font>; [[EFEO]]: Fou-Tcheou; also seen as '''Foochow''', '''Fuchow''', '''Fuh-chau''', '''Hock Chew''' or '''Hokchew''' in earlier Western documents) is the capital and the largest [[prefecture-level city|municipality]] of [[Fujian]] (福建) [[Provinces of China|province]], [[People's Republic of China]].
'''Fuzhou''' ({{Audio|Hokchew.ogg|Hokchew}} in the native [[Foochow language]] and {{Audio|zh-Fuzhou.ogg|Fuzhou}} in [[Mandarin Chinese]]), {{zh|c={{wd|福}}{{wd|州}}|p=Fúzhōu|w=Fu-chou}}; [[Foochow Romanized]]: <font face="Lucida Sans Unicode">Hók-ciŭ</font>; [[EFEO]]: Fou-Tcheou; also seen as '''Foochow''', '''Fuchow''', '''Fuh-chau''', '''Hock Chew''' or '''Hokchew''' in earlier Western documents, is the capital and the largest [[prefecture-level city|municipality]] of [[Fujian]] (福建) [[Provinces of China|province]], [[People's Republic of China]].


The city is also referred to as ''Rongcheng'' ({{linktext|榕|城}}; Foochow Romanized: <font face="Lucida Sans Unicode">Ù<nowiki>̤</nowiki>ng-siàng</font>) which means "city of [[banyan trees]]".
The city is also referred to as ''Rongcheng'' ({{linktext|榕|城}}; Foochow Romanized: <font face="Lucida Sans Unicode">Ù<nowiki>̤</nowiki>ng-siàng</font>) which means "city of [[banyan trees]]".

Revision as of 19:17, 8 November 2009

Template:Chinesetext

Fuzhou
福州
Hók-ciŭ
福州市
Fuzhou City View from Mt.Jin ji (Golden Rooster Hill (金鸡山))
Fuzhou City View from Mt.Jin ji (Golden Rooster Hill (金鸡山))
Nickname(s): 
榕城 (Banyan City), 三山 (Three Hills)
Location of Fuzhou Prefecture within Fujian
Location of Fuzhou Prefecture within Fujian
CountryChina
ProvinceFujian
County-level divisions13
Area
 • Prefecture-level city12,000 km2 (5,000 sq mi)
Population
 (2009)
 • Prefecture-level city6,830,000
 • Density570/km2 (1,500/sq mi)
 • Urban
2,710,000
 • Metro density776/km2 (2,009/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard Time)
Postal code
350000
Area code591
License plate prefixes闽A
GDP (2008)CNY 228.4 billion
 - per capitaCNY 33,615
Local dialectFuzhou dialect
Websitehttp://www.fuzhou.gov.cn/

Fuzhou (Hokchew in the native Foochow language and Fuzhou in Mandarin Chinese), Chinese: Lua error in Module:Wd at line 2607: The function "福" does not exist.Lua error in Module:Wd at line 2607: The function "州" does not exist.; pinyin: Fúzhōu; Wade–Giles: Fu-chou; Foochow Romanized: Hók-ciŭ; EFEO: Fou-Tcheou; also seen as Foochow, Fuchow, Fuh-chau, Hock Chew or Hokchew in earlier Western documents, is the capital and the largest municipality of Fujian (福建) province, People's Republic of China.

The city is also referred to as Rongcheng (; Foochow Romanized: Ṳ̀ng-siàng) which means "city of banyan trees".

Along with the many counties of Ningde, those of Fuzhou are considered to constitute the Mindong (闽东, lit. East of Fujian) linguistic and cultural area.

Fuzhou's core counties lie on the north (or left) bank of the estuary of Fujian's largest river, the Min River. All along its northern border lies Ningde, and Ningde's Gutian County lies upriver. Fuzhou's counties south of the Min border on Putian, Quanzhou, Sanming and Nanping municipalities.

Culture

Banyan King in Fuzhou National Forest Park (福州国家森林公园).

The City of Banyans is distinct from the mainstream inland cultures of central China, and in details varies from other areas of Maritime China

Language and art

Besides Mandarin Chinese, local residents of Fuzhou also speak Fuzhou dialect, a language that is considered to be the standard form of the Min Dong dialect.

Min opera, also known as Fuzhou drama, is one of the major operas in Fujian Province. It enjoys popularity in Fuzhou area, and neighboring parts of Fujian such as the northeast and northwest areas where the Fuzhou dialect is spoken, as well as in Taiwan and the Malay Archipelago. It became a fixed opera in the early 20th century. There are more than 1000 plays of Min opera, most of which originate from folk tales, historical novels, or ancient legends, including such traditional plays as "Making Seal", "The Purple Jade Hairpin" and "Switching Fairy Peach with Litchi".

Religion

The two traditional mainstream religions practiced in Fuzhou are Mahayana Buddhism and Taoism. Traditionally, many people practice both religions simultaneously. The city is also home to many Buddhist monasteries/Taoist temples and Buddhist monks.

Islam and Christianity are practised to a lesser degree.

Apart from mainstream religions, a number of religious worship sites of various local religions, are situated in the streets and lanes of Fuzhou.

The origins of local religion can be dated back centuries. These diverse religions incorporated elements such as gods and doctrines from other religions and cultures, such as totem worship and traditional legends. For example, Monkey King, originated to monkey worship among local ancients, gradually came to embody the God of Wealth in Fuzhou after the novel Journey to the West was issued in Ming dynasty.

As the most popular religion in the Min River Valley, the worship of Lady Linshui (临水夫人) is viewed as one of the three most influential local religions in Fujian, the other two being the worship of Mazu (妈祖) and Baosheng Dadi (保生大帝).

Local cuisine

Fuzhou's local dish Litchi Pork, famous for its sweet flavor.

Fuzhou cuisine is one of the four traditional cooking styles of Fujian cuisine, which in turn is of the eight Chinese regional cuisines. Dishes are light but flavourful, with particular emphasis on umami taste, known in Chinese cooking as "xiānwèi" (traditional Chinese: 鮮味; simplified Chinese: 鲜味), as well as retaining the original flavour of the main ingredients instead of masking them. In Fuzhou cuisine, the taste is light compared to that of some other Chinese cooking styles, and often have a mixed sweet and sour taste. Soup, served as a indispensable dish in meals, is cooked in various ways with local seasonal fresh vegetables and seafood.

Special crafts

Bodiless lacquerwares (脱胎漆器), paper umbrellas (纸伞) and horn combs (角梳) are the "Three Treasures" of Fuzhou traditional arts. In addition, bodiless lacquerwares, cork pictures (软木画) and Shoushan stone sculptures (寿山石雕) are called "Three Superexcellences" of Fuzhou.

Gender roles

Fuzhou males are perceived in the rest of Fujian province as being rather subservient in sex-relations, the stereotypical image being that of a husband following his wife around a shopping area, holding many bags. This has led to the Fujianese maxim (or cultural rule of thumb) "Don't marry a Fuzhou woman".[1] Whatever the truth of these perceptions, Fuzhou males do seem rather more given than men in other cities to compensatory counter-type behaviour towards female strangers, such as cutting queues, stealing taxis and even flashing, for which the local term is liuniaoxia (遛鸟侠, from liuniao, to take the (pet) bird out for a stroll (ie to the park, as done by retirees all over China) + xia, action hero).[2]

History

The exact foundation date of the city is not known. The province's pre-Han history is sketchy: it is known that the Yue Kingdom (in present-day Zhejiang, to the north) fell to that of the Chu in 306 BC; the legend is that a branch of the Yue royal family fled south to found upon the natives the reign of the Minyue (闽越). Duing the ensuing century of independence from central China, their major centre was not here but far up the Min watershed in Wuyishan City.

The first city wall of Fuzhou was built in 202 BC when Liu Bang, the founding emperor of the Han Dynasty, gave permission to Wuzhu (无诸), the king of Minyue, to set up his capital in Fuzhou. The city was named Ye (冶), meaning "the beautiful". The city name has changed many times, but the city itself has been continuously occupied since 202 BC and has never suffered major destruction by wars or natural disasters.

The Minyue was annexed by Han in 110 BC.

Han Dynasty to Song Dynasty

"Fuzhou" literally means "Happy Region" or "Blessed Region".

Under the Han, Fuzhou became Ye County.

During the Jin Dynasty, West Lake, East Lake (now silted up) and numerous canals in the city were constructed (282 AD). When the Jin Dynasty collapsed, the first wave of immigrants of the gentile class arrived in Fujian (308 AD).

Hualin Temple in the original Ye city, which has been declared a national heritage site, was built in 964 AD according to documentation, but was carbon-dated to the 4th or 5th century AD. It is likely the oldest existing wooden structure in China.

During the Tang Dynasty (725 AD), the city started to be called Fuzhou.

More immigrants arrived from the north starting from 892 as the Tang Dynasty was collapsing. After the Tang Dynasty fell in 907, the Wang family managed to establish a kingdom called Min (909 – 945) with its capital in Fuzhou, then known as Changle. Min is still used as another name for the province of Fujian, in names of region such as minnan, and the river that runs through Fuzhou is called Min Jiang.

New city walls were built in 282 AD, 901 AD, 905 AD, and 974 AD, so the city had many layers of walls — more so than the Chinese capital.

Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty (宋) ordered the destruction of all the walls in Fuzhou in 978 AD but new walls were rebuilt later. The latest was built in 1371 AD.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, Fuzhou became more prosperous; many scholars came to live and work. Among them were Zhu Xi (朱熹), the most celebrated Chinese philosopher after Confucius, and Xin Qiji (辛弃疾), the greatest composer of the ci form of poetry.

Mongolian Yuan Dynasty

Marco Polo, an Italian guest of the Emperor Kubilai, transcribed, after the conventions of Italian orthography, the place name as Fugiu. This was not the local Min pronunciation but that of the Mandarin administrative class.

Ming Dynasty

Between 1405 and 1433 AD, a fleet of the Ming Imperial navy under Admiral Zheng He sailed from Fuzhou to the Indian Ocean seven times; on three occasions the fleet landed on the east coast of Africa. Before the last sailing, Zheng erected a stele dedicated to the goddess Tian-Fei (Matsu) near the seaport.

Galeote Pereira, a Portuguese soldier and trader, was taken prisoner during the pirate extermination campaign of 1549 and imprisoned in Fuzhou. Later transferred to a form of internal exile elsewhere in the province, Pereira escaped to Macau in 1553. The record of his experiences in the Ming Empire, logged by the Jesuits at Goa in 1561, was the first non-clerical account of China to reach the West since Polo's. [3]

Qing Dynasty

In the 19th century, Lin Zexu, born in Fuzhou, a high-ranking official of Qing Dynasty, led an attempt to resist British colonialism at Guangzhou. Unsuccessful and reviled by the East India Company, he was internally exiled to Xinjiang near the Russian border. By the 1842 peace treaty which concluded the Opium War I, Fuzhou became one of the five Chinese treaty ports, and it became completely open to Western merchants and missionaries.

Fuzhou was one of the most important Protestant mission fields in China. On January 2, 1846, the first Protestant missionary, Rev. Stephen Johnson from ABCFM, entered the city and soon set up the first missionary station there. ABCFM was followed by the Methodist Episcopal Missionary Society that was led by Revs. M. C. White and J. D. Collins, who reached Fuzhou in early September 1847. The Church Missionary Society also arrived in the city in May 1850. These three Protestant agencies remained in Fuzhou until the communists' takeover of mainland China in the 1950s, leaving a rich heritage in Fuzhou's Protestant culture.

On August 23, 1884, the Battle of Fuzhou broke out between the French Far East Fleet and the Fujian Fleet of the Qing Dynasty. As the result, the Fujian Fleet, one of the four Chinese regional fleets, was destroyed completely in Mawei Harbor.

Engravings and photos

Republic of China

On November 8, 1911, revolutionaries staged an uprising in Fuzhou. After an overnight street battle, the Qing (Manchu) army surrendered.

Revolutionary Republic

On November 22, 1933, Eugene Chen and the leaders of the National Revolutionary Army's 19th Army set up the short-lived People's Revolutionary Government of Republican China (中華共和國人民革命政府).[4] Blockaded by Chiang Kai-shek and left to twist in the wind by the nearby Soviet Republic of China, the PRGRC collapsed within two months.

Japanese Occupation

The 1940 Japanese seizure was quickly effected. Surrounded by hills on 3 sides, the only escape route Fuzhou afforded its civilians was the bridges across the Min. These the Japanese bombed, leaving many of the civilians to make the dangerously river crossing on foot. The Japanese army soon controlled the city and occupied it until Japan's surrender in 1945.

Following the restitution of Republic control (1946), the administration divisions of Fuzhou were annexed, and administration level was promoted from county-level to city-level officially.


People's Republic

On December 13, 1993, a raging fire swept through a textile factory in Fuzhou and claimed the lives of 60 workers.[5]

On October 2, 2005, floodwaters from Typhoon Longwang swept away a military school, killing at least 80 paramilitary officers.[5]

Administrative divisions

The administrative divisions of Fuzhou have been changed frequently throughout history. From 1983, the Fuzhou current administrative divisions were formed officially, namly, 5 districts and 8 counties respectively. In 1990 and 1994, Fuqing (Hók-chiăng) and Changle (Diòng-lŏ̤h) counties were promoted to county-level cities. Despite these changes, the administrative image of "5 districts and 8 counties" is still held popularly among local residents. Fuzhou's entire area only covers 9.65% of Fujian Province.

The city of Fuzhou has direct jurisdiction over 5 districts (区 qu), 2 county-level cities (市 shi), and 6 counties (县 xian) :

File:Subdivisions of Fuzhou-China.png Subdivision
Fuzhou City Proper   Fuzhou Suburban and Rural
Gulou-qu 鼓楼区 Gū-làu   Fuqing-shi 福清市 Hók-chiăng
Taijiang-qu 台江区 Dài-gĕ̤ng   Changle-shi 长乐市 Diòng-lŏ̤h
Cangshan-qu 仓山区 Chŏng-săng   Minqing-xian 闽清县 Mìng-âu
Mawei-qu 马尾区 Mā-muōi   Minhou-xian 闽侯县 Mìng-chiăng
Jin'an-qu 晋安区 Céng-ăng   Yongtai-xian 永泰县 Īng-tái
        Lianjiang-xian 连江县 Lièng-gŏng
        Luoyuan-xian 罗源县 Lò̤-nguòng
        Pingtan-xian 平潭县 Bìng-tàng
Fuzhou subdivision(County、City)Area and Population(End of 2007)
Location Area(km²) Resident population Registered Population
Fuzhou 12,153.31 6,760,000 6,303,043
- Gulou District 36.60 584,531
- Taijiang District 18.28 325,172
- Cangshan District 139.41 456,531
- Mawei District 254.33 164,163
- Jinan District 566.45 328,806
Minhou County 2,133.03 560,000 645,195
Lianjiang County 1,190.67 550,000 613,354
Louyuan County 1,081.17 200,000 254,111
Minqing County 1,468.90 240,000 301,334
Yongtai County 2,243.41 270,000 352,854
Pingtan County 371.09 350,000 380,721
Fuqing City 1,932.43 1,190,000 1,231,288
Changle City 717.54 670,000 664,983

Geography and climate

Fuzhou is located in the northeast coast of Fujian province, in the opposite of North Taiwan, connects jointly northwards with Ningde and Nanping, southwards with Quanzhou and Putian, westwards with Sanming respectively.

Climate data for Fuzhou
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Source: China Meteorological Administration

Transportation

File:Fuzhouseal.jpg
The seal of Fuzhou: 3 hills and a river.

Airports

The city is served by two airports: Fuzhou Changle International Airport and Fuzhou Yixu Airport (old airfield). The former is its main international airport and a air-hub in the southeast China, the latter one was turned into a PLA airbase after 1997.

Railways

Currently, the main railway is the "Wai Fu Railway", running eastwards through the northern districts towards Jiangxi province. The subline "Fuma railway" runs from the city hub to Mawei district. Two more railways are also under construction: The "Wen Fu railway" runs north towards Wenzhou in southern Zhejiang province, while the "Fuxia railway" runs south towards Xiamen. This later railway is designed to be a high-speed railway with speeds up to 200 km and will be completed by early July 2009. There are also plans for 2 metro lines, with the first line to be completed by 2014[6].

  • Railway stations: The Fuzhou Rail Station is located north of city center, near the North Second Ring Road. Construction on the Strait Rail Station in Cangshan district, a key landmark of the New City development scheme, began in 2007 and is scheduled to be completed in 2010.

Seaport

In 1867 the Fuzhou seaport was the site of one of China's first major experiments with Western technology, when the Fuzhou Navy Yard was established: A shipyard and an arsenal were built under French guidance and a naval school was opened. A naval academy was also established at the shipyard, and it became a center for the study of European languages and technical sciences. The academy, which offered courses in English, French, engineering, and navigation, produced a generation of Western-trained officers, including the famous scholar-reformer Yan Fu (1854–1921).

The yard was established as part of a program to strengthen China in the wake of the country's disastrous defeat the second Opium War (1856–60). But most talented students continued to pursue a traditional Confucian education, and by the mid-1870s the government began to lose interest in the shipyard, which had trouble securing funds and declined in importance. Fuzhou remained essentially a commercial center and a port until World War II; it had relatively little industry. The port was occupied by the Japanese during 1940–45.

Since 1949, Fuzhou has grown considerably. Transportation has been improved by the dredging of the Min River for navigation by medium-sized craft upstream to Nanping. In 1956 the railway linking Fuzhou with the interior of the province and with the main Chinese railway system began operation. The port has also been improved; Fuzhou itself is no longer accessible to seagoing ships, but Luoxingta anchorage and the outer harbor at Guantou on the coast of the East China Sea have been modernized and improved. The chief exports are timber, fruits, paper, and foodstuffs.

Economy

Taijiang District of Fuzhou.
Residential Buildings in Fuzhou

Industry is supplied with power by a grid running from the Gutian hydroelectric scheme in the mountains to the northwest. The city is a center for industrial chemicals and has food-processing, timber-working, engineering, papermaking, printing, and textile industries. A small iron and steel plant was built in 1958. In 1984 Fuzhou was designated one of China's "open" cities in the new open-door policy inviting foreign investments. Handicrafts remain important in the rural areas, and the city is famous for its lacquer and wood products.

Its GDP was ¥33,615 (ca. US$4,840) per capita in 2008, ranked no. 21 among 659 Chinese cities.

Fuzhou is undoubtedly the province’s political, economic and cultural center as well as an industrial center and seaport on the Min River. In 2008, Fuzhou’s GDP amounted to ¥228.4 billion, an increase of 13 percent.[7]

Manufactured products include chemicals, silk and cotton textiles, iron and steel, and processed food. Among Fuzhou's exports are fine lacquerware and handcrafted fans and umbrellas. The city's trade is mainly with Chinese coastal ports. Its exports of timber, food products, and paper move through the harbor at Guantou located about 50 km downstream.[8]

In 2008, exports reached US$13.6 billion, a growth of 10.4 percent while imports amounted to US$6.8 billion. Total retail sales for the same period came to ¥113.4 billion and per capita GDP grew to ¥33,615.[8]

During the same period, Fuzhou approved 155 foreign-invested projects. Contracted foreign investment amounted to US$1.489 billion, while utilized foreign investment increased by 43 percent to US$1.002 billion.[9]

Sites

Historical / cultural

  • Sanfang Qixiang (三坊七巷) (a cluster of ancient residential buildings dated from late Jin Dynasty)
  • West Lake (福州西湖) (an artificial landscape style lake built in 282 AD)
  • Hualin Temple (华林寺) (Built in 964 AD, Song Dynasty)

Its main hall is known as the oldest surviving wooden building in south China,and was confirmed as an important heritage site under state protection in 1982.

  • Dizang Temple (The Temple of Sacrificing Guardian of the Earth, founded in 527 AD)
  • Xichan Temple (西禅寺) (founded in 867 AD)
  • Wu Ta (乌塔) (Black Pagoda) (originally built in 799 AD, rebuilt in 936 AD)
  • Bai Ta (白塔) (White Pagoda) (originally built in 905 AD, 67 m in height, collapsed in 1534 AD, rebuilt in 1548 AD, 41 m in height)
  • Yongquan Temple (涌泉寺) (founded in 915 AD)
  • Gu Shan (鼓山) (Drum Mountain)

Recreational

  • Fujian Provincial Museum (福建省博物院)
  • Wulongjiang Shidi Park (乌龙江湿地公园)(A wetland park. However, the park is in distress due to ineffective environmental protection and construction.)
  • Senlin Park (森林公园)
  • Zuohai Park (左海公园)
  • Fuzhou National Forest Park (福州国家森林公园)

Photo gallery



Famous Natives

Fuzhou Memorial Hall of Lin Zexu

Education

Fujian Seminary

Colleges and universities

Note: Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed.

Twin towns — Sister cities

Fuzhou is twinned with the following cities:

Country City County/District/Region/State Date
 Japan Nagasaki Nagasaki October 20, 1980[10]
 Japan Naha Okinawa May 20, 1981[11]
 USA Syracuse New York August 25, 1991[12]
 USA Tacoma Washington November 16, 1994 [13]
 Brazil Campinas São Paulo November 8, 1996[14]
 Australia Shoalhaven New South Wales October 15, 2003[15]
 Guyana Georgetown Demerara-Mahaica May 17, 2006[16]
 Poland Koszalin West Pomeranian Voivodeship May 19, 2007[17]
 Kenya Mombasa Coast Province May 19, 2008[18]

Friendly exchanges with the following cities:

Country City County/District/Region/State Date
 South Korea Pyeongtaek Gyeonggi-do August 26, 2002[19][20]

See also

References

  1. ^ Nelson Fu, interviews with Fujianese, 2001-present
  2. ^ ibid, interview at Fuzhou wedding, 2009 Sept 18
  3. ^ Spence, Jonathan D., The Chan's Great Continent: China in Western Minds, 1999, W.W.Norton & Company, ISBN 978-0-393-31989-7, pp.20-21
  4. ^ Zhōnghuá Gònghéguó Rénmín Gémìng Zhèngfǔ, also known as the Fujian People's Revolutionary Government (福建人民革命政府, Fújiàn Rénmín Zhèngfǔ). Compare 中華共和國 to the shorter, more ambiguous 中華民國 (Zhonghua Minguo, "Folk-state of China"), which was the one-party state under Guomindang (国民党) leader Chiang Kai-shek against which Chen and the 19th rebelled (translated into English nonetheless as the "Republic of China").
  5. ^ a b Major Events Across The Taiwan Straits
  6. ^ "Fuzhou to Build Metro Line One ", SinoCast Daily Business Beat, June 19, 2009
  7. ^ "China Expat city Guide Dalian". China Expat. 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
  8. ^ a b "China Briefing Business Reports". Asia Briefing. 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
  9. ^ "China Briefing Business Reports". Asia Briefing. 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
  10. ^ "Sister Cities Nagasaki, the official website of the Fuzhou city". Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  11. ^ "Sister Cities Naha, the official website of the Fuzhou city". Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  12. ^ "Sister Cities Syracuse, the official website of the Fuzhou city". Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  13. ^ "Sister Cities Tacoma, the official website of the Fuzhou city". Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  14. ^ "Sister Cities Campinas, the official website of the Fuzhou city". Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  15. ^ "Sister Cities Shoalhaven, the official website of the Fuzhou city". Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  16. ^ "Sister Cities Georgetown, the official website of the Fuzhou city". Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  17. ^ "Sister Cities Koszalin, the official website of the Fuzhou city". Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  18. ^ "Sister Cities Mombasa, the official website of the Fujian Province". Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  19. ^ "Exchange Cities Pyeongtaek, the official website of the Fuzhou city". Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  20. ^ "Sister Cities Overview, the official website of the Fuzhou city". Retrieved 2009-10-16.

External links

26°04′34″N 119°18′23″E / 26.07611°N 119.30639°E / 26.07611; 119.30639

Template:Major cities of Greater China